@lliance VOL 22 NUMBER 1 MARCH 2017 For philanthropy and social investment worldwide

special feature Philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide Guest editor Marta Rey‑García PLUS Opinion: To pay out or not to pay out – why it’s time for foundations to spend more

www.alliancemagazine.org p1

Cover photo A solid bridge links philanthropy academics and Contents practitioners, but there are many challenges ahead. PHOTO ANDREA SCHAFFER

Special feature Philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

What philanthropy research offers policy and practice p42 42 Why history matters to philanthropy practitioners We Guest editor Marta Rey‑García must understand the past to do our jobs better, argues Paul Ramsbottom 30 Philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the 43 The value of foundation history and archives divide Can philanthropy scholarship provide value for Academics can interpret records to provide strategic policy and practice? Yes, by enlarging civic engagement advice on new initiatives, says Patricia Rosenfield in public issues, writes guest editor Marta Rey García 44 Reliable giving data is essential but hard to find We need new and better data, argues René Bekkers Philanthropy studies 45 What motivates giving? Andrew Milner offers p32 32 What are philanthropy studies? insights from behavioural science Defining terms and mapping p46 46 Why political science should provision. Plus a guide to selected study organized philanthropy courses Theda Skocpol on why you can’t 37 A new pipeline of philanthropy understand government if you scholars and practitioners Gregory don’t understand philanthropy Witkowski reports on the surge in young people’s interest in philanthropy What practitioners need p48 48 Interview Charles Keidan talks to p37 38 Case studies Akhil Jalan outlines Bhekinkosi Moyo about Africa’s first Berkeley’s effective altruism course chair in philanthropy and Ayse Inan writes on translating what she is learning to Turkey, her 51 India’s philanthropy sector is fit country of origin for study Ingrid Srinath and Preeti Mann report on the new Centre for 39 Hands‑on philanthropy Students Social Impact and Philanthropy at Ashoka University are learning about philanthropy with real money, writes Charles Keidan 52 Don’t neglect empathy in the pursuit of analysis We need professionals with compassion, not just impact 40 Academia has neglected philanthropy but the measurement skills, stresses Sumitra Mishra tide is turning Judith Symonds discusses teaching philanthropy in France p52 41 Case studies Michele Fugiel Gartner and Ariane Waldvogel on professionalizing foundations 53 How to set up a university centre with foundation money Georg von Schnurbein and Beate Eckhardt on p56 the story of the Center for Philanthropy Studies at the University of Basel in Switzerland Difficult issues 54 Studying philanthropy in Canada Hilary Pearson and 57 Challenges ahead for philanthropy studies Jean‑Marc Fontan highlight the journey from benevolence Provision is growing, but where should the funding come to impact from? asks Charles Keidan 55 Educating philanthropy in Chile Magdalena Aninat and 58 Rigour or relevance in philanthropy research? Steffen Bethmann on the new Center for Philanthropy and Choose both, says Tracey Coule Social Investments 56 Philanthropy scholars in Mexico Objectivity is needed Last word in a climate of mistrust, believe Jacqueline Butcher and 60 Why non‑profit management education is not enough Michael Layton Research and education must embrace the needs of both donors and recipients, writes Eugene Tempel

p24 Letters 4 Views on December’s special feature on community philanthropy from Chandrika Sahai, Anna Wansbrough‑Jones, Aimi Zhou and Ine Van Severen, Aisha Mansour, Dana Doan and Carola Carazzone

Global updates 7 ERNOP study reveals state of our knowledge – and ignorance – on European giving 8 ISTR and WACSI in partnership to coordinate African research network 24 The Spanish foundation sector Rosa Gallego discusses 9 Donor‑advised fund tops US fundraising chart its value and challenges p11 10 What’s new at . . . China Foundation 25 Shading in the blanks on the philanthropy advice map Center, Council on Foundations, CIVICUS, Andrew Milner talks to expert practitioners on where and WINGS, Edge Funders, Foundation Center, why provision is growing EFC, Cemefi, Exponent Philanthropy, Gife, Dasra and EVPA Book review 61 Claiming Agency: Reflecting on TrustAfrica’s first decade, edited Opinion by Halima Mahomed and Elizabeth 16 Why we need to talk about payouts Angela Kail argues Coleman. Reviewed by John Harvey against payouts but demands more transparency 18 The inexcusable absence of foundation minimum payouts Jake Hayman calls for mandatory levels

Tributes p20 Interviews and analysis 62 Peter Geithner: an appreciation by Mark Sidel 20 Interview José María Arias Mosquera, president of Spain’s Fundación Barrie, on 63 Gayle Peterson and Pegram Harrison pay tribute the importance of communication, the role to Pamela Hartigan of faith and family, and taking a long view 64 Tribute to Peter Hero by Catherine Brown editorial p3

Alliance Editorial Board Akwasi Aidoo Janet Mawiyoo Philanthropy scholars Humanity United, Kenya Community Senegal Development Foundation Lucy Bernholz at our service Stanford University Bhekinkosi Moyo Center on Philanthropy Southern Africa Trust, and Civil Society, US South Africa David Bonbright Terry Odendahl Keystone, UK Global Greengrants Fund, US Carola Carazzone Philanthropy is now achieving global academic visibility. The world’s first Assifero, Italy Timothy Ogden Philanthropy Action, school of philanthropy opened in the US in 2013 and new philanthropy Maria Chertok US CAF Russia centres and chairs have emerged in recent years in Africa, India and Felicitas von Peter Andre Degenszajn and Michael Alberg- Europe. Such interest is likely to intensify as philanthropists assume GIFE, Brazil Seberich growing influence over public policy and practice. Yet the study of Active Philanthropy, Christopher Harris philanthropy remains relatively small compared to scholarship and US Germany John Harvey Adam Pickering teaching on politics, government and business. To date, there is limited US Charities Aid Foundation, UK awareness of why it might be important to study philanthropy, what we Jenny Hodgson need to know about philanthropy and how much priority should be given Global Fund for Nathalie Ross Community Council on to informing policy and practice. Foundations, US Foundations, South Africa Lourdes Sanz This edition of Alliance seeks to offer readers an introduction to these Cemefi, Mexico Andrew Kingman questions and to open a bridge between academics and practitioners. Micaia, Mozambique Ingrid Srinath Centre for Social We begin with an outline of current provision (p32). This outline, while not Marcos Kisil Impact and Institute for Philanthropy, Ashoka definitive, documents the remarkable growth in philanthropy studies in Development University, India the last five years and highlights the range of disciplines, topics and levels and Social Investment, Brazil Boris Strecˇansky´ in which the academic world engages philanthropy. Centre for Barry Knight Philanthropy, CENTRIS, UK Slovakia A series of articles highlight why scholarship on philanthropy is important Atallah Kuttab Carolina Suarez and what it can offer. Paul Ramsbottom (p42) and Patricia Rosenfield (p43) SAANED for AFE (Association describe the largely untapped potential of history and historical archives Philanthropy Advisory of Corporate and Services – Arab Region Family Foundations), to foundation practitioners, while René Bekkers (p44) emphasizes the need Peter Laugharn Colombia for and uses of reliable giving data. Conrad N Hilton Volker Then Foundation, US Centre for Social We also look at the remarkable growth in teaching about philanthropy. Investment, Catherine Lennon Here we offer viewpoints from student‑led courses on effective altruism European Foundation Heidelberg University, Germany Centre and experiential philanthropy to executive education for existing Wang Zhenyao Penelope Lewis Beijing Normal foundation professionals. World Bank University China Halima Mahomed Foundation Research We then go on to consider what practitioners say they need from academia, South Africa Institute especially in regions and countries in which institutional philanthropy

Editor Communication & is emerging. We hear from Bheki Moyo about plans for Africa’s first Charles Keidan circulation officer chair in philanthropy, as well as from pioneering figures in India, Chile, Associate editors Kathryn Murrell Laura McCaffrey Marketing officer Mexico and Canada. These perspectives show how academic interest in Andrew Milner Amy McGoldrick philanthropy is developing in response to the particular context that each Contributing editor Picture research Timothy Ogden Gemma Lawrence country or region faces. Executive director Interns David Drewery Lauren Langdon and As academic interest in philanthropy heats up worldwide, we also seek to Halie Dalton draw out some of the challenges and difficult issues along the way: from

Alliance Publishing Trust Board of Directors balancing academic rigour and practitioner relevance (Tracey Coule p58) John R Healy (Chair) Pieter Stemerding to the spectre of conflicts of interest as philanthropy essentially funds President, Atlantic Adessium Philanthropies Foundation, research into itself. (2001–07) Netherlands Finally, this edition continues the controversial debate on whether Shannon Lawder Katherine Watson Charles Stewart Mott European Cultural foundations should be compelled to make mandatory payouts. In our last Foundation Foundation, issue Cathy Pharaoh argued that mandatory payouts make little sense and Darin McKeever Netherlands William Davidson lead to the worst of both worlds – no long‑term increase in resources and a Foundation, USA reduction in the freedom of foundations to decide on their own spending Leticia Ruiz‑Capillas European Foundation levels. Jake Hayman and Angela Kail continue the debate on these pages Centre All correspondence should be addressed to and we invite you to join them by contributing your views. charles@alliance magazine.org Charles Keidan, Editor, Alliance return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org LETTERS

The December issue our behaviour is empowering A third approach, aiming to of Alliance focused on community philanthropy reduce donors’ nervousness the topic of community organizations and communities (and therefore their tendency philanthropy and the and not diminishing what power towards maintaining control concept of ‘durable and agency that already exist with and power), is to focus on development’ – shifting communities. 3) Create spaces for demonstrating the impact of power closer to the an honest conversation about the new approaches – providing ground and giving agency opposite pulls of donor compliance donors with the evidence they to local people and their and community needs and come need to remain accountable to organizations. Here, up with ‘optimal accountability their citizens and taxpayers. delegates at the Global processes and practical action’ for Community philanthropists, the Summit on Community Philanthropy in Johannesburg the field. Start Network and others striving respond to articles within the special feature. Chandrika Sahai towards this change will need to Coordinator, Working Group on test, fail at times, learn and then Philanthropy for Social Justice prove that different approaches Corrections How to be effective work, are more efficient and can Coutts and Peace The December and responsive to save more lives and spare more issue included a communities? suffering. Donors need to be piece on Coutts’ Impact of new shown that it is in their interests Million Dollar Susan Wilkinson Maposa’s article Donors report approaches needs to to work differently (and to give up (p9) with incorrect ‘Data needed . . . and more besides’ the power). data on the list of is very timely and provides a be demonstrated donation recipients. Anna Wansbrough‑Jones A correct version practical tool for funders to align In the last issue of Alliance Sean can be found in their strategies with systemic Lowrie of the Start Network Consultant and director, Stratagem Alliance’s online International edition. change. At a time when we are highlighted how international aid Centre for Study of witnessing the further alienation should re‑focus its work around Philanthropy and the Public Good of marginalized communities impact, eg re‑prioritizing ‘lives Strengthening the The December all over the world and the rise saved and suffering spared’. At issue included bonds of civil society a report on the of intolerance, assessment of the World Humanitarian Summit upsurge in research the nature that Susan offers – a and since, aid recipients and In her article ‘From communities and teaching on to constituencies for human philanthropy (p6). ‘horizontality gauge’ – helps humanitarians alike have pushed Alliance wishes philanthropy understand what it for changes in international aid rights’, Mona Younis argues that to clarify that the human rights organizations partners of the can do differently to effectively systems and structures, and for a Centre for the Study support vulnerable communities. realignment of power, to ensure a can learn from and work with of Philanthropy and community foundations. the Public Good There are three points emerging focus on impact. at St Andrew’s We agree that there is a need to University are from Susan’s article that those in To me, the points relating to research partners the field can take up immediately donors remain the core challenge: improve connections between not funders. We different spheres of civil society. apologize for the in order to be more effective: how will donors be convinced error. A correct 1) Use the ‘horizontality gauge’ to give up power, and change We have long argued that version can be disconnects within civil society found in Alliance’s to understand and name the compliance standards, in a context online edition. forces that affect foundation where expectations and scrutiny weaken the impact of civil behaviour. This tool helps to of them has increased, and where society as a whole. It is also clear bring the often intangible but citizens in many donor countries that civil society groups gain in my view the most important are demanding increased evidence legitimacy when they are able to aspects of social change – ie of accountability, impact and demonstrate they connect to local community resources and value for money? Identifying constituencies and have the trust leadership – from the footnotes non‑traditional donors and of communities. to the main conversation. 2) Use building funding from within Current regressive trends make it Alliance welcomes communities themselves (with the letters. Please the data produced through harder but more necessary to build address them to this method to self‑reflect and community philanthropists) are these kinds of connections. CSOs the editor at valid options. Yet I question if they charles@alliance alter foundation practice in that seek to advance human rights magazine.org meaningful ways, to ensure alone will be enough. are facing an unprecedented

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents letters p5

Water project priorities. USAID must reform by the Malaa Self Help Group its organizational systems and Now more than in Kenya. policies in order to truly support a ever there community philanthropy model is a need for in the countries where it works. supporters of Aisha Mansour civil society Chief executive, Dalia Association to help build level of restriction: the CIVICUS systems framework to support partnerships Monitor records that 3.2 billion communities to address their own between human people currently live in countries priorities within an inclusive and Measuring rights CSOs where civic space is limited. And accountable process. small‑scale and community many are facing new resourcing While this is all good, USAID falls contributions foundations. challenges: CSOs in the global short in the implementation. In to the SDGs south receive little direct Official Palestine, for example, USAID Development Assistance, and often implements large projects I devoured the December issue several donors are cutting back by contracting US‑based private of Alliance, particularly the their support to civil society. companies who then establish special feature on community Numerous governments are also project offices in the recipient philanthropy. I appreciated limiting the ability of global south countries. Project priorities, the diversity of contributors, CSOs to receive international activities and budgets are already their unique experiences and resources. determined prior to actual approaches, all of whom come to a Community foundations have implementation. And while shared conclusion: that people on demonstrated they can be robust there may be some consultation the ground must be empowered if in resisting these negative trends with local stakeholders, the we want our development efforts by embedding themselves in local community has not been to succeed. communities. Now more than included in determining the After finishing the special feature, ever there is a need for supporters priorities, nor in identifying the I read the rest of the magazine of civil society to help build necessary budgets and available and lingered on three articles partnerships between human local resources, including the referring to the Sustainable rights CSOs and community technical expertise. USAID Development Goals (SDGs). foundations, to develop more procurement rules often require I tested out the SDG Indicator sustainable domestic resource the procurement of US goods Wizard and reflected on my bases that support human rights. and services rather than local. own organization’s experience Aimi Zhou and Ine Van Severen Further, USAID policies require trying to identify relevant SDG Partnerships officer and policy and the vetting of each individual indicators we could feasibly use to research officer, CIVICUS benefiting from the project, so measure the impact of our work. It limiting the inclusivity as certain appears obvious to me that there individuals within a community is a need to better relate these USAID must reform may be deemed ineligible due indicators to the people working to truly support to their grassroots activism or on the ground. a community membership of a particular In Vietnam, and I might even philanthropy model political party. argue in many countries, the While USAID has adopted target SDG indicators can only David Jacobstein’s article important principles to be tracked or measured by ‘USAID embraces community empower communities, it has government agencies, bilateral philanthropy’ describes USAID’s missed the point in community and multilateral aid agencies, shift towards supporting philanthropy. There are no donors and/or large, well‑resourced community development or beneficiaries in community NGOs collaborating closely with through a community philanthropy. Everyone is equal governments. But, how can philanthropy context. USAID, he and welcome to the table to local organizations like my own continues, has adopted a local discuss and address community

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p6 letters

demonstrate their contributions SDGs must be Even if most recently the UN towards the SDGs? part of community and institutional philanthropy Perhaps this is already on have started some significant the agenda of the Action for philanthropy agenda partnerships, each one pays the Sustainable Development At the Global Summit on price – in terms of lack of mutual initiative, the SDG Philanthropy Community Philanthropy – the understanding, trust, capacity to Platform, or the Foundation most inspiring event I have join common aims and agendas – Center who are all promoting attended in the last three years of having been pursuing parallel, collaboration to support – there was no specific mention rarely interacting, paths for 60 years. implementation of the SDGs. of the Sustainable Development Community philanthropy can be If not, I think it should be. Or, Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda such an essential player for the as per the title of the article by for Sustainable Development. SDG agenda everywhere. It can Danny Sriskandarajah, ‘Funders: Back from Johannesburg, make such a difference for local [here’s a great opportunity to] use I counted how many times ownership, accountability and your power to shift the power’! the SDGs were mentioned in sustainability of the 2030 Global Dana Doan the 25 inspiring and powerful Agenda, and help break down the Founder and strategic adviser, LIN articles of the last Alliance special divide between donors and the Center for Community Development feature: once. ‘beneficiaries’ towards an idea of My question is then, is it not co‑investment where different time to demolish professional actors bring different strengths specializations and sector and needs to the table. We can’t lose silos to build bridges and work this opportunity. for inter‑sector synergies Carola Carazzone and alliances? Secretary general, Assifero

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents Giving in Europe The current state of research on giving by households, corporations, foundations and charity lotteries in Europe

About Giving in Europe By using a standard template, ERNOP researchers have This factsheet1 is a result of an initiative of the European described the available data sets in their country. They Research Network On Philanthropy (ERNOP). Containing provided the best total (lower bound) estimation available an overview of what we know about research on the phi- and classifi ed donations to a range of different causes, lanthropy sector, it provides information about giving by based on the longitudinal Giving in the Netherlands study individuals, bequests, corporations, foundations and (GIN). For each dataset, Giving in Europe describes the charity lotteries in 20 European countries. The publica- target population, sampling criteria, validity and back- tion aims to stimulate researchers, policy makers and ground variables that were included. In order to improve philanthropy professionals in fostering research on the usage of the information, the ERNOP members also philanthropy and to inspire to exchange knowledge and described the data source(s), accessibility, availability, information. and studies carried out using the dataset. GLOBAL UPDATES Data Quality Source Amount in EUR billions ERNOP study reveals billion respectively. Of the overall total, individual giving, k41.3 state of our knowledge billion, makes up nearly half. It’s also the category in which the – and ignorance – on authors say representative data 4 41,3 is available in the majority of European giving countries studied. A striking 38 per cent of individual giving by The European Research Network on Philanthropy Norwegians goes to international (ERNOP) has produced what is probably the clearest aid. Citizens of Switzerland and 4 87,5 and most reliable account of European philanthropy the UK, by comparison, give + = to date – but, as it acknowledges, ‘best yet’ does not only 10 and 13 per cent of their say, is also true for foundations mean ‘best possible’. Paradoxically, in fact, it probably donations to the same cause. The ‘of which we have only an says more about what we don’t know than about what British are most open‑handed incomplete picture in most we do. when it comes to health, which European countries’. In short, 4 absorbs 27 per cent of individual they conclude, the information 4,8 The research, led by ERNOP donations, while the Swiss give we have, though it is the best executive director Barry Hoolwerf most generously toward public or available, ‘does not yet provide a Explanation and ERNOP president Prof Dr social benefit. convincing and comprehensive Theo Schuyt of the Center for story about philanthropy’. Tread carefully, however. It’s Representative, valid, classifi cation in Philanthropic Studies at VU inevitable that the statistics will What it does do, says ERNOP, is categories and background variables available University in Amsterdam, has + be read as a kind of league table provide a benchmark for future resulted in a factsheet that but that, caution the authors, is studies and a starting point Representative, valid and classifi cation in provides information about just what we shouldn’t do. While for engaging the European bequests, giving by individual categories the general picture is likely to be philanthropy community in 4 21,7 households, foundations, substantially accurate, complete producing a clearer view of corporations, and charity dependence should not be placed the continent’s giving. What Representative and valid lotteries in 20 European countries. on the figures themselves. In fact, is needed, says ERNOP, are The publication, say the authors, perhaps the most striking finding standardized definitions of ‘aims to stimulate researchers, of the research is the difficulty categories and a standardized Representative and classifi cation in categories policy makers and philanthropy of securing reliable data that methodology in order to get professionals in fostering + is comparable across Europe, comparable key information. In research on philanthropy and even in a continent where data the meantime, ERNOP will push Representative to inspire them to exchange is relatively plentiful. In some for use of the best methodologies knowledge and information’. countries in the sample, data in now available at national level 4 They have also taken pains to some categories (Spain, Ireland and, to fill in the blanks, it will 16,8 Lower bound estimation and classifi cation ensure that it is as robust as it can and Hungary, for example) is seek to involve researchers from in categories be. The country researchers, all incomplete, either because it is countries that are currently not ERNOP members, used a standard not collected or because it was not included in the study to get access template to provide available data made available to the researchers, to data that does exist but was not Lower bound estimate sets in their country, giving the so only a partial estimate is made available for this study. best total (lower bound – that is, possible. Similarly, the figures for + conservative) estimate available For more information Data not available Norway do not include corporate Giving in Europe will be published and then classified donations to a giving, and in fact, note the by Lenthe Publishers in Amsterdam. range of causes. For more information visit authors, ‘there are few countries http://tinyurl.com/ERNOP_GivingEurope The researchers have come up that provide representative, valid 4 2,8 Non existent with a total figure for giving in data on giving by corporations, Europe across 20 countries of neither categorizations regarding k87.5 billion in 2013. The UK and goals supported nor background Not included Germany account for the biggest information about the donating proportions, at k25.3 and k23.8 companies’. The same, they

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number1 Disclaimer:1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org This factsheet has been fi nancially supported by the Dutch National Postcode Lottery. This is not by any means a complete picture, but provides a lower bound estimation. The information contained in this factsheet is for general information purposes only. The information is provided by ERNOP and while we endeavor to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to this factsheet. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. Any parties interested in further information underlying this factsheet are cordially invited to contact and collaborate with us. For more information, visit www.ernop.eu. Factsheet p8 global updates

ISTR and WACSI in comprised of over 130 African Ghana from 21 to 23 June on researchers and scholars from the theme ‘Civil Society and partnership to coordinate across the continent. It also Philanthropy in Africa: Contexts, includes members of the African Contradictions, Possibilities’. It will African research network diaspora who work in the US and lay stress on attracting emerging Europe. Its principal activities African scholarship and greater include biennial conferences academic understanding of In a new collaboration, West Africa Civil Society and professional development philanthropy. ‘Academic interest Institute (WACSI) in Ghana will house the regional workshops. The collaboration in the philanthropic sector secretariat of the International Society for Third includes the appointment of has not been seen as worthy of Sector Research (ISTR). WACSI’s aim is to strengthen part‑time staff based at WACSI analysis or theorizing. We hope the institutional and operational capacities of CSOs to coordinate and expand the that this conference will create through capacity strengthening programmes for network, develop a mentoring a change,’ says an ISTR press increased and effective policy engagement. programme, and publish the release. It is anticipated that over he main purpose of the ISTRAN newsletter four times a 100 researchers from West Africa T collaboration is to provide year. In addition, Nana Asantewa and beyond will attend. Afadzinu, executive director of an administrative base for ISTR’s For more information WACSI, has been elected to the Africa Network which will be For more information known as ISTRAN. Established board of directors of ISTR for a www.istr.org/?page=Africa to support emerging African four‑year term. scholarship on civil society and The network’s next conference philanthropy, ISTRAN is now will be held this year in Accra,

CHARITY ENTER TEAM OF THE YEAR

Entries close: The Awards are open for both STEP members and non-members to enter worldwide. 28 April 2017 Why enter? • Showcase your firm’s excellence and • Affiliate yourself with the leading Enter the ‘Charity innovation and be recognised as a Awards in the private client industry Team of the Year’ leading light in your field • Network with over 650 leading private award category. • Winners receive editorial coverage client practitioners at the Awards Night in our flagship publication the STEP in London on 6 September 2017. It Journal, distributed to 20,000 wealth promises to be an exceptional event! management professionals worldwide Don’t miss out on the chance to • Display your success with winner and receive industry-wide recognition for finalist Private Client Award logos your firm. Enter online today! that can be added to your firm’s @STEPSociety #STEPPCA promotional material.

