Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/PACN/NRDS—2016/1008

ON THIS PAGE The brackish waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site during an algal bloom in 2013. Photograph: Anne Farahi.

ON THE COVER The anchialine pool along the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail at Kahaluʻu Beach Park in December 2014 showing damage to walls and sand infiltration. Photograph: Anne Farahi.

Water Quality in Pools and Groundwater Monitoring Wells of the National Parks on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi Summary Report 2012-2014

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/PACN/NRDS—2016/1008

David F. Raikow and Anne Farahi

National Park Service I&M, Building 22 1 Crater Rim Dr. Hawaiʻi National Park, HI 96718

March 2016

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from the Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring program website (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/index.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected].

Please cite this publication as:

Raikow, D. F., and A. Farahi. 2016. Water quality in pools and groundwater monitoring wells of the national parks on the west coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi: Summary report 2012-2014. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/PACN/NRDS—2016/1008. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS P91/131835, 466/131835, 454/131835, 415/131835, March 2016

Contents Page Figures...... iv Tables ...... vii Executive Summary ...... viii Acknowledgments ...... ix List of Terms ...... ix Introduction ...... 1 Methods ...... 2 Ala Kahakai Sample Sites ...... 2 Kaloko-Honokōhau Sample Sites...... 2 Puʻukoholā Heiau Sample Sites ...... 3 Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Sample Sites ...... 3 Water Collection ...... 10 Limnological Parameters and General Conditions ...... 10 Groundwater Well Sampling ...... 10 Data Analysis, Management, and Quality Control ...... 11 Results ...... 12 Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail ...... 12 HA_Kahaluu_001 (FALKA01) ...... 12 Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park ...... 26 Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site ...... 55 Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau ...... 69 HA_Kiilae_001...... 69 HA_Keokea_003 ...... 69 HA_Keokea_004 ...... 69 HA_Honaun_002 ...... 70 HA_Honaun_003 ...... 70 HA_Honaun_004 ...... 70 Literature Cited ...... 87

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Figures Page Figure 1. Sample sites associated with Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail...... 4 Figure 2. Sample sites in Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park 2008-2014...... 5 Figure 3. Sample sites in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site...... 6 Figure 4. Sample sites in Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park ...... 7 Figure 5. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 15 Figure 6. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 16 Figure 7. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate + nitrite in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 17 Figure 8. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 18 Figure 9. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 19 Figure 10. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 20 Figure 11. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 21 Figure 12. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 22 Figure 13. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 23 Figure 14. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 24 Figure 15. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter...... 25 Figure 16. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 45 Figure 17. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 46 Figure 18. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrite + nitrate in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 47

Figures (continued) Page Figure 19. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 48 Figure 20. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 49 Figure 21. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park ...... 50 Figure 22. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 51 Figure 23. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 52 Figure 24. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 53 Figure 25. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park...... 54 Figure 26. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park ...... 55 Figure 27. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in the waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 59 Figure 28. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 60 Figure 29. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate + nitrite in the waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 61 Figure 30. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in the waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 62 Figure 31. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 63 Figure 32. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 64

Figures (continued) Page Figure 33. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 65 Figure 34. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 66 Figure 35. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 67 Figure 36. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 68 Figure 37. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter...... 69 Figure 38. A) Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools in Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter without pool HA_Keokea_004 and B) with pool HA_Keokea_004 ...... 76 Figure 39. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter ...... 77 Figure 40. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate+nitrite in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 78 Figure 41. Mean and 95% confidence interval of chlorophyll in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 79 Figure 42. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 80 Figure 43. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 81 Figure 44. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 82 Figure 45. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 83 Figure 46. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 84 Figure 47. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 85 Figure 48. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter...... 86

Tables Page Table 1. Sampling events...... 8 Table 2. Ala Kahakai 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 12 Table 3. Ala Kahakai 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 13 Table 4. Ala Kahakai 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 14 Table 5. Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 27 Table 6. Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 33 Table 7. Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 39 Table 8. Puʻukoholā Heiau 2012 summary of brackish waterbody water quality...... 56 Table 9. Puʻukoholā Heiau 2013 summary of brackish waterbody water quality...... 57 Table 10. Puʻukoholā Heiau 2014 summary of brackish waterbody water quality...... 58 Table 11. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools...... 70 Table 12. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2013 summary of water quality in in anchialine pools...... 72 Table 13. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2014 summary of water quality in in anchialine pools...... 74

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Executive Summary This Natural Resource Data Series Report (NRDS) presents data collected from anchialine pools and a brackish waterbody in the four National Park units on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. This is a “data report” as described in the Water Quality vital signs Monitoring Protocol for the Pacific Island Network Version 1.0, Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR-2011/418. This report is primarily focused on data presentation and a limited description of findings. The data presented in this report will be analyzed for the establishment of expected parameter value ranges and long-term trends in future reports published in peer-reviewed outlets such as the NPS Natural Resource Report (NRR) series or a scientific journal. The purpose of collecting data on vital signs is to provide park managers information on current conditions and temporal trends in ecosystem health.

Two anchialine “fixed site” pools associated with the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail were sampled quarterly from 2012 to 2014. Deterioration of the walls surrounding the pool at Kahaluʻu Beach Park (HA_Kahalu_001) were caused by large storm events in the winter of 2013-14 and led to changes in water chemistry and greater rates of sand deposition. Development of a permanent channel connecting HA_Kahalu_001 with the sea at high tide, along with changes in salinity, indicated that it began to resemble a tide pool rather than an anchialine pool. No major events were observed at the cave pool (HA_Puuwaa_002).

In Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, four anchialine “fixed site” pools were sampled quarterly, and 14 “temporary site” pools were sampled one to three times, from 2012 through 2014. Pools were grouped geographically into three groups: north, central, and south. During the period of 2012-2014, no discrete major ecological events were detected in pools, aside from possible minor algal blooms in some pools primarily in the south group. Wide variation in phytoplankton biomass was observed in north and central pools, but it is unclear if these observations constitute algal blooms. This uncertainty is due to inconsistent corroboration by pH and dissolved oxygen values.

At Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, three fixed sites were sampled within the park’s only waterbody, which is unnamed, quarterly from 2012 through 2014. Elevated total dissolved nitrogen was observed in the waterbody in 2012. The water body experienced an algal bloom during the summer of 2013, as indicated by chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity. No notable events at this waterbody were observed in 2014.

In Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, the pool (HA_Keokea_004) added to replace the pool dropped for safety reasons (HA_Kiilae_001) displayed characteristics very different than either underground or surface pools, including high total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and relatively high turbidity. These observations were the result of organic soil and possibly animal feces present in the pool, as well as its shallowness which prevented full flushing caused by tides. High salinity values observed park-wide in 2014 were caused by high sea-wave events that inundated pools and the surrounding land.

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Acknowledgments We thank Aric Arakaki, Daniel Kawaiaea, Tammy Duchesne, Malia Hayes, Adam Johnson, Sallie Beavers, and the staff of the west Hawaiʻi National Parks for their cooperation and on-site logistical support. We also thank the Kohala Center and Hui Aloha Kīholo for their continued support.

List of Terms °C Degrees Centigrade µg ∙ L-1 Micrograms per Liter µgP ∙ L-1 Micrograms of Phosphorus per Liter ALKA Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail Chl Chlorophyll

CO2 Carbon dioxide HAVO Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park I&M Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service KAHO Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park mg ∙ L-1 Milligrams per Liter mgN ∙ L-1 Milligrams of Nitrogen per Liter mS ∙ cm-1 Milli-Siemens per Centimeter n Number of measurements or samples NHP National Historical Park

NO2 Nitrite NO3 Nitrate NPS National Park Service NRDS Natural Resource Data Series Report NRTR Natural Resource Technical Report NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units ODO Optical Dissolved Oxygen ODOsat Optical Dissolved Oxygen in terms of saturation PACN Pacific Island Inventory and Monitoring Network ppt Parts Per Thousand PUHE Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site PUHO Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park SD Standard Deviation SE Standard Error SpC Specific conductivity TDN Total Dissolved Nitrogen TDP Total Dissolved Phosphorus Temp Temperature Turb Turbidity UHH University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo

Introduction Water quality is widely used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem condition. The National Park Service (NPS) has designated water quality as a “vital sign” or an indicator of physical, chemical, biological elements or ecosystem processes selected to represent the overall health or condition of natural resources within parks. Water quality is one vital sign monitored by the NPS Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Pacific Island Network (PACN). This report presents data collected under the PACN water quality protocol (Jones et al. 2011) on anchialine pools and a brackish waterbody in the four National Park units on the west coast of Hawaiʻi Island between 2012 and2014.

Anchialine pools are spatially distinct brackish waterbodies subject to tidal changes and fed only by both fresh groundwater and seawater inputs through subterranean connections (Holthuis 1973). While anchialine pools have no regular overland input of water and no direct connection to the sea, exceptional events like tsunamis can introduce water to anchialine pools. Within this broad definition, the geomorphology of anchialine pools is quite variable, including pools in caves, pools in open pits, and pools at the surface. Size, canopy cover, substrate including lava, sand or organic sediment, extent of macrophyte vegetation, periphyton or other algae, presence of fish and/or native shrimp, exposure to sunlight, and alteration by humans, both historical and contemporary, vary greatly between pools. Hawaiʻi has the world’s greatest concentration of anchialine pools, the majority of which are on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The brackish waterbody at Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site in Pōhaukole Gulch inshore of Pelekane Bay is not classified as an anchialine pool, but it is included in this report.

Anchialine pools in national parks are classified by the state of Hawaiʻi as class 1.a brackish or saline waters, and are subject to “basic water quality criteria applicable to all waters” under §11-54-4 (Hawaii 2012). While there are no specific water quality criteria for anchialine pools or brackish water bodies, class 1.a waters “will be maintained in the natural state through Hawaiʻi’s no discharge policy…” (Hawaii 2012). The waterbody at Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site could be classified as “brackish waters” under Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) Chapter 54 §11-54-5.1b, but there are no specific water quality criteria for this type of waterbody.

This report is a Natural Resource Data Series Report (NRDS), defined by the NPS as an annual or periodic data summary report for long-term monitoring projects. NRDSs are intended only for the release of basic data sets and summaries, with minimal interpretation. This report is one part of the I&M reporting process. Data presented in this report will be incorporated into future I&M trend- analysis reports to be published as NPS Natural Resource Technical Reports (NRTR). The mission of the I&M Program is to provide data to inform management decisions and support the NPS mission of preserving the natural resources of parks unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations (16 U.S.C. §1). The purpose of collecting data on vital signs is to provide park managers information on current conditions and temporal trends in ecosystem health. The primary purposes of the water monitoring protocol are to characterize the ecosystem and identify existing problems, and identify temporal trends especially with regard to emerging problems. Park managers can use this information to respond to resource conditions and evaluate management actions.

Methods Water was collected for nutrient analyses, a sonde was used to measure limnological parameters, and weather conditions were recorded. Data were collected using methods described in version 1.0 of the PACN water quality protocol (Jones et al. 2011). Site names used by I&M are formatted to designate fixed or temporary sites (“F” or “T” respectively), park designation (e.g. KAHO), and a number (e.g. 01). Names for temporary sites are based on the date of sampling. Site names used by parks are primarily used in this report while I&M-designated site names are used secondarily. State designations are formatted to indicate the island (“HA” or “HI” for the Hawaiʻi Island), the first few letters of the ahupuaʻa (traditional Hawaiian land division), and number; e.g. “HI_Kaloko_005”. Hawaiian diacritical marks are not used in pool names. Because anchialine pools are sensitive ecological and archeological sites, their precise locations are not published here. Data were collected from February 2008 to December 2014 and many figures in this report include this entire range. However, the focus of this report is the data collected from 2012 to 2014 (Table 1).

Ala Kahakai Sample Sites Portions of the 175-mile historic Ala Kahakai Trail can be accessed in sections on private land, state land, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, Kaloko- Honokōhau National Historical Park, and Pu‘ukoholā Heiau National Historic Site. Four pools associated with the trail but not within national park units, Kahalu_001, Holual_001, Puuwa_001, and Puuwa_002, were initially chosen for sampling (Fig. 1), but only HA_Kahalu_001 and HA_Puuwa_002 were sampled from 2012 to 2014 due to safety constraints associated with HA_Puuwa_001 and loss of HA_Holual_001 due to in-filling following a tsunami.

