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Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014

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Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014 Natural Resource Data Series NPS/PACN/NRDS—2016/1008 ON THIS PAGE The brackish waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site during an algal bloom in 2013. Photograph: Anne Farahi. ON THE COVER The anchialine pool along the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail at Kahaluʻu Beach Park in December 2014 showing damage to walls and sand infiltration. Photograph: Anne Farahi. Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014 Natural Resource Data Series NPS/PACN/NRDS—2016/1008 David F. Raikow and Anne Farahi National Park Service I&M, Building 22 1 Crater Rim Dr. Hawaiʻi National Park, HI 96718 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring program website (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/index.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Raikow, D. F., and A. Farahi. 2016. Water quality in pools and groundwater monitoring wells of the national parks on the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi: Summary report 2012-2014. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/PACN/NRDS—2016/1008. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS P91/131835, 466/131835, 454/131835, 415/131835, March 2016 ii Contents Page Figures................................................................................................................................................... iv Tables ................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Terms ......................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Ala Kahakai Sample Sites .............................................................................................................. 2 Kaloko-Honokōhau Sample Sites................................................................................................... 2 Puʻukoholā Heiau Sample Sites ..................................................................................................... 3 Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Sample Sites ............................................................................................. 3 Water Collection ........................................................................................................................... 10 Limnological Parameters and General Conditions ....................................................................... 10 Groundwater Well Sampling ........................................................................................................ 10 Data Analysis, Management, and Quality Control ....................................................................... 11 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail ............................................................................................. 12 HA_Kahaluu_001 (FALKA01) ............................................................................................... 12 Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park .............................................................................. 26 Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site ..................................................................................... 55 Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau ................................................................................................................ 69 HA_Kiilae_001........................................................................................................................ 69 HA_Keokea_003 ..................................................................................................................... 69 HA_Keokea_004 ..................................................................................................................... 69 HA_Honaun_002 ..................................................................................................................... 70 HA_Honaun_003 ..................................................................................................................... 70 HA_Honaun_004 ..................................................................................................................... 70 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................... 87 iii Figures Page Figure 1. Sample sites associated with Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail. ....................................... 4 Figure 2. Sample sites in Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park 2008-2014. ............................ 5 Figure 3. Sample sites in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site. ..................................................... 6 Figure 4. Sample sites in Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park ......................................... 7 Figure 5. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ............................................ 15 Figure 6. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ............................................ 16 Figure 7. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate + nitrite in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ................................................................. 17 Figure 8. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. .......................................................... 18 Figure 9. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ........................... 19 Figure 10. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ........................... 20 Figure 11. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ............................................................................... 21 Figure 12. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ................................................................. 22 Figure 13. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter. ...................................................... 23 Figure 14. Mean and 95% confidence interval of
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