Enter at www.steppca.org/alliance

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents global updates p9

Thumbs‑up – and ‘It’s an intermediary between the have been given the tax benefits donor and charity that allows the of charitable donations can be down – for the process of giving to be simpler and held in a DAF for decades or even more transparent.’ Donors get the centuries, all the while earning donor‑advised fund same tax benefit they would from management fees for the financial a one‑off gift, but they don’t have institutions managing the funds, to decide which charity to give the and producing no social value.’ Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund was the top fundraising money to in that tax year, they For this and other reasons, the American charity last year, according to the can ‘bank’ it in the DAF. The two assert that the DAF model is Philanthropy 400 ranking published by the Chronicle money is held in, and invested by, ‘threatening to undermine the of Philanthropy. The significance of this, according the fund, though donors American system for funding to the Chronicle, is that Fidelity primarily raises recommend which charities charity’. money for donor‑advised funds (DAFs), and it’s the should get gifts and when. first time such an organization has topped the list. Fidelity Charitable has more than Reinforcing this, another one of the top five is Schwab Unlike foundations, however, $15 billion under management Charitable, also a donor‑advised fund. Fidelity donor‑advised funds are (and last year awarded $3 billion ousted long‑standing favourite United Way, drawing not subject to any payout in grants to non‑profits) and, $4.6 billion against United Way’s $3.7 billion. requirement. Writing in The according to an analysis of data New York Review of Books in July from Giving USA and the National hat’s the attraction? ‘A lot of 2016, critics of the model Lewis Philanthropic Trust, DAFs could W what [donor‑advised funds] Cullman and Ray Madoff argue soon account for 10 per cent of all have brought to charities and our that because ‘no deadline giving from individuals.

donors is really technology,’ says is imposed for the eventual For more information Pamela Norley, Fidelity’s president. distribution of these funds to an http://tinyurl.com/CoP‑FidelityTop operating charity . . . assets that http://tinyurl.com/NYRB‑criticsDAFs

Watch… Share… Be Inspired! Turkey’s Changemakers Program in its 8th Season

Map of Needs, is an online Map of Needs, Refugees We Are Neighbors Solidarity Network and Ahmet Naç platform, which creates a are among the 152 Sabancı Foundation’s Changemakers from all across Turkey, new model of solidarity by whose remarkable efforts make a difference in the lives of many and are inspiration bringing together those who to us all. are in need and those who would like to respond to Since 2009, Sabancı Foundation’s “Turkey’s Changemakers Program” received those needs. more than 1,900 nominations working in areas of Civic Participation, Economic Development, Education, Environment, Health and Social Justice.

Refugees, We Are, Selected Changemakers are filmed and the videos are shared extensively using the Neighbors Solidarity power of the internet and social media. To date, the program has reached more than Network, aims to create 19 million people. solutions to refugees’ problems while flourishing We invite you to watch, share and be inspired with each new Changemaker story. solidarity among refugees and Turkish people sharing Videos with English subtitles are available on www.sabancivakfi.org, the same neighborhood. www.farkyaratanlar.org and

Ahmet Naç, is an idealist teacher, who developed a different education model. His classroom has easels for painting, and a library, and under the name “Turkey’s Changemakers” students learn while singing rap music.

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org WHAT’S NEW AT . . .

CHINA FOUNDATION CENTER hina Foundation Center cloud platform for foundations/ C (CFC) was initiated by 35 NPOs to expand data collection New cloud platform renowned Chinese foundations in and build stronger data 2010. Its core mission is to use the management capability with for foundations/ power of technology to bring artificial intelligence technology. transparency to the philanthropic CFC president Tao Ze says: ‘The NPOs in China market and allow everyone to see new system aims to help social the same data at the same time. investors to make informed During the past 15 years, the philanthropy sector Connecting decision‑makers to a decisions with data, news and in China has developed rapidly. Today, over dynamic network of data, people research that is accurate, faster 5,500 foundations and over 670,000 non‑profit and ideas, CFC quickly and and relevant. In addition, CFC will organizations (NPOs) are registered in China. However, accurately delivers foundation develop special technology and the efficiency and effectiveness of the sector have and NPO information, news tools to analyse any possible risk been hindered by the lack of robust infrastructure. The and insight. and find the best opportunities.’ China Charity Law 2016 lifts transparency to a much With the support of the Ford For more information higher level, giving the sector an opportunity to utilize Foundation and the Foundation http://en.foundationcenter.org.cn transparency to make the Chinese philanthropic Center in New York, in 2017 CFC marketplace efficient, fair and dynamic. will focus on building a new

COUNCIL ON FOUNDATIONS agreement that philanthropic institutions need to be closely The Trump effect – monitoring the discussions about proposed policy changes – implications for US including tax reform, education, climate change, and health. philanthropy With Republicans now at the helm in both houses of Following the election of Donald Trump, the Council on Congress and the White House, a Foundations has focused on bringing US philanthropy comprehensive reform of the US together as changes in national leadership may tax code is imminent – elevating it impact on philanthropy and foundation grantees in a as a major priority for the council. variety of ways. A reform of the US tax system has created materials and talking could mean significant changes to points to provide guidance for n early December 2016, if and how individuals can claim outreach by members as well. I foundation executives from a deduction to their individual across the US gathered at the Ford The council is also now providing taxes for charitable contributions daily news updates to members Foundation to discuss the election they have made throughout the results. Foundations shared that during the first100 days of the year – which could have a major Trump administration via a new they are embracing flexibility in impact on the amount and scope 2017 by pivoting from previous newsletter called Inside Scoop: The of charitable giving in the US. First 100 Days. strategies and budgets, doubling The council is actively engaging down in some areas, and shifting with members of Congress and For more information priorities. There was a general their staff on these issues, and www.cof.org

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents p11

CIVICUS AND PUBLISH WHAT YOU PAY Against all odds: the perils of fighting for natural resources MARCOSDE PAULA/ESTADO/ZUMA PRESS Today, natural resource campaigners are facing Demonstrators face countries told the UN for a counter‑summit riot police during the Rio+20 summit that the issued a declaration increasing pushback from political leaders and UN Conference on green economy is a crime blasting the goals powerful corporations intent on defending vested Sustainable Development against humanity that pursued by world leaders (Rio+20) at Rio Centro, in dollarizes Mother Nature attending the official interests. The new report Against all odds: the perils Jacarepagua, western Rio and strips communities UN Rio+20 summit on of fighting for natural resources, from CIVICUS and de Janeiro. Indigenous of their rights. Native sustainable development. Publish What You Pay, shows that in most – if not all – peoples from five peoples gathered in Rio resource‑rich countries, civic space is shrinking fast.

n recent months the world’s tight overlap between political To reverse these disturbing trends, I attention has been on the and economic elites mean that the report calls on governments Native American communities the interests of natural resource to support an open, democratic in the US opposing the North companies and ruling politicians debate about the governance of Dakota Access Pipeline. While are often closely entwined, natural resources to ensure their the struggle of indigenous driving inequality and shrinking responsible exploitation is to the communities to protect their land space for activists to expose benefit of all citizens and adheres is hundreds of years old, in many corruption. This has put natural to international human rights ways, the struggle of recent years resource activists on the frontline standards.

is unprecedented. The spread of of rising attacks against civil For more information market fundamentalism and the society globally. www.civicus.org

WINGS study that looks at the state of this 80 per cent of expenditure on field globally, the report presents philanthropic infrastructure. A new global picture a new global picture of In addition, WINGS’ survey philanthropy infrastructure shows the recent rise in advocacy of organizations organizations, and reflects on activities, echoing a globally how the field can grow and challenging context in terms serving philanthropy strengthen its impact. of civic space and enabling Results show that the field of environment for civil society. Organizations serving philanthropy are key to infrastructure started growing Besides WINGS’ members, the developing and increasing the impact of philanthropy, in the 1990s and reached a peak report includes for the first but they are relatively unknown, rarely identified during the 2000s, but seems time results from a survey done as a sector, and their crucial contribution is often to be stabilizing, as surveyed with academic institutions that overlooked. organizations do not report focus on philanthropy and the meaningful budget growth over n an effort to develop perspective of funders supporting the last few years when compared philanthropy infrastructure. I knowledge and awareness of to the 2014 report. philanthropy infrastructure, For more information The study also highlights the WINGS has launched the second www.wingsweb.org edition of its Global Picture of prominence of North American organizations serving philanthropy at institutions, accounting for WINGSForum 2017. The only

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p12 what’s new at . . .

EDGE FUNDERS FOUNDATION CENTER EUROPEAN FOUNDATION CENTRE Shake the New members Seeds sprouting foundations! join Funding as EFC Strategic Last April, funders and movement Information Framework enters partners gathered at the EDGE Conference in Berkeley, California to participate in Network first full year an Engagement Lab on regenerative finance and equity‑based strategies Two new European partners have joined 2017 may mark the beginning of the across grants and investments. Out Foundation Center’s Funding Information first full year of the EFC’s new Strategic of these conversations was launched Network (FIN) – the diverse network Framework, but many of the seeds sown ‘Shake the Foundations’, whose goal is to of 450+ public and academic libraries, last year are germinating and in some deepen political and strategic alignment community foundations, non‑profit cases already bearing fruit. New thematic to shift philanthropic and investment resource centres and NGOs throughout networks are now up and running on resources in support of community wealth the US and abroad, all aiming to build topics as diverse as ‘democracy’ and regeneration. capacity of the social sector. ‘corporate philanthropy’, for example. n initial design phase is under way ike all network members, he framework’s first priority – A to develop a community of practice L Asociación Española de T ‘Nurturing philanthropy’ – is a aimed at educating and engaging the Fundaciones (AEF) in Spain and Geneva term the EFC will refer to throughout philanthropic community on ways to Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) in the coming months, and it entails move capital into community‑led Switzerland have free access to the actively working with wider transition initiatives through Foundation Center’s grant‑seeking philanthropic infrastructure to help non‑extractive finance, and diverting databases, Foundation Directory Online nurture an environment in which foundation resources to place‑based Professional, Grants to Individuals Online, philanthropy can flourish. It has a community reinvestment in cooperative and Foundation Maps, as well as its number of facets, but put simply it development that shifts ownership of training curriculum providing the means creating better connections with productive assets. fundamentals of non‑profit fundraising. the EU and other institutions and Shake the Foundations will seek to Non‑profit and NGO professionals increasing engagement in policy and redefine risk in terms of the long‑term can visit FIN partners to access the advocacy work as a way to heighten viability of human communities and knowledge that will help them to EFC’s responsiveness to issues affecting the ecosystems they depend on, while identify funding, with FIN ‘supervisors’ institutional philanthropy. placing the burden of financial risk on specially trained to answer their Meanwhile, in tandem with cultivating those most able to bear it rather on those questions. Supervisors are able to the landscape, EFC will also be with the least accumulated wealth. participate in professional development striving to push the sector forward. Over time, funders and their allies opportunities, including an annual An example of this is the stepping up hope to encourage a culture shift Network Days conference. of its ‘incubation’ work – that is to say offering EFC members a protected yet in philanthropy towards valuing For more information and supporting grassroots social http://tinyurl.com/FC‑FIN‑Network collaborative space for their nascent movements, strategies that shift ideas to develop. Members will able to social, economic and political power, find out all about the first12 months regeneration rather than extraction, of the framework at the EFC’s Annual and long‑term systemic transformation General Assembly and Conference in over short‑term transactional outcomes. Warsaw from 31 May–2 June. For more information For more information www.efc.be www.edgefunders.org

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 return to contents p13

CEMEFI Enthusiastic delegates at the World Conferences on Youth Volunteer Conference. volunteering for social change

In November 2016, Cemefi hosted two major together 991 participants from It began by raising questions conferences: the 24th World Volunteer Conference and 51 countries. Plenary speakers about youth volunteering 8th World Youth Volunteer Conference, both organized such as Kumi Naidoo and Salil effectiveness, with 85 speakers in partnership with the International Association for Shetty raised awareness and from 12 different countries Volunteer Effort (IAVE). inspired participants to take leading the discussions. The action. Covering very different conference ended with the he main topic of both was aspects of civil society work, 240 creation of an action agenda T ‘Volunteering for social speakers from 35 countries shared whose main priorities are to: change’ – considering volunteering their knowledge, generating XXincrease volunteer as a means to create synergies, discussions, exchanging tools and infrastructure and education combine the efforts and talents enriching experiences. XXguarantee the continuity of of individuals towards the The youth conference, held in volunteer action achievement of common goals, XXprotect rights of youth to all allow personal learning and the City of Puebla, Mexico, was based on the assumption that the develop equally skills, and to remind us of our X Sustainable Development Goals Xtranslate high‑level agendas ability to make a real difference into actions everyday people in social issues. Both conferences are a guideline for an array of volunteer actions for young people, can understand and do started by highlighting XXdevelop a greater focus on volunteering activities in areas with the potential to eradicate poverty, protect the planet, and training to develop youth such as community development, capacity. health, arts and culture, and build prosperity in a social justice environmental care, among others. framework for peace. It brought For more information together 577 young people from 21 www.cemefi.org The main conference was held different countries. in Mexico City and brought

EXPONENT PHILANTHROPY mong its findings, the report XXmaking multi‑year grants: 70% A shows the association’s XXusing information received New report details small‑staffed foundations: from grantees to inform XXsteward more than $80 billion grantmaking: 60% how small‑staffed US XXaward approximately $4 XXmaking capacity‑building billion annually grants: 62% foundations create change XXissue more than 133,000 XXconvening grantees or grants annually organizations: 43% Exponent Philanthropy recently released its 2017 XXfund around the world. The report also includes Foundation Operations and Management Report. The foundations surveyed show a data on staff and board Based on responses from 495 of its more than 2,000 commitment to impact, indicated compensation, expense ratios, member foundations, all which have few or no staff, by the prevalence of strategies impact investments, and trends the report includes more than 70 pages of data on how recognized as good practices in over years. member foundations govern, steward their assets, the field, including: For more information X accomplish their administrative work, and carry out Xmaking general operating www.exponentphilanthropy. their grantmaking. support grants: 77% org/2017Report

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p14 what’s new at . . .

GIFE When business and n recent years, many While this alignment brings I companies have been the potential of moving the philanthropy align redefining their relationships company itself – and not only its with the foundations they have philanthropic money – towards established, seeking to improve a greater contribution to the GIFE has just released the English version of an their business practices by common good, it also blurs the important publication, originally launched in 2016, benefiting from the social margin between public and throwing light on an emerging trend in Brazil: the capital and experience of the private interests, as there is alignment between business and philanthropy. Since foundations while delivering always an expectation that this its emergence in the 1990s, the philanthropic sector greater social impact by alignment will benefit both the in Brazil has developed with very close links to the mobilizing the business’ company and society alike. movement for corporate social responsibility. own levers. This shift is taking place across different economic sectors and corporate foundations. At the same time, it has not been a homogeneous process. There are different models of alignment producing diverse consequences for both business and philanthropy. In addition, Resources and insights the risks and opportunities VOL. 8 ISSUE 3 | SEPTEMBER 2016 associated with the various types to improve grantmaking VOL. 8 ISSUE 2 | JUNE 2016 of alignment vary, depending on The Future of Community the purposes and drivers behind VOL. 8 ISSUE 1 We’re pleased to offer Alliance readers Strategy | MARCH 2016 SPECIAL SECTION

What is a Theory of this process. ImplementationPhilanthropy? ...... 7 Alberta Family Wellness a 20% discount on a subscription to Initiative Case Study ...... 21 SPECIAL SECTION Reflections and Commentary ...... 54 What is a Theory of 7 ...... Philanthropy? RESULTS Alignment between private social Alberta Family WellnessVenture Philanthropy and ...... In 21 this issue: The Foundation Review. Initiative Case StudyNonprofits’ Funding ...... 54 66 Reflections and Commentary RESULTS SECTOR Funder as BackboneHealth System Accountability RESULTS in South Africa Organization investment and business was

Venture Philanthropy and ...... Evaluation 66 Capacity Building 81 Nonprofits’ FundingPlace-based ...... Initiatives 5 Cohort-Based ...... Fiscal 97 ...... 12 Capacity-Building SECTOR REFLECTIVE PRACTICE ...... This peer-reviewed journal on 22 Funder as BackboneWomen’s Funding Network TOOLS 81 based on an empirical research Organization ...... 110 Collective ImpactContributions in a Rural to 97 Place-basedFunding Initiatives Collaborative Public-policy ...... Change ...... 128 Finding a StrategicEmergent Focus Learning 30 REFLECTIVE PRACTICE ...... Building a Public-Private ...... 155 34 philanthropy is written by and for ...... 110 Women’s Funding NetworkPartnership including over 20 in‑depth Executive Summaries ...... A Tool for Understanding ...... Collective Impact in a Rural 170 Call for PapersStakeholder Perceptions 128 37 Funding Collaborative ...... 175 SECTOR 155 41 Finding a Strategic Focus ...... The Peer-Reviewed Journal of Philanthropy Research and Innovation foundation staff and boards, and those in Europe ...... 170 interviews with foundation and Executive Summaries ...... REFLECTIVE PRACTICE 45 175 Call for Papers ...... Change-making Culture

...... BOOK REVIEW 48

Review of who work on their program teams. It Staying the Course company executives and a series ...... 51 The Peer-Reviewed Journal of Philanthropy Executive Summaries Call for Papers ...... 52 ...... provides rigorous research and writing, 60 of workshops. presented in an accessible style. The Peer-Reviewed Journal of Philanthropy As these relations evolve, it is increasingly important to ensure 20% OFF Print & Online Online Only that whatever arrangements are Individual $101 $81 $83 $66 made, the aim should be to secure Institution $375 $300 $335 $268 the greatest contribution to the public good. Visit TheFoundationReview.org/subscribe 20% off your For more information and enter promo code AL17. subscription! http://tinyurl.com/gife‑alignment Learn more at TheFoundationReview.org.

201 Front Ave. SW Grand Rapids, MI 49504 JohnsonCenter.org

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents p15

DASRA Philanthropy forum discusses India’s developmental challenges

Dasra has been working with philanthropists, corporates and foundations to address some of India’s critical development challenges in education, and leading Indian social partnerships in philanthropy healthcare, livelihood, sanitation and women’s entrepreneurs to share best and learning about innovative empowerment. To this effect Dasra held its third practices in philanthropy and solutions by some of India’s top annual forum in the US on 10 December 2016. The effective models for social change, non‑profits working to end child objective of the event was to discuss India’s urgent as well as provide unique marriage, improve maternal and developmental challenges, and illustrate through opportunities to build networks, child health through technology stories and examples how individuals can participate forge partnerships and discover innovations, and maximize in driving change in India. ways for diaspora and individuals India’s demographic dividend uilding on past successful who want to make a greater and through vocational education B forums in NYC (2014) and more meaningful impact in India. in schools. Stanford (2015), the Dasra Panels and conversations For more information Philanthropy Forum (DPF): with esteemed speakers like To learn more about the Dasra’s philanthropy events in the US visit Houston brought together over Peggy Dulany centered around www.dasraphilanthropyforum.org 100 accomplished philanthropists themes such as practices and

EUROPEAN VENTURE PHILANTHROPY Today, EVPA, in collaboration with for practitioners in the field of ASSOCIATION Social Value International (SVI), is impact assessment, or with an organising a series of workshops understanding of the basics New workshops on on impact management, to of impact measurement, and illustrate the practical application will dig deeper into more impact measurement of EVPA’s impact measurement advanced issues linked to impact research. The workshops are measurement, such as portfolio and management especially relevant for venture management and stakeholders’ philanthropy and social involvement. When EVPA developed its first guide on Impact investment funders and investors By taking these courses, an measurement and management in 2011, it noticed that who are considering improving organization can work more the problem was not the lack of information, but rather their impact management strategy effectively towards achieving the absence of guidance on how to make sense of the or who are interested in getting societal impact. The most large number of approaches and methodologies on a better understanding of impact important aspect of impact how to measure and manage impact. measurement and management measurement is not the actual challenges. In particular: value or numbers obtained from X ive years after the launch of XImpact management workshop: the exercise, but the integration F the guide, EVPA has now the fundamentals will of an impact approach in the developed a complete approach on introduce the basics of social organization, so that impact how to implement a strategy that impact measurement and becomes an intrinsic part of the helps investors and investees in present main definitions, work entire management or investment maximising the societal impact on the theory of change and process. they want to generate. impact management process. XXImpact management workshop: For more information advanced training is designed www.evpa.eu.com return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org OPINION

Opinion Angela Kail that: they may have overspent in previous years, for example on a major capital project, or perhaps Why we need to talk they are undergoing a strategy review and their grantmaking is on hold. But there are certainly about payouts questions to answer. No magic number for the right payout ratio exists, and it will vary by grantmaking trust. The right ratio is a complicated and multifaceted decision: what Why is the amount of money that charitable foundations pay out each year good can the money do now compared to what good important? The term for this – ‘payout ratio’ – can sound dry and technical. it might do if spent in the future? Some foundations However, questions about payout ratios go to the very heart of what address issues where more money spent now could charitable foundations are for. As charitable bodies, foundations attract prevent future problems. The recent success in tax breaks, so it is legitimate for people – as UK politician Lord Rooker did developing an Ebola vaccine shows what can happen recently – to question whether foundations are paying out enough of their when funders are galvanized to put money behind a assets, particularly when we see many social problems like homelessness big bet, saving many more lives through bold action. rising rather than falling. In early intervention areas like children in care and public health, an increased payout ratio makes sense Angela Kail is head In the December 2016 issue of Alliance, Cathy of funding, New Pharoah pointed out that, despite calling for a due to the potential benefits. But if you fund society’s Philanthropy Capital. underlying assets such as education, green spaces, or Email angela.kail@ mandatory ratio, little evidence has been produced thinknpc.org that mandatory payout would lead to greater the arts, you may want to ensure the money lasts to effectiveness. In fact, there is plenty of anecdotal provide these things in decades to come. evidence from the US that having a mandatory rate A foundation’s payout ratio is also about confidence leads to foundations just getting money out of the in the future: do you think the country is likely to door without much regard to whether it’s put to generate more wealth to tackle its problems? Or good use. It is also possible that a mandatory ratio should we save money now for future generations’ ends up a de facto ceiling rather than floor. problems? People take different sides on this, but Given this, coupled with the need to respect hiding behind a pessimistic vision of the medium foundations’ independence, we at New Philanthropy term to justify a low payout ratio surely needs Capital do not believe that the UK should have defending. a mandatory payout ratio. But we do need more Trustees of foundations are not just guardians of discussion of how much foundations are giving away capital, but guardians of mission. Unless a trust is and much more transparency about their reasoning permanently endowed, its payout shouldn’t simply

Are foundations and actions. While the data in this area can be be a function of what return the trust gets from warehousing problematic and needs to be treated with care, our investments. Over half of respondents to a survey of assets that could better help people analysis found that among the top 50 foundations by UK foundations said that less than half of their assets in need? assets, the range is huge. Plenty are spending more were permanently endowed,1 suggesting there is than 10 per more scope for trustees to think actively about how cent, but also much they can release. more than half As charitable foundations receive tax breaks from have given away society, it seems entirely reasonable they should less than 5 per explain in their annual accounts the basis for cent over the decisions about how much to give each year. In the past three years. UK, we urge the Charity Commission to encourage Three of the top this openness as it revises reporting guidelines in 50 foundations 2017. Otherwise, it is very easy for critics to assume are giving away that foundations are warehousing assets that could less than 1 per better help people in need. cent. Perhaps there are good 1 Richard Jenkins and Kate Rogers (2013) For good and not for reasons for keeps. London, Association of Charitable Foundations.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents advertisement p17

OxfOrd SOcial finance PrOgramme Enabling individuals and organisations to develop scalable action plans to tackle the world’s toughest challenges. Build your social finance strategy in discussion with Oxford faculty thought leaders, industry pioneers and peers from across the globe. 6-10 november 2017 Find out more and download the brochure at: www.sbs.oxford.edu/socialfinance