HA_Kahaluu_001 (FALKA01) is a pool at the Kahalu‘u Beach Park that currently has artificial rock walls to discourage entry by the public and to prevent infiltration by surrounding sand. It is located at the surface, fully exposed to sunlight, has fish, algae, and macrophytes, and is managed by the State of Hawaii. HA_Puuwaa_002 (FALKA04) is inside a cave of cultural significance on private land, and as such its precise location is not reported here.

Kaloko-Honokōhau Sample Sites Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park is located on the North Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island (Fig. 2). Four fixed sites were sampled during each quarterly sampling trip. A new set of four temporary sites were chosen at random for each quarterly trip. HI_Kaloko_005 (FKAHO01) is a small shallow pool exposed to direct sunlight for most of the day in an ‘aʻa lava field with no vegetation. This site supports a population of endemic shrimp (‘opae ʻula; Halocaridina rubra) including candidate endangered species Metabetaeus lohena. HI_Kaloko_016 (FKAHO02) is a small pool at the bottom of a pit in an ‘a‘a lava field and receives limited direct sunlight. HI_Kealak_084 (FKAHO03) is several meters wide and although surrounded by sloping lava walls is largely exposed to direct sunlight. This pool supports ‘opae ʻula and glass shrimp (Palaemon debilis).

HI_Kealak_084 also supports a population of the macroalga Ulva reticulata. HI_Kaloko_119 (FKAHO04) is a small pool about 1.5-meters deep at the bottom of an open pit several meters deep

in a pāhoehoe lava flow, and receives direct sunlight only for a short period of the day, and hosts non-native fish. Invasive fountain grass covers the surrounding area near HI_Kaloko_119.

The population of Kaloko-Honokōhau pools was divided into three geographically-defined groups: north pools, located north of the Kaloko Fishpond; south pools, located primarily at the north side of Honokōhau Small Boat Harbor; and central pools, located in a lava flow between north and south pools (Fig. 2). One fixed site is located in the north area, two fixed sites are located in the central area, and one fixed site is located in the south area. Due to random assignment of temporary sites each quarter, the number of pools sampled in each group varied: one to three pools were sampled in the north area each quarter including fixed sites, two to six pools were sampled in the central area each quarter including fixed sites, and one to three pools were sampled in the south area each quarter including fixed sites.

Three groundwater monitoring wells (Fig. 2) were also sampled for water quality beginning in 2012 in coordination with the PACN Groundwater Monitoring Protocol (Izuka 2011). The Upper Kaloko Well (state well #4161-02) is directly downslope of the industrial park, and the Lower Kaloko Well (state well #4161-01) is further downslope. Both the Upper and Lower Kaloko wells are upslope of the majority of central pools. The Visitor Contact Station Well (state well #4061-01) is adjacent to the visitor contact station, south of the other wells and upslope of ‘Aimakapā Fishpond (Fig. 2).

Puʻukoholā Heiau Sample Sites Pu‘ukoholā Heiau National Historic Site is located on the South Kohala Coast, adjacent the Kawaihae Commercial Harbor. The unnamed brackish waterbody at Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site in Pōhaukole Gulch inshore of Pelekane Bay is the only waterbody in the park (Fig. 3). This waterbody has the appearance of a stream channel, but is frequently a stagnant pond when closed off from the ocean by the beach sand, and experiences intermittent overland connection with the ocean, typically as a result of stormwater runoff through the upslope gulches. It is not classified as an anchialine pool. Three sample sites were chosen spanning the length of the channel and do not have other site names: FPUHE01 (terminus near Pelekane Bay), FPUHE02 (convergence of two “channels”), and FPUHE03 (near inland-most terminus).

Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Sample Sites Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park is located on the South Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi (Fig. 1). HA_Kiilae_001 (FPUHO01) is within a small cave with an open skylight. HA_Kiilae_001 was dropped due to safety reasons. HA_Keokea_003 (FPUHO02) is within a small pit and is generally kept covered with plywood to prevent leaves and organic matter from filling-in the pit. HA_Keokea_004 (FPUHO08) is a shallow depression in the green-waste yard near HA_Keokea_003. HA_Honaun_002 (FPUHO05) and HA_Honaun_003 (FPUHO03) are on the royal grounds near the visitor center and HA_Honaun_004 (FPUHO04) is located in the place of refuge. These three pools are of very high cultural significance, and are seen by the majority of visitors to the park. HA_Honaun_002, -003, and -004 are near the shore, shallow, wide, and have an open canopy exposing them to direct sunlight.

Figure 1. Sample sites associated with Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail.

Figure 2. Sample sites in Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park 2008-2014.

Figure 3. Sample sites in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site.

Figure 4. Sample sites in Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park

Table 1. Sampling events.

Park Date Personnel 15-Feb-12 D. Gross, L. Kramer 03-May-12 A. Farahi, D. Gross, B. Gorries, J. Bybee, M. Gorries, T. Broadhurst 19-Dec-12 A. Farahi, D. Raikow, S. McKenna 08-Feb-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 12-Jun-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow ALKA 16-Sep-13 D. Raikow 17-Nov-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 14-Jan-14 D. Raikow, S. Lee 27-Jun-14 D. Raikow 29-Aug-14 A. Farahi, C. Nash 03-Dec-14 A. Farahi, V. Vaivai 15-Feb-12 D. Gross, L. Kramer 03-May-12 D. Gross, J. Bybee, T. Broadhurst 19-Dec-12 A. Farahi, D. Raikow, S. McKenna 08-Feb-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 12-Jun-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow PUHE 16-Sep-13 D. Raikow

17-Nov-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 14-Jan-14 D. Raikow, S. Lee 27-Jun-14 B. Luehrs, D. Raikow 29-Aug-14 A. Farahi, Corbett Nash 08-Dec-14 A. Farahi, Visa Vaivai 09-Feb-12 D. Gross, J. Bybee 04-May-12 D. Gross, J. Bybee, T. Broadhurst 03-Dec-12 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 11-Apr-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 27-Jun-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow PUHO 18-Sep-13 B. Luehrs, D. Raikow 20-Nov-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 16-Jan-14 D. Raikow, S. Lee 17-Jun-14 B. Luehrs, D. Raikow 27-Aug-14 A. Farahi, Corbett Nash 10-Nov-14 A. Brasher, A. Farahi, M. Jerolaman, M. Hayes 5-Dec-14 A. Farahi, J. Gross

Table 1 (continued). Sampling events.

Park Date Personnel 13-Feb-12 D. Gross, J. Gillespie, L. Kramer 20-Apr-12 D. Gross, J. Bybee, T. Broadhurst 17-Sep-12 D. Gross, J. Bybee, K. Bridges 29-Nov-12 D. Gross, D. Raikow 25-Apr-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 13-Jun-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow KAHO 19-Sep-13 B. Luehrs, D. Raikow 18-Nov-13 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 15-Jan-14 D. Raikow, S. Lee 23-Jul-14 A. Farahi, D. Raikow 13-Aug-14 A. Farahi, C. Nash, D. Raikow 02-Dec-14 A. Farahi, D. Raikow

Water Collection Water was collected from water bodies just below the water surface to avoid disturbance of sediment on the bottom or collection of floating material. Water was collected using a new or acid-washed 140 cc syringe or with a new or acid-washed 1L Nalgene bottle. For syringe-collected samples, water was drawn into the syringe then discarded away from the collection location to rinse the syringe three times. Water was again collected using the rinsed syringe. An in-line filter holder was then placed on the syringe. For water bottle-collected samples, water was filtered with a filter tower. Water was poured into the upper chamber of a Nalgene filter holder and filtered by suction with a hand pump at ~5-10 mmHg of pressure, never exceeding 15mmHg of pressure, into the lower chamber and discarded to rinse the tower. For both methods, water was filtered through 0.7µm GF/F filter. Filtered water was used to rinse each sample bottle three times, for a total of 50ml per bottle, discarding water between each rinse. Then three replicate field-filtered 125-ml samples were taken at each sample site, i.e. three grabs. Sample bottles were placed on ice in the field inside an insulated backpack. Samples were transported to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park on the day of collection and then frozen, or deposited into a freezer on the day of collection and later transported while frozen to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. Samples were then delivered frozen to the EPSCoR Analytical Laboratory at the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo (UHH) Marine Science Department, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720 for chemical analysis. Samples were analyzed for total dissolved phosphorous (TDP), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and nitrate + nitrite (NO3 + NO2).

Limnological Parameters and General Conditions A YSI 6600 Multiparameter Sonde was calibrated no more than five days before commencing field sampling. The sonde was used to measure temperature (°C), specific conductivity (SpC) in milli- Siemens per centimeter (mS · cm-1), pH, optical dissolved oxygen in milligrams per liter (mg ∙ L-1, ODO), chlorophyll in micrograms per liter (µg ∙ L-1), and turbidity in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The sonde also reported salinity in parts per thousand (ppt) calculated from SpC, and dissolved oxygen in percent saturation (ODOsat) calculated from ODO and temperature. The sonde was placed under the surface of the water at a sample site for ten minutes with readings taken every 30 seconds. The mean and variance of stable values, excluding initial readings prior to reaching stability, over this time period is reported. Minimum analytical detection limits were 15.0 µgP ∙ L-1 for total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), 0.070 mgN ∙ L-1 for total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and 1.0 µgN ∙ L-1 for nitrate + nitrite (NO3 + NO2). Environmental conditions, canopy cover, and water depth were estimated. Average wind speed over three minutes and wind direction were measured using a Kestrel wind speed device. Global positioning system coordinates and site elevation were recorded. Photographs of sample sites were also taken.

Groundwater Well Sampling At each well, the well cap was unlocked and opened. A previously installed Conductivity- Temperature-Depth (CTD) probe was removed; however, CTD data are not presented in this report. Depth-to-water was then measured. A portable, submersible Fultz (Lewistown, PA, USA) pump was lowered to the mid-point of the water column in each well. Three well-volumes of water were then pumped out into a dedicated bucket. Each well has a dedicated pumping hose. Upon reaching three well-volumes, three replicate water samples were taken from the pump effluent. The sonde was then

inserted into the bucket and readings taken. Pumping into the bucket was continued during the 10- minute sonde reading period. Data and water quality samples from wells were treated and analyzed in the same manner as anchialine pool water quality samples.

Data Analysis, Management, and Quality Control Environmental parameters, habitat descriptions, and general observations were recorded on datasheets in the field. Datasheets were stored at park offices, scanned, and uploaded to PACN servers. All data including results of laboratory analyses were entered into PACN Microsoft Access databases. Drift readings were performed after sampling to ensure consistency of YSI data. Data were downloaded from a YSI 650 control unit and uploaded to databases. Accuracy of data entry into databases was verified by comparing database entries to the original datasheets by a person who did not enter the data into databases. Data were then certified by the PACN freshwater program lead David Raikow. Data determined to be unreliable were flagged in databases and not included in analyses. Data were explored visually by plotting time-series and boxplots. Data that deviated from regular temporal patterns were identified with the use of 95% confidence intervals. Corroboration between related parameters and field notes was used to identify possible causes of deviation from regular temporal patterns.

Measurements from a series of water samples or sonde readings taken at an individual site within minutes of each other were assumed to be normally distributed around the true value of the parameter, as the parameter should not change appreciably over the few minutes required to take multiple samples or readings. The mean of replicate samples and readings collected for each individual pool were calculated. Means of individual pools were then used to establish mean and variance estimates for pool groups. The mean and 95% confidence interval of pool or waterbody groups are displayed in graphs (Figs. 5-49).

Non-normal distributions were assumed for limnological data collected over a time period such as a year due to censoring (values cannot drop below zero or have a minimum analytical detection limit) and positive skewness (having infrequent high values) (Helsel and Hirsch 2002). The median and standard deviation are reported for annual summaries, because the variance of the parameter over the study period is of interest (Tables 2-13). The median equals the mean in normally-distributed parameters. For the purposes of descriptive statistics, values below detection limits were assigned values equal to one-half of the detection limit. Median and standard deviation was not calculated for sets of data with n = 1.

