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Neighbourhood Sport Facility Suomi Kimmo & Kotthaus David (ed.) NEIGHBOURHOOD SPORT FACILITY FACILITY NEIGHBOURHOOD SPORT NEIGHBOURHOOD SPORT FACILITY Kimmo Suomi David Kotthaus LIKES Research Reports on Physical Activity and Health 327 Editor in Chief Associate Editor ISBN (electronic) 978-951-790-425-4 | ISSN 0357-2498 ISBN (pdf) 978-951-790-424-7 | ISSN 2342-4788 NEIGHBOURHOOD SPORT FACILITY IMPALA 1 ATELIER LOIDL Trampolins in the yard of Park am Gleisdreieck in Berlin. LIKES Research Reports on Physical Activity and Health 327 ISBN (nid.) 978-951-790-425-4 | ISSN 0357-2498 ISBN (pdf) 978-951-790-424-7 | ISSN 2342-4788 © 2017, Authors & LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health. www.likes.fi Pictures: Riikka Leinonen and Janne Saario (Cover Page) Printing factory: Grano Oy Jyväskylä, Finland IMPALA 2 IMPROVING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AT LOCAL ARENAS IMPALA EU-Financed research and developing project 2015–2016 in Finland Editor in Chief Associate Editor Kimmo Suomi, PhD David Kotthaus MSc Professor in Sport Planning Project Assistant IMPALA 3 PrefaceNEIGH 5- CHAPTER I INFORMATION OF NEIGBOURHOOD SPORT FACILITIES 9 CHAPTER II AIMS AND IDEAS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD SPORT FACILITIESBOUR IN FINLAND -53 CHAPTER III INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES BASED ON IMPALA CASE STUDIES 75 CHAPTER IV CHANGING SPORTHOOD POLICY – CHANGING INFRASTRUCTURE 89 SPORT FACILITYIMPALA 4 NEIGH- Preface This publication you are holding constitutes a significant Finland through the principles of participatory planning effort in promoting physical activities and facilities at local of neighbourhood sport facilities (NSF). levels. A large body of evidence points to the importance This book was funded by the EU-Commission. EU- of local level activities in promoting physical health. Local commission and the Consortium Head of the Project in neighbourhood facilities are particularly important in Erlangen-Nürnberg University provided the procedure for promoting participation in physical activities for groups building a National Action Plan for NSF in each of the BOUR- that need it the most: children and youth, families, retired project countries. In Finland, the National Alliance did and elderly as well as people with disabilities and other not approve the provided procedure that was given by the special needs. Consortium but instead put together a more collaborative This EU-project was the first one implemented through protocol for writing this publication. The purpose was the “Improving Physical Activities at Local Arenas” also put together all the material that we got in IMPALA (IMPALA) -program. The project consortium was headed Summer School in University of Jyväskylä, Finland May by the Erlanger-Nurnberg University Bavaria in Germany. 2016. This meant that some additional time was spent in The Consortium also included significant international planning and implementing the protocol adding some extra partners in Lithuania, the Netherlands, Austria, Italy and time and resources to the completion of the book HOOD the our national partner LIKES Foundation in Finland. Each author who contributed to this book takes the I would like to express my gratitude to all the experts responsibility of their own section and together they who contributed to this book. Initially, it was written up as provide a versatile and cross-sectoral perspective on physical the Action Plan for Finnish neighbourhood sport facilities, activity and NSF in local levels. In Finland, NSF-structure for the use of both private and public sectors, civic societies exists in land, water, snow, ice, on artificial surfaces, air or – the third sector – as well as local governments, a range even underground. This means that climate change and of residential communities in their own back yards, in sustainable development of NSF play an important part in urban environments as well as rural regions. The goal for planning these facilities, as described throughout this book. SPORT this book was to involve the most experienced experts in FACILITY IMPALA 5 IMPALA 6 Compared to other similar welfare states there are the opportunity to contribute to decision-making and co- significantly fewer NSF per capita in Finland. Local NSF planning of most aspects of the facilities. in Finland is largely located in school yards, sports parks, Finally we would like to give a special thank the LIKES- and residential areas in various urban ‘man-made’ structures. foundation for giving us the opportunity for a great and An important observation in this international context is meaningful partnership and for publishing this very that only NSF is in extensive use in urban environments. significant piece of work. Given the close approximate of