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p18 opinion

Opinion Jake Hayman to duck doing theirs. It’s not a standard we would apply to any other field. The inexcusable So why does the foundation world say it is against minimum payouts? As part of its lobbying against absence of foundation minimum payouts, the Association of Charitable Foundations is quoted as saying: ‘Evidence shows minimum payouts that enforcing a mandatory spending rate could put many funders out of business in a generation. The foundation sector should be embracing minimum payouts While for some funders this may be the right thing but instead sits silent or works in active opposition to them. to do, for others, it would fetter their independence This will not change, but it should. in balancing the needs of today’s generation with those of the future.’1 Jake Hayman is CEO oundations are averse to regulation. It is a We don’t do it because the sector’s first thought of philanthropy F thing that they fear because it involves an advisory firm Ten is not ‘how do we best fulfil our duty to provide Years’ Time. Email: acceptance of responsibilities over rights. The public benefit’, but instead how do we self‑preserve. jake@tenyearstime. premise that ‘it’s our money and we will do what we com Their first thought is to their independence and want with it’ is threatened by every addition to perpetuity and not about the society they should legislation, regulation and even acceptance of best be trying to serve. practice. As with every other sector, regulation is rarely As with every embraced – there is a presumption that those in other sector, charge know best and a desire to be left to get on regulation is and do their jobs with as little interference as rarely embraced possible. The difference is that the foundation – there is a world has succeeded where others have failed in the presumption deterrent of anything from guidelines to codes of that those in practice to legal responsibilities. charge know Philanthropy sees itself as special, unlike business best and a or the public sector, and therefore deserving of desire to be left more independence and less scrutiny. I agree that You can make the argument that the world’s to get on and philanthropy is special, unlike business or the problems will only get worse and that foundations do their jobs public sector, but surely we should conclude it will be needed more than ever. But there is a with as little deserving of higher standards, not lower ones. constant influx of new money into the sector and interference as new foundations being launched, and, more to possible. Writing in the December 2016 issue of Alliance, the point, heaven forbid we actually try to prevent Cathy Pharoah pointed out that only 14 per cent those problems with the resources we currently of foundations spend less than 3 per cent of their have at our disposal. Just in case anyone needed assets annually. Hardly anything, right? Afraid a sense check on this one – the US foundation not. Based on the UK Association of Charitable sector increased its assets by over $320 billion in Foundation’s 2015 Giving Trends data, it is easy ten years from 2003 to 2013,2 despite its minimum to work out (see table opposite) that if just the spend policy. 20 biggest grantmakers in the UK gave at the US foundation rate of a minimum of 5 per cent, it Are there cases where a forced spend out would would have created nearly an extra £1 billion in not be a good idea? Yes. Definitely. Cathy Pharoah charitable donations in 2014/15. Almost a billion mentioned a few in her article and there are many pounds a year sitting there when we face the more. There should be grace periods while new challenges we are facing as a country, as a world. foundations set strategies, multi‑year equivalent Why on earth wouldn’t we spend it? Yes, on average spending options for those with particular equity big foundations spend more than the 5 per cent or real estate holdings rather than simple market suggested minimum, but it is faulty logic to suggest investments, and exemptions available for anyone that because most do their bit, others get the option who can make a case as to why this would hurt the public benefit they exist to serve.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents opinion p19

UK foundation payouts in 2015*

Total giving Total assets Giving as 5% of assets 5% minus % of assets total giving Wellcome Trust £487,700,000 £16,736,900,000 2.91% £836,845,000 £349,145,000 ComicRelief £103,054,000 £138,100,000 74.62% £6,905,000 Children’s Investment Fund £68,634,000 £2,445,800,000 2.81% £122,290,000 £53,656,000 Foundation Garfield Weston Foundation £53,437,000 £10,546,600,000 0.51% £527,330,000 £473,893,000 LeverhulmeTrust £50,504,000 £2,027,700,000 2.49% £101,385,000 £50,881,000 Royal Society £48,353,000 £260,800,000 18.54% £13,040,000 BBC Children in Need Appeal £43,912,000 £42,100,000 104.30% £2,105,000 Monument Trust £35,158,000 £137,700,000 25.53% £6,885,000 Esmée Fairbairn Foundation £34,446,000 £801,700,000 4.30% £40,085,000 £5,639,000 Wolfson Foundation £31,041,000 £702,200,000 4.42% £35,110,000 £4,069,000 The Lempriere Pringle Trust £30,806,000 £13,300,000 231.62% £665,000 Grace Trust £29,534,000 £19,300,000 153.03% £965,000 Clore Duffield Foundation £29,286,000 £51,200,000 57.20% £2,560,000 Gatsby Charitable Foundation £28,975,000 £347,400,000 8.34% £17,370,000 Henry Smith Charity £27,001,000 £785,000,000 3.44% £39,250,000 £12,249,000 Nuffield Foundation £23,671,000 £261,000,000 9.07% £13,050,000 Arcadia £22,482,000 £0 n/a £0

Lloyds Bank Foundation for £21,939,000 £45,500,000 48.22% £2,275,000 England and Wales Shell Foundation £20,740,000 £288,200,000 7.20% £14,410,000 City Bridge Trust £20,000,000 £1,031,900,000 1.94% £51,595,000 £31,595,000 Total £981,127,000

But the need for exceptions should not dictate *A note on workings: These figures are The need for the issue. It is the oldest trick in the book for derived from data on foundation spending and assets presented in the ACF Giving exceptions conservative industries trying to avoid regulation to Trends 2015 report. For the featured should not look to individual cases when it would be harmful foundations, total giving data was looked at as a percentage of total assets. Where dictate the issue. and make a case that it should be avoided for all. giving amounted to less than 5% of It is the oldest We need to be mature as a sector. Minimum payouts assets, the difference was calculated. This combined difference was almost £1 billion trick in the book should be the standard and the emphasis should across 8 foundations in 2015. for conservative be on anyone seeking to avoid them to make a industries compelling case as to why they can better serve trying to avoid public benefit by doing so. regulation The argument about avoiding minimum payouts to look to rarely has anything to do with public benefit and individual cases everything to do with maintaining a status quo. when it would The danger with wanting to be a perpetual saviour be harmful and is that you come to rely on perpetual suffering. make a case that it should be 1 http://tinyurl.com/ 2 http://tinyurl.com/USF‑Assets Payout‑Rooker avoided for all.

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org INTERVIEWS AND ANALYSIS Interview José María Arias Mosquera

As part of its 50th anniversary celebrations, Fundación Barrié hosted the 6th Conference of the Association of Spanish Foundations and the first International Communications Day on Philanthropy in La Coruña in late 2016. Its president, José Maria Arias Mosquera, talks to Charles Keidan about the importance of communication, about the role of faith and family in Barrié’s work, and about how marking its 50th anniversary has allowed the Galician foundation to take a long view of its work.

Jose Maria Arias You say on your website that the foundation is ‘purpose Mosquera is backed by resources’. What do you mean by that? president of Fundación Barrie. Backing your resources with purpose is the objective of any institution that calls itself a foundation. Our founder had a clear vision of what was needed for the future development of Galicia and contributed all his fortune to it – not just his fortune but also his father’s society, but in order to so, they have to be professional and his sister’s. Since our origin, the total giving and accountable. That was very striking – can you say a k amounts to over 400 million. little bit more about what you meant? How big is Fundación Barrié? Managing a foundation is very difficult. Most of The foundation’s total assets are the time you’re dealing with approximately k400 million as By listening to the intangibles. You don’t have the of 2015. capacity to measure against your educational community benchmarks in the short and What is the purpose of the as a whole, we can detect medium term. You have to wait foundation? the needs that arise until you can come up with some The mission of our foundation evidence of your progress or success. is the promotion of society throughout the whole in the region of Galicia, in education system. Who do you think foundations should northwest Spain. Our focus is be accountable to? intentionally broad so we can adapt our work over First and foremost to society, and within society, time to the changing needs of society. Just to give to the groups your programmes are targeting. We you an example, the foundation has made grants talked about communication at the conference, and throughout the educational system, so from high this communication flow is extremely important school to university to master’s degree to doctoral to keep asking your communities whether you are research programmes, through to research bringing value to them. This needs to be a continuous programmes. It’s been covering a space that’s been conversation, where you are listening as much as you left empty by the government. As the government are speaking, not just a one‑direction communication. moves into those spaces and covers that social need, How do you achieve that two‑way conversation at the foundation moves on to a different area. So we the Fundación Barrié? develop programmes, and we move on to others when The nature of our programmes requires that we some other element of society takes over the role. maintain a two‑way communication with the key You said at the opening of the Spanish foundation players in our region. For example, in one of our association conference that foundations should lead most recent and major educational programmes

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents interviews and analysis p21

Pedro Barrié de within these areas, have been created within the last la Maza, founder of the Fundación six years. Barrie and his wife, Carmela Arias y How important is the Catholic faith to the values of the Diaz de Rabago. After Pedro foundation? Barrie’s death We never discriminate in our work on the basis of in 1971, Carmela Arias served as gender or religion and consider all human beings president of the as equally deserving. The foundation works with Fundación Barrié for nearly 40 years. basic values such as respect, integrity, commitment, education or the creation of opportunities. Our founder and former president, both devoted Catholics, instilled their values into the actions of the foundation, not through the practice and attitudes of Catholicism, but through the ethics and morals that Catholicism and many other religions have as their core values. We continue to convey those values, particularly at a time when we see a fragmentation of society and an apparent loss of values and principles.

Do you see yourself as a Catholic philanthropist, in that those values shape the way you see the world? I never thought of myself as such – for me philanthropy is completely independent from any religion. I believe that all religions share a common called ‘Piteas’, which involves schools from all over ground in values and ethics that are important. And Galicia, we not only talk to the students, but also those that practice those religions will know the value to the teachers, the principals, the parents and the of these principles. governmental parties. By listening to the educational community as a whole, we can Your foundation has been one of the main funders of the renovation of the Cathedral of Santiago de detect the needs that arise The family members throughout the whole education Compostela. Why do you see its preservation as a system. The result is a greater bring the continuation philanthropic priority? k and long‑term impact. As another of the ethical values of Yes, the foundation has spent around 11 million on the cathedral. One of our focus areas is the example, we started a survey the founder, and the on the educational needs of preservation of Galician heritage and the Cathedral university students – graduates independent advisers bring of Santiago de Compostela is the most important coming out of university perhaps the professionalism and masterpiece of our patrimony. The funding is complemented with educational activities to create looking to broaden their horizons the subject expertise. with master’s degrees and consciousness among future generations about the postgraduate studies. importance of our heritage.

Do you think this two‑way conversation is typical You’re a member of the family that created the business of other foundations? that led to the foundation, but you also have many staff Difficult question! The Barrié Foundation has been and board members who are not family members. How characterized for its innovative approach. There does the family and the non‑family involvement come might be others, but I don’t know of them. What is together to shape the way you work? clear is that it’s fairly difficult to adapt, and it’s fairly Very good question. There’s been an open debate about easy perhaps to settle in your ways, rather than to whether a foundation ought to be run by independent do something innovative. We have four areas of advisers or family members. For us, the best solution action within the foundation – education, culture is a combination of both. The family members and heritage, science, and social action, and all bring the continuation of the ethical values of the the innovative programmes, the star programmes founder, and the independent advisers bring the professionalism and the subject expertise. w

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p22

Restoration works at the Portal of Glory, Santiago de Compostela Cathedral. COPYRIGHTCATHEDRAL PROGRAMME. COURTESY BARRIÉ FOUNDATION.

One of the featured projects of the conference was the significance of the work done. Only now can you the Barrié’s project on prisons in Galicia, where understand the impact its work has had on society. schoolchildren visit inmates in prisons and in some cases inmates will visit schools as part of their social Do you see the future generation taking on the role that rehabilitation. Can you tell me whose inspiration this you and your family have established? project was and how important it is? They have been involved since their childhood and One of the main concerns of the previous president now they are already taking on different key roles, of the foundation was the rehabilitation of inmates. both at board and management levels. She started developing programmes to make it possible for them to get back into society, whether through the funding of university studies or learning of professions. The module that was spoken about at the conference was started in a prison in SPANISH FOUNDATIONS AT A GLANCE Leon, and from that original idea, we extended Numbers Employment: it to all prisons in Galicia and tried to make 8,866 public benefit foundations 213,683 employees (38 per improvements to the model. This innovation is also Assets cent of foundations do not have part of our view of not seeing problems individually, g24,469 million employees) as one‑offs, but in a collective manner. Having access Source of funding Main areas of interest to prisons has made the foundation aware of the Arts and culture, education and reality of inmates and out of understanding that Only 10 per cent of income comes from investment remuneration, research, environment and social reality has come a new programme that turns the issues inmates into advisers, into counsellors, especially on 75 per cent from private sources issues such as drugs. The inmates go to schools and and the remaining 15 per cent from Geographic scope of work talk to the children about the dangers of drugs and public sources 36 per cent are active on national they see the benefits of that role, and the children of Distribution of assets or international scale, the course see the risks and dangers of taking up drugs, The vast majority are small. remainder work at regional or so you’re benefiting both sides. 53 per cent have endowments of local level less than g30,000 – 91 per cent Membership organization How important is taking a long view in your have endowments of less than Spanish Association of philanthropy? g2.4 million Foundations I see that there is a clear risk of being judged on the actions and programmes carried out in the last Annual sector expenditure All data refer to AFE’s latest g three years, but it’s only with the exercise of looking 8,066 million research with information based back 50 years over the history of the foundation and on the year 2014, the latest for at the whole perspective, that you come to realize which figures are available.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents advertisement p23

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p24 interviews and analysis

The Spanish foundation sector: value and challenges Rosa Gallego

Globally, the foundation sector has become a key agent of Giving Tuesday 2016. economic and social development, channelling private resources in the general interest. Its significance can be seen in its size, in compared with an average annual decrease of 2.52 per the direct employment it provides, in the volunteers and trustees it cent in the rest of the economy.1 mobilizes and in the annual investment it makes. Its role is also to The 8,866 active foundations represent around 0.8 per draw attention to, and agitate for the solution of, issues of injustice cent of Spanish GDP. Looking at the source of their – social exclusion, poverty, inequality, lack of opportunities and income shows that they are fuelled by the generosity threats to human dignity. of private citizens: only 15 per cent of t heir f unds come In Spain, the sector is made up of a variety of organi‑ from public sources. zations: some have an endowment, others fundraise However, small foundations comprise the majority of from the public, while others carry out economic Spain’s foundation sector (54 per cent). Some 20 per activ ities, all of t hem pursuing public benefit. Despite cent have incomes lower than k30,000 a year, and t hese this heterogeneity, the overall figures show that have been t he most v ulnerable in t he crisis, w it h many Spanish foundations have made considerable efforts disappearing – in 2008 they made up 35 per cent of to alleviate the most pressing and urgent problems of the sector. Rosa Gallego their country’s citizens in the years of economic crisis, Research looking into why the Spanish foundation is director for which has affected the Spanish economy for a longer international sector has so many small foundations could help to relations at the period than in most other European countries. Spanish Association improve the situation. Possible causes might be legis‑ of Foundations Some foundations have even decapitalized their en‑ lation, from the legal framework for foundations to and DAFNE chair. Email rgallego@ dowment in order to meet new social needs, showing the administrative organization of the country, fiscal fundaciones.org their commitment to society, their willingness to of‑ issues, or a combination of these. Without more infor‑ fer novel solutions and to contribute to the country’s mation, it’s impossible to tell. In any case, the role of social and economic development. Without this com‑ the supervising authorities has an important bearing mitment, the impact of the crisis on Spanish society on the health of the foundation sector, and the role of would have been worse. those authorities needs to be modernized and trans‑ Unfortunately, we do not have the necessary tools to formed from traditional supervision to supporting understand and fully measure the impact of the whole the increase in foundations’ impact. sector. What we do have are indica‑ As in many other countries, foundations in Spain are Some foundations have tors on some aspects of foundation becoming subject to greater scrutiny and demands even decapitalized their activity that allow us to make the for transparency than previously. They accept it is a endowment in order to above observations. For instance, legitimate request and responding to it is crucial to one of the worst effects of the fi‑ maintaining the public trust and support needed to meet new social needs, nancial crisis in Spain has been carry on their activities. The Spanish Association of showing their commitment unemployment. In this very direct Foundations (A EF) has long promoted t his idea among to society, their willingness respect, the foundation sector’s its membership, prov iding t he tools and continuously performance has been positive, looking to help members to increase their profession‑ to offer novel solutions with an annual average growth alism, work more closely together and measure of and to contribute to the of 2.95 per cent in employment in their work. the sector, in the years of the crisis, country’s social and 1 http://tinyurl.com/ FoundationsSpain economic development.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents interviews and analysis p25

‘Outside of South Africa,’ though, matters are less Shading in the blanks advanced: ‘Several philanthropy organizations and associations have tried to gain momentum in recent on the philanthropy years providing peer learning and occasionally advice and networking to their members. In general these advice map Andrew Milner are still working to attain critical mass,’ he says. Banks to the fore In most of the regions we looked at, wealthy people Our article on the role of banks in the provision of philanthropy tend to go to their banks for advice. International advice in the September 2016 issue concluded that asking for and banks are the prime movers in Singapore and Hong giving advice was, overall, a growing phenomenon. In taking a Kong, says Philo Alto of Asia Value Advisers in Hong bird’s‑eye view, though, it’s easy to miss the particulars. The US Kong, it’s ‘the Credit Suisses, the UBSs’ and one or two and Europe can exercise a distorting influence. So, in this analysis, law firms. There are also private banks who don’t have we look at some of the places where the philanthropy ‘market’, for a dedicated team and for whom philanthropy advice is want of a better term, is less highly developed. How fast is the a side activity. ‘It’s more about showing face that they demand for philanthropy advice growing – if, indeed, it is? Who is are in the game,’ he says, ‘but I don’t think they see asking for it and who is providing it? that as a core driver of their revenue.’ Vietnam‑based Alliance sought v iews on these questions f rom experts Maurice Machenbaum of WISE philanthropy advisors, in south and south‑east Asia, southern Africa and the a global adv isor y company, agrees. W hile the interna‑ Middle East. While none of them pretended that their tional banks in Hong Kong and Singapore ‘include a judgments were irrefutable, all raise important ques‑ slot on philanthropy in the conferences they organize tions for the field. for their clients and have sometimes a specific depart‑ ment with such a title . . . it looks often more of a PR Not yet an industry exercise than advising families from A to Z’. Generally speaking, advisers remain few in the re ‑ In India boutique advisories like Charities Aid gions our respondents represent. In the Middle East Fou ndat ion a re t r y i ng to i nc rea se t hei r role i n d ia spora and North Africa, there are only ‘banks, lawyers and giving from the UK. Another example is British Asian SAANED since 2011’, says Atallah Kuttab of SAANED. Trust (BAT) who supports philanthropic investment He also notes ‘a few informal channels that provide to India from the UK and South East Asia. Bridgespan advice to each other.’ began operations in Mumbai approximately two years James Mwangi of the advisory firm Dalberg in South ago and is growing its team in the city. Africa sees ‘an “emergent” though still under‑devel‑ oped home grown philanthropy advisory sector’ on Most advice is international the continent. ‘In general my sense is that things One of the chief reasons for banks’ pre‑eminence remain very informal and unstructured with few is that – as Atallah Kuttab notes – there are few philant hropists w illing to look outside of t heir imme‑ local sources. diate circle of family and friends unless it is to engage Machenbaum says such advice as there is, is ‘clearly with peers they can learn from in other parts of the international, just a few local initiatives’. And he world.’ The sector is probably strongest in South Africa doesn’t see it changing in a hurry: ‘[Donors] feel re‑ where ‘t here are a few specialized philant hropy adv is‑ assured when international people are involved. As ‘Things remain very informal ers’ and ‘some initial and growing we originally founded WISE in Switzerland and I am and unstructured with few advisory capacity in private wealth Swiss, I see how ‘Swissness’ still has a strong value philanthropists willing management businesses to help in this region.’ And as ‘it is hard for any independ‑ to look outside of their with certain issues of structuring ent philanthropy advisers to break even I don’t see immediate circle of family and occasionally targeting phil‑ it growing. The “market” is too small’. Then there’s and friends unless it is to anthropic giving’. Mwangi makes money. The international banks tend to offer advice engage with peers they can the point that the limited ecosys‑ for free as they ‘have other streams of revenues with learn from in other parts of tem that exists is creating its own those same clients. And that is a strong argument for the world.’ market – as people begin to use ad‑ families here’. Atallah Kuttab makes the same point: James Mwangi visory services, the more accepted ‘In all cases such services are provided at no cost and they become. return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p26 interviews and analysis Shading in the blanks on the philanthropy advice map

that makes it hard for organizations like SAANED to In taking a bird’s‑eye view, though, it’s easy to miss the particulars. The US and Europe charge for its services.’ can exercise a distorting influence. ‘I’m quite sure t here are some adv isor y firms t hat work in China but these might be bespoke projects. I don’t JP Morgan) are involved, but ‘usually partner with do‑ see any firms touting t heir ser v ices in Hong Kong,’ says mestic organizations’. Alto, though he is aware of some ongoing consulting Similarly, Dalberg’s niche is that it ‘can offer local projects from development and management consul‑ knowledge. It also offers sector expertise, since its ad‑ tancies on the philanthropic landscape. Even so, ‘most vice is issue‑driven rather than philanthropy‑driven. don’t have a presence in Hong Kong’, he notes. It also has an understanding of impact investing Local: reasons in favour . . . which is increasingly important’. Domestic philanthropy advice seems to be most de‑ But while reliance on local partners can be a source veloped in India. Pakzan Dastoor of Dasra reports a of strength for those partners, it’s a sword with ‘small but growing number of philanthropy advisers’. two edges, as Atallah Kuttab points out. He tells of Dasra, of course, is one of these but Dastoor also notes a wealthy family from the Gulf who sought philan‑ Samhita, United Way India, and t he Good Edge. A stim‑ thropy advice from a bank in the UK. It was SAANED ulus has been the introduction of who gave the advice through the bank but with no the 2 per cent CSR requirement in Indian donors ‘typically direct contact with the family. This is one of the main 2014, which has meant that ‘bou‑ like to consult home‑grown reasons why, to his knowledge, SAANED is the only tique advisers have emerged or organizations mainly local organization providing advice. existing advisers have developed because [they] have local CSR support wings’. context and understanding . . . and against of issues and challenges on If local knowledge is invaluable, why look to an or‑ Dastoor believes that Indian do‑ the ground, and proximity ganization that doesn’t have it? Atallah Kuttab’s story nors ‘typically like to consult to non‑profits as well as an is one reason. Partnership with a larger organization home‑grown organizations mainly understanding of what is makes them invisible. He also feels that, with the because [they] have local context required to scale them’. backlash that followed the Arab Spring, donors in the and understanding of issues and Pakzan Dastoor region have retreated into t heir shells, finding it ‘more challenges on the ground, and “secure” and better accepted by the governments to proximity to non‑profits as well as an understanding deal with international organizations rather than lo‑ of what is required to scale them. These home‑grown cal and to a large extent giving to safe causes dealing organizations also have lower price points, have with the symptoms of injustice rather than the causes’. existed longer than international organizations in India and therefore have necessary networks with ‘It’s a combination of perceived experience, impar‑ other donors and the development sector’. Individuals tiality, credibility and ability to connect to external from out of India giving to India ‘typically start off actors,’ says James Mwangi, ‘although the lack of with an international organization’, while those who proven domestic players also plays a role.’ But it can make ‘long‑term, substantial investments tend to be a chicken‑and‑egg situation. The lack of proven move to Indian intermediaries because of the points domestic advisers may be because nobody wants to mentioned above’. The private wealth management de‑ use them. As he noted above, emerging philanthropy partments of banks (she mentions Kotak, Julius Baer, advisers in South Africa are creating the demand for philanthropy advice.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents interviews and analysis p27 Shading in the blanks on the philanthropy advice map