Results Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail Fixed sites in Ala Kahakai NHT were sampled 11 times from 2012 to 2014. Annual summaries present the minimum, maximum, median, and variance as standard deviation of all individual measurements at each site across an entire year. Graphs of parameters present stable sonde readings and nutrient concentrations summarized by geographic pool group and quarter as mean and 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval may be too small to see on graphs.

HA_Kahaluu_001 (FALKA01) 2012: No notable events were observed. 2013: In December, waves of unusual height destroyed a portion of a sea wall near the pool and the wall surrounding the pool, allowing seawater to enter the pool during high tide and high-wave action. 2014: The damaged walls deteriorated further and a permanent channel formed connecting the pool to the sea at high tide. The pool also began to fill in with sand. TDP increased, dissolved oxygen concentration decreased, pH decreased, salinity increased to matches seawater with hyper-saline conditions observed.

HA_Puuwaa_002 (FALKA04) 2012: No notable events were observed and 2012 pH variation may have been due to instrument error. 2013: No notable events were observed. 2014: No notable events were observed.

Table 2. Ala Kahakai 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Kahalu_001 9 17.6 74.3 35.0 22.7 µgP ∙ L Phosphorus HA_Puuwaa_002 8 54.2 61.0 58.4 2.1

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Kahalu_001 9 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 mgN ∙ L Nitrogen HA_Puuwaa_002 9 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 9 53.1 164.5 97.6 42.9 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 9 532.4 772.6 701.0 85.2 HA_Kahalu_001 3 3.3 6.0 5.0 1.4 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 3 0.0 79.3 0.2 45.7

Dissolved Oxygen -1 HA_Kahalu_001 3 7.0 16.0 8.2 4.9 mg ∙ L Concentration HA_Puuwaa_002 3 3.5 8.4 8.3 2.8 Dissolved Oxygen HA_Kahalu_001 3 85.4 204.5 100.4 64.9 % Saturation HA_Puuwaa_002 3 45.8 95.6 95.1 28.6 HA_Kahalu_001 3 8.5 9.4 9.1 0.5 pH none HA_Puuwaa_002 3 7.3 8.9 7.8 0.8

Table 2 (continued). Ala Kahakai 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Kahalu_001 3 4.0 5.5 5.0 0.8 Salinity ppt HA_Puuwaa_002 3 1.8 20.3 1.9 10.6 HA_Kahalu_001 3 7.2 9.9 8.9 1.3 Specific conductance mS ∙ cm-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 3 3.5 32.5 3.5 16.7 HA_Kahalu_001 3 23.7 26.6 24.1 1.6 Temperature °C HA_Puuwaa_002 3 21.2 23.2 21.4 1.1 HA_Kahalu_001 3 2.6 7.3 5.0 2.4 Turbidity NTU HA_Puuwaa_002 3 0.1 13.2 0.1 7.6

Table 3. Ala Kahakai 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Kahalu_001 12 7.5 40.9 7.5 9.2 µgP ∙ L Phosphorus HA_Puuwaa_002 12 55.0 66.3 58.4 4.0

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Kahalu_001 12 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 mgN ∙ L Nitrogen HA_Puuwaa_002 12 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 11 5.3 631.7 197.6 219.5 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 12 360.6 770.2 737.0 127.7 HA_Kahalu_001 4 3.3 32.1 8.9 13.3 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dissolved Oxygen -1 HA_Kahalu_001 4 10.7 19.7 14.0 3.8 mg ∙ L Concentration HA_Puuwaa_002 5 8.2 14.7 8.3 2.9 Dissolved Oxygen HA_Kahalu_001 4 106.7 278.3 151.6 75.4 % Saturation HA_Puuwaa_002 5 94.1 95.6 95.5 0.6 HA_Kahalu_001 4 8.3 9.1 8.8 0.4 pH none HA_Puuwaa_002 5 7.5 7.7 7.6 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 4 3.9 10.6 7.0 3.2 Salinity ppt HA_Puuwaa_002 5 1.8 1.9 1.9 0.0 HA_Kahalu_001 4 7.1 18.0 12.3 5.1 Specific conductance mS ∙ cm-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 5 3.5 3.6 3.5 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 4 25.4 31.1 25.9 2.7 Temperature °C HA_Puuwaa_002 5 21.5 21.6 21.5 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 2 2.0 3.4 2.7 1.0 Turbidity NTU HA_Puuwaa_002 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Table 4. Ala Kahakai 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Kahalu_001 11 0.0 49.0 27.0 15.2 µgP ∙ L Phosphorus HA_Puuwaa_002 12 55.0 66.0 60.0 3.1

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Kahalu_001 11 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 mgN ∙ L Nitrogen HA_Puuwaa_002 12 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 12 44.0 344.0 154.0 113.7 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 12 735.0 838.0 762.0 33.7 HA_Kahalu_001 4 1.6 194.9 5.0 95.5 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HA_Puuwaa_002 4 0.0 9.6 0.0 4.8

Dissolved Oxygen -1 HA_Kahalu_001 4 4.8 8.2 5.7 1.5 mg ∙ L Concentration HA_Puuwaa_002 4 8.0 8.5 8.3 0.2 Dissolved Oxygen HA_Kahalu_001 4 71.7 157.6 86.0 38.8 % Saturation HA_Puuwaa_002 4 92.2 96.8 95.3 2.0 HA_Kahalu_001 4 7.8 8.2 7.8 0.2 pH none HA_Puuwaa_002 4 7.4 7.7 7.5 0.1 Table 4 (continued). Ala Kahakai 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Kahalu_001 4 33.1 69.0 34.1 17.6 Salinity ppt HA_Puuwaa_002 4 1.8 3.7 1.8 1.0

Specific -1 HA_Kahalu_001 4 50.6 96.0 51.9 22.3 mS ∙ cm Conductance HA_Puuwaa_002 4 3.4 6.8 3.5 1.7 HA_Kahalu_001 4 25.6 29.9 27.3 1.8 Temperature °C HA_Puuwaa_002 4 21.3 21.6 21.5 0.1 HA_Kahalu_001 3 0.1 6.9 0.7 3.7 Turbidity NTU HA_Puuwaa_002 4 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.4

Total Dissolved Phosphorus 180

Puuwaa002

) HA_Puuwaa_002 1 - 160 HA_Holual_001Holual001 140 HA_Kahaluu_001 µg ∙ L µg Kahaluu001 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa001 120

100

Total Dissolved ( Phosphorus Dissolved Total 20

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 5. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Total Dissolved Nitrogen 1.6

)

1 Puuwaa002 - HA_Puuwaa_002 1.4 Holual001HA_Holual_001 g ∙ L g HA_Kahaluu_001 1.2 Kahaluu001 Puuwaa001HA_Puuwaa_001 1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4 Total Dissolved Nitrogen (m Nitrogen Dissolved Total 0.2

0.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 6. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Nitrite + Nitrate 1600 HA_Puuwaa_002 HA_Holual_001Puuwaa002 1400 HA_Kahaluu_001Holual001 HA_Puuwaa_001Kahaluu001 1200 ) 1 - Puuwaa001 1000 µg ∙ L µg (

3 800 + NO

2 600 NO 400

200

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 7. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate + nitrite in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Chlorophyll 100 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa002 90 HA_Holual_001Holual001 80 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001

) 1 - 70 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa001 60 µg ∙ L µg 50 40

Chlorophyll ( Chlorophyll 30 20 10 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 8. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 25 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa002

) HA_Holual_001Holual001 1 - 20 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001

g ∙ L ∙ g HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002 15

Dissolved Oxygen (m Oxygen Dissolved 5

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 9. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Dissolved Oxygen Saturation 300 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa001 Holual001

250 HA_Holual_001 ) HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001 200 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002

150

100 Dissolved Oxygen (% Oxygen Dissolved

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 10. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

pH 10.0 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa001 9.5 HA_Holual_001Holual001 9.0 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002 8.5

pH 8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5

6.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 11. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Salinity 70 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa001 60 HA_Holual_001Holual001 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001 50 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002 40

30 Salinity (ppt) Salinity

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 12. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Specific Conductance 100

) 1 - 90 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa001 HA_Holual_001Holual001 80 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001 mS ∙ cm mS 70 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002 60 50 40 30

Specific conductance ( conductance Specific 20 10 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 13. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Temperature 32 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa001 30 HA_Holual_001Holual001 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001 ° C) 28 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002

26 Temperature ( Temperature 24

20 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 14. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Turbidity 35 HA_Puuwaa_002Puuwaa001 30 HA_Holual_001Holual001 HA_Kahaluu_001Kahaluu001

25 HA_Puuwaa_001Puuwaa002 20

15 Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity 10

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 15. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in anchialine pools of Ala Kahakai National Historical Trail summarized by quarter.

Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park Fixed sites in Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP were sampled up to 12 times from 2012 to 2014, while temporary sites were sampled one time. Annual summaries present the minimum, maximum, median, and variance as standard deviation of all individual measurements at each site across an entire year. Graphs of parameters present stable sonde readings and nutrient concentrations summarized by geographic pool group and quarter as mean and 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval may be too small to see on graphs.

North Pools 2012: A spike in pH was observed. Spikes in chlorophyll were observed. 2013: No notable events were observed. 2014: No notable events were observed.

Central Pools

Central pools had the highest concentrations of TDP, TDN, and NO3+NO2.

2012: A spike in pH was observed. 2013: No notable events were observed. 2014: Spikes in chlorophyll were observed.

South Pools South pools generally had lower concentrations of dissolved nutrients, and were warmer, more saline, more alkaline, and had more oxygen than pools in other regions, consistent with the presence of abundant macroalgae and macrophytes, both of which can be expected to take up dissolved nutrients.

2012: Algal blooms may have been observed in south pools as indicated by oxygen and pH. 2013: No notable events were observed. 2014: No notable events were observed.

Groundwater

The concentrations of TDP, TDN, and NO3+NO2 were consistently higher in the Upper Well compared to the Lower Well. The Visitor Center Well and Lower Well displayed similar nutrient

concentrations. The concentrations of TDN and NO3+NO2 in the Lower and Visitor Center wells were consistent with central pools. Dissolved oxygen was similar between wells, and similar to central and north pools. Groundwater temperature was less than all pools. Chlorophyll and turbidity were very low or absent. The Lower Kaloko Well had consistently lower pH.

2012: No notable events were observed. 2013: No notable events were observed. 2014: No notable events were observed.

