DOCSLIB.ORG

Colombia's Recent Foreign Policy Shift and Its Impact on The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A New Awakening*: Colombia’s Recent Foreign Policy shift and its Impact on the Internal Conflict *Anaphora used by Santos in his inaugural speech as President on August 7th 2010. Author(s): Diana Carolina Puerto C. Tutor: Manuela Nilsson Examiner: Anders Nilsson Peace and Development Subject: Peace and Development Level and semester: Master Thesis, Spring 2011 School of Social Sciences Master Thesis - D level A New Awakening*: Colombia’s Recent Foreign Policy Shift and its Impact on the Internal Conflict * Un nuevo amanecer, anaphora used by Juan Manuel Santos in his inaugural speech as President of Colombia on August 7th 2010. Diana Carolina Puerto Castro 5th June 2011 Department of Peace and Development Studies Supervisor: Manuela Nilsson PhD 1 ABSTRACT Title: A New Awakening*: Colombia’s Recent Foreign Policy Shift and its Impact on the Internal Conflict. Author: Diana Carolina Puerto Castro Supervisor: Manuela Nilsson Subject: Peace and Development Abstract: Colombia’s biggest challenge is to resolve its half-century old armed conflict which began already to affect its neighbours. In this regard, Colombian foreign policy becomes crucial to respond with the internal and external challenges Colombia faces. Colombia has been historically aligned to the United States who has become one of the main destinations of Colombian exports as well as the leading sponsor in the fight against drugs and the guerrilla groups. However, the recent take over of President Juan Manuel Santos in August 2010 seems to have produced a shift in this regard. Santos has tried to increase Colombia’s interaction with other Latin American countries which has triggered several speculations about a move away from Washington, its main ally. Only some months have passed and it is already visible how the existent dynamics between Colombia and other international actors are taking a different shape. This work investigates the causes and possible impacts of this shift in Colombia’s foreign policy on the internal conflict. Supported by an analytical background on the significance of the external conditions surrounding a conflict, this research was conducted by favouring qualitative methods. Presidential interventions and newspaper articles were analysed by applying discourse analysis. The external perceptions were collected using structured interviews with professors, journalists, diplomats within the Andean region. The exploratory results suggest that a shift in the Colombian foreign policy indeed took place and was highly perceived by other international actors. It does not respond to a unique cause but to a set of different motives as for example the disappointment with US policies, economic pragmatism, the isolation of Colombia in South America, among others reasons. Furthermore, it is pointed out the way the shift could affect the conflict as well as feasible scenarios for the future. Keywords: Colombia, conflict, foreign policy, neighbours, Santos, peace. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In carrying out this research, there are several people who have contributed in making this study possible and I would like to take this opportunity to give them my gratitude. For a start, I would like to thank all the Latin American interviewees for their valuable inputs. Without their insights I would not have been able to accomplish this study. I would hence like to show my gratefulness to the University professors, Journalists, diplomats, analysts and the senator who participated in this study. For the time and effort they dedicated to me, Gracias! I am especially grateful to my Thesis supervisor Prof. Manuela Nilsson. I want to thank her for encouraged me to carry out this research in first place. During times of frustration or confusion she was exceptionally devoted to helped me to overcome some issues found while conducting this research. Her professionalism inspired to reach a higher level of personal development and certainly she became a role model for me. My last year in Sweden pursuing the Master program in Peace and Development work has been unforgettable and precious time for me and I would therefore like to show my appreciation to the Head of the Program, Prof. Anders Nilsson for allowing me to be part of the splendid prom 2010-2011. Last but no least, I would like to thank to all the people I became acquainted with in Sweden and who made my stay ‘up here’ more pleasant. For this reason this work is dedicated to all these people who become your family when you are away from home. I will not forget to thank my fantastic Indian roommate, Vivek K.V., for such interesting conversations, his care during times of sickness, his altruist attempts to cook Colombian food to pamper me, and of course, his friendship. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................7 1.1 Problem and Research Questions............................................................................8 1.2. Method..................................................................................................................9 1.3 Limitations and Delimitations...............................................................................10 1.4 Thesis Disposition ................................................................................................10 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..............................................................................12 Literature review ........................................................................................................12 Analytical frame.........................................................................................................13 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................16 3.1 Sources of Data and Interpretation........................................................................16 3.2 Discourse analysis for foreign policy ....................................................................17 3.3 Quality standard ...................................................................................................18 4. THE COLOMBIAN CONFLICT...............................................................................20 4.1 Causes ..................................................................................................................20 4.2 Actors and Interests ..............................................................................................22 4.3 Conception of the Conflict and Attempts for Solution...........................................25 4.4 Phases and Development of the conflict................................................................26 5. COLOMBIAN FOREIGN POLICY..........................................................................30 5.1 Foreign policy until 1998......................................................................................30 5.2 Foreign policy from 1998 to 2010.........................................................................32 6. COLOMBIA’S FOREIGN POLICY SHIFT ..............................................................43 6.1 Manifestation of the shift......................................................................................43 6.2 Neighbours’ reactions...........................................................................................48 7. POSSIBLE CAUSES.................................................................................................51 7.1 Disappointment with US policies..........................................................................51 7.2 Economic pragmatism ..........................................................................................52 4 7.3 Other causes .........................................................................................................55 8. IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL CONFLICT.............................................................58 8.1 Scenarios..............................................................................................................61 9. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................65 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................67 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................75 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS U.S.- United States of America UN – United Nations UNDP – United Nations Development Program FARC – Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia ELN – Ejército de Liberación Nacional AUC - Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia M-19 – Movimiento 19 de Abril DMZ- Demilitarized zone UNASUR – Unión de Naciones Suramericanas APEC- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operationn and Development CAN – Comunidad Andina de Naciones FLACSO – Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales IISS – International Institutes for Strategic Studies FTA – Free Trade Agreement EFTA - The European Free Trade Association FIP – Fundación Ideas para la Paz OAS – Organisation of American States 6 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Colombia is a middle-income country on the North-western South America. The country is bordered by Panama on the northwest, Venezuela and Brazil on the east, and Peru and Ecuador on the south. Like many developing countries, Colombia is in need of reducing poverty and inequality, to narrow the disparities among regions, to consolidate the development
Recommended publications
  • PARAMILITARIES Kill Suspected Supporters of the FARC

