UNIT 1 : EARLY EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS IN

UNIT STRUCTURE

1.1 Learning Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Advent of the Early European in India 1.3.1 The Portuguese 1.3.2 The Dutch 1.3.3 The Danes 1.3.4 The English 1.3.5 The French 1.4 Anglo-French Conflicts 1.4.1 1.4.2 Second Carnatic War 1.4.3 Third Carnatic war 1.5 Joseph Francois Dupleix 1.5.1 Causes for the failure of Dupleix 1.6 Let us sum up 1.7 Further reading 1.8 Answers to check your progress 1.9 Model questions

1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES :

After going through this unit, you will be able to :-  Know the discovery of direct new sea route between India and West ern World.  Explain the direct commercial and diplomatic communication be- tween India and Western World.  Discuss the commercial rivalry among the European Powers in India and later colonial supremacy of British in India.

History (Block 1) 5 Unit 1 Early European Settlements in India 1.2 INTRODUCTION :

This is the first unit of this course. In this unit, we are going to dis- cuss the discovery of new Sea route to India by Portuguese navigator, Vasco-da-Gama in 1498. We know that the Portuguese were the first to trade with India and after this discovery; a new chapter in the history of India began. After them, the Dutch, the British and the French. They were involved in commercial rivalries with each other in India. There was a tough struggle for supremacy between the French and the British and eventually the British came out successful.

1.3 ADVENT OF THE EARLY EUROPEANS IN INDIA

India had commercial relations with the countries of the Europe from time immemorial. India was known for her wealth and prosperity through- out Europe. The European nations were always eager to trade with India. During the Middle ages trade between Europe and India was carried on along several routes. One was by sea along the Persian Gulf and from there overland through Iraq and Turkey and then by sea to venice. A second was via Red sea and then overland to Alexendria and from there by sea to Venice and Genoa. A third was the overland route which is lay through the passes of the North East Frontier of India, Central Asia and Russia to the Baltic. From India, Arab Merchants and Sailors imported various goods from Asia to Europe passed through many hands. Trade was highly profit- able, especially the spice trade. But this trade suffered in the later middle ages. The fall of Asia Minor and Constantinople into Turkish hands in 1453, the expansion of Turkish power into Europe and the hostility between Chris- tian and Muslims hampered this trading pattern that had been in vogue in the middle ages. On the other hand, the Italians opposed the entry of the west European merchants into trade with India along the traditional land and sea routes. But , since Indian spices were much in demand in Europe to keep meat palatable for the winter months and trade in spices was highly profitable, the West European merchants began to search for new and

6 History (Block 1) Early European Settlements in India Unit 1 safer direct sea routes to India. On the other hand, the fifteenth century Renaissance engendered a spirit of adventure and enterprise in European minds. This new spirit also manifested itself in new geographical discover- ies and sailors undertook perilos voyages accross high seas to discover unknown lands. We are now going to discuss about the European coun- tries which took leading steps to discover the new sea routes and reached India.

Figure: 1.1 Sea Routes used by Europeans to India Source: google image 1.3.1 THE PORTUGUESE

Do you know who are Portuguese? Portuguese are an ethnic group of indigenous to the country of Portugal, in the west of the lberian Pensisula of South Western Europe. The Portuguese sailors were successful to materialize the discovery ofnew sea route in India. Portuguese sailor Bartholomew Diaz started his journey and reached in the southern part of Africa. He could not able to proceed further due to heavy storm in that Island and returned from that place giving the name of that place as the 'cape of storm'. 'Vasco-Da-Gama' ventured to cross the cape of storm and reached near Calicut in the year 1498 on the western coast of India. As he could not get any trouble in the cape of storm and could easily enter into the stream of Indian Ocean he renamed that Island as 'Cape of Good Hope'.