Table 5. Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 12 75.5 107.4 98.1 9.8 HI_Kaloko_016 12 119.5 133.1 126.5 4.7 HI_Kealak_084 12 16.1 66.6 46.8 17.7 HI_Kaloko_119 12 60.7 87.0 84.1 7.6 HI_Kaloko_053F 3 99.4 111.1 109.6 6.4 HI_Honoko_039 3 68.1 77.7 74.0 4.8 HI_Honoko_018 3 111.2 132.5 123.5 10.7 HI_Kaloko_009 3 101.9 104.6 104.3 1.5

Total Dissolved -1 HI_Kealak_083C 3 49.2 52.0 49.5 1.5 µgP ∙ L Phosphorus HI_Kealak_083B 3 82.0 94.1 87.3 6.1 HI_Kaloko_012 3 106.8 113.6 107.7 3.7 HI_Kaloko_013 3 106.8 112.7 108.4 3.0 HI_Honoko_020 3 94.1 111.5 107.7 9.1 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 128.5 133.1 131.9 2.4 HI_Kaloko_053A 3 104.6 111.8 106.5 3.7 HI_Kaloko_032 3 85.4 104.3 98.8 9.7 HI_Honoko_021 3 99.4 103.4 100.9 2.0 HI_Kaloko129 3 70.0 86.7 78.3 8.4 HI_Kaloko_005 12 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 12 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.0 HI_Kealak_084 12 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 HI_Kaloko_119 12 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.2 HI_Kaloko_053F 3 1.1 1.3 1.3 0.1 HI_Honoko_039 3 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.1 HI_Honoko_018 3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.0 HI_Kaloko_009 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

Total Dissolved -1 HI_Kealak_083C 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 mgN ∙ L Nitrogen HI_Kealak_083B 3 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.1 HI_Kaloko_012 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_013 3 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.0 HI_Honoko_020 3 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.2 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.1 HI_Kaloko_053A 3 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.1 HI_Kaloko_032 3 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.1 HI_Honoko_021 3 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.1 HI_Kaloko129 3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.1

Table 5 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 12 656.4 1019.4 928.0 123.3 HI_Kaloko_016 12 1024.5 1210.5 1168.1 55.3 HI_Kealak_084 12 26.4 350.2 164.6 134.9 HI_Kaloko_119 12 431.0 963.1 870.4 145.6 HI_Kaloko_053F 3 1007.4 1182.8 1103.4 87.8 HI_Honoko_039 3 401.3 505.5 480.4 54.4 HI_Honoko_018 3 575.9 800.7 652.9 114.2 HI_Kaloko_009 3 1042.9 1049.4 1043.4 3.6 HI_Kealak_083C 3 80.6 100.1 89.0 9.8 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 HI_Kealak_083B 3 382.9 570.4 483.4 93.8 HI_Kaloko_012 3 1023.9 1099.0 1088.7 40.7 HI_Kaloko_013 3 1137.6 1155.7 1147.6 9.0 HI_Honoko_020 3 748.5 1015.1 990.8 147.4 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 1230.4 1428.0 1397.9 106.5 HI_Kaloko_053A 3 781.3 1095.9 1012.3 163.0 HI_Kaloko_032 3 679.4 919.2 851.0 123.5 HI_Honoko_021 3 882.7 1016.9 889.5 75.6 HI_Kaloko129 3 169.9 284.1 176.1 64.2 HI_Kaloko_005 4 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.3 HI_Kaloko_016 4 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.4 HI_Kealak_084 2 1.1 2.0 1.5 0.7 HI_Kaloko_119 4 0.4 7.3 2.4 2.9 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 0.2 0.2

HI_Honoko_039 1 2.6 2.6

HI_Honoko_018 1 1.9 1.9

HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Kealak_083C 1 1.5 1.5 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HI_Kealak_083B 1 1.5 1.5

HI_Kaloko_012 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Kaloko_013 1 0.2 0.2

HI_Honoko_020 1 0.3 0.3 HI_Kaloko_053H 1 0.7 0.7 HI_Kaloko_053A 1 0.0 0.0 HI_Kaloko_032 1 1.3 1.3

HI_Honoko_021 1 0.8 0.8

HI_Kaloko129 1 1.6 1.6

Table 5 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 7.8 8.8 8.2 0.4 HI_Kaloko_016 4 8.2 8.8 8.3 0.3 HI_Kealak_084 3 7.7 36.4 18.6 14.5 HI_Kaloko_119 4 6.8 9.2 8.1 1.0 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 7.7 7.7

HI_Honoko_039 1 7.2 7.2 HI_Honoko_018 1 3.1 3.1 HI_Kaloko_009 1 7.4 7.4

Dissolved Oxygen -1 HI_Kealak_083C 1 8.4 8.4 mg ∙ L Concentration HI_Kealak_083B 1 8.7 8.7

HI_Kaloko_012 1 6.6 6.6

HI_Kaloko_013 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Honoko_020 1 8.3 8.3

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 8.2 8.2

HI_Kaloko_053A 1 7.4 7.4

HI_Kaloko_032 1 4.6 4.6

HI_Honoko_021 1 6.6 6.6 HI_Kaloko129 1 2.7 2.7 HI_Kaloko_005 4 95.8 105.6 98.5 4.2 HI_Kaloko_016 4 94.7 96.8 95.9 0.9 HI_Kealak_084 1 101.3 101.3 0.0

HI_Kaloko_119 4 80.6 110.9 98.2 12.8 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 89.7 89.7

HI_Honoko_039 1 91.8 91.8

HI_Honoko_018 1 38.8 38.8

HI_Kaloko_009 1 86.8 86.8 Dissolved Oxygen % HI_Kealak_083C 1 109.3 109.3 Saturation HI_Kealak_083B 1 107.5 107.5 HI_Kaloko_012 1 78.8 78.8 HI_Kaloko_013 1 96.4 96.4 HI_Honoko_020 1 93.3 93.3

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 94.7 94.7

HI_Kaloko_053A 1 87.4 87.4

HI_Honoko_021 1 78.7 78.7

HI_Kaloko129 1 34.0 34.0

Table 5 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 7.8 9.2 8.0 0.7 HI_Kaloko_016 4 7.8 9.2 7.9 0.7 HI_Kealak_084 3 8.2 9.3 8.2 0.7 HI_Kaloko_119 4 7.5 9.0 7.5 0.8 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 7.8 7.8 HI_Honoko_039 1 8.9 8.9 HI_Honoko_018 1 7.3 7.3

HI_Kaloko_009 1 7.7 7.7

HI_Kealak_083C 1 9.2 9.2 pH none HI_Kealak_083B 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Kaloko_012 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kaloko_013 1 7.9 7.9

HI_Honoko_020 1 9.2 9.2

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 7.9 7.9

HI_Kaloko_053A 1 7.6 7.6 HI_Kaloko_032 1 9.0 9.0 HI_Honoko_021 1 7.7 7.7 HI_Kaloko129 1 7.0 7.0

HI_Kaloko_005 4 13.5 14.1 13.9 0.3 HI_Kaloko_016 4 9.0 9.8 9.6 0.4 HI_Kealak_084 3 21.1 23.7 22.2 1.3 HI_Kaloko_119 4 14.6 15.6 15.1 0.5 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 11.5 11.5

HI_Honoko_039 1 9.3 9.3

HI_Honoko_018 1 11.3 11.3

HI_Kaloko_009 1 13.6 13.6 HI_Kealak_083C 1 20.6 20.6 Salinity ppt HI_Kealak_083B 1 19.6 19.6 HI_Kaloko_012 1 13.5 13.5

HI_Kaloko_013 1 11.6 11.6

HI_Honoko_020 1 5.3 5.3

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 9.9 9.9

HI_Kaloko_053A 1 12.9 12.9

HI_Kaloko_032 1 11.2 11.2

HI_Honoko_021 1 13.5 13.5

HI_Kaloko129 1 21.7 21.7

Table 5 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 22.3 23.3 22.9 0.4 HI_Kaloko_016 4 15.4 16.7 16.3 0.6 HI_Kealak_084 3 33.6 37.5 35.2 1.9 HI_Kaloko_119 4 23.9 25.5 24.8 0.8 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 19.3 19.3

HI_Honoko_039 1 16.0 16.0

HI_Honoko_018 1 19.0 19.0

HI_Kaloko_009 1 22.5 22.5

Specific -1 HI_Kealak_083C 1 32.9 32.9 mS ∙ cm conductance HI_Kealak_083B 1 31.4 31.4

HI_Kaloko_012 1 22.3 22.3

HI_Kaloko_013 1 19.5 19.5 HI_Honoko_020 1 9.5 9.5 HI_Kaloko_053H 1 16.7 16.7 HI_Kaloko_053A 1 21.5 21.5

HI_Kaloko_032 1 18.8 18.8

HI_Honoko_021 1 22.3 22.3

HI_Kaloko129 1 34.5 34.5

HI_Kaloko_005 4 20.1 21.3 20.7 0.6 HI_Kaloko_016 4 19.8 20.3 20.0 0.2 HI_Kealak_084 3 22.4 24.4 23.6 1.0 HI_Kaloko_119 4 19.6 20.4 19.8 0.4 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 19.4 19.4 HI_Honoko_039 1 24.9 24.9 HI_Honoko_018 1 22.5 22.5 HI_Kaloko_009 1 19.5 19.5

HI_Kealak_083C 1 22.4 22.4 Temperature °C HI_Kealak_083B 1 20.1 20.1

HI_Kaloko_012 1 19.9 19.9

HI_Kaloko_013 1 22.3 22.3

HI_Honoko_020 1 19.7 19.7

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 19.8 19.8

HI_Kaloko_053A 1 19.6 19.6 HI_Kaloko_032 1 20.7 20.7 HI_Honoko_021 1 19.8 19.8 HI_Kaloko129 1 20.8 20.8

Table 5 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_016 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kealak_084 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_119 4 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.3 HI_Kaloko_053F 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Honoko_039 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Honoko_018 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kealak_083C 1 0.1 0.1 Turbidity NTU HI_Kealak_083B 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kaloko_012 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_013 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Honoko_020 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_053A 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_032 1 4.7 4.7

HI_Honoko_021 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko129 1 1.0 1.0

Table 6. Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 12 71.8 123.2 101.4 13.5 HI_Kaloko_016 12 113.0 150.8 125.1 12.2 HI_Kealak_084 12 31.0 77.4 41.7 14.6 HI_Kaloko_119 12 54.2 95.4 84.3 11.3 HI_Kaloko_011 3 113.0 149.5 120.7 19.3 HI_Kealak_095 3 99.7 103.7 103.1 2.2 HI_Kealak_096 3 40.9 90.4 45.8 27.3 HI_Kaloko_012 3 108.1 164.1 114.2 30.7 HI_Kealak_099 3 92.0 96.0 93.2 2.1

Total Dissolved -1 HI_Kaloko_009 3 80.8 122.9 83.9 23.5 µgP ∙ L Phosphorus HI_Kaloko_046 3 101.5 104.3 103.4 1.4 HI_Kaloko_013 3 131.6 170.9 158.5 20.1 HI_Kaloko_009 3 89.5 101.9 93.2 6.4 HI_Kaloko_050 3 98.8 104.3 101.5 2.8 HI_Kealak_083B 3 53.3 85.8 78.6 17.1 HI_Kaloko_009 3 73.4 112.7 87.9 19.9 HI_Honoko_020 3 124.5 126.3 124.5 1.1 HI_Honoko_037 3 28.5 30.7 28.8 1.2 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 121.7 135.0 132.5 7.1 HI_Kaloko_118 3 75.2 77.1 75.5 1.0 HI_Kaloko_005 12 0.6 1.3 1.1 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 12 0.9 1.5 1.3 0.2 HI_Kealak_084 12 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 HI_Kaloko_119 12 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.1 HI_Kaloko_011 3 1.2 1.5 1.4 0.2 HI_Kealak_095 3 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.1 HI_Kealak_096 3 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 HI_Kaloko_012 3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 HI_Kealak_099 3 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.0

Total Dissolved -1 HI_Kaloko_009 3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 mgN ∙ L Nitrogen HI_Kaloko_046 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_013 3 1.3 1.4 1.3 0.1 HI_Kaloko_009 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_050 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 HI_Kealak_083B 3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.2 HI_Kaloko_009 3 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.3 HI_Honoko_020 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 HI_Honoko_037 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 1.1 1.4 1.4 0.2 HI_Kaloko_118 3 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.0

Table 6 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 15 608.1 1043.1 989.2 115.2 HI_Kaloko_016 15 799.0 1277.2 1202.0 114.8 HI_Kealak_084 15 103.4 374.8 138.0 76.4 HI_Kaloko_119 15 664.2 921.1 841.0 87.8 HI_Kaloko_011 3 1074.1 1319.7 1319.3 141.7 HI_Kealak_095 3 599.6 613.1 602.8 7.1 HI_Kealak_096 3 204.2 659.6 259.9 248.4 HI_Kaloko_012 3 1148.1 1159.6 1158.5 6.3 HI_Kealak_099 3 571.0 591.6 589.5 11.3 HI_Kaloko_009 3 338.7 363.2 349.0 12.3 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 HI_Kaloko_046 3 990.3 1003.6 999.2 6.8 HI_Kaloko_013 3 1166.4 1301.0 1188.3 72.2 HI_Kaloko_009 3 1021.5 1032.9 1024.9 5.8 HI_Kaloko_050 3 903.4 973.4 963.1 37.8 HI_Kealak_083B 3 335.7 669.8 623.4 181.0 HI_Kaloko_009 3 505.6 1083.9 690.4 295.4 HI_Honoko_020 3 1009.9 1047.3 1039.0 19.6 HI_Honoko_037 3 29.9 32.3 31.6 1.2 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 1116.9 1395.1 1384.9 157.7 HI_Kaloko_118 3 709.4 738.0 736.6 16.2 HI_Kaloko_005 4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 HI_Kaloko_016 5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 HI_Kealak_084 4 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 HI_Kaloko_119 4 0.0 2.1 0.9 0.9 HI_Kaloko_011 1 0.3 0.3