    PARAMILITARIES Kill Suspected Supporters of the FARC

    UniTeD SelF-DeFenSe FoRCeS oF ColoMBiA (AUC) PARAMiliTARY TRooPS, lA GABARRA, noRTe De SAnTAnDeR, DeCeMBeR 10, 2004 PARAMiliTARieS kill suspected supporters of the FARC. By 1983, locals reported DEATh TO KIDNAPPERs cases of army troops and MAS fighters working together to assas- sinate civilians and burn farms.5 After the 1959 Cuban revolution, the U.S. became alarmed power and wealth, to the point that by 2004 the autodefensas had this model of counterinsurgency proved attractive to the Colom- that Marxist revolts would break out elsewhere in latin Ameri- taken over much of the country. bian state. on a 1985 visit to Puerto Boyacá, President Belisario Be- ca. in 1962, an Army special warfare team arrived in Colombia to As they expanded their control across Colombia, paramil- tancur reportedly declared, “every inhabitant of Magdalena Medio help design a counterinsurgency strategy for the Colombian armed itary militias forcibly displaced over a million persons from the has risen up to become a defender of peace, next to our army, next to forces. even though the FARC and other insurgent groups had not land.3 By official numbers, as of 2011, the autodefensas are estimat- our police… Continue on, people of Puerto Boyacá!”6 yet appeared on the scene, U.S. advisers recommended that a force ed to have killed at least 140,000 civilians including hundreds of Soon, landowners, drug traffickers, and security forces set made up of civilians be used “to perform counteragent and coun- trade unionists, teachers, human rights defenders, rural organiz- up local autodefensas across Colombia. in 1987, the Minister of terpropaganda functions and, as necessary, execute paramilitary, ers, politicians, and journalists who they labelled as sympathetic government César gaviria testified to the existence of 140 ac- sabotage, and/or terrorist activities against known communist pro- to the guerrillas.3 tive right-wing militias in the country.7 Many sported macabre ponents.
  • COLOMBIA the Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links