How much growth? DONZELINA BARROSO India displays the strongest growth. Pakzan Dastoor DIRECTOR, GLOBAL PHILANTHROPY, ROCKEFELLER PHILANTHROPY ADVISORS cites three reasons: first, a significant increase in giv‑ As Andrew Milner’s article notes, philanthropy ing, again partly created by the CSR law, which apart advisers tend to congregate in areas where from its intended effect ‘is engaging and motivat‑ philanthropic culture is well‑developed and where ing family businesses to give more personal capital’. there is demand for their services. The article cites Second, a change in approach from traditional giving some of the reasons for this, but there other factors to a ‘more strategic form of philanthropy or accounta‑ at work, too. What we’ve found at Rockefeller ble investment’. Third, ‘limited time, reluctance to set Philanthropy Advisors (RPA) is that for a philanthropic culture to thrive, an up their own teams encourages ultra high‑net‑worth enabling environment that supports both donors and the non‑profit sector individuals to look for expert external advisers to help is key. In some regions of the world, such as Brazil, tax incentives are more them identif y impactful investments’. robust for corporate foundations than for private donors – a clear barrier What Indian donors are principally looking for from to the development of private foundations or individual donors. their advisers, she says, is customized consulting for The lack of trust in the indigenous non‑profit sector is another critical CSR/personal philanthropy strategy, due diligence on issue, as Milner comments. Non‑profits that work under the burden of non‑profits (lack of trust is still the biggest barrier to uncertain government support, underpaid and/or volunteer services, giving, she says), and donor education programmes. and who are trying to address overwhelming social problems, may not They are also looking for ways to build the capacity garner the confidence of local donors, who are in any case sceptical of a of non‑profits in which they are already investing so non‑profit sector whose proceedings are opaque. The result is that donors that those organizations will make a greater impact in the global south often opt to create operating foundations to address and she notes a particular role for intermediaries here, a specific need such as education in a particular community. This method either through individual mentoring or workshops. leaves little room for collaboration or outside advice. As Milner notes, it’s By contrast, Maurice Machenbaum doesn’t ‘see a a ‘chicken and egg’ dilemma. growth of people seeking advice . . . I think there is a Yet, globally, we continue to be encouraged by the growth in not just growth of high‑net‑worth individuals who try to have philanthropic tools and resources, but donors who wish to share and learn a more str uctured approach towards philant hropy but with others and become part of a more international network. Filantropia they are not necessarily seeking advisers’. Neither is Transformadora, for example, an organization based in Colombia that James Mwangi convinced that the ‘growing talk and works with families and individuals, as well as foundation professionals, visibility’ in South Africa ‘is translating into that to share information and further a local philanthropic dialogue, has made much in terms of volume of advisory services being great progress with Colombian next‑generation donors eager to support provided’. For example, he has ‘not seen many in‑ the local non‑profit sector. Using new tools such as social enterprise and stances of new entrants engaging professional advice impact investment in a local context will help non‑profits to build on their on an overall philanthropic strategy unless anchored strengths and successes. This growth will encourage confidence and outside the region’. expand the local donor pool. And this will surely help to build the advisory Many philanthropists in the Arab region do not see field, which is strongly linked to the success of the sector and its donors. the need for advice, which makes it hard for organiza‑ tions like SAANED to suggest a new pattern of giving for social change. in social issues to see how t hey can add value. T hey are learning already, they are doing crowdfunding, they While some growth might be evident in most places, are doing challenges, etc through social media plat‑ it’s often hard to say what proportion of giving is made forms’. He notes that ‘philanthropy advice is just one the subject of adv ice – ‘identif y ing the size of the mar‑ of the ways people get involved in the space – and that ket’, as Atallah Kuttab puts it. ‘SAANED estimates that social investment space, however you t hink of it, is ex‑ there is wealth available for giving close to $60 billion panding way faster than I would ever have imagined’. annually but what is visible of this is less than 10 per cent at best estimates.’ Atallah Kuttab, too, emphasises that providing phi‑ lanthropy advice is not just a matter of making a ‘Financial opportunities are not the only driving force’ living, but of acting out of conviction. SAANED, he While Philo Alto believes that it is a growing market, says, ‘will persevere in building the local market as he admits that it’s difficult to see at the moment ‘how financial opportunities are not the only driving force it will pan out. If you talk to millennials around the but commitment to creating social justice in the world not just Hong Kong, there is a growing interest Arab region’. w return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p28 interviews and analysis Shading in the blanks on the philanthropy advice map

The chicken and the egg FELICITAS VON PETER In our respondents’ countries, then, even where you PHILANTHROPY ADVISER, ACTIVE PHILANTHROPY, GERMANY can’t count the number of philanthropy advisers on I wonder what decade. There are maybe only a the fingers of one hand, you’re unlikely to have to would happen handful of philanthropy advisory do more than take your shoes and socks off. Most of 10 or even 15 companies worldwide that have a these few are international. Local organizations are years from now, staff of 50 or more. struggling to make headway in an area dominated if a reader of The article lists a few reasons: lack by well‑financed and/or financial institutions that Alliance was of infrastructure, both locally and can afford to do it for nothing and whose superior presented with Andrew Milner’s internationally, competition from prestige and visibility offer a strong inducement to excellent piece, and asked to date larger, financially stronger players donors. Will this change, if so, how and when? The it. Would he or she scoff at the such as banks and law firms, and a forces involved are too various and too dynamic to say barely visible field back then and fledgling demand side. with confidence. Atallah Kuttab observes that ‘trust praise the existing landscape of is a key word in our business. I think it needs time transparent, high‑quality advice However, I would argue that any for locals to trust domestic support organizations’. for donors and social investors, change has to be driven by us as But are local organizations not trusted because they no matter where they are based? philanthropy advisers. Here are have no experience, or do they have no experience be‑ Or would our reader venture the three reasons for taking on the ‘Trust is a key word cause they aren’t trusted? guess ‘written in 2024, maybe?’ challenge: The growth of domestic 1 Philanthropy advice pays in our business. I Reading Milner’s piece it is striking markets in philanthropy off: market research shows think it needs time how little the philanthropy advice advice might depend on that donors give 17 times for locals to trust sector has developed in the last domestic support donors puzzling out this more when supported by an organizations’. conundrum. Atallah Kuttab

CenterCenter for for PhilanthropyPhilanthropy Studies Studies CAS Global Social Entrepreneurship.

Shaping the Next Generation of Nonprofi t Leaders 25th September 2017 – 26th June 2018, 5 Modules, Basel / CH + Cambodia

• Acquire cutting edge nonprofi t management and leadership skills • Incubate and set up a social enterprise in Cambodia with local partners In collaboration with BOOKBRIDGE

Further information on www.ceps.unibas.ch/en/executive-education

The Center for Philanthropy Studies (CEPS) at the University of Basel is an interdisciplinary research and education institute of the Swiss Foundation System. Initiated by BOOKBRIDGE is a social enterprise that sets up learning centers as social businesses in rural areas of developing countries.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents interviews and analysis p29 Shading in the blanks on the philanthropy advice map

Alliance would like to thank the following for contributing to this article:

adviser. An increase in supply can draw on local knowledge will invariably result in a more and networks to identify professional sector: as India successful projects. has shown, the growth in giving 3 Donors increasingly want has resulted in philanthropists the maximum impact from moving from traditional giving their donation. If advisers can Philo Alto, Founder Pakzan Dastoor, Atallah Kuttab, chair, to investing in ecosystems and show how they can provide & CEO, Asia Value manager, knowledge SAANED, Jordan capacity building. orientation on complex issues Advisors, Hong Kong creation & dissemination, 2 A more professional sector and help create impact, they Dasra, India will strengthen the hand of will be able to make the case for philanthropy specialists: a proper remuneration, and in banks will always be driven by turn strengthen organizational customer satisfaction, and few capacity. will be able to finance teams What might help, however, is a large enough to cater for the ‘gold standard’ that establishes a breadth of interests among baseline for good quality advice. their clients. There is therefore Maurice James Mwangi, Maybe it’s time we put our heads Machenbaum, executive director, a strong case to be made for together on this? co‑founder, WISE Dalberg Group, banks to enter into alliances philanthropy South Africa advisors, Vietnam & with experienced partners who Switzerland

SHERYL FOFARIA from the Philippines, Colombia network of funders working on the SENIOR PHILANTHROPY ADVISER, and Poland to Saudi Arabia, Hong refugee and migrant crisis. JP MORGAN PRIVATE BANK Kong and Guatemala. Perhaps At the same time, we genuinely One can no the most promising trend we’ve believe in and appreciate the need longer continue seen is more Indian and Chinese for more locally‑connected sources to look at the clients engaging in more strategic of philanthropy advice across world from philanthropy and sustainable less well‑developed markets. To a purely US investment. This is often spurred that end, my colleagues and I or European by next‑generation family members maintain very strong partnerships perspective – and this includes who are keen to push boundaries with local, trusted, independent the growing field of philanthropy and embrace innovation. advisers so that we can signpost advice. As emerging market wealth Learning from this diversity of clients who need a longer‑term or becomes an ever‑greater share of perspectives across geographies deeper engagement, and whose global wealth, existing and new has given us an extraordinary philanthropy would go further philanthropists from these areas opportunity to facilitate shared with the help of on‑the‑ground will need advice and guidance on learning and collaboration knowledge and partners. how to achieve their fullest impact. among like‑minded individuals, Philanthropists have an incredible At JP Morgan, our global client base families and foundations from opportunity to move the needle continues to grow and become all corners of the world. Our on some of the world’s most increasingly diverse, both in terms ‘EMEA’ Philanthropy Forum last intractable challenges, and we of where they spend their time and year featured 40 significant and would love to see the philanthropy where they focus their giving. So, in experienced philanthropists from advisory sector grow and thrive addition to our role serving clients more than 20 nationalities and led across all geographies so we can, in mature and developed markets, to a remarkable cross‑fertilization together, help philanthropists find we have dedicated philanthropy of ideas that eventually resulted in the sweet spot where their time, advisers working with clients in the organic formation of a standing treasure and talent can make the emerging and frontier markets most difference. return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org SPECIAL FEATURE PHILANTHROPY SCHOLARSHIP AND PRACTICE – BRIDGING THE DIVIDE Philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide Marta Rey‑García

Scholars have a reputation for raising more questions than they provide answers. King Bridgekeeper: STOP! What . . . is your name? Arthur does this in the Monty Python film with Arthur: It is Arthur, King of the Britons! spectacular results. He crosses the Bridge of Bridgekeeper: What . . . is your quest? Death while the bridgekeeper falls into the abyss. Arthur: To seek the Holy Grail! However, in real life, when scholars consistently Bridgekeeper: What . . . is the airspeed velocity of an unladen fail to answer practical queries, they risk losing swallow? funding for their research, candidates for their Arthur: (brief pause) What do you mean, an African or European educational programmes, and even legitimacy swallow? in the eyes of society. In this context, the Bridgekeeper: (confused) Huh? What? I . . . I don’t know that . . . basic enquiry of this Alliance special feature is AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUUUGGHHHHHHH! particularly relevant. Can the emerging field of (he is thrown into the Gorge of Eternal Peril) philanthropy scholarship provide value for policy Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) and practice?

A global mapping of the field shows that, though far that was formerly perceived as offbeat. This reinforces from mainstream, it has bloomed modestly in recent existing scientific societies and stimulates the crea‑ years. Stable, even durable initiatives for research and/ tion of new knowledge networks, sometimes resulting or teaching on philanthropy, formerly limited to a few, in new publishing outlets. mainly Anglo‑Saxon, countries are now appearing all It seems clear then that philanthropy scholarship over the world at different educational levels, from has successfully grown from the inspirations and undergraduate to executive training, and some use prompts of the lone, US pioneers, to a point where it Marta Rey‑García, truly innovative approaches. PhD is associate is attracting global notice, with a small but brilliant professor at the One obvious reason for this expanding scholarly constellation of specialized courses, academic cen‑ University of A Coruña and guest ecosystem is the overall growth of the field of phi‑ tres, research projects and publications worldwide. editor of the Alliance lanthropy. The volume of non‑profit organizations Half‑empty glass fans would argue – and not without special feature. Email [email protected] has tended to grow globally, wealthy donors are be‑ reason – that some of these centres have a hard time coming more numerous and affluent, volunteering finding sustainable models of operation, research data is increasing in many countries, and philanthropic infrastructures are really poor in most countries, and commitment in general has been facilitated by tech‑ the teaching of philanthropy remains at the margins nology, allowing citizens to participate in public good of t he higher education curricula. However, academic initiatives anytime, anywhere, just one click away. legitimacy of the field of philanthropy scholarship is Secondly, the new elites that contribute to funding – happily enough – now taken for granted. philanthropy scholarship’s expansion are inherently Back to our opening question, the answer provided global and tend to replicate in their own countries by this special feature is yes: philanthropy scholar‑ the initiatives they perceive as successful. Academic ship clearly has the potential to inform practice and interest in philanthropy follows a similar emulative polic y so t hat societal wellbeing is enhanced and posi‑ path. The improved impact of some of the traditional tive change achieved. The next question is how can journals of philanthropy scholarship has encouraged we make this happen? This special feature suggests new scholars from different disciplines to enter a field two possibilities and also documents some successful

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p31

experiences of knowledge transfer that may serve as new educational programmes that apply this new prototypes for bridging the divide. understanding of philanthropy as enterprise for The first relates to the strategic value of scholarship social transformation. for enlarging civic engagement in public issues. Civic There are other interesting models, too. Hilary engagement tends to be low in countries where the Pearson and Jean‑Marc Fontan introduce a national philanthropic tradition is weakest – due to lack of partnership for catalytic philanthropy in Canada social awareness, public distrust, weak institutional (p54), which involves the country’s two philanthropy incentives or democratic deficits. The emerging credibility infrastructure organizations and a broad network of In this context the emerging cred‑ academics in a coordinated effort to exploit the op‑ ibility of philanthropy scholars is of philanthropy scholars portunities that digitalization, demographics and key to advancing the legitimacy is key to advancing the diversity offer for greater philanthropic impact and and extent of the practice of phi‑ legitimacy and extent of for synergy with public actors. Georg von Schnurbein lanthropy. This is precisely the and Beate Eckhardt from Switzerland present a dif‑ point made by Jacqueline Butcher the practice of philanthropy. ferent model (p53), where the national association and Michael Layton from Mexico (see p56), where the of foundations created a competition between uni‑ sponsorship of the subject of philanthropy by prestig‑ versities on a new research and teaching centre that, ious academic institutions has been key to making opened in 2008, now has a consolidated reputation an emergent civil society visible, reinforcing the po‑ in both academia and practice, achieved through a sition of infrastructure organizations in the eyes of sustainable business model and a good governance policymakers, and attracting more private resources structure. Other contributions – most notably Judith to public causes. Symonds’ (p40) – reinforce the idea that intertwining T he second bridging process relates to the instrumen‑ research evidence with practitioners’ experiences tal value of scholarship for existing civic engagement in philanthropy teaching delivers extraordinary initiatives. Knowledge from philanthropy scholar‑ educational results. ship has the potential to inform all types of private These successful prototypes empirically support the initiatives that aim to create public good so that they main idea advocated by Tracey Coule (p58): collective become more efficient and effec‑ Collective impact strategies impact strategies involving academics and practition‑ tive. These comprise giving and ers are the most straightforward way for rigorous fundraising for social causes, so‑ involving academics and scholarship to deliver benefits that are relevant for cial investment, corporate social practitioners are the most practice and policy. These strategies require a shared responsibility, social entrepre‑ straightforward way for language and fluent communication between all neurship, volunteering, and the stakeholders involved, so that the goals, expectations governance and management of all rigorous scholarship and measures of success are clarified and shared, as types of non‑profit organizations, to deliver benefits that suggested by the Swiss case. including charitable foundations. are relevant for practice What’s next? I would like to make a couple of re‑ On the one hand, as Paul and policy. flections here. First, there is still plenty of room for Ramsbottom signals (p42), the ex‑ mimetic pressure to do its job. René Bekkers’ re‑ perience of the past can provide current philanthropy search‑minded appeal on the dire need to collect new, with context, empathy and the capacity to spot trends. better and more comparable data, even if it takes or‑ On the other, the application of entrepreneurial ganizing a country beauty contest (p44), reminds us of skills to philanthropy can help donors become more the importance of global performance assessments in strategic in their decisions. The idea is that donors – contemporary society. Countries, organizations and including new categories such as digital tycoons and individuals – be they in a funding, academic, policy millennials – tap existing scholarly research so they or practitioner role – tend to assess and compare their have a wider pool of knowledge to draw on than sim‑ own performance relative to their peers around the ply their last conversation. Magdalena Aninat and globe. The convening role played by actors such as Steffen Bethmann share the nascent efforts in Chile Alliance in identifying and making visible the best along those lines (p55). Greg Witkowski (p37) reflects bridging practices is key to stimulating emulation, on the capacity of US higher education institutions competition and more synergies between the schol‑ to provide effective responses to young people with a arly and practical realms. w digital, global and change‑making mindset through return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org PHILANTHROPY STUDIES

Second, maybe it is time for scholars to pay more atten‑ tion to philanthropy as an independent variable. There exists rich and useful knowledge on the ‘what’ and the ‘why’ of philanthropy, describing the complexities of this fascinating phenomenon across cultures and Nielsen Chair in New University Philanthropy, moments of history, and exploring the intricacies of of Southern Georgetown its motivations and determinants. However, as we ad‑ chairs California, US University, US vance in t he social value chain, t he dif ferent processes in which philanthropy creates value become less clear, 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 and its ultimate impact on other spheres of human activity is as under‑researched as it is controversial, Center on New Philanthropy as Theda Skocpol’s contribution on the influence centres and Public Policy of subsidized philanthropy on partisan politics in the US argues (p46). The opening of new agendas of critical scholarship on the effects of philanthropy on policymaking, the economy and society – including its impact on beneficiaries and broader communities What’s new? – will undoubtedly broaden the practical appeal and implications of the field. Most of it . . . Since 2000, the following chairs and centres Practitioners and policymakers want to know what is for the study of philanthropy there for their own business in improved knowledge have been established. about philanthropy: how to attract more philan‑ thropic resources, how to better govern philanthropic institutions, how to more efficiently or effectively What are philanthropy studies? manage philanthropic ventures, which advantages does philanthropy offer relative to other paths to‑ hile political studies and where philanthropy forms part wards achieving socially valued goals, or how does W business studies are of the name or there are degrees philanthropy influence the achievement of other established fields, the conceptual and courses with ‘philanthropy’ economic, social or policy goals. Answering these space between the state and in the title, or where teaching questions requires scholars to carefully listen to ‘real market is more ambiguous. The about philanthropy constitutes world’ concerns, to translate such concerns into viable meanings ascribed to an identifiable part of the research questions, to address them rigorously, and philanthropy vary considerably curriculum. to report back on the results in a way that can be un‑ and different frames of study – derstood primarily by those who will use the answers philanthropic studies, social In search of data to solve real problems. Although researchers need economy, social entrepreneurship, There is no single repository of freedom to keep asking more, only returning more voluntary sector studies, civil information on the field. Courses quest ions t han answers, or just unintelligible answers, society studies, non‑profit on philanthropy go where they Although is likely to result in frustra‑ management – compete for fit, or are wanted, or where there t ion a nd f ut ilit y. T he idea is is money for them. Alliance has researchers need primacy and academic that all involved – donors, respectability. drawn on a number of sources – freedom to keep scholars, practitioners and data that already exist, internet For this special feature, Alliance is asking more, only policymakers – manage to searches, word‑of‑mouth, prior cross the bridge in conver‑ looking at teaching and research knowledge – to compile this returning more sation together. In this way on the history, theory and picture. In doing so, the people questions than scholars can keep answer‑ practice of private contributions we’ve talked to also noted the for the public good. In reality, answers, or just ing questions with more need for a thoroughly researched, questions, while at the instances of this may be hard to up‑to‑date and comprehensive unintelligible same time respond to prac‑ spot as courses are held – with source of data. We invite readers answers, is likely to titioners’ own queries. rare exceptions – under the to identify gaps and we will share auspices of a specific school or an updated list online. result in frustration discipline. What we include here and futility. are academic chairs or centres

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p33

Chair in African ESSEC Philanthropy, Philanthropy Chair, Wits University, Truby and Florence ESSEC Business South Africa Williams Chair of School, France WK Kellogg Debiopharm Chair Social Investment Marcelle‑Mallet Community for Family and Philanthropy, Chair of Research Philanthropy Philanthropy, IMD Swinburne on Philanthropic Chair, Grand Business University, Culture, Institut Valley State School, Lausanne, Australia Mallet, Canada University, US Switzerland 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Stanford Center on Centre for Charitable China Philanthropy Institute for Marshall Institute for Philanthropy and Civil Giving and Philanthropy, Research Institute, Philanthropy, LCC Philanthropy and Social Society, Stanford C a ss Bu siness School, Cit y Beijing Normal International Entrepreneurship, LSE, University, US University, London, UK University, China University, Lithuania UK Centre for Social Centre for Philanthropy, Lilly Family School of Investment, University University of Kent, UK Philanthropy, Indiana of Heidelberg, Center for Philanthropy University, US Germany Studies, University of Basel, Switzerland

Erasmus Centre Asia Centre Montreal Research Centre for the Study of for Strategic for Social Laboratory on Philanthropy and the Philanthropy, Entrepreneurship Canadian Philanthropy, Public Good, University Erasmus University, and Philanthropy, University of Quebec, of St Andrews, Scotland Netherlands National University Canada Centre for Social Impact of Singapore, Hartsook Centre and Philanthropy, Singapore for Sustainable Ashoka University, India Philanthropy, Plymouth University, UK

GUIDE TO PHILANTHROPY COURSES What can students who take up a course or module expect? elements (programme evaluation, governance and leadership, That will partly depend on which department in the particular and finances). university or institution the course is housed. In other words, Executive education if it’s part of a business school, you can expect a greater Broadly speaking, executive education comprises training for emphasis on management and leadership, if it’s part of a school those who are already working in the sector and want a more of public policy, there’s likely to be more stress on the relations nuts‑and‑bolts approach. Indiana also offers an executive MA between philanthropy and the public sector, and so on. In short, option that includes online and off‑site elements and extends there’s no consensus on what should be taught as part of a over three years. philanthropy course. There is, however, a growing body of knowledge of research and teaching materials, exemplified by CSI Heidelberg’s executive training offers four levels: basic Michael Moody and Beth Breeze’s The Philanthropy Reader. training, advanced training, expert training, and individual solutions tailored to suit requirements of students. Below are some examples of what students of philanthropy might study: The Graduate Certificate in Business (Philanthropy and Non‑profit Studies) at Queensland University of Technology Degrees is a one‑year part‑time course of eight units focused on Indiana University’s PhD in Philanthropic Studies is the world’s the management of an individual organization including: first to offer a PhD in philanthropy. Courses include: frameworks of governance; ethics; legal, accounting and XXHistorical and cultural perspectives on philanthropy finance; fundraising development principles and techniques; XXEthical, moral, and religious aspects and an introduction to social enterprise. XXPhilanthropy and non‑profit organizations in society XXQualitative and quantitative methods ESSEC Business School’s course Philanthropy: Strategy and Impact consists of 30 hours of teaching and looks at the history, Master of Philanthropy and Non‑profit Leadership (MPNL) key theoretical and ideological perspectives of philanthropy, at Carleton University in Canada consists of 11 courses plus its main actors (ordinary donors, high‑net‑worth individuals, a ‘capstone’ research project (essentially an applied element corporate donors, etc), the importance of fundraising, where students work with a community partner in the non‑profit philanthropic strategies, impact evaluation and what it calls sector). Required courses include both historical and theoretical ‘new frontiers’. (foundations of philanthropy, research methods) and practical

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p34 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

Who and where? Philanthropy centres and courses around the world

As expected, the greatest concentration of courses and institutions is in the US and Europe, though the field is gaining ground worldwide.

