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The Response of Kasikeu River to the Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities in Its Catchment Area

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The Response of Kasikeu River to the Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities in Its Catchment Area THE RESPONSE OF KASIKEU RIVER TO THE IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES IN ITS CATCHMENT AREA: BY OBADIAH NGILA (BSc. Biological Sciences, Egerton University.) N50/CTY/PT/22973/2012 A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. MAY, 2014 i Declaration This research is my original work and has not been submitted for examination for a degree in any other University. Signature …………………………….Date………………….. Obadiah Ngila University Reg. No.N50/CTY/PT/22973/2012 Department of Environmental Planning and Management Approval This research project has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors Signature……………………………Date………………….. Prof. Simon Onywere Department of Environmental Planning and Management Signature…………………….Date…………………… Mr Wilson Nyaoro Department of Environmental Planning and Management. i Dedication This work is dedicated to my late mum Beatrice Ngila, my wife, Norah and children, Shennon, Bernest and Rubby. ii Acknowledgement My heartfelt gratitude is to Prof. Simon Onywere and Mr. Wilson Nyaoro my project supervisors, and Dr. Kamau project coordinator. Their sincere support and constructive criticism has actualised this research project. I thank them for their moral support and careful guidance throughout the project period. My acknowledgements are extended to the staff of the department of Environmental planning and management under the chairmanship of Prof. Mireri for their unlimited support. I appreciate the information and assistance from the Mr. John Kamau sub county agricultural officer, Janet Munyao sub county water officer, Mrs. Kimeu secretary of Mukaa women conservation group, and Mr. Kinyua of WARMA Machakos office. Special thanks go to my family members, friends and colleagues for their motivation, encouragement and moral support. Special thanks go to my sister for her encouragement and support both in material and in kind. To everyone who was part of this journey to bring this research project to completion I pass my appreciation and great honour. iii Abstract River catchments sustain human civilization and related biodiversity. The numerous resource bases from river catchments include: drinking water supply, abstraction of water for agriculture, for hydropower generation, recreation, transport, construction materials and fishing. However, despite their value to mankind river catchments are under pressure and are facing degradation and threat from communities and from climate change. Kasikeu River catchment is located within the Kilungu catchment. The region is characterized by catchment destruction leading to low water flows. High population density in the area has led to over abstraction of both ground and surface water. Human activities such as sand harvesting and agricultural activities in the various parts of the sub catchment has lead to poor water quality and quantity. The objectives of the study are to assess the impacts of sand harvesting, to assess how maize farming contributes to siltation in the catchment and to examine effect of deforestation in Kasikeu River catchment. The study provides an insight on strategies, action plans and planning modules required in a comprehensive river basin management. This adequately determines the actual causes and effects of degradation in the Kasikeu River catchment while offering mitigation measures for sustainable watershed management. To examine the impact of maize farming activities within the Kasikeu River catchment data was collected on the views and opinions of the residents on the causes and effects of maize farming methods carried out within the river catchment. To assess the effect of sand harvesting within the catchment views and opinions from residents, stakeholders and government officials were sought. Various data sets such as land sizes and tenure systems, use of river basins, impacts of the activities, and conservation measures applied and other variables were analysed. The study established that various anthropogenic activities had serious impacts on the catchment for 30% of the destruction was as result of extensive and uncontrolled sand harvesting, maize farming contributed to 22% while demand for more agricultural land contributed to 17%. Search for fuel contributed 11% hence Kasikeu River catchment has seriously been degraded a fact which is linked to the human activities carried out within the catchment. This has seriously affected the catchment and has led to a decline in the hydrological function of the river basin. The survey recommends that an integrated approach should be adopted in order to manage, restore and preserve the river catchment. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ I DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................................... VIII ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. ........................................................................................................... 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. .................................................................................................... 4 1.5 RESEARCH PREMISE ................................................................................................................ 4 1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY. ................................................................................................ 4 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. ................................................................................................. 5 1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY/ LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................... 6 1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS. ............................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 8 2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 8 2.9 THEORETICAL/ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3 STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 16 3.1. LOCATION AND SIZE ........................................................................................................... 16 3.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES. ................................................................................................. 17 3.3. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ......................................................................... 17 3.4 VEGETATION ........................................................................................................................ 17 v 3.5 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................ 18 3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. ...................................................................................... 18 3.7 SOIL AND GEOLOGY. ............................................................................................................ 18 3.8 INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY............................................................................................. 20 4.1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 20 4.2. NATURE OF DATA ............................................................................................................... 20 4.3. STUDY SAMPLE AND SAMPLE FRAME ................................................................................. 21 4.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE ............................................................................. 21 4.5. DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................. 22 4.6. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION .................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION .......................... 24 5.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................
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