    COLOMBIA the Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links

    February 2000 Vol. 12 No. 1 (B) COLOMBIA The Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................2 COLOMBIA AND MILITARY-PARAMILITARY LINKS .......................................................................................................................6 THIRD BRIGADE .....................................................................................................................................................6 FOURTH BRIGADE................................................................................................................................................10 THIRTEENTH BRIGADE.......................................................................................................................................19 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Human Rights Watch here presents detailed, abundant, and compelling evidence of continuing close ties between the Colombian Army and paramilitary groups responsible for gross human rights violations. This information was compiled by Colombian government investigators and Human Rights Watch. Several of our sources, including eyewitnesses, requested anonymity because their lives have been under threat as a result of their testimony. Far from moving decisively to sever ties to paramilitaries, Human Rights Watch=s evidence strongly suggests that Colombia=s military high command has yet to take the necessary steps to accomplish
  • Colombia: Making Military Progress Pay Off

    Colombia: Making Military Progress Pay Off

    Policy Briefing Latin America Briefing N°17 Bogotá/Brussels, 29 April 2008 Colombia: Making Military Progress Pay Off I. OVERVIEW political crisis in the Andean region in many years, Colombia’s condemnation in the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Río Group and a break Almost six years of intense security operations against in relations with Ecuador. It also seemed to slam the the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) door shut to further unilateral releases of hostages and by the administration of President Álvaro Uribe are a humanitarian agreement. The insurgents insist on and beginning to produce tangible results. Government forces Uribe rejects the demilitarisation of two municipalities. killed several important rebel field commanders in 2007 Meanwhile, there is evidence that the FARC is adapting and two members of the central command in March its method of operation and long-term strategy and, as 2008, including second-in-command Raúl Reyes, in the past, may well survive the recent government and have severely disrupted insurgent communications, military escalation. Its ability to use Venezuelan and prompting a loss of internal cohesion and decreasing Ecuadorian sanctuaries presents a major challenge for illegal revenues. However, this progress has come at the Uribe’s security policy. cost of severely deteriorating relations with Ecuador and Venezuela and increased risk of political isolation after The Uribe administration should not put all its eggs in the controversial bombing raid on Reyes’s camp inside the military basket. It needs to promptly design and Ecuador. Military gains can pay off only if combined implement a complementary strategy that would allow it with a political strategy that consistently pursues a swap to gain political ground on the insurgents as well as of imprisoned insurgents for hostages in FARC captivity, recover broader international backing, especially reestablishes much needed working relations with regionally.
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002

    Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002

    Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD.
  • Yearbook Peace Processes.Pdf

    Yearbook Peace Processes.Pdf

    School for a Culture of Peace 2010 Yearbook of Peace Processes Vicenç Fisas Icaria editorial 1 Publication: Icaria editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printing: Romanyà Valls, SA Design: Lucas J. Wainer ISBN: Legal registry: This yearbook was written by Vicenç Fisas, Director of the UAB’s School for a Culture of Peace, in conjunction with several members of the School’s research team, including Patricia García, Josep María Royo, Núria Tomás, Jordi Urgell, Ana Villellas and María Villellas. Vicenç Fisas also holds the UNESCO Chair in Peace and Human Rights at the UAB. He holds a doctorate in Peace Studies from the University of Bradford, won the National Human Rights Award in 1988, and is the author of over thirty books on conflicts, disarmament and research into peace. Some of the works published are "Procesos de paz y negociación en conflictos armados” (“Peace Processes and Negotiation in Armed Conflicts”), “La paz es posible” (“Peace is Possible”) and “Cultura de paz y gestión de conflictos” (“Peace Culture and Conflict Management”). 2 CONTENTS Introduction: Definitions and typologies 5 Main Conclusions of the year 7 Peace processes in 2009 9 Main reasons for crises in the year’s negotiations 11 The peace temperature in 2009 12 Conflicts and peace processes in recent years 13 Common phases in negotiation processes 15 Special topic: Peace processes and the Human Development Index 16 Analyses by countries 21 Africa a) South and West Africa Mali (Tuaregs) 23 Niger (MNJ) 27 Nigeria (Niger Delta) 32 b) Horn of Africa Ethiopia-Eritrea 37 Ethiopia (Ogaden and Oromiya) 42 Somalia 46 Sudan (Darfur) 54 c) Great Lakes and Central Africa Burundi (FNL) 62 Chad 67 R.
  • Ending Colombia's FARC Conflict: Dealing the Right Card