HI_Kealak_095 1 0.9 0.9

HI_Kealak_096 1 0.4 0.4

HI_Kaloko_012 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Kealak_099 1 1.3 1.3

HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.0 0.0 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HI_Kaloko_046 1 0.0 0.0 HI_Kaloko_013 1 0.0 0.0 HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.2 0.2 HI_Kaloko_050 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Kealak_083B 1 0.9 0.9

HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Honoko_020 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Honoko_037 1 5.7 5.7

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Kaloko_118 1 1.0 1.0

Table 6 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 7.7 8.0 8.0 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 4 8.0 8.4 8.2 0.2 HI_Kealak_084 3 7.7 17.4 8.3 5.4 HI_Kaloko_119 4 6.6 7.5 7.3 0.4 HI_Kaloko_011 1 8.8 8.8 HI_Kealak_095 1 4.0 4.0 HI_Kealak_096 1 7.7 7.7

HI_Kaloko_012 1 6.5 6.5

HI_Kealak_099 1 6.2 6.2

Dissolved Oxygen -1 HI_Kaloko_009 1 11.3 11.3 mg ∙ L Concentration HI_Kaloko_046 1 7.0 7.0

HI_Kaloko_013 1 7.5 7.5

HI_Kaloko_009 1 7.3 7.3

HI_Kaloko_050 1 7.0 7.0 HI_Kealak_083B 1 6.8 6.8 HI_Kaloko_009 1 7.5 7.5 HI_Honoko_020 1 7.7 7.7

HI_Honoko_037 1 16.4 16.4

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 8.3 8.3

HI_Kaloko_118 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Kaloko_005 4 95.1 99.4 98.5 1.9 HI_Kaloko_016 4 93.0 98.3 96.4 2.3 HI_Kealak_084 2 108.7 139.1 123.9 21.5 HI_Kaloko_119 4 85.0 90.8 87.9 3.1 HI_Kaloko_011 1 106.7 106.7 HI_Kealak_095 1 49.3 49.3 HI_Kealak_096 1 97.9 97.9 HI_Kaloko_012 1 77.4 77.4 HI_Kealak_099 1 79.3 79.3 Dissolved Oxygen HI_Kaloko_009 1 147.5 147.5 % Saturation HI_Kaloko_046 1 82.6 82.6

HI_Kaloko_013 1 92.2 92.2

HI_Kaloko_009 1 87.0 87.0

HI_Kaloko_050 1 82.2 82.2

HI_Kealak_083B 1 83.7 83.7

HI_Kaloko_009 1 88.2 88.2

HI_Honoko_020 1 90.6 90.6 HI_Honoko_037 1 223.3 223.3 HI_Kaloko_053H 1 95.5 95.5 HI_Kaloko_118 1 94.8 94.8

Table 6 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 7.8 7.9 7.9 0.0 HI_Kaloko_016 5 7.6 8.0 7.8 0.1 HI_Kealak_084 4 7.7 8.5 8.0 0.3 HI_Kaloko_119 4 7.3 7.6 7.4 0.1 HI_Kaloko_011 1 7.9 7.9

HI_Kealak_095 1 7.3 7.3

HI_Kealak_096 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kaloko_012 1 7.7 7.7 HI_Kealak_099 1 7.2 7.2 HI_Kaloko_009 1 8.0 8.0 pH none HI_Kaloko_046 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Kaloko_013 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Kaloko_009 1 7.7 7.7

HI_Kaloko_050 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kealak_083B 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kaloko_009 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Honoko_020 1 7.9 7.9

HI_Honoko_037 1 9.3 9.3

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 7.9 7.9 HI_Kaloko_118 1 7.5 7.5 HI_Kaloko_005 4 13.4 13.9 13.5 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 5 8.8 16.4 9.2 3.2 HI_Kealak_084 4 7.0 22.3 21.8 7.5 HI_Kaloko_119 4 14.3 15.6 14.8 0.5 HI_Kaloko_011 1 9.4 9.4

HI_Kealak_095 1 15.6 15.6

HI_Kealak_096 1 15.1 15.1

HI_Kaloko_012 1 13.2 13.2

HI_Kealak_099 1 14.9 14.9

HI_Kaloko_009 1 12.5 12.5 Salinity ppt HI_Kaloko_046 1 12.7 12.7 HI_Kaloko_013 1 11.2 11.2 HI_Kaloko_009 1 13.0 13.0 HI_Kaloko_050 1 12.4 12.4

HI_Kealak_083B 1 17.7 17.7

HI_Kaloko_009 1 12.6 12.6

HI_Honoko_020 1 11.4 11.4

HI_Honoko_037 1 9.5 9.5

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 9.0 9.0

HI_Kaloko_118 1 14.3 14.3

Table 6 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 22.2 23.0 22.4 0.3 HI_Kaloko_016 5 15.1 26.5 15.7 4.8 HI_Kealak_084 4 12.1 35.5 34.8 11.4 HI_Kaloko_119 4 23.6 25.5 24.3 0.8 HI_Kaloko_011 1 16.1 16.1

HI_Kealak_095 1 25.5 25.5

HI_Kealak_096 1 24.8 24.8

HI_Kaloko_012 1 21.9 21.9

HI_Kealak_099 1 24.5 24.5

Specific -1 HI_Kaloko_009 1 20.9 20.9 mS ∙ cm conductance HI_Kaloko_046 1 21.2 21.2

HI_Kaloko_013 1 18.8 18.8

HI_Kaloko_009 1 21.5 21.5 HI_Kaloko_050 1 20.7 20.7 HI_Kealak_083B 1 28.6 28.6 HI_Kaloko_009 1 21.0 21.0

HI_Honoko_020 1 19.2 19.2

HI_Honoko_037 1 16.4 16.4

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 15.4 15.4

HI_Kaloko_118 1 23.5 23.5

HI_Kaloko_005 4 21.4 22.2 21.9 0.3 HI_Kaloko_016 5 19.9 21.8 20.6 0.7 HI_Kealak_084 4 20.4 26.9 25.2 2.8 HI_Kaloko_119 4 20.1 21.5 21.2 0.6 HI_Kaloko_011 1 22.0 22.0 HI_Kealak_095 1 21.1 21.1 HI_Kealak_096 1 22.7 22.7

HI_Kaloko_012 1 20.3 20.3

HI_Kealak_099 1 23.0 23.0

HI_Kaloko_009 1 25.5 25.5 Temperature °C HI_Kaloko_046 1 19.8 19.8

HI_Kaloko_013 1 22.5 22.5

HI_Kaloko_009 1 20.2 20.2

HI_Kaloko_050 1 19.8 19.8

HI_Kealak_083B 1 20.3 20.3 HI_Kaloko_009 1 19.5 19.5 HI_Honoko_020 1 19.9 19.9 HI_Honoko_037 1 30.4 30.4

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 19.8 19.8

HI_Kaloko_118 1 20.6 20.6

Table 6 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2013 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_016 4 0.1 4.9 2.0 2.0 HI_Kealak_084 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_119 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_011 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kealak_096 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kaloko_012 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.1 0.1 Turbidity NTU HI_Kaloko_013 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kealak_083B 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_009 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Honoko_020 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Honoko_037 1 1.0 1.0

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_118 1 0.1 0.1

Table 7. Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 12 86.0 112.0 103.9 8.2 HI_Kaloko_016 12 109.0 139.0 131.0 11.8 HI_Kealak_084 12 26.0 51.7 34.7 6.7 HI_Kaloko_119 12 64.0 90.0 79.0 9.5 HI_Kealak_083C 3 60.0 63.0 63.0 1.7 HI_Honoko_018 3 120.0 131.0 119.5 5.6 HI_Kaloko_133B 3 40.0 47.0 46.0 3.6 HI_Kaloko_011 3 106.5 131.6 118.9 12.5 Total Dissolved -1 µgP ∙ L HI_Kaloko_053H 3 127.0 138.0 135.5 5.9 Phosphorus HI_Kaloko_049 3 92.0 95.0 94.5 1.5 HI_Kaloko_032 3 109.6 120.4 115.2 5.4 HI_Kealak_083B 3 94.0 100.0 96.0 3.2 HI_Kaloko_013 3 109.0 118.0 117.5 4.7 HI_Kaloko_046 3 96.3 118.3 114.9 11.8 HI_Kealak_085A 2 28.0 33.0 25.0 3.5 HI_Kealak_096 3 95.0 99.0 97.0 2.3 HI_Honoko_039 3 59.1 72.8 72.4 7.8 HI_Kaloko_005 12 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_016 12 1.1 1.6 1.5 0.1 HI_Kealak_084 12 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 HI_Kaloko_119 12 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.2 HI_Kealak_083C 3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 HI_Honoko_018 3 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.1 HI_Kaloko_133B 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 HI_Kaloko_011 3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 Total Dissolved -1 mgN ∙ L HI_Kaloko_053H 3 1.4 1.6 1.5 0.1 Nitrogen HI_Kaloko_049 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 HI_Kaloko_032 3 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.1 HI_Kealak_083B 3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 HI_Kaloko_013 3 1.4 1.5 1.4 0.0 HI_Kaloko_046 3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0 HI_Kealak_085A 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 HI_Kealak_096 3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0 HI_Honoko_039 3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.0

Table 7 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 12 977.0 1144.0 1035.1 59.7 HI_Kaloko_016 12 1062.1 1522.0 1339.4 164.1 HI_Kealak_084 12 35.0 190.0 50.8 63.8 HI_Kaloko_119 12 734.1 1340.0 948.1 171.7 HI_Kealak_083C 3 376.0 383.0 378.0 3.6 HI_Honoko_018 3 608.0 759.0 679.0 75.5 HI_Kaloko_133B 3 242.0 291.0 250.0 26.3 HI_Kaloko_011 3 1256.1 1305.7 1251.5 25.9 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 HI_Kaloko_053H 3 1256.0 1567.0 1510.0 165.6 HI_Kaloko_049 3 977.0 1027.0 1005.0 25.1 HI_Kaloko_032 3 936.2 1027.0 982.3 46.2 HI_Kealak_083B 3 554.0 627.0 577.0 37.3 HI_Kaloko_013 3 1283.0 1416.0 1413.0 75.9 HI_Kaloko_046 3 1039.3 1060.6 1040.8 12.2 HI_Kealak_085A 3 38.0 63.0 43.0 13.2 HI_Kealak_096 3 618.0 655.0 625.0 19.7 HI_Honoko_039 3 553.8 592.4 565.7 19.5 HI_Kaloko_005 2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 HI_Kealak_084 2 0.4 1.5 1.0 0.8 HI_Kaloko_119 3 0.7 1.9 1.7 0.6 HI_Honoko_018 1 1.1 1.1

HI_Kaloko_011 1 12.4 12.4

Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HI_Kaloko_053H 1 0.8 0.8

HI_Kaloko_049 1 0.0 0.0

HI_Kaloko_032 1 5.3 5.3

HI_Kealak_083B 1 1.0 1.0

HI_Kaloko_013 1 0.0 0.0 HI_Kealak_085A 1 1.6 1.6 HI_Kealak_096 1 2.6 2.6

Table 7 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 4 3.7 8.2 8.0 2.2 HI_Kaloko_016 4 7.8 8.5 8.2 0.3 HI_Kealak_084 4 3.3 15.9 11.0 5.6 HI_Kaloko_119 4 5.1 12.5 6.7 3.3 HI_Kealak_083C 1 2.9 2.9

HI_Kaloko_133B 1 9.3 9.3

HI_Kaloko_011 1 7.9 7.9

Dissolved Oxygen -1 HI_Kaloko_053H 1 8.2 8.2 mg ∙ L Concentration HI_Kaloko_049 1 6.8 6.8