Canada 1 Carleton University 2 University of Quebec ❹ 3 Mallet Institute United States 4 McMaster University 1 Indiana University 2 Stanford University 3 University of Southern California ⓱ 4 Johns Hopkins University 5 Georgetown University 6 Grand Valley State University 7 Northwestern University 8 University of Mary Washington 9 Tufts University 10 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 11 Valparaiso University 12 University of Maryland 13 University of Richmond 14 Loyola University Chicago 15 Princeton University 16 University of Pennsylvania 17 University of Texas

Latin America 1 Universidad de San Andres 2 Universidad Alfonso Ibañez 3 INCAE Business School 4 ITAM – Instituto Technológico ❺ Autónomo de México 5 Universidad del Pacifico

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p35

Europe

United Kingdom 7 University of Austria 4 HEC Management Netherlands Portugal 1 City University Oxford 1 Vienna University School 1 Erasmus 1 University of London, Cass 8 University of of Economics and University Lisbon Business School St Andrews Business Italy 2 VU University 2 Cambridge 1 Bologna University 3 Windesheim Spain University, Judge Germany Belgium 2 Catholic University University 1 CEU San Pablo Business School 1 University of 1 University of Liege of the Sacred University 3 London School of Heidelberg Heart Poland Economics 2 University of France 3 University of 1 The John Paul II Switzerland 4 Northumbria Münster 1 ESSEC Business Torino Catholic University 1 University of Basel University 3 Friedrich Schiller School of Lublin 2 IMD Business 5 Plymouth University Jena 2 ESCP Business Lithuania School Lausanne University 4 European School 1 LCC International 6 University of Kent Business School 3 Sciences Po University

UNITED KINGDOM •30 ❽ ❶ LITHUANIA ❶ POLAND NETHERLANDS❸ BELGIUM ❶ ❷SWITZERLAND FRANCE ❹ ❹ ❶ AUSTRIA GERMANY ❶ SPAIN ❸ ITALY ❶ PORTUGAL Asia 1 Beijing Normal University 2 National University of Singapore ❸ 3 Ashoka University India

Africa and MENA 1 Wits University, South Africa ❷ 2 American University in Cairo

Australia 1 Swinburne University of Technology 2 Queensland University ❷ of Technology

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p36 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

An academic ecosystem of philanthropy

Associations association (though its membership is like the Foundation Center, Independent heavily concentrated in the US) comprised Sector, Association of Fundraising ARNOVA of academic centres or programmes at Professionals, etc. Based in US and founded in 1971, the accredited colleges and universities XXPhilanthropy Manuscript Collections Association for Research on Non‑profit that focus on the study of non‑profit includes the historical records of Organizations and Voluntary Action or non‑governmental organizations, organizations and individuals that (ARNOVA) is a forum for those interested volunteerism, and/or philanthropy. It also have worked as advocates for the in research on non‑profit organizations, offers guidelines on model curricula for non‑profit sector, fundraising firms voluntary action, philanthropy and civil degrees in non‑profit leadership, non‑profit that help non‑profit organizations raise society, bringing together scholars and organization management, non‑profit sector money, foundations and individual practitioners. Its main productions are a studies and philanthropy. philanthropists, and non‑profit quarterly journal (Non‑profit and Voluntary www.nonprofit‑academic‑centers‑council.org organizations that provide social Sector Quarterly), a newsletter that comes services, particularly in central Indiana. out three times a year (ARNOVA News) and a International Research in Philanthropy https://ulib.iupui.edu/payton Awards (IRPAs), Italy series of occasional papers. It also hosts an Rockefeller Archive Center annual conference. www.arnova.org Four awards made by the Centro di Documentazione sulle Fondazioni (Torino), A repository of historic documents in a International Society for Third Sector the Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche variety of media and a research centre Research (ISTR) e Finanziarie (University of Torino) and dedicated to the study of philanthropy. Founded in 1992, ISTR again caters for Centro di Ricerche sulla Cooperazione e sul In addition to the philanthropic works of researchers and practitioners. It produces a Non‑profit (Catholic University of Milano). the Rockefeller family, its holdings include journal (Voluntas, six editions a year) and a Their intent is to encourage research in the materials from numerous other foundations newsletter (ISTR News, quarterly). It also has field of philanthropic foundations. and non‑profit organizations. It is also a five regional networks, three affinity groups major repository for the personal papers of leaders of the philanthropic community, and a biennial international conference. Its Archives focus tends to be more on the NGO element Nobel Prize laureates, and leading of civil society – in organizations in receipt The Joseph and Matthew Payton researchers in science and medicine. of funds, rather than those giving funds. Philanthropic Studies Library http://rockarch.org www.istr.org Based at Indiana University, it houses a The Royal Society major philanthropic studies collection European Research Network on An institution in the UK whose purpose that has expanded to reflect the growth is to advance the study of science and its Philanthropy (ERNOP) of the university’s academic provision in ERNOP was founded in January 2008 to use for the benefit of humanity, the Royal philanthropy. It houses: Society houses the archive of the Wolfson advance, coordinate and promote excellence XXPhilanthropy Resources Online (PRO), in philanthropic research in Europe. It has Foundation. https://royalsociety.org/ a digital library of primary and secondary collections/wolfson‑archive around 175 members from 22 European sources supporting teaching and countries and is an institutional member learning about philanthropy and the of the ISTR. It has a quarterly newsletter non‑profit sector. Blogs (ERNOP Newsletter) and a biennial XXFOLIO (FOundation LIterature conference. Ongoing research includes a HistPhil Online), a digital repository of A new blog edited by philanthropy scholars study on fundraising from philanthropy foundation‑sponsored research reports in European universities, funded by the Benjamin Soskis, Maribel Morey and Stanley and publications covering the full scope Katz. As its name suggests, it is particularly European Commissionm and the EUFORI of philanthropic activity. A project of study to assess foundations’ support for interested in the history of philanthropy the Foundation Center and the IUPUI and is designed to ‘bring together scholars, research and innovation, again funded by University Library’s Ruth Lilly Special the European Commission. www.ernop.eu foundation leaders, and philanthropists in Collections and Archives, FOLIO preserves common dialogue on the past, present, and Non‑profit Academic Centers Council (NACC) and makes accessible material indexed in future of philanthropy.’ https://histphil.org Based at Cleveland State University in the the Foundation Center’s PubHub. US, NACC is an international membership XXPhilanthropy E‑archives, which links to a series of documents on other sites

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p37

in public affairs. The University of Maryland and A new pipeline of Northern Kentucky University have sought to integrate philanthropy education in campus‑wide philanthropy scholars initiatives both within the curriculum and as co‑curricular activities focusing on experiential and practitioners learning and grantmaking to engage students in the practice of philanthropy. Stanford University Gregory Witkowski has focused on workshops for PhD candidates and courses for graduate and undergraduate students. Participants in these programmes often find There is growing interest among young people to find a profession employment in foundations or work at new social that provides meaning as well as career opportunities. Many enterprise ventures with a focus on impact investing. are turning to employment in the philanthropy and non‑profit The Indiana University Lilly Family School of sectors where they hope to improve their communities and the Philanthropy provides one of the most comprehensive world. While most non‑profit employees still come to the field with responses to this changing environment. It offers a varied degrees, an increasing number are studying at the growing broad‑based liberal arts education that includes un‑ number of programmes designed specifically to prepare them for derstanding the breadth of the philanthropic sector those roles. and social engagement embracing international ex‑ The development of philanthropy and non‑profit change and experiential learning. Students are given studies programmes over the last two decades is a firm grounding in the historical development of astounding. In the US, we have seen a doubling in philanthropy, individual motivations to give, and the the number of institutions offering undergraduate impact of t he sector in societ y, as well as applied sk ills courses as well as a steep increase in the number such as grantmaking and fundraising. of graduate programmes. Many graduates of such The benefits of this broad‑based approach are rec‑ programmes earn positions in leading non‑profit or‑ ognized by non‑profit professionals with the school Gregory Witkowski is ganizations, while others work in government or the placing its students in both academic and non‑profit associate professor of philanthropic private sector, imbued with a firmer understanding leadership positions. For example, PhD student Eva studies at the of the possibilities of collaboration with founda‑ E Aldrich, president and CEO of CFRE International, Indiana University Lilly Family School of tions and the non‑profit sector, and, increasingly, in appreciates the school’s liberal arts approach. Her Philanthropy. Email hybrid organizations that blend characteristics of dissertation focuses on the creation of the certifica‑ [email protected] multiple sectors. tion for fundraising issued by the organization that A changing field provides opportunities for edu‑ she now leads. ‘Through my research on the reasons cational programmes seeking to prepare the next for creating the Certified Fund Raising Executive cre‑ generation of non‑profit leaders. In the US context, dential, I am able to talk with those considering the three trends are particularly relevant: the blurring certification not only as a benefit for them individually of sectoral boundaries, including an increasing shift but also as a benefit for t he field to have such standards. of the maintenance of the common good away from We are expanding around t he world because we t hink the public sector and private sector engagement with these standards will support the success of fundrais‑ social enterprise; a move away from non‑profit organi‑ ing globally. My research allows me to talk in detail zations as mediators of need towards individual giving about how that happened in the United States.’ through the use of technology and new forms of giv‑ Aldrich is one of many students in the field who are ing; and a focus on globalization and international aid. looking to improve philanthropy around the world. Educational institutions have developed different Their goals and passions are often as diverse as the approaches to capture students’ interest in doing non‑profit sector itself, but motivating many is a desire good while preparing them for careers creating social to do good as much as to do well. Philanthropy and change. Some have sought to provide synergies across non‑profit education needs to continue to enable t hem areas of specialization. For instance, Baruch College’s to employ their passions to inspire change while also Austin Marxe School of Public and International preparing them not simply for a job but a career and A f fairs is launching a master’s degree in international a vocation. affairs that overlaps with a non‑profit specialization

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p38 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

CASE STUDY into small groups; the second EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM gives each individual student Courses on effective altruism are $50 to donate. These games allow Learning to be an a new element in the teaching of students the opportunity to philanthropy. Most began in 2015. effective altruist Akhil Jalan apply the lessons learned in class by using quantitative and moral Its academic and spiritual home is reasoning to choose what they in philosophy, practical ethics and In the autumn 2016 term, Effective Altruists of the think is the better charity to utilitarian thinking – a sort of logical University of California, Berkeley organized and give to. compassion, the basis of which is to taught a ‘DeCal’ course called ‘The Greater Good’. maximise the good you can do. The This was our third time teaching A DeCal or ‘Democratic Education at Cal’ is an movement is noted for showing how the course, and our most recent independent course organized and taught by students. popular assumptions about doing class had a full complement of 35 good can be misguided. One of the students. Grading was based on The Greater Good is designed to distinguishing features of effective in‑class participation, short essays, be an introduction to many of the altruism is the use of evidence – and completion of the assigned core concepts in effective altruism collecting data, analysing it and weekly readings. – the basis of which is to maximize acting on the conclusions. the good you can do. The Greater Good highlights As philosopher Peter Singer, one the rigorous academic nature of Weekly classes are two hours of the apostles of the movement, effective altruism. By exploring the Akhil Jalan is long and cover topics including puts it in a blog in the Boston president, Effective challenges of the world in a unique, moral trade‑offs, prioritization of Review: ‘Living a minimally Altruists of Berkeley. interdisciplinary fashion, students Email akhiljalan@ causes, and quantitative reasoning. acceptable ethical life involves berkeley.edu gain a valuable perspective they A typical class would be structured using a substantial part of our can apply to a variety of problems. around a presentation by the spare resources to make the world Our student‑led course is one of class teacher with discussions a better place. Living a fully ethical our campus movement’s greatest interspersed at various points. life involves doing the most good accomplishments. We hope to run Students also play two giving we can.’ it every semester and continue to games. The first divides students inspire students to do good, better. www.effectivealtruism.org

CASE STUDY I have established expertise School, City University of London is in the non‑profit sector, I feel academically and practically a direct Professional studies underdeveloped when it comes to overlap with my needs. The course the nuances of foundation work. design and cohort structure also add Ayse Inan Thus, I believe it is my professional value, and the international nature I am the daughter of immigrants, born and raised in responsibility to increase my of my studies enables me to have a Palo Alto, California, where I spent the first 30 years of expertise through continuing richer understanding of the sector. my life. For many reasons, I have focused my career on education. Now four months into the being of service and supporting positive change. This I have a vision for philanthropy programme, my experience so focus is also the reason why I moved to Turkey, to give in Turkey that involves far has reinforced my decision, back to my country of origin. bringing the best version of having already learned theories, Turkey is a country brimming grantmaking, philanthropy frameworks and case studies that with unmet potential, bogged and social investment to the have direct application to my goals. down by bad politics, corruption country. Though some non‑profit By the end of the programme, I and perpetual uncertainty. At the management courses exist in am confident that I will have new same time, there are many like Turkey, the academic expertise expertise in philanthropy, enabling myself, working to build the is still developing and not at me not only to better serve my country up and beyond its current the level of rigour one can find foundation, but also to be a resource Ayse Inan is manager circumstances. in such countries as the US or for the sector in Turkey. I believe my at the Suna and Inan England. The MSc programme in thesis work, which will explore risk Kirac Foundation, The philanthropic and civil Turkey. Email ayse. Grantmaking, Philanthropy and in social innovation across countries, [email protected] society sector is of utmost importance in this effort. Though Social Investment at Cass Business will also add value.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p39

a historical grounding in the formation of civil soci‑ Hands‑on philanthropy ety, key theories of philanthropy, and an overview of Charles Keidan American associational life. The course enables stu‑ dents to develop their understanding of the questions, possibilities and choices involved in philanthropy and A remarkable experiment in philanthropy is under way in America. tests t heir sk ills t hrough deciding how best to distrib‑ At universities across the country, students are being entrusted by ute $100,000. philanthropists with thousands of dollars – real dollars – to give Early on, students are given the option of joining one to charity. These courses, known as ‘student philanthropy’, aim to of four grant‑making groups: education, environment, engage students with both the norms and challenges of charitable international development, or policy and advocacy. giving, and to cultivate a sense of civic responsibility. Each group has almost a quarter of the funds at their disposal. They meet weekly to develop their objectives, Charles Keidan is There are now over 50 such courses encouraged by plan a call for proposals, develop criteria for assessing editor of Alliance. university leaders as part of ‘service learning’ efforts, He was a visiting these proposals and conduct site visits. At every stage, scholar at Stanford and funded by philanthropic organizations such as there are opportunities for learning lessons about University’s Centre Doris Buffett’s Learning by Giving Foundation and for Philanthropy philanthropy. For example, how does one determine and Civil Society in Geoffrey Raynor’s Philanthropy Lab. These courses a priority for giving, even within a specific area, when 2014. Email charles@ var y in f unding, disciplinar y settings and pedagogical alliancemagazine. there is so much need and so many choices? And how org met hods, but students usually receive around 10$ ,000 does one handle the power dynamic of relatively in‑ to $100,000 to distribute to charity. experienced students making funding decisions that On a sunny morning on 1 April 2013, I started co ‑teach‑ may affect the lives of thousands of beneficiaries? ing one such course during a sabbatical at Stanford As course instructors, we were on hand to assist with University’s Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society. these dilemmas and also to manage the occasional After almost a decade leading a family foundation in crisis of confidence. As former foundation heads, we London, my sabbatical inside the white‑hot cauldron were well aware of the numerous pitfalls involved. of Silicon Valley philanthropy was not short of con‑ Fortunately, this challenge was made easier by our trast from life back home. students, whose remarkable progression each week But it was not the glitz and allure of new silicon phi‑ helped t hem make hard choices even as t hey grappled lanthropies – established by such titans as Facebook, with the urge for more time and reflection. Google and LinkedIn – that provided the best mo‑ Their maturity, insight and willingness to take risks ments. Rather, it was the experience of being back in removed any doubts about placing relatively large the classroom with a roomful of enquiring students sums of money at their disposal. For example, the and Stanford lecturer and former foundation director, policy group chose to tackle gentrification in San Dr Bruce Sievers. Francisco. The environment team funded a project This is an Sievers has taught a seminal class on philanthropy developing alternatives to meat production, a major abridged version of an article that at Stanford for almost 15 years. The class, prosaically cause of environmental degradation. The sophistica‑ appeared in Jewish titled ‘Theories of Civil Society, Philanthropy and tion and quality of some decision‑making turned the Quarterly http://tinyurl. the Non‑profit Sector’, is a pioneer in modern philan‑ experience into a ‘foundation school’. It was therefore com/JQPhilEd thropy education. It has given a generation of students gratifying to see some of my students applying for, and going on to assume, roles at major foundations, such

EXPERIENTIAL PHILANTHROPY as Ford, Rockefeller and MacArthur – big names in American philanthropy. Experiential philanthropy refers to the practice in which students are given a sum of money to donate to charitable causes. The students Yet student philanthropy of the type described above evaluate real grant proposals, research the non‑profits making them, does not yet exist elsewhere and philanthropy educa‑ conduct site visits and make recommendations about which should be tion remains patchy, fragmented and underdeveloped. funded. Though this practice may well form part of a taught course on Whatever one’s views on philanthropy – and in our philanthropy, it is much more widespread, at least in the US. The Learning classroom there were many – there is little doubt that By Giving Foundation for instance, works in partnership with 43 colleges this age‑old but still mercurial phenomenon needs to and universities to teach effective giving by actually distributing grants be both better understood and practised. to non‑profits.

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p40 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

They want to explore the shifting roles of individuals Academia has and citizens, business and the state; the legitimacy of philanthropy; tax relief and equity; and who should neglected philanthropy be setting the agenda (global, regional, local) for pro‑ viding public goods. but the tide is turning Most of them have not had any previous academic exposure to philanthropy or other forms of private Judith Symonds action for public good. They are seldom aware of the dynamic scope of the third sector in the global econ‑ omy and our lives. Their perception of philanthropy is For a sector that has a real and verifiable impact on so many largely based on misconception and mistrust. In gen‑ of the historical and contemporary challenges facing society, eral, they say they would like to make a difference, but philanthropy may be one of the least researched and understood are not clear on the best way to do so. The objective fields in contemporary life. It is trapped in an environment of the courses is to broaden their vision and present of undocumented clichés and misperceptions, due in part to options and, hopefully, inspiration on how to become dysfunctional tensions that remain between academia and effectively engaged citizens. practitioner experts. Why isn’t there more of it? Why teach philanthropy? The first and continuing obstacle to teaching phi‑ Nearly ten years ago, as a philanthropy and public af‑ lanthropy is not demand, but the availability of fairs professional, living in France, I decided that there appropriate academic research in recognized disci‑ was a need for a course in philanthropy to promote plines and ev idence about t he scope of t he field and its the growth of civic engagement and encourage the impact, particularly outside the US. In 2008, a small development and professionalization of philanthropy group of donors and philanthropy professionals in France and in Europe. I proposed a course, New launched the European Philanthropy Learning and Judith Symonds is Philanthropy and Social Investment, to the ESSEC Research Initiative to commission a study to map the an adjunct faculty Masters of Business Administration. This course went member at Sciences status of research and teaching in Europe and to make Po and director of JCS on to be the starting point for France’s only chair in recommendations to address the situation without International. Email philanthropy, currently housed at ESSEC Business [email protected] much up‑take, originally, from European foundations. School. Since 2010, I have created and taught a selec‑ tion of masters‑level courses in this field at Sciences Since that time, several new academic centres and Po in Paris. The longer I teach citizen engagement and initiatives in the philanthropy sector have been philant hropy, purposely linked toget her, t he stronger established. The problem is that they tend to focus, is my conviction that doing so is essential, especially with some noble exceptions, on the ‘how to and man‑ in the context of the ‘shrinking space for civil society’ agement’ rather than on some of the basic ethical, and growing awareness that new models are needed sociological and evidence‑based research issues that for an equitable and sustainable future. would justify and define philanthropy as a critical element of democracy. Two recent books note that phi‑ Why study philanthropy? lanthropy deserves more academic attention than it Students take the courses to find out not only about has so far received1 and research is beginning to pay philanthropy, social entrepreneurship and how social attention to that claim. investment tools work, but about alternative ways to Perhaps the tide is turning and we are seeing a rise lead their lives, and how they might have an impact in the kind of scholarship the sector needs and on the looming social and envi‑ deserves. Students take the courses ronmental challenges we all face. The fact that most of the students 1 Philanthropy in Democratic of Chicago Press, 2016 and to find out not only about Societies edited by Rob Reich, Philanthropy in America, Olivier philanthropy, social who take my courses represent doz‑ Chiara Cordelli and Lucy Zunz, Princeton University ens of nationalities including the Bernholz, The University Press, 2012. entrepreneurship and how UK, Morocco, Korea, India, Brazil, social investment tools US, Italy, Slovakia, Switzerland, work, but about alternative Ukraine as well as France, show that this appetite is global. ways to lead their lives.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p41

CASE STUDY donor’s original intentions, for staff. Examining the views of bureaucratizing grantmaking, for foundation staff themselves Professionalizing hiring staff for its own sake, and would give a clearer, more even, for not choosing a higher rounded perspective on the issue. foundations Michele Fugiel Gartner rate of endowment payout. As a foundation practitioner, I For me, understanding the role know that self‑analysis is a low My research at the Centre for the Study of Philanthropy of professionalization is two‑fold. priority, but I believe it is worth & Public Good, St Andrews University, focuses First, it’s a prime component making time for. I believe that it on foundation staff, reflecting on their roles as of what might be termed our affects how the foundation does professionals within foundations and exploring philanthropic export package. its work and defines its success. relationships inherent in the development of a In our dominant philanthropic Understanding the professional foundation. framework, we suggest that roles of foundation staff and how Professionalization is an professionalization is important they help build foundations is important lens for how we view and creates greater impact. These one way of learning more about foundations. On one hand, both claims are not well researched. our larger philanthropic system. in academic and practioner As we export this system to other I hope my work contributes to cultures, we should make sure our expanding our knowledge of Michele Fugiel Gartner literature, it is taken as a sign is a foundation of maturity in operations and claims are sound or at least better the expression and approaches professional and understood. Second, foundation to professionalization and doctoral student at the of expert decision‑making, the Centre for the Study of basis for a strategic approach professionalization has primarily to building more spaces for Philanthropy & Public been a matter of counting practitioner reflection. Good, University of to philanthropy. However, St Andrews. www. professionalization has also numbers, in particular the philanthropy.scot/ growing number of foundation professionalisation been criticized for removing the Email mfg3@ st‑andrews.ac.uk

CASE STUDY sector perspective which then at a foundation, it was a good required a shift of mindset and a opportunity to clarify certain Short courses for different management style. That aspects of that management, and was why I took part in a three‑day to open up avenues for new ideas foundation professionals intensive course on foundation and reflection on the foundation Ariane Waldvogel management, jointly organised world, both from within and by WISE, a Geneva‑based group vis‑à‑vis society at large. of philanthropy advisers, and the The world of philanthropy is growing. In Switzerland While the course was a sound one, CEPS (Center for Philanthropy my knowledge of and thinking alone, there are now over 13,000 registered foundations. Studies, University of Basel). These foundations, large and small, corporate and about the role and responsibilities individual, and located across the country, cover a broad The course, presented by both of foundations also comes from the spectrum of themes, such as international development academics and practitioners, conferences and meetings I attend. and humanitarian cooperation, culture and education, covered issues like the pros and I understand much better now the art, environment, social affairs and architecture. cons of different foundation need for the study and teaching management structures, the of philanthropy and why two new In parallel (or as a consequence?), supervisory authorities and professorships in philanthropy foundations have become taxation, developing a strategy and have recently been created at IMD increasingly professional and measuring impact, aligning asset (Lausanne) and the University important – not to say major – management with the foundation’s of Geneva. I humbly hope that actors of change in our societies. mandate, and managing its the courses given there will be I had been working in development visibility and reputation. Of course, as inter‑disciplinary as possible, Ariane Waldvogel in three days it was impossible to bringing together business and is executive director cooperation for 22 years prior of the Pro Victimis to joining the Pro Victimis cover everything. But for people economics, law, psychology, Foundation. like me, who have recently taken sociology, history and any other Email contact@ Foundation in 2016, coming from provictimis.org a public, rather than private, up management responsibilities relevant fields of study. return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org WHAT PHILANTHROPY RESEARCH OFFERS POLICY AND PRACTICE

informed by Giles Waterfield’sThe People’s Galleries: Art Why history matters museums and exhibitions in Britain, 1800–1914 . Giles, an adviser to the foundation until his recent death, to philanthropy brilliantly charts the birth and progress of the great regional museums, most of them, incidentally, estab‑ practitioners Paul Ramsbottom lished through a new type of philanthropy based on industrial wealth and civic pride. So history provides context for our philanthropy. But, Like all social phenomena, philanthropy cannot be fully understood secondly, it also provides empathy. ‘By enabling us to without some degree of historical context. Few would disagree with know about other centuries and other cultures, [his‑ that statement – particularly in an organization that since 1972 has tory] provides . . . the best antidote to the temporal run the UK’s foremost prize for the writing of history: the Wolfson parochialism which assumes t hat t he only time is now, History Prize. How it is translated into an improved philanthropy and the geographical parochialism which assumes is a more challenging question. For those of us involved in running that the only place is here,’ as Sir David Cannadine, a the Wolfson Foundation, the history of philanthropy (both our own leading historian and a Wolfson trustee put it. Success and others’) plays a practical role on a daily basis. in philanthropy comes from a careful analysis of complex issues – and an empathy for partner and re‑ First, it provides context to all that we do. It is strik‑ cipient organizations. History is by no means the only ing how often echoes of historic debates are heard by discipline that fosters this degree of analysis and em‑ those with a listening ear. For example, one of our ma‑ pathetic insight, but it is striking how many senior jor initiatives from the late 1960s was a programme to staff in foundations have backgrounds in history (or engage industry and universities in joint development at least in the liberal arts). with a highly practical focus. The debates relating to Third, history is helpful in spotting trends. Major so‑ how academics prove their worth or ‘impact’ have a cial trends are neither straightforward to interpret Paul Ramsbottom strikingly contemporary feel. is chief executive nor linear (a message of complexity that is, in itself, of the Wolfson Recent history also informs our grantmaking strategy an insight from history). But most foundations want Foundation. Email paul.ramsbottom@ by helping us understand the rationales and relation‑ to fund areas of significant – and growing – societal wolfson.org.uk ships behind some of our earliest grants. A relationship need as well as areas where there are likely to be few by definition requires at least some historical knowl‑ other funding sources. This requires careful analysis, edge. Scarcely a week goes by at Wolfson without a not just of contemporary issues, but of their historical discussion about plans to refurbish (or remove) facili‑ context, because the only reasonable way to make a ties funded by us over the past six decades. Being aware prediction about the future is to look at the past. of the background is the prerequisite to making a sen‑ Just as we use history to inform and enlighten, so we sible decision in these cases. are committed, as far as possible, to opening up our In a wider sense, our grantmaking is enriched and institutional history. The archives of foundations are informed by history. Anyone interested in Jewish phi‑ a historical resource so we have made our archives lanthropy, for example, surely benefits from reading up to 1980 available, professionally managed by the Professor Abigail Green’s magisterial biography of the Royal Society in London.1 For researchers, t he Wolfson 19th century philanthropist Moses Montefiore. Archives provide an intriguing insight into an eclectic Wolfson’s arguments in favour of supporting the array of social, intellectual and cultural issues over the rich and diverse collections of regional museums are past six decades.