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Vasco-Da-Gama received a good treatment from the Hindu rulers of Calicut, bearing the hereditary title of Zamorin

Figure 1.2 : VASCO-DA-GAMA Source : google image After Vasco Da Gama, cabralcame. He reached in 1500 . Vasco- Da-Gama came for the second time in 1502. He erected a factory at Cochin and returned to Lisbon in 1505. The King of Portugal appointed a Viceroy named Francisco De Almeida. He defeated the Zamorin 1506 and com- pelled the rules of Ceylon to pay him a tribute of cinnamon and elephants. In the spring of 1509 Alameida defeated the combined fleets of Egyptians, the Zamorian and the King of Gujarat at Diu. This victory turned 'the Indian ocean for the next century into a Portuguese Sea' Alfonso de Albuquesrque was the Second viceroy of the Portuguese in India. He occupied Goa in 1510 and made it the seat of Portuguese authority. Albuquerque was the real founder of Portuguese power in India. He tried to establish friendly relations with the Hindu rulers. He died in 1515. In Course of time, the Portuguese established their settlements in Diu, Daman, Salsette, Bassein , Chaul, Hoogly , Ceylon. But the Portuguese power in India declined in the seventeenth century. Several causes led to their decline. Some of the important causes are - Firstly Albuquerque was an able Governor and he was the real founder of the Portuguese possessions in India but unfortunately his suc- cessors were not very able and competent. They therefore, could not con- solidate to what he gained. Secondly, Portuguese also did not follow policy of religious toleration. Their

8 History (Block 1) Early European Settlements in India Unit 1 policy of intoleration earned hatred of them. Thirdly their trading method was piratical. Fourthly, Portuguese officers were very corrupt with the result that the administration became inefficient and weak. Fifthly, after the discovery of Brazil by the Portuguese, the colonising activities of Portugal to India gradually began to decline. Lastly they failed to compete successfully with other European com- panies. Thus the Portuguese, who had got thier foothold on the soil of India at a very early stage, had to disappear from the scene. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. When and where Vasco-Da-Gama reached in In- dia? ...... 2. Write two reasons of Decline of Portuguese power in India...... 3. What do you mean by Zamrin? ...... 4. Write three Chief Settlement of Portguese in India...... 5. Who was the first viceroy of the Portuguese Possession in India? ......

1.3.2 THE DUTCH :

Like to Portuguese, the Dutch one of the foremost maritime power of Europe also desired to trade with India. But who were the Dutch? The people of Holland were popularly known as the Dutch. By 1956, the Dutch navigators rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Sumatea and Banton. In 1602 the Dutch states general sanctioned the formation of the United for carrying on trade with India. They had to face sharp opposition from the Portuguese in the beginning and finally the Dutch emerged successful and captured a number of Places from the

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rivals. The main aim of the Dutch company was to import spices from India and for the whole of the 17th Century they were the Chief spice traders from the East to West. The Dutch established thier factories at different places in India. The most notable of those places were Musalipattam, Surat, Karikal, Chinsura, Nagaptam, Cassimbazar, Balasore,Patna and Cochin. Besides spices, they were making hectic business in Silk, Cotton, goods, rice, Indigo and opium. In the long struggle between the English and Dutch the English became victorious and the Dutch power began to decline.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 6. Who were Dutch? ...... 7. In which year the United East India Company of Nederland was founded? ...... 8. Name two places where Dutch established Factory in India? ......

1.3.3THE DANES IN INDIA

The people of Denmark or Danes also came to India towards the later part of 17tH Century. They made Serampur in as the Chief Centre of thier trade activities. They were very weak than other European and with foundation of the , the Danish hope to thrive ended power.

