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Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai‘I

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Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai‘I National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Water Resources Division Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2005/344 Natural Resource Program Center ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL WATER RESOURCES AND WATERSHED CONDITIONS IN KALOKO-HONOKOHAU NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, HAWAI‘I Dr. Daniel Hoover and Colette Gold Cover photos provided by Kristen Keteles. The National Park Service Water Resources Division is responsible for providing water resources management policy and guidelines, planning, technical assistance, training, and operational support to units of the National Park System. Program areas include water rights, water resources planning, regulatory guidance and review, hydrology, water quality, watershed management, watershed studies, and aquatic ecology. Technical Reports The National Park Service disseminates the results of biological, physical, and social research through the Natural Resources Technical Report Series. Natural resources inventories and monitoring activities, scientific literature reviews, bibliographies, and proceedings of technical workshops and conferences are also disseminated through this series. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Copies of this report are available from the following: National Park Service (970) 225-3500 Water Resources Division 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 National Park Service (303) 969-2130 Technical Information Center Denver Service Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 ii Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai‘i Dr. Daniel Hoover, Colette Gold Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR- 2005/344 Department of Oceanography University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 December 2005 This report was prepared under Task Order J2380040120 of the Hawai‘i-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (agreement H8080040012). iii iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................4 A. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................11 B. PARK DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................................12 B.1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 12 B.1.a. Size, boundaries, holdings, and location................................................................ 12 B.1.b. Land use.................................................................................................................. 13 B.1.c. Human utilization: historic and current................................................................. 14 B.2. HYDROLOGIC INFORMATION............................................................................................. 15 B.2.a. Oceanographic setting............................................................................................ 15 B.2.b. Hydrology affecting the park.................................................................................. 18 B.2.c. Water bodies and other water resources................................................................ 18 B.2.c.i. Groundwater................................................................................................. 18 B.2.c.ii. Anchialine pools........................................................................................... 19 B.2.c.iii. Ponds ........................................................................................................... 19 B.2.c.iv. Wetlands...................................................................................................... 21 B.2.c.v. Rocky and sandy intertidal......................................................................... 22 B.2.c.vi. Coastal waters............................................................................................. 22 B.2.c.vii. Honokohau Harbor................................................................................... 26 B.3. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 26 B.3.a.i. Groundwater ................................................................................................ 26 B.3.a.ii. Anchialine pools .......................................................................................... 26 B.3.a.iii. Ponds ........................................................................................................... 27 B.3.a.iv. Wetlands...................................................................................................... 29 B.3.a.v. Rocky and sandy intertidal ........................................................................ 30 B.3.a.vi. Coastal waters............................................................................................. 30 B.3.a.vii. Honokohau Harbor................................................................................... 38 C. ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL WATER RESOURCES....................................................39 C.1. SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS ................................................................................................ 39 C.1.a. Point and non-point sources .................................................................................. 39 C.1.a.i. Groundwater contamination....................................................................... 39 C.1.a.ii. Garbage and animal waste......................................................................... 40 C.1.a.iii. Sedimentation............................................................................................. 40 C.1.a.iv. Air, noise, and light pollution ................................................................... 41 C.1.a.v. Honokohau Harbor..................................................................................... 42 C.2. ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES WITH RESPECT TO WATER QUALITY................. 43 C.2.a. Water quality standards ......................................................................................... 44 C.2.a.i. Groundwater ................................................................................................ 45 C.2.a.ii. Anchialine pools .......................................................................................... 54 C.2.a.iii. Ponds........................................................................................................... 60 C.2.a.iv. Wetlands ..................................................................................................... 80 C.2.a.v. Rocky and sandy intertidal ........................................................................ 81 C.2.a.vi. Coastal waters ............................................................................................ 81 C.2.b. Ecosystem effects.................................................................................................... 86 v C.2.b.i. Groundwater/anchialine pools ................................................................... 86 C.2.b.ii. Ponds............................................................................................................ 87 C.2.b.iii. Wetlands..................................................................................................... 89 C.2.b.iv. Rocky and sandy intertidal....................................................................... 89 C.2.b.v. Coastal waters ............................................................................................. 89 C.2.c. Human health effects .............................................................................................. 90 C.2.c.i. Groundwater ................................................................................................ 90 C.2.c.ii. Anchialine pools .......................................................................................... 91 C.2.c.iii. Ponds ........................................................................................................... 91 C.2.c.iv. Wetlands...................................................................................................... 91 C.2.c.v. Rocky and sandy intertidal ........................................................................ 92 C.2.c.vi. Coastal waters............................................................................................. 92 C.3. LIST OF IMPAIRMENTS ...................................................................................................... 93 C.4. LIST OF WATER BODIES WITH UNDOCUMENTED CONDITIONS/STATUS ............................... 93 D. ISSUES AND THREATS TO COASTAL RESOURCES ..................................................94 D.1. COASTAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS .................................................................................... 94 D.1.a. Population & Land use .......................................................................................... 94 D.1.b. Surface and groundwater withdrawals and additions ........................................... 96 D.2. NUISANCE SPECIES ........................................................................................................... 96 D.2.a. Terrestrial animals and plants..............................................................................
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