HI_Kaloko_032 1 1.9 1.9

HI_Kealak_083B 1 4.7 4.7 HI_Kaloko_013 1 7.8 7.8 HI_Kaloko_046 1 7.1 7.1 HI_Kealak_085A 1 6.3 6.3 HI_Kealak_096 1 7.9 7.9 HI_Honoko_039 1 7.8 7.8

HI_Kaloko_005 4 50.6 102.3 97.5 24.3 HI_Kaloko_016 4 94.4 98.6 96.2 1.9 HI_Kealak_084 4 49.7 218.8 158.8 78.7 HI_Kaloko_119 4 66.5 151.7 82.2 38.1 HI_Kealak_083C 1 39.7 39.7

HI_Kaloko_133B 1 121.0 121.0

HI_Kaloko_011 1 92.9 92.9

Dissolved Oxygen HI_Kaloko_053H 1 94.6 94.6 % Saturation HI_Kaloko_049 1 80.8 80.8 HI_Kaloko_032 1 22.6 22.6 HI_Kealak_083B 1 58.3 58.3 HI_Kaloko_013 1 95.3 95.3 HI_Kaloko_046 1 83.4 83.4

HI_Kealak_085A 1 90.0 90.0

HI_Kealak_096 1 105.1 105.1

HI_Honoko_039 1 100.4 100.4

Table 7 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 3 7.8 8.0 7.8 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 4 7.7 8.0 7.8 0.1 HI_Kealak_084 4 7.6 8.5 8.3 0.4 HI_Kaloko_119 4 7.1 8.0 7.3 0.4 HI_Kealak_083C 1 7.2 7.2 HI_Honoko_018 1 7.0 7.0 HI_Kaloko_133B 1 7.5 7.5 HI_Kaloko_011 1 7.6 7.6 pH None HI_Kaloko_053H 1 8.0 8.0 HI_Kaloko_049 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kaloko_032 1 6.9 6.9

HI_Kealak_083B 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kaloko_013 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kaloko_046 1 7.6 7.6

HI_Kealak_085A 1 8.0 8.0

HI_Kealak_096 1 7.3 7.3

HI_Honoko_039 1 7.2 7.2

HI_Kaloko_005 3 12.9 13.3 13.2 0.2 HI_Kaloko_016 3 8.1 8.7 8.4 0.3 HI_Kealak_084 3 21.3 23.2 22.3 1.0 HI_Kaloko_119 3 14.0 14.8 14.4 0.4 HI_Kaloko_133B 1 13.9 13.9 HI_Kaloko_011 1 10.1 10.1

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 8.5 8.5

Salinity ppt HI_Kaloko_049 1 14.4 14.4

HI_Kaloko_032 1 11.1 11.1

HI_Kealak_083B 1 18.5 18.5

HI_Kaloko_013 1 9.0 9.0

HI_Kaloko_046 1 13.0 13.0

HI_Kealak_085A 1 24.2 24.2

HI_Kealak_096 1 14.3 14.3 HI_Honoko_039 1 9.5 9.5

Table 7 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 3 21.4 22.0 21.8 0.3 HI_Kaloko_016 3 14.0 14.8 14.5 0.4 HI_Kealak_084 3 34.0 36.8 35.5 1.4 HI_Kaloko_119 3 23.1 24.4 23.6 0.6 HI_Kaloko_133B 1 23.0 23.0

HI_Kaloko_011 1 17.2 17.2

HI_Kaloko_053H 1 14.6 14.6

Specific -1 mS ∙ cm HI_Kaloko_049 1 23.7 23.7 conductance HI_Kaloko_032 1 18.7 18.7

HI_Kealak_083B 1 29.9 29.9

HI_Kaloko_013 1 15.4 15.4 HI_Kaloko_046 1 21.5 21.5 HI_Kealak_085A 1 38.2 38.2 HI_Kealak_096 1 23.6 23.6 HI_Honoko_039 1 16.3 16.3 HI_Kaloko_005 4 19.4 22.6 21.6 1.5 HI_Kaloko_016 4 19.6 21.1 20.1 0.6 HI_Kealak_084 4 21.6 29.1 25.3 3.1 HI_Kaloko_119 4 19.6 22.7 20.6 1.3 HI_Kealak_083C 1 19.5 19.5

HI_Honoko_018 1 23.1 23.1

HI_Kaloko_133B 1 24.8 24.8

HI_Kaloko_011 1 20.7 20.7

Temperature °C HI_Kaloko_053H 1 19.8 19.8 HI_Kaloko_049 1 19.8 19.8 HI_Kaloko_032 1 21.2 21.2 HI_Kealak_083B 1 20.3 20.3 HI_Kaloko_013 1 22.6 22.6 HI_Kaloko_046 1 19.5 19.5

HI_Kealak_085A 1 26.4 26.4

HI_Kealak_096 1 25.8 25.8

HI_Honoko_039 1 25.1 25.1

Table 7 (continued). Kaloko-Honokōhau 2014 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HI_Kaloko_005 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_016 4 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kealak_084 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Kaloko_119 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HI_Honoko_018 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kaloko_133B 1 1.8 1.8 HI_Kaloko_011 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kaloko_053H 1 0.1 0.1 Turbidity NTU HI_Kaloko_049 1 0.1 0.1 HI_Kaloko_032 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kealak_083B 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_013 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kaloko_046 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kealak_085A 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Kealak_096 1 0.1 0.1

HI_Honoko_039 1 0.1 0.1

Total Dissolved Phosphorus 225 North Pools

) 1 - 200 Central Pools South Pools

µg · L 175 Lower Kaloko Well Upper Kaloko Well 150 Visitors Center Well 125

100

Total Dissolved ( Phosphorus Dissolved Total 25

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 16. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

3.0 Total Dissolved Nitrogen

North Pools Central Pools 2.5 ) 1 - South Pools

g · L Lower Kaloko Well 2.0 Upper Kaloko Well Visitors Center Well

1.5

1.0 Total Dissolved Nitrogen (m 0.5

0.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 17. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

2500 Nitrite + Nitrate

North Pools 2000 Central Pools

) South Pools 1 - Lower Kaloko Well Upper Kaloko Well µg · L 1500 Visitors Center Well

1000 Nitrate + Nitrite ( 500

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 18. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrite + nitrate in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Chlorophyll

8 North Pools Central Pools 7 South Pools

Lower Kaloko Well ) 1 - 6 Upper Kaloko Visitors Center Well 5

Chlorophyll (µg · L · (µg Chlorophyll 2

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 19. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Dissolved Oxygen 40 North Pools Central Pools 35 South Pools Lower Kaloko Well

) 30 1 Upper Kaloko Well - Visitors Center Well 25

15 Oxygen ∙ L (mg Oxygen 10

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Date

Figure 20. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Dissolved Oxygen

500 North Pools 450 Central Pools South Pools

400 Lower Kaloko Well Upper Kaloko Well 350 Visitors Center Well 300 250 200 150 Oxygen (%) Saturation Oxygen 100 50 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Date Figure 21. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park. Lower Kaloko Well data is obscured by Upper Kaloko Well data.

pH North Pools 10.0 Central Pools South Pools Lower Kaloko Well 9.5 Upper Kaloko Well Visitors Center Well 9.0

8.5 pH

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Date Figure 22. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Salinity North Pools 35 Central Pools South Pools Lower Kaloko Well 30 Upper Kaloko Well Visitors Center Well 25

Salinity (ppt) Salinity 10

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 23. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Specific Conductance 45

) 1 - 40 35 30 25

15 North Pools Central Pools 10 South Pools Lower Kaloko Well Upper Kaloko Well Specific Conductance (mS ∙ cm ∙ (mS Conductance Specific 5 Visitors Center Well 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 24. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Temperature North Pools 30 Central Pools South Pools Lower Kaloko Well Upper Kaloko Well Visitors Center Well

27 ° C)

24 Temperature ( Temperature 21

18 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 25. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.

Turbidity

4 North Pools Central Pools South Pools Lower Kaloko Well Upper Kaloko Well 3 Visitors Center Well

2 Turbidity (NTU Turbidity 1

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Date Figure 26. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in anchialine pools summarized by geographic pool group and quarter, and of monitoring wells of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park. Upper Kaloko Well and Lower Kaloko Well data are obscured by Visitor Center Well data.

Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site Fixed sites in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site were sampled 11 times from 2012 to 2014. Annual summaries present the minimum, maximum, median, and variance as standard deviation of all individual measurements at each site across an entire year. Graphs of parameters present stable sonde readings and nutrient concentrations summarized by quarter as mean and 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval may be too small to see on graphs.

2012: Elevated total dissolved nitrogen was observed. 2013: An extended algal bloom was observed during the summer of 2013, as indicated by chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity. High algal biomass clogged filters quickly, reducing the number of field-filtered samples that could be taken. 2014: No notable events were observed.

Table 8. Puʻukoholā Heiau 2012 summary of brackish waterbody water quality.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD1 F-PUHE-01 9 16.7 29.7 22.3 4.9 Total Phosphorus µgP ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 9 16.7 74.9 26.3 19.2 F-PUHE-03 9 18.6 40.2 24.8 7.1 F-PUHE-01 9 0.5 3.0 1.3 1.0 Total Nitrogen mgN ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 9 0.6 2.9 1.5 0.9 F-PUHE-03 9 0.6 4.0 1.5 1.5 F-PUHE-01 9 2.1 126.2 54.8 47.1 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 9 3.4 183.8 64.0 68.8 F-PUHE-03 9 13.7 94.7 78.0 26.9 F-PUHE-01 2 35.7 56.6 46.1 14.8 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 2 61.3 63.6 62.5 1.6 F-PUHE-03 2 60.3 79.5 69.9 13.6 F-PUHE-01 3 6.5 9.5 7.5 1.5 Dissolved Oxygen -1 mg ∙ L F-PUHE-02 3 5.4 10.2 6.6 2.5 Concentration F-PUHE-03 3 3.6 9.5 4.8 3.1 F-PUHE-01 3 85.1 123.7 93.2 20.3 Dissolved Oxygen % F-PUHE-02 3 70.5 135.0 80.8 34.7 Saturation F-PUHE-03 3 47.5 122.8 58.4 40.7 F-PUHE-01 3 7.7 9.1 8.5 0.7 pH none F-PUHE-02 3 7.5 9.1 8.5 0.8 F-PUHE-03 3 7.3 9.0 8.4 0.9 F-PUHE-01 3 2.8 20.0 6.3 9.1 Salinity ppt F-PUHE-02 3 2.8 17.6 6.2 7.8 F-PUHE-03 3 2.8 20.3 6.1 9.3 F-PUHE-01 3 5.2 32.1 11.1 14.1 Specific Conductance mS ∙ cm-1 F-PUHE-02 3 5.2 28.5 11.1 12.2 F-PUHE-03 3 5.2 32.4 10.9 14.4 F-PUHE-01 3 23.0 27.0 25.4 2.0 Temperature °C F-PUHE-02 3 23.9 28.1 24.8 2.2 F-PUHE-03 3 23.2 26.6 24.4 1.7 F-PUHE-01 3 3.6 19.7 13.5 8.1 Turbidity NTU F-PUHE-02 1 16.8 16.8 F-PUHE-03 2 13.3 15.5 14.4 1.6