The Ashmolean It would be a brave analyst who argued that there is Museum of Art nothing to be gained from the experience of the past. and Archaeology, University of History matters. And the history of philanthropy mat‑ Oxford. ters even more to those engaged in the practice of philant hropy. A short article can give only a few exam‑ ples, but – for the Wolfson Foundation at least – history provides context and colour to all that we do.

1 http://tinyurl.com/ WolfsonArchives

return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p43

leadership was not involved from the beginning, and The value of foundation when university strategic plans were not used to guide foundation grantmaking. The resulting ten‑year history and archives Partnership for Higher Education in Africa embraced this lesson and largely avoided failure. Many of the Patricia Rosenfield programmes are still thriving.1 In 2013, the Ford Foundation selected a new president, Darren Walker, and charged him with retooling strat‑ ‘Good programme officers think about where the foundation has egies for the future. One of Walker’s first actions was been and what it wants to do . . . it is invaluable to have knowledge to turn to t he historical record t hat had been compiled of the past,’ says Geri Mannion, programme director at Carnegie by foundation staff since the foundation’s beginning Corporation of New York. While foundation officers might have in 1936. Walker sought independent analyses of those neither the time nor inclination to work with primary source records from a team of scholars and archivists. These material, they can benefit from the interpretative work done by historical studies provided strategic guidance for independent historians and archival staff. the planning of new initiatives. His comment in an Several examples illuminate the usefulness of his‑ interview published by Philanthropy News Digest in 2014 torical understanding. When the Ford Foundation, underscores the value he places on history: ‘Times, as Carnegie Corporation, and the Rockefeller Brothers we all know, change, and all organizations need to Fund collaborated with South African partners in the evolve to be current. I look forward to reviewing our 1970s to build t he field of public interest law to combatstrategies and programmes in light of both today’s apartheid, they drew on their past successes in the US. challenges and opportunities. But as I indicated, I There, they had taken a three‑pronged approach of begin by looking at our history and learning from our past.’2 Patricia Rosenfield supporting legal education for African Americans, cre‑ is senior fellow at the Rockefeller ating public interest law firms, and funding non‑profit While a programme officer at the Twentieth Century Archive Center advocacy groups that tackled civil rights legislation. Fund, James Allen Smith, now vice president and di‑ (RAC), New York. Email prosenfield@ With advice from South African colleagues, the foun‑ rector of research and education at the Rockefeller rockarch.org dations supported a similar approach in that country, Archive Center, advised the fund’s leadership about f unding Sout h A f rican universities to train black law‑ new directions. He did so by ‘employing historical and yers, helping establish a public interest law firm, and archival instincts, turning to informal oral history building the legal advocacy capacity of non‑govern‑ opportunities, drawing on that historical literature mental organizations. These strategies aimed to use about progressive era institutions’. It was what he the law itself to weaken the conditions of apartheid. referred to as ‘a practical, immediate use of the histo‑ In 2000, vice chancellors of six African universities rian’s skills, instincts and temperament’. joined with the Rockefeller, Ford and MacArthur Drawing on the experience of seasoned foundation Foundations and Carnegie Corporation to help leaders and insightf ul scholars, t he conclusion is clear. strengthen African universities. They drew on the Effective grantmaking requires access to pertinent knowledge gained both from seven decades of foun‑ historical records paired with the commitment of dation efforts in this area and from independent leadership and staff to learn from those records and historical studies of that work. Specifically, they use that learning to inform new actions. learned that failure resulted both when university 1 www.foundation- 2 http://tinyurl.com/ partnership.org PD‑DWalker

Aki Sawyer (former AAU Secretary General), Peter Materu (World Bank), and Tade Aina (Carnegie Corporation) engaged in University Leaders’ Forum proceedings. return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p44 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

For a small selection of countries we have pretty good Reliable giving data data, even though they are – strictly speaking – not comparable. They have been collected using differ ‑ is essential to society ent sampling methods and different questionnaires. To answer the question in a satisfactory manner, we but hard to find René Bekkers need to collect new and better data. Donations by individuals and households are relatively easy to esti‑ mate. Estimating the contributions by corporations Mirror, mirror, on the wall – who is the most generous of us all? As and t hrough bequests is much harder. T he hardest nut if it were a beauty contest, journalists often ask us at the Center for to crack is the size of the endowed foundation sector. Philanthropic Studies which country in Europe gives the highest W hy would we want to make this investment? amounts to charity. Data are not just nice for a beauty contest. They are also important as a yardstick for questions in the so‑ ‘We are one of the most generous countries in Europe!’ cial sciences. Is philanthropy a result of increasing the prime minister of the Netherlands proudly stated social inequality? Or is it a form of concern for the on national television. He referred to the ‘World welfare of others? How do political change and the Giving Index’, which includes the proportion of the economy affect generosity? The data that answers population making gifts to charities in the course of these questions are not only of pure academic inter‑ a year. The index, published by the UK’s Charities Aid est for blue‑sky researchers in ivory towers who want Foundation, measures financial generosity among to develop new theories. They also provide answers to René Bekkers is citizens by just one question in a global survey con‑ questions of social policy with great practical value. professor by special ducted by Gallup. This is a very poor basis to proclaim appointment at the They contribute to the profiling and professionaliza‑ Faculty of Social a top rank in global generosity. We should count not tion of the philanthropy sector and foundations. After Sciences and only the proportion of the population making gifts, director of the Center all, ‘if you cannot measure it, you cannot manage it’. for Philanthropic but also t he amounts donated. It is nice if many people Studies at the pitch in, but small contributions only go so far. Larger For example, tax incentives and legal treatment of Vrije Universiteit foundations vary greatly between countries. There is Amsterdam. Email contributions help more. [email protected] a lot to be learned from what these differences imply We should also factor in the wealth of nations. for the operations and activity of foundations. Data on Obviously we expect higher contributions per citi‑ foundation giving from various countries in Europe zen in Switzerland and Sweden than in Spain and will show how tax incentives and legal treatment of Slovak ia. A better metric is t herefore t he total amount foundations affect philanthropy. If tax incentives donated relative to GDP. have a limited influence on the practice of grantmak‑ ing or fundraising, one could argue that they should not be maintained. Politicians who want to get rid of the charitable de‑ duction seek evidence that it does not make a difference. It is of the utmost importance that scientists collect evidence that is objective and accurate. Even when this evidence is used in a beauty contest, it may be of practical value. Countries that are scoring below expectations could see an example in those ranked higher. And for champions, such as we apparently are in the Netherlands, we have a reputation to live up to.

return to contents p45

What motivates giving – insights from behavioural science Andrew Milner people spend t heir money and t he of ten erratic nature of their decisions If you think of academic research into philanthropy, you’d probably associate it with its conceptual elements – what philanthropy The inventor of the warm‑glow theory, James is, whether it should happen, what are its effects and so on. Andreoni, is an economist. So, too, are many of the However, academic research has probably covered most ground scholars associated with the Science of Philanthropy in the area of donor motivations and how the brain works when Initiative at the University of Chicago, including John people donate. List (the doyen of academic fundraising research). What else distinguishes them? In addition to the ma‑ A Wall Street Journal article1 remarks: ‘researchers jority being Americans or practising in America, few in recent years have begun digging deeper into the would describe themselves as philanthropy scholars. question, using controlled experiments and psycho‑ logical testing to better understand why people feel What explains the trend? compelled to donate to a good cause.’ Or not. The obvious answer is that raising money is probably the most abiding preoccupation of non‑profit organi‑ It’s not entirely a new phenomenon, of course. As zations, especially in times when they are struggling long ago as the late 1980s, economist James Andreoni to survive. The Wall Street Journal article quoted above Andrew Milner is coined the term ‘warm‑glow theory’ to suggest that associate editor notes t hat t he interest is because ‘donations have been of Alliance. Email giving produced a personal, psychological premium. relatively flat for decades’, which, according to John am@andrewmilner. There seems general agreement, though, that this free‑online.co.uk List, is ‘an indictment of our dearth of knowledge field of study has been given greater impetus since about this sector’. the turn of the millennium. Yet this is unlikely to be the whole explanation. An example of this is a recent study by two professors Non‑profits themselves have been slow to act. In of marketing, produced by the University at Buffalo other words, while the supply side is in full swing, School of Management in partnership with the the demand side is lagging behind. One study2 shows University of Chicago. Charities, says the study, can that only 7 per cent of non‑profits habitually consult increase the engagement of, and revenue from, their research before designing fundraising campaigns. 45 donors by setting more appropriate suggested dona‑ per cent sometimes do. The reason for this may well tion levels. ‘Lower defaults are most effective when lie in capacity. Those organizations with an annual organizations are looking to cultivate their donor budget of $250,000 or under are less likely than base,’ says Indranil Goswami, one of the study’s au‑ larger ones to use research. Looked at another way, thors, while, for organizations with a fairly dedicated those organizations who might most benefit from set of annual donors, asking for a higher contribution academic research are less likely to be able to take can induce them to give a little more. The conclusion? advantage of it. ‘Instead of looking only at total revenue, examine your donation rate and average donation levels,’ says So far, there appears to be no meta‑academic study Goswami. ‘This information will help you under‑ of fundraising, so any account of the reasons for its stand your audience and tweak your communications growth will have to be speculative. A New York Times appropriately.’ magazine article prophesied that academic research ‘may eventually serve as the building blocks for a uni‑ You might expect that research into donor motives fied theory of how to raise money’. That was in2008 . would be the province of psychologists, but the com‑ It’s likely to be a long process. bination of motivation and money seems to be equally attractive to economists and behavioural economists 1 http://tinyurl.com/wsj‑donors 3 http://tinyurl.com/ NYT‑whygive – those who are interested in the reasons why and how 2 http://tinyurl.com/ SPI‑FRsurvey return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p46 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

Why political science should study organized 1 philanthropy Theda Skocpol

Perhaps because philanthropic gifts do not seem to be the central stuff of politics and public policy, most political scientists – until recently – have left this domain to sociologists, anthropologists and students of non‑profits based in centres focused on studying philanthropy. Our discipline’s reticence about philanthropy is especially ironic in the US since subsidized philanthropy is literally

at the heart of American public policy. ROCKEFELLERAK

Years ago, Jack Walker and Jef fer y Berr y, among ot hers, policy process: formulating and amplifying ideas, signalled the importance of US foundation patronage creating policy networks with common goals, and to the explosive growth of public‑interest advocacy pushing coordinated reform agendas. groups and social movements in post‑1950s America. Moreover, in the growing arenas of political philan‑ However, in this early work, wealthy patrons and foun‑ thropy, the unabashed promotion of ideological and dations were treated mainly as ‘black box’ sources of partisan agendas often is the order of the day for donor funding to replace the reliance of early US voluntary groups. On the Left, the Democracy Alliance channels Theda Skocpol is associations on dues collected from millions of ordi‑ tens of millions each year to many liberal advocacy Victor S. Thomas nary members. In political science at least, not much professor of groups. On the Right, the ‘Koch seminars’ led by government and attention was given to the philanthropists, their aims, C ha rles a nd Dav id Ko c h conve ne wea lt hy con se r v at ives sociology, Harvard modes of organization, and policy impact. However, University. Email twice a year to discuss strategies for change. They raise skocpol@fas. that is changing now. As this intriguing symposium harvard.edu and direct hundreds of millions annually to an inter‑ shows, political scientists are questioning how phil‑ related array of educational, policy‑advocacy, electoral anthropic institutions and networks operate; probing and constituency‑building efforts. On issues such as their contributions to public agendas, policy battles taxes, climate change, health reform, and the role and partisan polarization; and asking pointed, norma‑ of government generally, politically active, wealthy tive questions about the influence of tax‑subsidized philanthropists are fuelling partisan polarization ‘fat cat’ philanthropy on inequality and democracy. and, in key instances, influencing policy agendas As Kristin Goss argues, wealthy people are taking toward the ultra‑free‑market Right. an ever‑stronger interest in political advocacy and This kind of influence may also be happening subcon‑ policy causes – and they are doing The routines that sciously, as well as consciously. Steven Teles draws on so not only as individuals but also James Q Wilson’s classic work2 about political organi‑ foundations follow will through professionally‑run foun‑ zations to highlight the routines that foundations permeate the goals and dations and organized consortia of use to establish legitimacy and monitor grantees. major donors who seek to influence routines of grantees – Organizational routines matter, especially when they public agendas. Never have so many are used to disburse funding in enormous amounts even if the net result is individuals publicly and privately to advocacy organizations. The routines that foun‑ to cause most groups to pledged to donate so much money dations follow will permeate the goals and routines to public causes – and never have neglect their substantive of grantees – even if the net result is to cause most they had as much organizational groups to neglect their substantive missions and focus missions and focus instead capacity for doing so. Through ad‑ instead on the short term, as they scramble to apply for on the short term, as they vocacy organizations and private their next foundation grants. As Teles suggests, foun‑ foundations, these billionaire ‘is‑ scramble to apply for their dation practices promoting short‑term, fragmented sue entrepreneurs’ and others like public efforts may exert substantial influence on lib‑ next foundation grants. them engage in every stage of the eral groups in US civic life. If so, the net result may

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents p47 AK ROCKEFELLERAK be to bias overall partisan competition and policy On issues such innovation and experimentation – t hereby f urt hering as taxes, climate debates toward the Right. Because this very well may change, health pluralistic creativity in American democracy. have happened without foundations or individual do‑ reform, and the role of government Personally, I am not persuaded by Reich’s case. There nors intending such ef fects, Teles’ work underlines t he generally, was a time when bipartisan US foundations encour‑ importance of looking at the ‘big picture’ and overall politically active, wealthy aged experimentation in ideas and the search for organizational dynamics – not only crediting what in‑ philanthropists are policy solutions to problems the majority wanted div idual philant hropists say t hey want to accomplish. fuelling partisan polarization. to solve. Those days are gone, in our era of widening In summary, this symposium opens a rich new agenda economic inequalities, partisan polarization and for empirical political science, challenging students fierce political efforts to undermine any semblance of US politics in particular to bring the ‘big picture’ of of public problem solving. In my view, many of the em‑ organized philanthropy into sharper focus. Studies of pirical contributions to this symposium raise searing rising inequality, declining democratic accountabil‑ questions about the normative arguments that Reich ity, and asymmetric partisan polarization are at the makes in support of a strong role for private founda‑ forefront in cutting‑edge political science. However, tions in contemporary American democracy. none of these transformations can be fully under‑ However, this is simply how I read the symposium. stood without bringing organized philanthropy into Others can and should read it for themselves and come the analysis. to different conclusions. Healthy research fields thrive Normative political theorists also have much to gain from discussion and arguments. What all of us in po‑ from a more sophisticated focus on philanthropy and litical science can surely agree to, however, is that the its effects. The proper role of foundations in a democ‑ time has come for much more robust research on the racy is ripe for ethical exploration. Critics argue that political roots and results of organized private philan‑ privileging private philanthropy does little to reduce thropy. The contributors to this vibrant symposium economic inequality – and actually may exacerbate show the way forward. it – because most private foundations and charities 1 This is an abridged version 2 James Q Wilson (1995) do not help the poor. Moreover, giving so much au‑ of an article that appeared in Political Organizations, Princeton thority over vital civic resources to wealthy donors the Politics Symposium of the University Press. American Political Science undermines democratic governance in many ways. On Association journal PS: Political the other side, as Rob Reich points out, a case can be Science & Politics, Vol 49, Issue 3, July 2016. made that wealthy private philanthropy encourages

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org WHAT PRACTITIONERS NEED

THE CHAIR IN AFRICAN PHILANTHROPY Interview Bhekinkosi Moyo

As part of this special feature on teaching and research in philanthropy, Charles Keidan talks to Bhekinkosi Moyo of the Southern Africa Trust about the development of the first chair in African philanthropy at Wits University in Johannesburg, South Africa: about the reasons for establishing it, what it will offer – and the obstacles along the way.

Bhekinkosi Moyo What is the background to the chair in African established institutions dedicated to philanthropy is head of the philanthropy? in those countries. Also it was convenience, Southern Africa Trust and chair of the There was a consensus among the African because I had moved to South Africa and was Africa Philanthropy Grantmaker’s Network (AGN), which is now the working with the Southern Africa Trust. The trust Network. Email bmoyo@southern African Philanthropy Network, and indeed from led the initiative, as a member of AGN and because africatrust.org all those interested in African philanthropy, we work mainly with marginalized communities. that one of our most immediate needs was to Our initial idea was to try to locate the chair in one generate as much knowledge as possible on African of the disadvantaged universities in South Africa, philanthropy that was also as rigorous as possible. like Limpopo, or the University of Fort Hare. Compared to other regions, Africa was lagging However, we were also canvassing potential behind. It’s about 15 years since those conversations funders at the time and one of them said to started, so it’s been a long process. us: ‘Why not start a chair in Johannesburg with Did the impetus come only from practitioners or were a world‑class university like Wits? It makes it the universities interested, too? easier for me as a funder to be associated with The push really came from practitioners, partly this university . . . if you locate it very far from because some of us had our feet in both the Johannesburg, it becomes logistically a nightmare.’ academic world as well as in So I approached Adam Habib at Wits, who I had One factor is that there is practice and we realized that worked with previously, and he immediately no proper theoretical and no‑one from academia was writing said ‘let’s do it’. The business school seemed the best place for it – there are probably more than philosophical grounding on African philanthropy. But the interest could have been mutual. 18 business schools across Africa, so obvious of philanthropy in the Just maybe. possibilities for collaboration – but it wasn’t continent, so there is straightforward because we were coming in from Why do you think that was? the philanthropic side, they come in from the a course designed to I think simply because there was profit‑making side, and having to agree on what teach the philosophical no university or centre that was this would look like took some time. However, one underpinnings of giving teaching philanthropy on the of the things that helped us was that the business continent. We saw that as an school realized it needed something innovative to in Africa. opportunity for us as a sector to enhance its work. begin lobbying universities on the need to establish a chair. What research and teaching on philanthropy do you think is needed in Africa? Which universities did you talk to? The curriculum looks at what is lacking in the field. It seemed obvious to us that the countries that One factor is that there is no proper theoretical would immediately understand what we were and philosophical grounding of philanthropy talking about would be South Africa, Kenya or in the continent, so there is a course designed to Nigeria, because by then, there were already a lot of teach the philosophical underpinnings of giving

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents p49

The first chair in African philanthropy is at Wits University in Johannesburg, South Africa. PAULSAAD in Africa. There is also a course that will look of the kingdoms in Africa, to see if we could use specifically at the different forms of philanthropy philanthropic research as a way to study historical across the world and at different legal and governance and conflict resolution. I think this administrative structures, so that students will will be fascinating. have the tools to design and manage their own institutions. There’s also a course that looks at the So why the decision to position the chair in a interface between philanthropy, development and business school? public policy. Most of the chairs around the world are located in public policy schools or in humanities, and Who are these courses designed for? the result is that they end up just focusing on There will be a core course, which is a masters non‑profit management and public policy. We degree. But we have also decided to develop wanted a place where the chair could really benefit executive courses. There are some practitioners from both the humanities and the economics who might not want to do a masters degree and side. Now, at the business school at Wits, there all they want is a tool – maybe for fundraising, are already some centres that are very close to proposal writing, leadership and so on, so we are what we were looking at – a centre that focuses developing executive courses. on ethics, a centre that focuses on innovation and creativity and emerging markets, so we thought The research agenda comes We got professors and from the same concerns as the if the business school has managed to bring in curriculum. One of the areas researchers from across these social dimensions to its work, the kind of we are interested in is informal the disciplines, as well philanthropy that we want to focus on can be located here as well. giving. We don’t, for example, as across the continent, have a baseline of what giving And if we were within the business school, we looks like across the continent. to come and help design could immediately access the many companies And then there’s also the public the curriculum and that use the business school either to send their policy question. There are two research agenda. students to or for their own conversations, we aspects to this. One is collecting could benefit from the economic data that and using data on philanthropy to inform we thought was missing from the study of and influence public policy. The other is how philanthropy in the continent. And the third philanthropy can work with policymakers to shape reason for the choice is that we realized the the development agenda that we want, and related private sector is now positioned to play a driving to this is research on the policy environment for role in economic emancipation across Africa and philanthropy across the continent, which will take being in the business school might allow us to us to questions such as taxation and incentives. The influence that. way to look at this is really broad. When we met in It remains a balance and we have set up some December to go over the research agenda, some structures to make sure the economic side people were asking us if we could study the history return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p50 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide Interview Bhekinkosi Moyo

doesn’t drown out the public policy, the social ‘let’s just call it the African chair on philanthropy, side of things. There’s an advisory committee, that way it allows us to name different components on which I represent philanthropy from the of it in different ways’. But when we dropped practitioner side, and I continually push that the name Nelson Mandela, the prospects for the chair recognizes that philanthropy is about endowment dropped, too. people; it’s about relationships. And then we have a So we had a compromise – that we would raise technical committee, which comprises the director enough money for a certain period of time, while of the business school, one of We realized the private developing the financial model for an endowed my directors, and some of the chair. Student fees are part of this. We also want to instructors within the university, sector is now positioned approach high‑net‑worth individuals in Africa, and who make sure that balance is to play a driving role in ask them to adopt certain courses or programmes, maintained in practical matters. economic emancipation but we have been very cautious about it because some are quick to say ‘we will fund it, but here are What do you think of the criticism across Africa and being in that situating the chair in a our conditions’. And the conditions were taking us business school means that it the business school might away from what we wanted to achieve. leans towards lauding wealth allow us to influence that. Why would the university not fund it itself just and philanthropy rather than internally? critiquing it? Well, at one point there was a feeling that if the We’ve always said that it should be university really wanted this, it would bankroll it. multi‑disciplinary and that it’s a pan‑African Of course it’s not as simple as that because it is not a chair, not simply a Wits business school chair, so programme that the university initiated. we got professors and researchers from across the disciplines, as well as across the continent, to It’s a slow process. To begin with the university come and help design the curriculum and research did not put in any money. Now, it provides the core agenda. And even when it comes to teaching, the support – office space, administration, etc. From faculty is going to be drawn from the pan‑African 2018, the university will take over the payment community, not necessarily from the Wits of the professor when the first intake of students business school. will be admitted. Eventually, it’s likely to be fully embedded in the university. My view is that, for the I understand there can be a tension For the first five years, it’s first five years, it’s okay for the philanthropy sector between finding a sustainable okay for the philanthropy to bear the burden of fundraising, so that we can funding model for a chair that guide the formative stages, but once the chair has allows it to be independent sector to bear the burden of taken root, the university can take over, because and having it funded by a fundraising, so that we can the systems will be in place and the shape will have philanthropist or a foundation. guide the formative stages, been defined. How is that working for you? We looked at a couple of models, but once the chair has In terms of its shape, what would you like to see in including raising an endowment. taken root, the university ten years? So in five to ten years from now, what we really The director of the business can take over. school was adamant that we envisage is a centre on philanthropy, which houses needed funding for at least five years before the knowledge generation, debates and dialogues on project could go ahead. That was challenging the interface between the public, civil and private because some of the donors who had promised sectors, a platform to shape development discourse money for an endowment had their own specific and a centre where we can measure the impact of needs. We initially wanted to call it the Nelson African philanthropy. Mandela chair on philanthropy, which brought in donor interest, but Graça Machel pointed out that if we wanted it to look genuinely African, we needed another name because the funding for it should represent a wider range of resources. So we said