these facilities to users’ homes, usually showers, change rooms or parking facilities In Säynätsalo, Muuratsalo Island, Jyväskylä 15th are not provided. There is also no real need for seats to cater September 2017 for audiences as the venues are not set up for competitive sports. There are no entrance fees because the venues are KIMMO SUOMI , PhD always open. For all these reasons, it should be emphasized Professor in Sport Planning NSF promote free or inexpensive physical activity. Country Head of IMPALA-project The future neighbourhood sport facilities are intelligent Editor in Chief of the Publication but humane. They are intelligent, because sports facilities University of Jyväskylä use the latest and most modern technology, (e.g. for security FINLAND and safety, dust sensors for cleaning affairs etc.). They are Email [email protected] also humane, because users of the sites themselves have KRAGH & BERGLUND Plug’n Play multupurpose park in Copenhagen. The park was build before other construction and buildings in the Ørestad living area. IMPALA 7 CHAPTER I IMPALA 8 CHAPTERCHAPTER I I Information of Neigbourhood Sport Facilities Background information of IMPALA-projects MSc David Kotthaus, Project Assistant and Doctoral student, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland IMPALA 9 IMPALA 10 A cross-cultural project European sports policy within neighbourhood sports facilities IMPALA is a project of the European Union (EU) and an National sport systems have a diversity which is important to attempt at implementing guidelines that foster physical understand and to separate. The current state of knowledge activities through neighbourhood sports facilities in regarding sport research varies greatly within different different countries, but it is also an attempt to learn from countries, often depending on the role of sport in the each other through a case-consultancy approach (Rütten past, which also includes neighbourhood sports facilities 2001), making this project a cross-cultural one. Different (Ferkins & Shilbury 2015). Those facilities can be used countries imply different infrastructures, different policy by everybody, and the grade of usage depends on various approaches and different possibilities of implementation circumstances, such as availability, equipment, and personal success. Keats (2000) argued that there are three kinds of involvement. The construct of involvement, as defined by these studies: Shank and Beasley (1998), is the perceived interest in and One is looking for a universal explanation of some personal importance of sports to an individual. Wernecken aspect of behaviour, for example to find whether some trait, (2000) described sport as a “multifaceted mass phenomena, relationship or developmental trend occurs in a similar way with various challenges and functions, with differentiating or has a similar function in a wide variety of cultural contexts. contents and manifestations” (Wernecken 2000, 16). The A second concentrates on bringing out the culturally specific local neighbourhood sports facilities also serve other roles aspects, contrasting two or more cultural groups. The third within society despite a healthy lifestyle, which is one of the is concerned with the interaction of people from differing major aims of IMPALA within the European guidelines for cultural backgrounds. (81) strengthening physical activities and health (IMPALA 2011, In addition, Naumann (2000) has stated that “in principle, 2014). Other goals include multiculturalism, integration there is no difference between comparative cross-cultural of the communities, a better infrastructure, ecologically research and research conducted in a single society. The sustainable environments and equality for disabled people differences lie, rather, in the magnitude of certain types of for usage and access. Within the European Union, the problems” in order to subsequently argue that “comparative government of the state is in charge of the policies and research is more of a perspective or orientation than a separate strategies, which later have to be enacted by a decision research technique” (Naumann 2000, 401). This shows that of parliament. The aims of each state might differ, but despite differences within the countries (including various the mentioned guidelines are an attempt of establishing obstacles of implementing a European sports policy) a cohesive structures within every EU-member state, trying cultural study here is generally possible due to the variety to give examples of how to overcome various obstacles and of ethnography in sports in particular (Hughson, Inglis & improving the sport structures. The implementation of the Free 2005). sports policies that refer to the guidelines of the EU can be IMPALA 11 handled by regional administrations,
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