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University of Bath PHD The Campaign for Control Immigration and Ideology in the UK Parliament 1961-2016 Jones, Michael Award date: 2019 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 The Campaign for Control Immigration and Ideology in the UK Parliament 1961-2016 Michael Adam Jones A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies February 2018 2 Copyright Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author and copyright of any previously published materials included may rest with third parties. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it understands that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author or other copyright owners, as applicable. 3 Acknowledgments In the time it has taken to write this thesis I have acquired many debts. The first of these is to Dr. David S. Moon. Dr. Moon followed the project from its sketchy origins, provided inestimable moral support and assistance during the research, and oversaw its completion. I am also extremely grateful to Dr Nicholas Startin, the Head of Department at the University of Bath. Nick has been indefatigable in his support for this project, and ensured its efficient production. My thanks also to Dr Magda Nasieniak, who read the conceptual and analytical framework with great care and precision, and it evolved greatly in response to her comments. I am very grateful to the many family members, friends, and colleagues who have assisted my work and tolerated my excessive demands. I am especially grateful to my beloved girlfriend, Hui Gao, who has been unwavering in her kindness and support. I also owe a great debt to many individuals who lived through the events examined in this thesis, who took time to discuss them with me: my thanks to Abhishek Upadhyay, Nick Westlake and Max Taylor. Finally, I offer a last and inadequate word of thanks to my parents, Kim and Peter, and younger brother Daniel. This thesis has taken almost four years of my life to write and research, and it could not have been written without the patience, love and uncomplaining support of my family. I dedicate this thesis to them. 4 Abstract Unlike much previous scholarship, this thesis examines how parliamentary discourse plays a decisive role in shaping migration policy. For reasons not fully known, mainstream political ideology has been virtually ignored by both conventional and radical political science. The academic literature on migration politics is characteristically anti-parliamentarian and, in some cases, tends to treat establishment parties as “minor characters with undefined roles” (Triadafilopoulos and Zaslove 2006, p.176). To fill this gap in the academic literature, the thesis has undertaken a content analysis of speeches in the Commons Chamber. Using a range of case studies from 1961 to the present day, the dissertation shows how recent large-scale immigration is the result of a bipartisan ideological commitment: the attachment of the Conservative and Labour parties to ‘managed migration’, mapped on to selective Cabinet-level opposition to immigration quotas. 5 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................3 Abstract..................................................................................................................4 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................7 List of Tables .......................................................................................................10 PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE POLITICS OF MIGRATION: WHY (MAINSTREAM) POLITICAL PARTIES MATTER 1.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................12 1.2. Decision-making power ...................................................................................18 1.3. Nondecision-making power (pt.1): the role of elites in agenda-setting ............36 1.4. Nondecision-making power (pt.2): the role of ideology ...................................49 1.5. Research questions ............................................................................................63 1.6. Summary ...........................................................................................................64 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Research strategy...............................................................................................67 2.2. Data collection...................................................................................................75 2.3. Coding instructions............................................................................................89 2.4. Summary .........................................................................................................109 PART II: EMPIRICAL CHAPTERS CHAPTER 3: THE POLITICISATION OF MIGRATION 3.1. 1961 Commonwealth Immigrants Bill............................................................112 3.2. 1971 Immigration Bill.....................................................................................136 3.3. Summary .........................................................................................................154 CHAPTER 4: TOWARD ADVERSARIAL POLITICS: MIGRATION POLICY UNDER THATCHER AND MAJOR 4.1. 1981 British Nationality Bill ...........................................................................157 4.2. 1995 Asylum and Immigration Bill.................................................................178 4.3. Summary .........................................................................................................192 6 CHAPTER 5: CONSENSUS WITHOUT CONSENT: THE DEPOLITICISATION OF MIGRATION 5.1. 2002 Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill ............................................195 5.2. 2005 Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Bill ............................................210 5.3. Summary .........................................................................................................225 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION................................................................................226 Appendix............................................................................................................247 Bibliography......................................................................................................250 7 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations BNA British Nationality Act BNB British Nationality Bill BNP British National Party CIB Commonwealth Immigrants Bill CSO Civil Society Organisation CRE Commission for Racial Equality CUKC Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies EC European Council EEA European Economic Area ECHR European Court of Human Rights EC European Council ECJ European Court of Justice EP European Parliament EU European Union FM Foreign Minister GE General Election ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund LPRAG Labour Party Race Action Group MP Member of Parliament NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PM Prime Minister PLP Parliamentary Labour Party UN United Nations UKIP United Kingdom Independence Party 8 List of Tables Table 1. Stakeholders in labour migration (Consterdine 2015, p.1438)………...24 Table 2. Economic Models of Migration Effects and Projected Political Consequences (Freeman and Kessler 2008)……………………………………..26 Table 3. Civil society actors’ political claims-making over immigration, Britain, 1990-2004 (Stratham and Geddes 2006, p.256)…………………………………27 Table 4. Collective actors’ political claims-making over immigration, Britain, 1990-2004 (Stratham and Geddes 2006, p.253)…………………………………34 Table 5. Comparing elite and public attitudes towards immigration (% of respondents) (Raines et al. 2017, p.20)………………………………………….50 Table 6. Major contemporary approaches to ideological analysis………………68 Table 7. Case studies…………………………………………………………….76 Table 8. Globalism………………………………………………………………84 Table 9. Mangerialism…………………………………………………………...85 Table 10. National populism…………………………………………………….86 Table 11. Sample coding form…………………………………………………..87 Table 12. Coding form #1……………………………………………………...117 Table 13. Coding form #2……………………………………………………...121 Table 14. Coding form #3……………………………………………………...123 Table 15. Coding form #4……………………………………………………...128 Table 16. Coding form #5……………………………………………………...133 Table 17. Immigration and race-relations record of both major parties, 1962-