1 Standard Deviation not calculated for data with n = 1.

Table 9. Puʻukoholā Heiau 2013 summary of brackish waterbody water quality.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD F-PUHE-01 3 81.1 103.7 53.6 12.3 Total Phosphorus µgP ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 6 18.6 141.2 21.7 52.9 F-PUHE-03 6 34.7 126.6 28.5 40.1 F-PUHE-01 3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 Total Nitrogen mgN ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 6 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.2 F-PUHE-03 6 0.9 1.4 1.4 0.2 F-PUHE-01 3 2.0 3.1 63.6 0.6 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 6 2.9 32.6 32.6 11.5 F-PUHE-03 6 2.7 6.0 4.5 1.2 F-PUHE-01 4 131.3 553.1 208.7 194.3 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 4 107.7 565.8 210.4 205.3 F-PUHE-03 4 114.0 488.5 209.9 169.3 F-PUHE-01 4 11.7 14.8 12.0 1.5 Dissolved Oxygen -1 mg ∙ L F-PUHE-02 4 11.3 14.8 12.4 1.5 Concentration F-PUHE-03 4 8.1 14.8 13.2 3.2 F-PUHE-01 4 147.6 180.6 158.9 14.3 Dissolved Oxygen % F-PUHE-02 4 165.2 182.1 173.6 9.5 Saturation F-PUHE-03 4 124.4 203.3 166.8 33.1 F-PUHE-01 4 7.9 8.4 8.2 0.2 pH none F-PUHE-02 4 7.9 8.5 8.2 0.3 F-PUHE-03 4 7.7 8.5 8.2 0.3 F-PUHE-01 4 6.5 27.2 7.9 10.0 Salinity ppt F-PUHE-02 4 6.4 27.2 10.5 9.8 F-PUHE-03 4 6.3 26.7 10.4 9.6 F-PUHE-01 4 11.4 42.5 13.7 14.9 Specific Conductance mS ∙ cm-1 F-PUHE-02 4 11.3 42.6 17.7 14.8 F-PUHE-03 4 11.2 41.9 17.6 14.4 F-PUHE-01 4 26.5 29.8 28.5 1.4 Temperature °C F-PUHE-02 4 28.2 31.4 29.6 1.4 F-PUHE-03 4 28.1 31.6 29.5 1.6 F-PUHE-01 3 14.0 21.7 14.4 4.3 Turbidity NTU F-PUHE-02 4 12.0 154.0 20.8 68.2 F-PUHE-03 4 16.0 95.1 18.1 38.8

Table 10. Puʻukoholā Heiau 2014 summary of brackish waterbody water quality.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD1 F-PUHE-01 9 16.0 87.0 24.5 27.3 Total Phosphorus µgP ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 9 20.0 108.0 23.0 42.0 F-PUHE-03 8 21.0 120.0 34.5 42.3 F-PUHE-01 9 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.3 Total Nitrogen mgN ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 9 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.3 F-PUHE-03 8 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.3 F-PUHE-01 1 2.0 2.0 4.0 Nitrite + Nitrate µgN ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 6 10.0 131.0 24.0 59.5 F-PUHE-03 5 3.0 27.0 19.0 10.1 F-PUHE-01 4 0.0 148.1 13.6 69.9 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 F-PUHE-02 2 9.7 14.9 12.3 3.6 F-PUHE-03 3 4.7 17.9 9.7 6.7 F-PUHE-01 4 3.8 10.0 7.2 3.1 Dissolved Oxygen -1 mg ∙ L F-PUHE-02 4 3.8 14.7 9.3 5.5 Concentration F-PUHE-03 4 3.5 8.7 3.9 2.5 F-PUHE-01 3 60.8 116.4 71.5 29.5 Dissolved Oxygen % F-PUHE-02 2 60.6 76.2 68.4 11.0 Saturation F-PUHE-03 3 42.7 61.8 54.9 9.7 F-PUHE-01 4 7.3 8.4 8.0 0.5 pH none F-PUHE-02 4 7.3 8.4 8.1 0.5 F-PUHE-03 4 7.3 8.2 7.6 0.3 F-PUHE-01 4 3.6 45.3 20.3 18.8 Salinity ppt F-PUHE-02 4 3.2 42.5 18.3 18.7 F-PUHE-03 4 3.5 42.1 20.4 17.6 F-PUHE-01 4 6.6 66.7 32.3 27.1 Specific Conductance mS ∙ cm-1 F-PUHE-02 4 5.9 63.1 29.2 27.3 F-PUHE-03 4 6.4 62.5 32.5 25.5 F-PUHE-01 4 25.4 31.4 29.4 2.7 Temperature °C F-PUHE-02 4 27.3 31.6 29.6 2.1 F-PUHE-03 4 24.0 31.1 28.6 3.4 F-PUHE-01 3 1.0 15.1 3.6 7.5 Turbidity NTU F-PUHE-02 3 2.0 13.3 4.2 6.0 F-PUHE-03 3 0.5 10.4 0.9 5.6

1 Standard Deviation not calculated for data with n = 1.

Total Dissolved Phosphorus 140

) 1 - L

· 120 µ g 100

20 Total Dissolved ( Phosphorus Dissolved Total 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 27. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in the waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Total Dissolved Nitrogen 4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

Total Dissolved Nitrogen (mg · (mg Nitrogen Dissolved Total 0.5

0.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 28. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Nitrate + Nitrite 1200

1000

) 1 - 800 µg · L (

2 600 + NO 3 400 NO

200

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 29. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate + nitrite in the waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Chlorophyll 600

500

) 1 - 400 µg · L 300

200 Chlorophyll ( Chlorophyll

100

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 30. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total chlorophyll in the waterbody in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 16

) 1 - 12

4 Dissolved Oxygen · L (mg Oxygen Dissolved

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 31. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Dissolved Oxygen Saturation 200 180

160 140 120 100 80 60 Dissolved Oxygen (%) Oxygen Dissolved 40 20 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 32. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

pH 9.5

9.0

8.5

pH 8.0

7.5

7.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 33. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Salinity 45

20 Salinity (ppt) Salinity 15

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 34. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Specific Conductance 70

) 1 - 60 · cm 50

Specirfic conductance (ms (ms conductance Specirfic 10

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 35. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Temperature 33 32 31 30

° C) 29 28 27 26

Temperature ( Temperature 25 24 23 22 21 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 36. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Turbidity 140

120

100

60 Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity 40

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date Figure 37. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in the waterbody at in Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site summarized by quarter.

Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Fixed sites in Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau were sampled 12 times from 2012 to 2014. Annual summaries present the minimum, maximum, median, and variance as standard deviation of all individual measurements at each site across an entire year. Graphs of parameters present stable sonde readings and nutrient concentrations summarized by site and quarter as mean and 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval may be too small to see on graphs.

HA_Kiilae_001 2012: No notable events were observed in this pool. 2013: This site was dropped in 2013 due to safety concerns with accessing the pool.

HA_Keokea_003 2012: No notable events were observed in this pool. 2013: No notable events were observed in this pool. 2014: Spikes in TDN, nitrate + nitrite, chlorophyll, and salinity were observed.

HA_Keokea_004 2013: No notable events were observed in this pool. 2014: Increases in nitrates, salinity, and SpC were observed.

HA_Honaun_002 2012: Increases in oxygen and pH were observed. 2013: A dip in TDP was observed, but concentrations were within previously observed ranges. An algal bloom may have occurred in the first quarter as indicated by chlorophyll. 2014: Increases in salinity were and SpC observed.

HA_Honaun_003 2012: Increases in oxygen and pH were observed. 2013: A dip in TDP was observed, but concentrations were within previously observed ranges. A spike in turbidity was observed. 2014: Increases in salinity and SpC were observed.

HA_Honaun_004 2012: Increases in oxygen and pH were observed. 2013: A dip in TDP was observed, but concentrations were within previously observed ranges. 2014: Increases in salinity and SpC were observed.

Table 11. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Kiilae_001 9 104.9 118.5 109.9 4.2 HA_Keokea_003 6 98.1 108.6 100.7 4.0 Total Dissolved -1 µgP ∙ L HA_Honaun_003 9 56.9 104.3 82.3 17.0 Phosphorus HA_Honaun_004 9 50.4 96.9 58.5 14.4 HA_Honaun_002 9 59.4 81.7 73.3 5.8 HA_Kiilae_001 9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.0 HA_Keokea_003 6 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.0 Total Dissolved -1 mgN ∙ L HA_Honaun_003 9 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 Nitrogen HA_Honaun_004 9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 HA_Honaun_002 9 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 HA_Kiilae_001 9 413.0 530.7 490.2 43.8 HA_Keokea_003 6 821.8 953.4 903.8 47.5 Nitrate + Nitrite µgN ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_003 9 48.9 173.4 67.8 51.9 HA_Honaun_004 9 0.5 266.9 172.1 107.8 HA_Honaun_002 9 118.1 295.9 228.9 57.1 HA_Kiilae_001 3 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 HA_Keokea_003 2 0.0 1.1 0.5 0.8 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_003 3 7.1 8.9 8.8 1.0 HA_Honaun_004 3 14.9 5.7 5.7 6.5 HA_Honaun_002 2 4.8 8.4 6.6 2.5

Table 11 (continued). Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2012 summary of water quality in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Kiilae_001 3 7.8 8.3 8.2 0.3 HA_Keokea_003 2 5.2 6.5 5.9 0.9 Dissolved Oxygen -1 mg ∙ L HA_Honaun_003 3 3.4 9.5 9.0 3.4 Concentration HA_Honaun_004 3 11.4 4.0 11.4 4.4 HA_Honaun_002 3 11.4 4.3 11.4 4.8 HA_Kiilae_001 3 89.5 95.1 93.8 2.9 HA_Keokea_003 1 78.6 78.6 Dissolved Oxygen % HA_Honaun_003 3 124.3 44.6 124.3 47.3 Saturation HA_Honaun_004 3 154.4 50.9 154.4 63.3 HA_Honaun_002 3 159.1 55.6 159.1 64.6 HA_Kiilae_001 3 7.7 9.0 7.7 0.8 HA_Keokea_003 2 6.9 8.5 7.7 1.1 pH none HA_Honaun_003 3 8.0 8.8 8.2 0.4 HA_Honaun_004 3 8.1 8.7 8.2 0.3 HA_Honaun_002 3 8.1 8.6 8.3 0.2 HA_Kiilae_001 3 5.3 5.4 5.3 0.1 HA_Keokea_003 2 7.9 7.9 7.9 0.0 Salinity ppt HA_Honaun_003 3 13.3 14.7 14.7 0.8 HA_Honaun_004 3 13.8 7.9 13.8 3.6 HA_Honaun_002 3 13.4 8.5 13.4 3.3 HA_Kiilae_001 3 9.4 9.6 9.4 0.1 HA_Keokea_003 2 13.6 13.6 13.6 0.0 Specific -1 mS ∙ cm HA_Honaun_003 3 22.2 24.3 24.2 1.2 Conductance HA_Honaun_004 3 13.8 23.9 22.8 5.5 HA_Honaun_002 3 14.7 24.6 22.3 5.2 HA_Kiilae_001 3 20.1 20.3 20.3 0.1 HA_Keokea_003 2 22.4 22.4 22.4 0.0 Temperature °C HA_Honaun_003 3 24.6 27.5 27.2 1.6 HA_Honaun_004 3 23.9 29.0 28.7 2.8 HA_Honaun_002 3 24.3 28.2 26.7 2.0 HA_Kiilae_001 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HA_Keokea_003 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Turbidity NTU HA_Honaun_003 3 0.1 5.6 4.0 2.8 HA_Honaun_004 2 0.1 1.6 0.8 1.0 HA_Honaun_002 2 0.1 3.0 1.6 2.0

Table 12. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2013 summary of water quality in in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Kiilae_001 3 114.2 120.4 120.4 3.6 HA_Keokea_003 12 75.8 117.0 108.6 15.1

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Honaun_003 12 47.9 127.5 67.5 31.2 µgP ∙ L Phosphorus HA_Honaun_004 12 23.5 126.6 38.4 41.0 HA_Honaun_002 12 34.6 64.4 54.6 10.8 HA_Keokea_004 6 491.6 568.7 510.5 37.8 HA_Kiilae_001 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 HA_Keokea_003 12 1.0 1.7 1.3 0.3