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p51

important. First, f uelled by t he rapid economic grow t h India’s philanthropy of the past two decades and its burgeoning fortunes, Indian philant hropy is booming. A zim Premji, t he first sector is fit for study Indian to sign on to Bill Gates’ Giving Pledge, leads a growing cohort of IT and financial sector billionaires Ingrid Srinath and Preeti Mann who have made substantial commitments seeking to redress the appalling economic and social conditions still prevalent in India. T his is accompanied by greater Long‑standing traditions enjoin Indians across religion, ethnicity emphasis on impact measurement and accountability and class to give without consideration of return. ‘One who enjoys from philanthropists, CSR departments and individ‑ abundance without sharing with others is indeed a thief,’ says the ual donors alike. Bhagavad Gita, a 700‑verse Hindu scripture. Second, as in so many other countries, Indian Even before the Companies Act, 2013 prescribed norms civil society faces a number of challenges. Some for philanthropic contributions from Indian corporate international donors have withdrawn or curtailed entities, businesses like the Tata Group had established their operations in India due to hostility in the reputations for social investment that compared fa‑ political environment, or due to political and fiscal vourably with the highest global standards. Millions compulsions in their home countries. A concerted of non‑profits, most supported by individual contri‑ narrative discrediting NGOs as inefficient, ineffective, butions, make India’s ‘retail’ philanthropy sector, unaccountable, or even anti‑national, continues to Ingrid Srinath is diaspora giving and festivals of giving like Daan Utsav gain traction. Activists continue to be harassed and founder director, Centre for Social the envy of fundraisers across the developing world. intimidated by means legal and illegal. Impact and Philanthropy, Despite its apparently thriving state, Indian phi‑ Both of these considerations – one an opportunity, Ashoka University, lanthropy has been little studied and sources of the other a threat – prompted the founding of CSIP. India. Email: ingrid. srinath@ashoka. reliable data about it are few. This is about to change. Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, edu.in In 2016, the founders of the Ashoka University (a new, Citibank and private philanthropists, the new centre non‑profit, philanthropically funded, liberal arts uni‑ aims to provide credible, accessible data to inform phil‑ versity near Delhi) set up the Centre for Social Impact anthropic decision‑making and public discourse. and Philanthropy (CSIP) at the university. The centre will facilitate platforms and networks Thus, an important new element is about to be added aimed at encouraging norms, coherence, vision and to the ecosystem of Indian philanthropy. Why is it voice in the sector. Its capacity building initiatives will necessary? Support services for philanthropy have focus on raising sector ambition, sustainability and been relatively scarce and largely under‑resourced. talent. Studies of philanthropic flows, the impact of Preeti Mann is Despite their pioneering good work, organizations like changes in foreign funding and public perceptions adviser, Centre for Social Impact and Sampradaan, Give India, Guidestar India, Centre for of the sector are some of its the early research Philanthropy, Ashoka Advancement of Philanthropy, AccountAid and others areas. A collaboration with Harvard Business School University, India. Email: preeti.mann@ have relatively small footprints. Indian organizations and Dasra will bring Harvard’s popular Strategic ashoka.edu.in like Dasra, and international consulting firms like Non‑Profit Management programme to India in2017 . A Bain and Bridgespan, have recently made inroads in knowledge platform, presently in design, aims to fulfil research, strategy consulting and knowledge‑building practitioners’ needs for focused, relevant learning. for the sector and the new corporate social responsi‑ Simultaneously, CSIP is working with students and bility (CSR) requirements have spawned a number of faculty at the Ashoka University and with other players providing training, consultancy or audit ser‑ national and international educational institutions to vices. However, academic programmes have largely develop curricula, faculty exchanges and mentoring focused on skill‑building for non‑profit staff and lead‑ programmes. The centre’s Mother Teresa Fellowship ers. The India Philanthropy Initiative, a gathering of provides graduates seeking to build a career in the some of t he biggest names in Indian philant hropy, and social sector with financial and non‑financial support. Dasra’s Philanthropy Week are rare examples of con‑ In partnership with leaders across India’s social sector vening of thought‑leaders in Indian philanthropy. and the academic resources within Ashoka University, There are two other considerations that make inde‑ the centre hopes to galvanize India’s philanthropic pendently gathered and rigorously interrogated data ecosystem towards greater impact, relevance, resilience and recognition. return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p52 special feature

Don’t neglect empathy in the pursuit of analysis

Sumitra Mishra RAJDEEPCHUNDAWAT S Group of volunteers from the If philanthropy education is at an embryonic stage in Europe, International Citizen Service 2016, in front of their host organization the concept is not yet seeded in India. That does not imply Jatan in Rajasthan, India. that philanthropy is not growing. It is. It is being driven by philanthropists, foundations and increasingly visible philanthropy management organizations. But the focus is on making philanthropy effective in addressing issues left by the free market rather than unravelling and addressing the complex structural issues of social justice. While there is focus on impact investment measurement models, the question of equity is feeble or silent in the philanthropy debate in India.

Education can help to address this want but, as it does so, it should recall that philanthropy is to do with people and that exalting analysis should not be at the expense of compassion.

The scope of philanthropy education goes beyond the GROVER ANJANI models or management of philanthropy, to under‑ Young interns sharing a local meal with their host family, stand how it can potentially shift the power to the in Rajasthan, India. Sumitra Mishra is country director, disenfranchised people to mobilize, lead and effect iPartner India. Email sustainable changes in the denial of rights, injustice One promising approach in India is the emergence of sumitra.mishra@ ipartnerindia.org and inequality. There is a promising trend for Indian immersive, experiential learning for young profession‑ philanthropists, through their foundations, to support als wanting to experience first‑hand, traditional social agencies that are facilitating the mechanics of philan‑ development changes. Learning journeys, experiential thropy and to promote an academic discourse about it internships, gap years, youth leadership programmes through their support of university‑led initiatives. The and social mentoring platforms are some of the lead‑ study of philanthropy would be a natural outcome of a ing vehicles to build a culture of empathy among critical body of thought and practices of philanthropy young people. The key is to inspire young people across that develop in the coming years in India. the fields of business, finance, law, literature, politics, But as the ecosystem moves towards private invest‑ science, arts and more to commit to these experiences ments and market‑led practices to influence the social and encourage their peers to experience the same. justice agenda, the challenge is to maintain the bal‑ They are tomorrow’s philanthropists! ance between results and empathy. The core values of From this experience might come the burning desire empathy and compassion must drive the understand‑ to change the world, joined with the wisdom to invest ing of complexities in sustained change, so that the personal and professional resources drawn from the process of change is inclusive and equitable, and with core values of empathy and respect for people they the people for whom it matters the most at its centre. have shared a part of their lives with. And building The key questions are, how do we continue to invest compassion and empathy is not restricted to people in empathy building and nurturing among profes‑ working in the social development space. What we sionals, especially young practitioners, as they bring should strive for is to bring down the walls between cutting‑edge, game‑changing practices for implemen‑ people who can effect change, and those whose rights tation and measurement into this domain? How do must be guaranteed. Creating opportunities for im‑ we ensure that being smart and results‑oriented in mersive, experiential journeys could be the next social change is not a substitute for passion, resilience agenda to introduce across disciplines and courses, as and empathy? a precursor to philanthropy education in India.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p53

In other words, the centre has moved from 100 per How to set up a cent foundation funding to a sustainable mixture of revenue streams. Currently, 15 collaborators work university centre with in fields of research, lectures, executive training and coaching. CEPS has increased the understanding and foundation money operations of the philanthropic sector in Switzerland through publications such as the Swiss Foundation Georg von Schnurbein and Beate Eckhardt Report – together with University of Zurich and SwissFoundations – and earned a high reputation in both research and practice. Funding a university centre is a risky endeavour for all parties. Looking back, many factors in the selection and Donors usually have less control over the results than in other organization contributed to this success. First of all, cases and the university takes the risk that future costs will have the fact that SwissFoundations took the lead brought to be covered through its own budget. The creation of the Center a lot of convening power to the initiative and opened for Philanthropy Studies (CEPS) at the University of Basel offers t he doors to t he f uture f unders and supporters of CEPS. some insights on how to create, and plan for the sustainable The request for proposals opened up a competition existence of, an institute with initial funds from foundations. between different models. Instead of addressing one university, SwissFoundations demanded a primary In 2007, SwissFoundations, the Swiss association of commitment through the deans of the universities to grantmaking foundations, sent a request for propos‑ participate in the pitch. Two universities declined the als to four Swiss universities, inviting them to apply request. In addition, from the application documents, for funding to set up a centre for foundations and phi‑ the foundations got a good idea about the research lanthropy. The idea was to create a central institution agenda, the organizational structure and the network for interdisciplinary research on philanthropy that involved. Finally, the period of selection gave all would encourage and increase both the gathering of parties involved enough time to get prepared. At the Professor Georg knowledge and putting into practice. The initial grant time of the inauguration, CEPS was ready to work. The von Schnurbein is was CHF2.5 million for five years, allowing for the director, Center for first one‑week executive training started only four Philanthropy Studies financing of a professor and t wo assistant positions. Si x months later. (CEPS), University of foundations, all members of SwissFoundations, par‑ Basel. Email georg. The legal construction of the funding was also im‑ vonschnurbein@ ticipated in the funding. The universities were selected unibas.ch on the basis of previous research and teaching activi‑ portant for the centre’s success. SwissFoundations ties in the field of philanthropy. acted as a convenor between the university and the funding foundations. Thus, one contract between After six months, two universities provided a submis‑ SwissFoundations and the university included all sion with a business plan, research agenda and the aspects of aims, organization, reporting, etc. Based commitments they were prepared to make. A jury of on this contract, the university signed single con‑ foundation representatives selected the University of tracts with every foundation that included only the Basel. In November 2008, CEPS was officially inaugu‑ procedures of payment. Additionally, representatives rated as part of the faculty of business and economics of SwissFoundations and funding foundations were Beate Eckhardt and started with an assistant professor and two col‑ is CEO, included in an advisory board. This arrangement SwissFoundations. laborators. The donors and the university agreed to allowed for a clear separation of roles, while different Email eckhardt@ conduct an evaluation af ter t wo years based on univer‑ swissfoundations.ch feedback options, regular reports and the evaluations sit y standard procedures. A s a result of t his evaluation, served as trust building activity. the university decided to create a chair on foundation management for the director position of the centre. Altogether, establishing CEPS was a major step in the Additionally, SwissFoundations organized a second short history of SwissFoundations and also served as a consortium of nine foundations for a second grant of model of collaboration for foundations beyond the field CHF2.5 million for another five years. of research. Aspects of competition, clear separation of roles, g uarantee of academic f reedom, and a long‑term Today, CEPS is in the middle of this second phase. commitment served as major success factors. Twenty per cent of the budget comes from the uni‑ versity, 40 per cent from foundation grants, and another 40 per cent from the centre’s own revenues.

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p54 special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide

people enter the world of social purpose, their views Studying philanthropy are shif ting t he field of study of philant hropy to t hat of the study of social purpose activity in whatever form. in Canada: from Philanthropy is no longer only about benevolence, it’s about having impact on the complex problems that benevolence to impact face the next generation. The young are increasingly demanding better training in social action. A s a result, Hilary Pearson and Jean‑Marc Fontan Canada’s first graduate and executive education pro‑ gramme in philanthropic and non‑profit leadership began three years ago at Carleton University in Ottawa. Three years ago, the two infrastructure organizations for Finally, we have a much more diverse and urbanized foundation philanthropy in Canada, Philanthropic Foundations population in Canada than we did 25 years ago. For ex‑ Canada (PFC) and Community Foundations of Canada (CFC) ample, over 50 per cent of the population in our largest joined forces with a national partnership of scholars dedicated cit y, Toronto, were born outside Canada. How does t his to creating a more substantial body of information and analysis af fect t he study of philant hropy ? It brings new players on the catalytic role of grantmaking foundations in social change. and new money to the table and new practitioners to The work of this partnership has led to a significant increase in the field. It also fosters an interest on the part of gov‑ the number of scholars engaged in the study of philanthropy. ernments representing a diverse and globally‑linked Organized philanthropy in Canada is still a relatively population to attract social purpose organizations recent phenomenon. We have only slightly over 5,000 and philanthropy into partnership to attack complex private foundations, about the same number of public social problems such as environmental sustainability foundations, and the academic study of grantmak‑ and social exclusion. ing philanthropy began only in the last 20 or so years. To act as effective partners, and to have more impact, Much of it has focused not on grantmakers themselves, philanthropists need to be better equipped with but on their grantees and on donors more generally. information, and with opportunities for learning Hilary Pearson Three forces, however, are catalysing more philan‑ their craft and sharing best practices. This is where the is president, partnership with academia has come in. Over the last Philanthropic thropy scholarship and training in Canada today: Foundations Canada. three years, Canadian academics have been enlisted Email hpearson@ digitization, demographics and diversity. pfc.ca in a collaborative effort to understand and to describe Through digitization, scholars and practitioners through case studies and analysis how Canadian are gaining access to new and important data sets. foundations are working together to bring about Canada has made available in machine‑readable form change, whether through influencing public policy a huge data set on charities and foundations, through or through reinforcing community networks and our national regulator, the Canada Revenue Agency. capacity on the ground. It is important for foundations Digitization has also accelerated the dissemination of to learn about each other, to have models and gain data on patterns of foundation granting, on the loca‑ insight into what works as more evidence is collected tion and size of grantmakers, and on their interests. on the impact of philanthropic activity. Jean‑Marc Fontan The Canadian government is opening up its database is a professor in of grants and contributions in a remarkable commit‑ PFC and CFC intend to pursue this partnership over the Department the next few years, working with scholars both in of Sociology, ment to data transparency and access. University of Quebec Quebec and in English Canada, recognizing our two in Montreal. Email Demographic change and the rise of the large mil‑ cultures of philanthropic thought and practice. We fontan.jean‑marc@ lennial generation is also a major force affecting uqam.ca are also bringing a new perspective from Europe to philanthropy research and training. As younger our understanding of the philanthropic ecosystem in Canada with the naming of a first international Over 50 per cent of the population in philanthropy fellow, Michael Alberg‑Seberich of Canada’s largest Berlin, who will begin his work in Canada in 2017. city, Toronto, were born outside the This formal study of philanthropy will contribute not

MARIUSZKLUZNIAK country. only to greater effectiveness of foundations but also to better training of people aspiring to be philanthropic leaders.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents p55

Educating philanthropy in Chile Magdalena Aninat and Steffen Bethmann

Over the last few decades, Chile has made great economic strides. However, while the GDP per capita has increased from US$4,407 GDP in Chile has grown rapidly; but equality has in 1990 to US$22,370 in 2015, equality has not fared so well: not fared so well. the country has a Gini coefficient (index of income distribution) of 0.465, the worst in the OECD. Today, Chile faces ‘second them change from project funders to social change generation challenges’: quality rather than access is needed, agents. CEFIS has also been a key actor in creating particularly in health and education. It’s time for the country to a network among the emerging community of phil‑ move from being one known for its economic growth to one that anthropic practitioners, and in opening a space for is recognized for its philanthropic growth and as a centre for the donors to understand the complexity and passionate development of knowledge in this field. world of social investments, through the incorpora‑ tion of courses for undergraduates in the university’s The groundwork has been laid. The Chilean aca‑ business school. demic sector has an outstanding position in Latin Available data on giving in Chile shows it at 0.12 per America and attracts nearly 20,000 international stu‑ cent of the annual GDP and, while the trend over the dents every year. The opening in 2015 of the Center last few years is upward, the figure is still low and for Philanthropy and Social Investments (CEFIS) at there is scope for increase. Systematic research and Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, the leading private uni‑ education can help not only foster the practice of giv‑ versity in Chile, has opened up a space for researching ing but also create awareness of the important role Magdalena Aninat local giving practice, and providing tools and skills to effective philanthropy has in social development. In is founder director high‑net‑worth individuals (HNWIs) and their fami‑ of the Center for offering new courses on impact driven philanthropy, Philanthropy lies to strengthen their philanthropic practice. and Social the academic sector has a great chance to help build Investments, School Thanks to the work done at CEFIS, the picture of what a better and more just Chile. More research is needed of Government, Universidad Adolfo Chilean philanthropy needs is already clearer. A 2015 that provides evidence of successful programmes to Ibañez, Chile. Email study indicates a transition from an anonymous, help guide donors and grant‑ seek ing non‑profits alike. magdalena.aninat@ uai.cl Catholic influenced, ‘giving‑the‑cheque’ practice to Academic teaching and research on philanthropy in a more strategic form of giving, willing to focus on Chile is at t he nascent stage, but f uture years are likely achieving social change and using entrepreneurial to see a growing offering of academic knowledge and skills for social investments. Other current CEFIS university courses to support the field. studies show an increasing willingness to make so‑ cial investments among HNWIs, but identify barriers to this transition to effective philanthropic practice, including lack of public awareness of its value, a com‑ plex tax incentive system for donors, and a general Steffen Bethmann is a researcher view of the social organizations as inefficient in the and executive trainer, Center use of economic resources. for Philanthropy Studies, University of The last challenge suggests a lack of understanding Basel. Email steffen. between donors with a business background on the bethmann@unibas. ch one hand, and the ‘social know‑how’ of civil society organizations on the other. Universities with a mix of components from psychology to business, can help The studies to address both sides of this divide. From the grantee mentioned in this article are side, universities have already begun to offer capac‑ available here ity building programmes for non‑profits and social Lonneke Roza and Steffen the Corporate Foundations http://escuelade Bethmann delivering the Knowledge Exchange in gobierno.uai.cl/ entrepreneurs. On the other side, CEFIS last year workshop on corporate Fountainbleau in December centros/cefis began providing tools and skills for HNWIs to help foundation governance at 2016.

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p56 special feature

Philanthropy scholars in Mexico: objectivity in a climate of mistrust Jacqueline Butcher and Michael Layton In all of these initiatives, a key role was played by ei‑ ther the Centro de Investigación y Estudios sobre Sociedad Civil (CIESC) at the Technological Institute Basic, trustworthy information about the scale, scope and shape of Monterrey or the Philanthropy and Civil Society of a nation’s non‑profit and philanthropic sector is indispensable Project (PSCP) of the Mexico Autonomous Institute of not only to producing empirically based public policies and private Technology. interventions, but also to supporting the effort to generate greater understanding and trust in philanthropy. This is especially true A number of other universities have supported re‑ in Mexico, where the sector is underdeveloped and policymakers search and training opportunities to fields related to and the public in general are highly sceptical of philanthropy. philanthropy, including: Anahuac University’s Social By helping to furnish such information, scholars have provided Responsibility Faculty and its Latin American Social significant leadership on both of these issues. Responsibility Centre (CLARES); Colegio de México led a study on the quality of citizenship in México If we go back to 2000, there were basically three (Informe país sobre la calidad de la ciudadanía en México); sources of data on philanthropy in Mexico: the mem‑ the recently founded ORT University offers degrees bership list of the Mexican Centre for Philanthropy on non‑profit management; and the Mora Institute’s (Cemefi), the nation’s oldest support organization; the research programme on international cooperation, list of tax‑exempt organizations provided by Mexico’s development and public policy, which has recently Tax Administration Service (SAT); and Johns Hopkins worked hand‑in‑hand with Mexico’s community foun‑ University’s comparative study, Global Civil Society, un‑ dations, to mention the most important ones. Jacqueline Butcher dertaken by Lester Salamon and local collaborators. is director at Centro Two things that universities de Investigación Today, Mexico has a wide range of data and and university researchers y Estudios sobre Sociedad Civil. Email analyses, and the research centres and academic insti‑ can bring to such processes jacqueline.butcher@ tutions have been instrumental in helping to change have been critical. ciesc.org.mx this picture. First, nearly every one of The new developments include the design, implemen‑ them was undertaken in tation, and analysis of Mexico’s first public opinion partnership with non‑profits survey focused on volunteerism (Encuesta nacional de (like Cemefi and A lternativas solidaridad y acción voluntaria or ENSAV) and a simi‑ y Capacidades) and with sup‑ lar one on giving; the Encuesta nacional de filantropía port from a mix of national (ENAFI); the publication in conjunction with the Lilly and international funders Family School of Philanthropy, Giving Mexico in 2013 and support organizations. This capacity to forge such Michael Layton (due to be updated this year); the creation of Mexico’s partnerships is a particular strength of universities. is senior research largest transparency website for non‑profits and grant‑ fellow, Alternativas y Second, given the aforementioned distrust of the sector, Capacidades. makers, Fondos a la Vista (FALV, Funds in Plain Sight); Mexican policymakers often dismiss non‑profit prac‑ Email mlayton123@ the publication of a study of corporate foundations in gmail.com titioners and philanthropists as being self‑interested Mexico; the Social Investment Seminar, the country’s when they advocate for public policies. The objectiv‑ first regular training opportunity for grantmakers; ity and rigour of scholars therefore become crucial and a series of regional forums on Mexican tax law. assets in influencing public policy. In a nation with a The publication of findings from these forums played relatively small and under‑funded non‑profit sector, a key role in a national coalition that prevented the university researchers offer an unparalleled source of repeal of tax exemption and the deductibility of dona‑ highly qualified human capital to address its research tions. In addition, Mexico’s National Geography and needs. The expertise and credibility of scholars has Statistical Institute now conducts a regular census of been a critical factor in advancing the field. non‑profit institutions.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents DIFFICULT ISSUES p57

philant hropy, or by creating academic centres, chairs Challenges ahead and lectureships. Yet, with notable exceptions, universities have been in funding the study surprisingly slow in seeking funds for research on philanthropy at their own institutions. As one vice of philanthropy Charles Keidan chancellor told me,1 the idea of encouraging funding to research philanthropy is ‘a bit of a leap’. Few funders appear to have been approached by universities to sup‑ The growth of philanthropy studies, the increasing number of port research in this area. One foundation director academics who would call themselves philanthropy scholars told me that his foundation had ‘never’ been asked to and the fact that philanthropy is attracting interest from leading fund research on philanthropy, despite daily contact scholars across the disciplinary spectrum are encouraging with universities and millions awarded annually in developments for philanthropy practitioners. As the field matures, grants to the higher education field. however, there is a danger that these positive signs will mask There are, however, signs that this might be chang‑ some of the challenges ahead. ing, both because of new donor interest and a growing market of higher education fundraisers who are al‑ Charles Keidan is One key question is who should fund philanthropy editor of Alliance. scholarship and what restrictions will the source of ready acting as a stimulus to more research on donor Email charles@ motivations. The most advanced and best‑resourced alliancemagazine. funding place on scholars? What would happen if org scholars are critical not just of philanthropy as an universities are drawing on cutting‑edge research institution but also of philanthropists whose names from behavioural scientists to elicit higher donations increasingly adorn the buildings in their institu‑ (see p45). While this is a positive development for re‑ tions? Will scholars feel the frosty gaze of university search on donor motivations, and has the virtue of leaderships and fundraisers driven to secure more responding to the needs of fundraising practitioners, philanthropic cash as part of their institution’s it risks narrowing the scope of scholarly research. survival strategy at a time of government cuts to The rise of philanthropic funding of research cen‑ higher education? tres, posts and chairs in philanthropy is even more The obvious and arguably ideal scenario is that of a double‑edged sword. Philanthropic resources un‑ universities should fund research on philanthropy doubtedly help lift the field but they also influence themselves as part of their commitment to build‑ the direction of research though funding particular ing the knowledge base. Universities could do this research questions or by funding posts in disciplines through academics electing to use their freedom to more naturally sympathetic to philanthropy. Thus it is research topics relevant to philanthropy or by uni ‑ striking that much recent provision in Europe is situ‑ versities seeking support from philanthropists and ated in business schools asking technical questions foundations or other non‑profit partners. about impact, organizational management and strat‑ egy rather than normative questions about legitimacy, There are difficulties either way. First and foremost, accountability and plutocracy. How different would only a small number of researchers investigate philan‑ t he field look if more of t his new prov ision were associ‑ thropy. Academic incentives tend to focus attention on ated w it h philosophy, sociolog y and political science? publishing in highly ranked peer‑reviewed journals. While some journals accommodate studies of philan‑ It is critical that donors, researchers and universities thropy, none to date have philanthropy in the title. find ways to navigate these challenges as the field Some scholars successfully bridge the gap between develops. Full disclosure of funding agreements and rigour and relevance, as Tracey Coule highlights (p58), correspondence should be the norm. But transparency but t hey remain t he exception. In addition, t he philan‑ is only part of the solution. A healthy society requires thropy studies field competes for space, conceptually the independent thought that is the hallmark of aca‑ speaking, with civil society studies, voluntary sector demia. If academics feel pressure to restrict the scope studies, non‑profit management studies (p60) and of their enquiries they will be less likely to do what social entrepreneurship, to name a few. they do best – bite the hand that feeds them. Given these challenges, philanthropists and founda‑ 1 http:/tinyurl.com/ PhilEdEurope tions may seem obvious candidates to help build the field either through funding academic research on return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p58 special feature

Rigour or relevance in philanthropy research?