    Ending Colombia's FARC Conflict: Dealing the Right Card

    ENDING COLOMBIA’S FARC CONFLICT: DEALING THE RIGHT CARD Latin America Report N°30 – 26 March 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FARC STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES................................................................... 2 A. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ...................................................................................................................4 B. AN ORGANISATION UNDER STRESS ..............................................................................................5 1. Strategy and tactics ......................................................................................................................5 2. Combatant strength and firepower...............................................................................................7 3. Politics, recruitment, indoctrination.............................................................................................8 4. Withdrawal and survival ..............................................................................................................9 5. Urban warfare ............................................................................................................................11 6. War economy .............................................................................................................................12
  • Ending Colombia's FARC Conflict

    Ending Colombia's FARC Conflict

    ENDING COLOMBIA’S FARC CONFLICT: DEALING THE RIGHT CARD Latin America Report N°30 – 26 March 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FARC STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES................................................................... 2 A. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ...................................................................................................................4 B. AN ORGANISATION UNDER STRESS ..............................................................................................5 1. Strategy and tactics ......................................................................................................................5 2. Combatant strength and firepower...............................................................................................7 3. Politics, recruitment, indoctrination.............................................................................................8 4. Withdrawal and survival ..............................................................................................................9 5. Urban warfare ............................................................................................................................11 6. War economy .............................................................................................................................12
  • Colombia: the U.S

    Colombia: the U.S

    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Colombia: The U.S. Response to the Changing Nature of International Conflict This simulation provides participants with a profound understanding of the political agendas, options, and dynamics at play within the US. foreign policy apparatus when prospects of foreign intervention by the U.S. military are under consideration. Participants grapple with a scenario of increasing political and economic crisis in Colombia, and debate the decisions that U.S. policy- makers must consider in defining an appropriate American response to help bring stability to that country. Simulation participants role-play officials from the Executive and Legislative branches of the U.S. Government, members of human rights organizations, and journalists representing various U.S. media. In representing their particular positions in these challenging negotiations, participants will have ample opportunity to consider the broader implications of the scenario on U.S. foreign policy and international conflict in general. Simulation on Colombia: The U.S. Response to the Changing Nature of International Conflict Simulation on Colombia: The U.S. Response to the Changing Nature of International Conflict Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................... 4 Materials............................................................................................ 5 Scenario ............................................................................................ 6
  • Colombia Country Assessment/Bulletins

    Colombia Country Assessment/Bulletins

    COLOMBIA COUNTRY ASSESSMENT October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2 3. HISTORY 3.1 – 3.38 Recent history 3.1 - 3.28 Current political situation 3.29 - 3.38 4. INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE 4.1 – 4.60 Political System 4.1 Security 4.2 - 4.19 Armed forces 4.3 - 4.18 Military service 4.12 - 4.18 Police 4.19 - 4.28 DAS 4.29 - 4.30 The Judiciary 4.33 - 4.41 The Prison System 4.42 - 4.44 Key Social Issues 4.45 - 4.76 The Drugs Trade 4.45 - 4.57 Extortion 4.58 - 4.61 4.62 - 4.76 Kidnapping 5. HUMAN RIGHTS 5A: HUMAN RIGHTS: GENERAL ASSESSMENT A.1 – A.176 Introduction A.1 - A.3 Paramilitary, Guerrilla and other groups A.4 - A.32 FARC A.4 - A. 17 Demilitarized Zone around San Vicente del Caguan A.18 - A.31 ELN A.32 - A.48 EPL A.49 Paramilitaries A.50 - A.75 The security forces A.76 - A.96 Human rights defenders A.97 - A.111 The role of the government and the international community A.112 - A.123 The peace talks A.124 - A.161 Plan Colombia A.162 - A.176 5B: HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS B.1 - B.35 Women B.1 - B.3 Homosexuals B.4 - B.5 Religious freedom B.9 - B.11 Healthcare system B.11 - B.29 People with disabilities B.30 Ethnic minority groups B.31 - B.46 Race B.32 - B.34 Indigenous People B.35 - B.38 Children B.39 - B.46 5C: HUMAN RIGHTS: OTHER ISSUES C.1 - C.43 Freedom of political association C.1 - C.16 Union Patriotica (UP) C.6- C.13 Other Parties C.14 - C.16 Freedom of speech and press C.17 - C.23 Freedom of assembly C.24 - C.28 Freedom of the individual C.29 - C.31 Freedom of travel/internal flight C.32 - C.34 Internal flight C.35 - C.45 Persecution within the terms of the 1951 UN Convention C.46 ANNEX A: POLITICAL, GUERRILLA & SELF-DEFENCE UNITS (PARAMILITARY) ANNEX B: ACRONYMS ANNEX C: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.
  • Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict

    Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict

    The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia’s FARC and the End of the Conflict Latin America Report N°53 | 11 December 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Challenges for FARC’s Transition .................................................................................... 3 A. Conflict Dynamics ...................................................................................................... 3 B. Unconsolidated Security Environment ..................................................................... 5 C. Low Trust and Fraught Politics ................................................................................. 8 III. A Credible Long-Term Perspective .................................................................................. 11 A. From the End of the Conflict to Building Peace ........................................................ 11 B. Core and Margin ........................................................................................................ 14 C. New and Existing Institutions
  • OEA/Ser.G CP/ACTA 1632/08 Corr. 1 4 Y 5 Marzo 2008 ACTA DE LA

    OEA/Ser.G CP/ACTA 1632/08 Corr. 1 4 Y 5 Marzo 2008 ACTA DE LA

    CONSEJO PERMANENTE OEA/Ser.G CP/ACTA 1632/08 corr. 1 4 y 5 marzo 2008 ACTA DE LA SESIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA DEL CONSEJO PERMANENTE DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN CELEBRADA LOS 4 Y 5 DE MARZO DE 2008 Aprobada en la sesión del 14 de abril de 2008 ÍNDICE Página Nómina de los Representantes que asistieron a la sesión del 4 de marzo de 2008 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Aprobación del proyecto de orden del día .......................................................................................................... 3 La incursión en territorio del Ecuador de la fuerza pública colombiana para enfrentarse con integrantes de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)............................................................................................................................................ 3 [Receso] La incursión en territorio del Ecuador de la fuerza pública colombiana para enfrentarse con integrantes de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) (continuación) ................................................................................................................. 41 [Receso] Nómina de los Representantes que asistieron a la sesión del 5 de marzo de 2008 ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Convocatoria de la Reunión de Consulta de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores y nombramiento de una Comisión ...........................................................................
  • El Despojo De Tierras Por Paramilitares En Colombia

    El Despojo De Tierras Por Paramilitares En Colombia

    1 EL DESPOJO DE TIERRAS POR PARAMILITARES EN COLOMBIA Alejandro Reyes Posada, Sociólogo Liliana Duica Amaya, Ciencia Política Wilber Aníbal Pedraza, Ingeniero de Sistemas Presentación Este trabajo presenta una visión de conjunto sobre el proceso de expulsión de la población campesina y el despojo de tierras rurales en Colombia entre los años 1997, cuando fueron creadas las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia – AUC-, y 2007, cuando había concluido su desmonte y desmovilización en el gobierno del presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez (2002-2010). La primera parte enfatiza la identificación de los dominios territoriales, por municipios, y sus principales impactos en el desplazamiento de población y el abandono de tierras. La segunda parte describe en mayor detalle lo ocurrido en once departamentos seleccionados, con base en entrevistas a funcionarios responsables de los temas, investigadores y líderes sociales, consulta documental y revisión de las bases de datos sistemáticas de las que dispone el país sobre la materia. Bajo la apariencia de un fenómeno masivo y sistemático de expulsión de población y despojo de tierras se esconde una gran diversidad de situaciones regionales y locales, de gran complejidad, en la cual incidieron factores como la composición y conducta de los grupos dirigentes anteriores, el ascenso de narcotraficantes a las capas dirigentes, la captura de los estados regionales por los señores de la guerra, la influencia de las guerrillas en la población rural, la complicidad o tolerancia de las fuerzas armadas y del gobierno en la consolidación y posterior desmonte de los grupos paramilitares, y las reacciones de la justicia, que condujeron a resultados diferentes de región a región.