Total Dissolved -1 HA_Honaun_003 12 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 mgN ∙ L Nitrogen HA_Honaun_004 12 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 HA_Honaun_002 12 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 HA_Keokea_004 6 0.5 1.8 0.6 0.6 HA_Kiilae_001 3 471.8 510.9 506.1 21.3 HA_Keokea_003 12 897.4 1599.3 1156.7 299.0 HA_Honaun_003 12 0.5 22.3 12.8 8.4 Nitrate + Nitrite µgN ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_004 12 0.5 157.9 55.0 70.4 HA_Honaun_002 12 113.7 209.3 147.6 36.6 HA_Keokea_004 6 149.0 404.8 170.3 114.6 HA_Kiilae_001 1 0.0 0.0 HA_Keokea_003 3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 HA_Honaun_003 4 0.0 6.0 2.6 3.0 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_004 4 0.9 4.1 2.7 1.3 HA_Honaun_002 4 16.0 8.1 6.0 6.0 HA_Keokea_004 2 0.7 8.3 4.5 5.4 HA_Keokea_003 4 14.7 6.7 10.7 4.7 HA_Honaun_003 3 11.2 2.7 11.2 6.2 Dissolved Oxygen mg ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_004 4 11.4 4.9 12.2 6.7 Concentration HA_Honaun_002 4 11.9 5.4 12.1 8.6 HA_Keokea_004 2 14.0 3.4 8.7 7.5 HA_Keokea_003 4 177.7 80.7 79.7 65.6 HA_Honaun_003 2 172.5 37.3 104.9 95.6 Dissolved Oxygen % HA_Honaun_004 3 167.4 64.6 167.4 71.2 Saturation HA_Honaun_002 2 172.0 71.6 121.8 71.0 HA_Keokea_004 2 197.1 48.5 122.8 105.1

Table 12 (continued). Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2013 summary of water quality in in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Kiilae_001 1 7.6 7.6 HA_Keokea_003 4 6.8 6.9 6.8 0.1 HA_Honaun_003 4 6.8 8.1 7.5 0.7 pH None HA_Honaun_004 4 7.3 8.3 8.2 0.5 HA_Honaun_002 4 7.3 8.4 8.1 0.5 HA_Keokea_004 2 7.1 8.3 7.7 0.8 HA_Kiilae_001 1 5.3 5.3 HA_Keokea_003 4 7.6 8.0 7.8 0.2 HA_Honaun_003 4 13.1 7.8 13.9 3.4 Salinity ppt HA_Honaun_004 4 12.7 15.1 14.0 1.0 HA_Honaun_002 4 13.8 8.4 14.1 3.1 HA_Keokea_004 2 7.7 8.1 7.9 0.2 HA_Kiilae_001 1 9.4 9.4 HA_Keokea_003 4 13.2 13.7 13.5 0.2

Specific -1 HA_Honaun_003 4 13.6 25.0 23.2 5.3 mS ∙ cm Conductance HA_Honaun_004 4 21.5 25.1 23.3 1.5 HA_Honaun_002 4 14.7 25.3 23.4 4.8 HA_Keokea_004 2 13.5 14.1 13.8 0.4 HA_Kiilae_001 1 20.3 20.3 HA_Keokea_003 4 22.6 22.8 22.7 0.1 HA_Honaun_003 4 22.7 31.1 28.6 3.6 Temperature °C HA_Honaun_004 4 25.9 37.9 33.4 5.2 HA_Honaun_002 4 26.1 33.5 29.9 3.1 HA_Keokea_004 2 31.2 32.2 31.7 0.7 HA_Kiilae_001 1 0.1 0.1 HA_Keokea_003 3 0.1 51.1 5.6 28.0 HA_Honaun_003 3 0.1 51.4 4.1 28.5 Turbidity NTU HA_Honaun_004 3 12.5 8.0 8.0 3.6 HA_Honaun_002 3 0.1 5.7 5.7 6.1 HA_Keokea_004 1 103.4 103.4

Table 13. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2014 summary of water quality in in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Keokea_003 12 89.0 132.0 120.5 16.6 HA_Honaun_003 12 67.0 120.0 90.0 14.3 Total Dissolved -1 µgP ∙ L HA_Honaun_004 15 59.0 114.0 85.4 18.1 Phosphorus HA_Honaun_002 12 22.0 76.0 61.0 19.3 HA_Keokea_004 12 200.0 1220.0 417.0 395.0 HA_Keokea_003 11 1.0 3.4 1.2 1.0 HA_Honaun_003 12 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 Total Dissolved -1 mgN ∙ L HA_Honaun_004 15 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.1 Nitrogen HA_Honaun_002 12 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 HA_Keokea_004 12 1.0 1.9 1.3 0.4 HA_Keokea_003 11 930.0 3148.0 1012.0 952.9 HA_Honaun_003 12 3.0 89.0 69.0 35.3 Nitrate + Nitrite µgN ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_004 15 38.0 299.0 124.5 88.6 HA_Honaun_002 12 1.0 314.0 178.0 111.9 HA_Keokea_004 12 52.0 1019.0 304.0 343.2 HA_Keokea_003 4 0.1 8.1 1.6 3.7 HA_Honaun_003 3 4.5 8.4 5.1 2.1 Chlorophyll µg ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_004 5 16.8 3.9 3.4 6.3 HA_Honaun_002 3 2.3 6.8 4.3 2.3 HA_Keokea_004 2 13.5 4.9 4.9 6.1 HA_Keokea_003 4 6.3 6.9 6.6 0.3 HA_Honaun_003 Dissolved 4 11.7 7.8 6.0 4.0 Oxygen mg ∙ L-1 HA_Honaun_004 5 11.5 7.9 6.3 2.7 Concentration HA_Honaun_002 4 10.2 6.1 8.1 3.9 HA_Keokea_004 3 3.9 6.9 4.0 1.7 HA_Keokea_003 4 77.4 85.8 84.4 3.8 HA_Honaun_003 Dissolved 3 104.8 65.4 104.8 58.0 Oxygen % HA_Honaun_004 4 104.2 97.4 87.3 18.3 Saturation HA_Honaun_002 3 135.1 84.1 84.1 30.8 HA_Keokea_004 2 50.2 61.5 50.2 8.0 HA_Keokea_003 4 6.5 6.9 6.7 0.2 HA_Honaun_003 4 7.3 8.0 7.5 0.3 pH None HA_Honaun_004 5 7.2 7.9 7.4 0.3 HA_Honaun_002 4 7.4 8.2 7.6 0.4

Table 13 (continued). Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 2014 summary of water quality in in anchialine pools.

Parameter Unit Site n Minimum Maximum Median SD HA_Keokea_004 3 7.0 7.2 7.1 0.1

HA_Keokea_003 4 16.1 7.7 11.9 5.2 HA_Honaun_003 4 14.7 37.0 23.1 10.6 Salinity ppt HA_Honaun_004 5 10.1 36.5 17.9 10.5 HA_Honaun_002 4 13.1 33.1 16.4 9.2 HA_Keokea_004 3 16.7 7.0 8.3 6.6 HA_Keokea_003 4 13.2 27.6 19.8 7.9 HA_Honaun_003 4 24.2 55.8 36.5 14.9 Specific -1 mS ∙ cm HA_Honaun_004 5 17.3 55.2 29.1 15.0 Conductance HA_Honaun_002 4 21.8 50.5 26.8 13.2 HA_Keokea_004 3 12.2 7.3 14.3 10.3 HA_Keokea_003 4 22.5 23.2 22.8 0.3 HA_Honaun_003 4 24.7 33.2 27.0 3.7 Temperature °C HA_Honaun_004 5 22.6 36.5 27.4 5.1 HA_Honaun_002 4 23.7 32.7 26.0 3.9 HA_Keokea_004 3 24.5 36.7 25.1 6.7 HA_Keokea_003 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 HA_Honaun_003 4 0.1 3.5 0.8 1.5 Turbidity NTU HA_Honaun_004 5 0.1 1.8 0.3 0.7 HA_Honaun_002 4 0.1 4.4 1.9 1.8 HA_Keokea_004 1 23.4 23.4

A. Total Dissolved Phosphorus 140 - L · 120

100

) 1 60

40 Honaun002 Honaun003 20 Honaun004 Keokea003 Kilae001 0 Total Dissolved Phosphorus (ug (ug Phosphorus Dissolved Total 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

B. Total Dissolved Phosphorus

) 1,250 1

- Honaun002 L

· Honaun003 Honaun004 1,000 Keokea003 Keokea004 Kilae001 750

500

250

0 Total Dissolved Phosphorus (ug (ug Phosphorus Dissolved Total 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 38. A) Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved phosphorus in anchialine pools in Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter without pool HA_Keokea_004 and B) with pool HA_Keokea_004. Note that y-axis scales are different between panels: A) 0 - 140 µg · L-1, B) 0 - 1250 µg · L-1.

Total Dissolved Nitrogen 3.5 Honaun002

)

1 Honaun003 - L

3.0 Honaun004 Keokea003 2.5 Keokea004 Kilae001 2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5 Total Dissolved Nitrogen (mg · (mg Nitrogen Dissolved Total

0.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 39. Mean and 95% confidence interval of total dissolved nitrogen in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter

Nitrate + Nitrite 3,500 Honaun002 Honaun003 3,000 Honaun004 Keokea003 2,500 Keokea004

) 1

- Kilae001 2,000 µg · L (

2 1,500 + NO 3 1,000 NO 500

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 40. Mean and 95% confidence interval of nitrate+nitrite in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Chlorophyll 40 Honaun002 Honaun003 35 Honaun004

) 1 - 30 Keokea003 Keokea004 µg · L 25 Kilae001 20

15 Chlorophyll ( Chlorophyll 10

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 41. Mean and 95% confidence interval of chlorophyll in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 15

)

1 12 -

Honaun002 Honaun003 3 Honaun004 Dissolved Oxygen · L (mg Oxygen Dissolved Keokea003 Keokea004 Kilae001 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 42. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen concentration in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Dissolved Oxygen Saturation 200

175

) 150

125

100

Dissolved Oxygen (% Oxygen Dissolved Honaun002 50 Honaun003 Honaun004 25 Keokea003 Keokea004 0 Kilae001 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 43. Mean and 95% confidence interval of dissolved oxygen saturation in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

pH Honaun002 9.0 Honaun003 Honaun004 Keokea003 8.5 Keokea004 Kilae001

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 44. Mean and 95% confidence interval of pH in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Salinity 40 Honaun002 Honaun003 35 Honaun004 30 Keokea003 Keokea004

25 Kilae001

Salinity (ppt) Salinity 15

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 45. Mean and 95% confidence interval of salinity in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Specific Conductance 60 Honaun002

55 ) Honaun003 1 - 50 Honaun004

· cm 45 Keokea003 Keokea004 40 Kilae001 35 30 25 20 15 10 Specirfic conductance (ms (ms conductance Specirfic 5 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 46. Mean and 95% confidence interval of specific conductance in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Temperature 40 Honaun002 Honaun003 Honaun004 Keokea003 35 Keokea004 Kilae001 C) °

30 Temperature ( Temperature 25

20 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 47. Mean and 95% confidence interval of temperature in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Turbidity 110 Honaun002 100 Honaun003 Honaun004 90 Keokea003 80 Keokea004 Kilae001 70 60 50 40 Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity 30 20 10 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date

Figure 48. Mean and 95% confidence interval of turbidity in anchialine pools of Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau summarized by quarter.

Literature Cited 16 U.S.C. 1,3,9a,460 1-6a(e), 462(k); C.F.R. Title 36 Chapter I, (Parts 1-199).

State of Hawaii, 2012. Title 11, Chapter 54, Water Quality Standards, Hawaii Administrative Rules, Department of Health.

Helsel, D. R. and R. M. Hirsch. 2002. Statistical Methods in Water Resources. US Geological Survey Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 4, Chapter A3. U.S. Geological Survey.

Holthuis, L. B., 1973, Caridean shrimps found in land-locked saltwater pools at four indo-west Pacific localities (Sinai Peninsula, Funafuti Atoll, Maui and Hawaiʻi Islands), with the description of one genus and four new species, Zoologische Verhandelingen 128:3-55.

Izuka, S. K, J. A. Perreault, T. Jones, and K. Kozar. 2011. Protocol for long term groundwater- hydrology monitoring in American Memorial Park, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Hawai‘i: Version 1.0. Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2011/472. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Jones, T., K. DeVerse, G. Dicus, D. McKay, A. Farahi, K. Kozar, and E. Brown. 2011. Water quality vital signs monitoring protocol for the Pacific Island Network: Volume 1; Version 1.0. Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2011/418. National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO.

https://irma.nps.gov/Reference.mvc/DownloadDigitalFile?code=430113&file=2011_PACN_water_q uality_protocol_narrative.pdf

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