Choose both! Tracey Coule

‘Ivory tower academics have nothing useful to offer practitioners’ – as a former non‑profit practitioner‑turned‑academic responsible for running a professional doctorate, delivering management education, undertaking client‑driven, applied research projects, and publishing research papers, I have often heard this charge from practitioners. Equally, I have heard academic colleagues refer to applied, client‑commissioned research as the ‘poor relation’, ‘ugly sister’ or even not ‘proper’ research because it ‘lacks rigour’ and ‘can’t possibly produce high quality, publishable research’.

In this short piece, I would like to at least begin chal‑ lenging both sets of assumptions by making three arguments. First, the rigour versus relevance debate is a fallacy. Second, the real issue (and solution) is

one of language or, rather, translation. Third, it will MALLEA ALEJANDRO take shared commitment and collective action to Sather Tower, also known as the Campanile, at Berkeley, undertake such translation work and bridge the gap University of California. Are Tracey Coule is between academic, policy, and practice communities. academics in ivory towers? research‑to‑practice editor, Non‑profit The fallacy of the rigour versus relevance debate and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (NVSQ) and For both funding and professional reasons, there is of non‑profits. That same research informs executive reader in non‑profit governance and no doubt that academics are under intense pressure education programmes and features in an article on organization at to publish research papers in the highest quality the role of non‑profits in public service innovation in Sheffield Business School. Email journals. It is also true that publishing in top jour‑ one of the most senior international public adminis‑ [email protected] nals alone is no longer enough. Today’s scholars are tration journals, Public Administration: An international increasingly expected to communicate w it h t he socie‑ quarterly. Research, in other words, can be both rel‑ ties that fund and utilize their research; furthering evant and rigorous. the reach and impact of our work is fast becoming an The role of philanthropists, foundations, trusts, integral part of what we are obliged to do as academics. fundraisers, and others involved in philanthropic In my v iew, setting (academic) rigour and (polic y‑prac‑ enterprise is inextricably linked with state policy tice) relevance in opposition in the current climate is towards the welfare of citizens. In the UK, from the a false choice and sustains the myth that the two are last phase of paternalism in the nineteenth cen‑ mutually exclusive. Not so! In my own work, I have tury, where the first resort in times of need was to undertaken applied research, including programme family and friends supplemented by charity or the evaluations, commissioned on and by non‑profits. parish, through to the consolidation of the welfare Perhaps the most significant was the evaluation state (from 1945), involving a comprehensive system of Futurebuilders (a UK central government policy of social services obliging the state to provide basic initiative to build the capacity of services to citizens, philanthropy has played its part. In my view, setting non‑profits to deliver public ser‑ In the contemporary period, many advanced democ‑ (academic) rigour and vices). The research addressed a racies, underpinned by liberal welfare regimes (the (policy‑practice) relevance ‘real‑world’ problem and t he report UK, US, New Zealand, and Australia for example) have to the Cabinet Office was used as witnessed the promotion of the values of self‑inter‑ in opposition in the current evidence to underpin the House of est, self‑reliance, and individual opportunity at the climate is a false choice. Lords debate on t he f uture f unding expense of community and the promotion of public

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents special feature philanthropy scholarship and practice – bridging the divide p59

services. As states ‘roll back’, the philanthropic enter‑ Bridging the gap: whose job is it anyway? prise holds the potential to become an increasingly Academia, and the journals that publish academic important vehicle for social justice and democracy. To research, are increasingly concerned with impact, choose to study philanthropy is to choose to study an relevance, and with its place in society. When I took applied subject matter. Philanthropy scholars develop on my first academic role following five years or so as a knowledge and understanding to advance their field policy and research practitioner in the non‑profit sec‑ (of study) while addressing practice‑based problems. I tor, I had a strong personal sense of some of this; after am not suggesting that to have utility, research must my first few months as research‑to‑practice editor at serve the agenda of the status quo; the role of research Non‑profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (NVSQ), I have may be to challenge accepted norms so that new ways an even greater sense of it. Publishers have a role in of doing and being can be realized. making content available to wider communities for I am, however, suggesting that the You cannot criticize an the purposes of translation; the majority of academic real issue in the rigour‑relevance academic journal article research remains behind a closed wall, available only debate is one of translation. for not being accessible to t hose w it h a subscription. Polic y makers and practi‑ tioners wrestling with social change and reform may The role of translation to policy and practice well look to philanthropy scholarship for insights that Many published articles may well communities any more can inform their work, but should also contribute be unintelligible to practitioners. than you would criticize a their professional knowledge and experience to the This is not because practitioners research enterprise; as researchers, we have much to are a less intelligent, less discern‑ family van for not handling learn from practice and seek confirmation that we are ing or less capable audience, but like a sports car; they are asking the right questions. We need to listen. because academics when pursuing publication write in a language and produced for different That the new editorial team of NVSQ – arguably the within a context aimed at other purposes and audiences. preeminent journal in the field of non‑profit, philan‑ academics. There is an inbuilt as‑ thropic and voluntarism studies – believe the power of sumption that the audience reads the same literature NVSQ research should be reflected in its ability to in‑ and is familiar with the same methodologies etc. You form policy and practice represents a significant shift cannot criticize an academic journal article for not in the landscape of academic publishing. It is a break being accessible to policy and practice communities with tradition that they have chosen to approach this any more than you would criticize a family van for through a concerted and systematic effort to con‑ not handling like a sports car; they are produced for nect research‑to‑practice through additional areas different purposes and audiences. of translation work rather than dedicating a handful of journal pages to policy and practice papers within The ‘knowledge’ generated for the In making research insights what remains a primarily academic outlet. NVSQ client report, the teaching materi‑ accessible and impactful, intends to remain a leading academic journal pub‑ als and the journal publication in lishing the best research in the field and traditional the example above was not some‑ there is a job to do in academic metrics around citation and impact will how different in and of itself, but speaking the language of remain important, but we seek to do more than this. its translation into meaningful multiple communities. We know, however, that we do not have the capacity messages for distinct audiences re‑ to achieve our goals single‑handedly. Organizations, quires different intent and styles of communication. such as Alliance, occupy a unique space at the inter‑ Not all academics will have the skills or appetite for face between academic research and practitioner such work but the need for it remains; you wouldn’t communities, and are well positioned to facilitate a leave two people who speak different languages in a two‑way dialogue that connects research‑to‑practice room together and expect anything productive from and practice‑to‑research. Bridging the gap between the dialogue! So in making research insights acces‑ academic, policy, and practice communities will take sible and impactful, there is a job to do in speaking shared commitment and collective action. the language of multiple communities, which raises the question of who is best placed to do such transla‑ tion work?

return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org LAST WORD

However, the continued development of a strong Why non‑profit philant hropic sector needs more t han non‑profit man‑ agement programmes. It needs forms of education management education t hat include t he arts and humanities and t he social sci‑ ences, as well as sciences like psychology, in addition is not enough Eugene Tempel to professional courses in administration and man‑ agement, finance and budgeting, and planning and evaluation. I have at least two grounds for saying so. The call for transparency and accountability in private efforts to First, expanding education in our field to include per‑ carry out public good has focused most of the attention of formal spectives from the liberal arts and the social sciences education on non‑profit management. Indeed, the dominant broadens and enriches non‑profit leaders’ understand‑ model for third sector education programmes today is non‑profit ing of philanthropy and the daily work that they do. management, not only in the US but increasingly around the world. For example, economists have long been engaged in These programmes have been important in helping make the studying and teaching about philanthropy, fundrais‑ organizations and structures of philanthropy more professional ing and organizational efforts. They and sociologists and they continue to be important. However, they are not enough. have valuable perspectives to add. Likewise, psychol‑ ogists have helped us understand that donors and As the work of non‑profit organizations becomes in‑ volunteers derive physical and psychological benefits creasingly complex, and as philanthropy develops and f rom contributing to t he public good and inter vening the demands on it become greater, forms of research in the lives of others. Henry Rosso, a pioneer of profes‑ and education need to broaden accordingly to em‑ sional fundraising and founder of The Fund Raising brace the needs of both donors and recipients. School at Indiana University said: ‘Fundraising is the Growing wealth in many parts of the world has inten‑ gentle art of teaching people the joy of giving.’ It turns sified the call for expanding philanthropy globally. As out he was right. But of course this phenomenon has Eugene Tempel is founding dean governments face social and human needs that they different iterations globally based on historical and emeritus of the cannot meet alone, there are increasing demands cultural context. Lilly Family School for philanthropy to play a larger role. In fact, in 2016 of Philanthropy, Second, the foundation for philanthropy is trust. One Indiana University. the vice chair of China’s National People’s Congress of the hallmarks of the modern era of the non‑profit Email etempel@ Standing Committee indicated that philanthropy indiana.edu sector is a growing concern with accountability and, would be a pivotal force in the country’s poverty al‑ while a focus on effective programmes and efficient leviation. There are signs that philanthropy is rising operations are essential to trust, if we are to see the to the challenge. The Million Dollar Donors Report 2016, philanthropy sector continue to develop across the produced by Coutts & Co private bank and the Indiana world, we will need to move from a consideration University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, found of outputs to approaches that also take account of that million dollar‑plus giving had tripled across the outcomes and impacts. US, the UK and the Middle East since the first edition of the report in 2013. The larger and more complex our organizations become the more we require sophisticated planning, management, fundraising and evaluation. Effective management of non‑profits is one key element leading to the accountability and transparency that help build trust. Understanding donors, philanthropists and funders, beginning from understanding their perspectives, requires sophisticated approaches by non‑profit sector leaders who would carry out the public good. And acquiring that understanding depends on educational programmes that provide broad perspectives on philanthropy as a deeply human endeavour.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents BOOK REVIEW

Claiming Agency: Reflecting on ‘Agency’ in the context of this TrustAfrica’s first decade conversation must surely Edited by Halima Mahomed encompass not just the ways in which and Elizabeth Coleman Reviewed by John Harvey TrustAfrica The concept of agency is a driving Editors and authors of Claiming enables agency force behind a great deal of Agency have succeeded in but also the ways in which emergent global philanthropy, producing a valuable new title TrustAfrica is itself given agency. perhaps no more so than in Africa. within the growing body of On this, Claiming Agency regularly In the context of its traumatic literature on African philanthropy. makes clear that TrustAfrica’s history of colonialism, ‘agency’ The content is consistently own agency is often constrained. refers to Africans’ capacity to interesting and well‑written. The Authors note that very few of create, foster and implement writing style is often academic but TrustAfrica’s funders provide John Harvey is long‑term general support. Often, founding principal, African solutions to African always accessibly so. Global Philanthropy problems. TrustAfrica is positioned as an Services. Email Interesting but with certain Africa‑based partner to global johnharveyinafrica@ Agency is certainly core to weaknesses are the authors’ gmail.com northern funders who to varying the mission of TrustAfrica, a analyses of the impact of degrees call the strategic and Dakar‑based foundation that, TrustAfrica’s programmes. Authors programmatic shots. As one author along with a handful of peer relied on internal documents notes: ‘A key task for TrustAfrica Africa‑based foundations, and interviews with TrustAfrica . . . is one of harmonizing these represents the vanguard of modern staff, donors and funded partners; diverse interests’. As an affirmation institutional philanthropy on as such, much of the analysis of African agency, this certainly the continent. Claiming Agency: is observational and anecdotal. disappoints. Reflecting on TrustAfrica’s first decade Additionally, TrustAfrica’s strategic explores how this relatively new focus is to foment new narratives, At the same time, endemic African philanthropic organization has initiatives and movements; most philanthropy is not likely to come fared over the past ten years. Along of the programmes under review to the rescue any time soon. As the with a comprehensive exploration had a three‑year operational editors note, a majority of emergent of TrustAfrica’s commitment to timeframe, hardly sufficient for African philanthropy ‘is not bolstering African agency, the evaluating long‑term, systems directed at addressing the systemic book seeks to explore TrustAfrica’s change‑centered work. issues that drive injustice, instead focusing more on ameliorative and ability to ‘do things differently’: As noted above, the book’s if and in what ways is TrustAfrica reactive responses’. Claiming Agency editors promise an exploration makes clear that unless global forging new standards, norms and of TrustAfrica’s commitment to practices that differ from, and north funders liberate TrustAfrica bolstering African agency. On from the many strings they attach, are more effective than, those this they generally succeed, each About the book and until African philanthropists of traditional global northern author delineating specific ways in Published by foundation peers? and social investors commit Weaver Press, which TrustAfrica has operated to Zimbabwe themselves to long‑term systemic To craft the book, editors Halima empower its civil society partners. change, the agency of TrustAfrica Price Mahomed and Elizabeth Coleman £18 The editors additionally promise will be constrained. commissioned five independent to explore TrustAfrica’s ability isbn On the whole, this book offers a 9781779223012 experts to study and reflect on to ‘do things differently’. On valuable read to students of global To order specific TrustAfrica programmatic this too they generally succeed, www.african initiatives. Two additional highlighting good practices that, if philanthropy. For funders working bookscollective. in Africa and claiming their work com chapters provide context on not entirely unique within African advances an authentic African A digital copy is African philanthropy and insider grantmaking, are certainly rare. free to download agenda, Claiming Agency should be from www. reflections on a fascinating first trustafrica.org ten years. required reading. return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org TRIBUTES

Peter Geithner: a period of rapid growth. These developments owe much to an appreciation institutions at local, national and regional levels, for many of which Mark Sidel Peter Geithner was the inspiration.

Mark Sidel is Peter F Geithner, for decades I worked with Peter for many years, Doyle‑Bascom a pivotal figure in the Ford beginning when I joined the small professor of law, University of Foundation’s programmes in Asia team that he led to establish the Wisconsin‑Madison and a long‑time catalyst for the Ford office in Beijing in late1987 and consultant (Asia), ICNL. Email mark. development of philanthropy in as the first foreign foundation to [email protected] the region, died in July 2016. open an office in China. He led Peter joined the Ford Foundation in Ford through the development the early 1960s and worked there of clear‑sighted programmes in China, and through the difficult for almost 30 years. He served as GEITNERFAMILY deputy representative for India, times during and after the representative for South‑east Asia, regional offices; Peter represented, Tian’anmen demonstrations and programme officer for developing defended and strengthened that government crackdown in 1989. country programmes and as the philosophy in all his working life He saw needs and philanthropic foundation’s first representative for Ford. opportunities earlier than others. For example, he began exploring for China, in Beijing. Peter also In his own right, Peter was an served as adviser to the Asia the role Ford could play in extraordinary philanthropic Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s, Center at Harvard University, programmer. He understood and China Medical Board, Japan then provided crucial support deployed the catalytic role that when I managed and expanded Foundation Center for Global an organization like Ford could Partnership, Rockefeller Brothers those programmes in the early to play, with exquisite sensitivity to mid‑1990s. He played similar roles Fund and other organizations, national priorities, customs and and on the boards of bodies such for Ford, and for philanthropy, in institutions. He worked both to many other Asian countries. as the National Committee for build institutions, and to support US‑China Relations, China Center and strengthen individual capacity, With Peter’s death and those of for Economic Research, Center for always making links between the Barnett Baron in 2015 and Tadashi the Advanced Study of India, and two. His extraordinary ability to Yamamoto of the Japan Center for Institute of Current World Affairs. really listen to people, and his Intellectual Exchange (JCIE) in ‘He was devoted,’ his family has flexibility, integrity, political sense 2012, we have lost a key triumvirate written, ‘to his colleagues and and the decentralized nature of of outstanding philanthropic friends throughout the world and Ford’s work, made him the leading leaders who worked together to their aspirations and causes.’ philanthropic programmer of his for many years to build the Peter was the guiding force era in Asia of any nationality. infrastructure for philanthropy in Asia, and to support the of the Ford Foundation’s Peter understood very early that extraordinary work in Asia after generations of foundation, philanthropy could build upon non‑profit and research personnel moving to Delhi with his spouse the long traditions of giving Deborah in the late 1960s. In who have carried forward across Asia towards developing this work. the ensuing years he worked newer philanthropic institutions in or very strongly influenced and practices. Long before most Peter Geithner was predeceased Ford’s extensive philanthropic philanthropic colleagues, he by his beloved spouse Deborah, efforts in Bangladesh, China, deployed Ford assets to build whose own important role in Ford’s India, Indonesia, the Philippines, philanthropic and non‑profit effective efforts in Asia is well Thailand and Vietnam. Ford’s institutions and infrastructure in understood by those who knew work in the region has been the region. Today Asia is studded her. They are survived by four effective because of its ethos of with foundations and non‑profits children and nine grandchildren. programming based on local needs and philanthropy has entered Alliance mourns the passing of this and priorities through country and exceptional philanthropic leader.

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents tributes p63

Pamela Hartigan: wide acceptance and ever‑growing legitimacy are certainly among an appreciation her most powerful achievements. She even said she despised the Gayle Peterson and Pegram Harrison term, because entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs. But because of her, Gayle Peterson is Pamela Hartigan didn’t have senior managing current events in mind when those people, their actions, the director, PFC Social movement – that’s unstoppable. Impact Advisors and she wrote about the power of associate fellow, unreasonable people. Her book Sally Osberg, president and CEO Saïd Business of the Skoll Foundation, said: School, University The Power of Unreasonable People: of Oxford. Email How social entrepreneurs create ‘Her great gift was an ability to gayle.peterson@sbs. recognize those people who had ox.ac.uk markets that change the world is certainly not on Trump’s bedside power – particularly corrupt what it takes to go the distance, Pegram Harrison to achieve impact at scale . . . She is senior fellow in table. But Pamela would have been power – without compromise. She entrepreneurship, energized by the challenge of described herself as a lifelong worked tirelessly to nurture this Saïd Business essential spark. Her talent lay School, University dealing with the populist brand of bridge‑builder. That’s different to of Oxford. Email unreasonableness that is currently diplomacy; it’s more immediate, in gathering people who would pegram.harrison@ transform systems.’ sbs.ox.ac.uk holding sway in the world. She more pragmatic, and sometimes, relished challenges. And she faced somehow, more effective. Her colleague John Elkington, with them squarely. And she overcame When approached by Klaus Schwab whom she co‑founded business the most enormous obstacles, so to work at the World Economic consultancy Volans in 2008 to that the world is undoubtedly now Forum she said: ‘I would not work achieve ‘breakthrough capitalism’, a better place. for this man if he were the last described her as a ‘strange Pam died in August 2016. Of course, man on the face of the earth.’ attractor, exerting a magnetic pull she must have been annoyed about Then she went to work for him on her surroundings, drawing leaving with such new challenges – and to work with him moving previously random actors into arising, and much unfinished the forum in new directions. more energetic configurations’. business besides. But also, she must Pamela knew that entrepreneurs At Oxford, where we were have felt enormous satisfaction were truly changing the world. privileged to know and work with that the people and networks Harnessing that power to political her, Pamela kept up the pace. and ideas she empowered in her and financial clout, she reasoned, Conservative and traditional, eventful and incredibly productive would achieve legitimacy for the Oxford is almost the unlikeliest life are up to the challenge. new social and economic models place for a social entrepreneurship The legions of appropriately of change all those entrepreneurs movement to take root and grow unreasonable people she taught were developing below the with such strength. But if she and inspired and unleashed on political world’s radar. could build here so successfully, the world are carrying forward It was an unreasonable idea to she could build anywhere and her legacy. harness unreasonable people, and everywhere. Peter Tufano, dean of Born into a diplomatic family, she – unreasonably – it started to work. Oxford’s Saïd Business School, gave was no diplomat – at least not in Then in 1998, with the bursting an affecting tribute to Pamela on the traditional sense. But perhaps of the dot.com bubble, much behalf of the university: ‘Pamela living as a child in the shadow of the money behind Pamela’s was unreasonably principled, of the Trujillo regime in the efforts dried up. She said it was unreasonably kind, unreasonably Dominican Republic, or cutting the best thing that ever happened practical, unreasonably optimistic, her teeth on community health to her. She found another way. and unreasonably determined.’ work in Washington DC in the She built a movement instead We need no reason to celebrate 1970s and 1980s, or combatting of an organization. The idea of Pamela: she will be missed, but AIDS/HIV in Latin America with social entrepreneurship is a more no one is untouched by her life, the World Health Organization durable legacy than any tangible achievements, and her glorious in the turbulent 1990s, she thing. And though it wasn’t her unreasonableness. learned how to speak truth to idea originally, by any means, its return to contents Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org p64 tributes

Tribute to Peter Hero was confident that Australia innovate in the medical device would benefit from more field, and education for the next Philanthropy driving community foundations and generation of inventors. that in time the movement Peter was also passionate about would grow, as it had in the innovation Catherine Brown impact investing, and with some US, Canada, Europe and then of his Skoll Foundation colleagues, around the world. He never Catherine Brown It was the saddest news to hear Richard Fahey (COO, Skoll is CEO, Lord in August last year that Peter tired of explaining the most Foundation) and Dipender Saluja Mayors Charitable practical of aspects of running Foundation, Hero had died of cancer. There (MD, Capricorn Investments), Australia. Email are people who spread ideas and a community foundation – he came to Australia at my catherine.brown@ from engaging with donors, lmcf.org.au influence far and wide during invitation to share knowledge their lifetimes. Peter Hero was backing not‑for‑profit leaders, about impact investing and one of them. Philanthropy across funding social enterprises philanthropy with our board and the world was lucky to learn from and growing the profile of the wider philanthropic sector. his enthusiasm, creative thinking community philanthropy. When This was a turning point for our and deep knowledge of giving he first visited us, there were foundation and many other local over the last three decades. only a handful of community foundations. We have since made foundations in Australia. Now three impact investments. Peter Hero took the Silicon Valley there are 36. Peter was a wise Community Foundation from counsellor to many community Peter was generous with his time $9 million to $1.2 billion in assets foundation leaders in Australia. and his ideas. He agreed to be an over 18 years. He encouraged the His passion for inclusive expert adviser on my PhD studies young tech tycoons, including Jeff philanthropy was also reflected and I remember a particular piece Skoll (founder of eBay) to develop in his interest in donor giving of wisdom from one of the skype a culture of philanthropy focused circles, especially through Social conversations we had on the on social impact. In addition, Venture Partners. subject. He was the only person the community foundation to suggest that a foundation movement in Australia was Peter had a way of exposing that has many sources of income heavily influenced by Peter’s ideas people to new ideas and new would be more likely to be open to and leadership. programmes that would help innovative practices and projects. them become more effective He thought that by its nature this The first time I met Peter, he philanthropists. I remember was our guest expert speaker at would be a more outward‑looking hearing him speak at the Skoll foundation. My research is still the first Australian Community World Forum in 2014: donors, he Foundation Forum in 2000. He under way but his fresh thinking said, need to know how they fit is part of my work. in the problem‑solving pipeline. They know the why and the what; Peter made a profound impact on they want to know the how. community foundations in both the US and Australia through his He was also committed to knowledge and his leadership. supporting innovative processes He showed me and many others and solutions. He promoted the transformational potential the role of philanthropy in of community foundations. supporting innovation. His He understood that all parts of background in Silicon Valley a community want to be able made him unafraid of investing to make a difference and give in start‑up not‑for‑profit social as they can. I will greatly miss enterprises. His more recent his wonderful, questioning work was as strategic adviser and creative mind and his at the Fogarty Institute of kind heart. Innovation, which deals with innovation for start‑ups and companies eager to learn how to

Alliance Volume 22 Number 1 March 2017 www.alliancemagazine.org return to contents