1.3.4 THE ENGLISH

Like other Europeans, Englishmen also were desires of getting the things produced in India and the far east. The English were also afraid of Challenging the naval supremacy of Spain and Portugal but the successful sea voyage of the English navigators round the world in 1580, and the victory over the 'invincible Spanish Armada' finally emboldened the English

1 0 History (Block 1) Early European Settlements in India Unit 1 to undertake trading voyages to the East. After their victory over the Span- ish Armada in 1588, their desire to trade directly began to increase. In 1600 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to the Governor and Company of mer- chants of London trading into the East Indies. The Charter was given for 15 years and the same could be cancelled after giving a notice of two years. It was in 1608 that the first attempt was made to establish factories in India. The company sent Captain Hawkins to India and he reached the court of in 1609. He was received favourably at the court and the English were given the permission to settle at Surat. However, the concession was cancelled on account of Portuguese influence at the Mughal Court. In 1612 Captain Best defeated the Portuguese in Surat. The result was that the English Company got the permission to set up a factory at Surat in 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was sent to the court of Jahangir by James I, king of England. He was successful in securing certain trading concessions for the English Company from the Mughal Emperor. In 1622, the English cap- tured Ormuz from the Portuguese. In 1640, Fort St. George was built at Madras. In 1633, factories were set up at Balasore and Hariharpur. In 1651, a factory was set up at Hooghly. In 1661, London Company got the island of Bombay from Charles II at a nominal rent. Job Charnok had been trying to establish a settlement on the present site of Calcutta since 1686 but had to abandon his project on account of the outbreak of hostilities with Aurangazeb. But after the conclusion of the peace he was permitted to establish a factory at Sutanati in 1690. In 1696, occurred the rebellion of Sova Sing, a Zamindar of Burdwan. It caused great panic and as a measure of security the English were permitted to fortify their new factory. in 1698 two years later they were permitted to pur- chase the village of Sutanati, Kalikata and Gobindapur, which later devel- oped into the great city of Calcutta. Thus, the city of Calcutta began to grow. In 1700 the forfeited factory was named Fort William after King Will- iam III of England and it became the seat of a Presidency under a President and a Council.

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In 1714 an embassy was sent to led by John Surman. In 1717 he secured from a Farman granting substantial concessions to the company. This Farman has been described as the Magnacarta of the Company. The concessions obtained by Surman added to the power and prosperity of the English East India Company in , madras, Surat and Bombay.

LET US KNOW Farman was a royal order bearing the seal of the Em- peror during the Mughal period of Indian History. Every piece of official document was not a Farman. A Farman was an order directly from the Emperor.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 9. In which year Queen Elizabeth Granted a Charter to English East India Company? ...... 10. Name the English King who sent Sir Thomas Roe to the Mughal Court...... 11. Name the place where the English East India Company first estab- lishes the factory...... 12. By whom, when and where the city of Calcutta began to grow ? ...... 13. What was the name the fort built in Madras? ...... 14. Which Farman known as the Magna Carta of the Company? ......

1.3.5 THE FRENCH :

The French were very late in coming to India for trade. In 1611 Louis

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XII, the King of granted a Charter to the French Company to trade with India but nothing tangible came out. It was in 1664 that under the pa- tronage of a France Minister Colbert and the King of France Louis XIV, a company was started to India. After the formation of the company in 1667, a French Expedition came to India under Francois Caron. Caron founded the French Factory in India at Surat. In 1669, another French factory was established at Masulipattam. Caron was called back in 1672 and his place was taken by Francis Martin, Martin was one of the real founders of the French Company in India. In 1674 the French secured from the ruler of Bijapur not only the site of but also assistance in developing it. The French had also their settlements at Chandranagar, Balasore and Qasim Bazar. On the Malabore coast, the French got Mahe in 1725. In 1739, they got the Karikal on the Coromandal coast. Till 1740, , the French activities were primarily commercial but like the other Europeans, they too had built fortified settlements and under the ambitious governor Dupleix the company thought to build a French Empire in India.

Fig : 3 : Factories of the European companies in India

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 15. Who granted a Charter to the French Company to trade in India? 16. Name the French Minister who patronised to start trade with India? 17. Write two important settlement of the French East India Company?

History (Block 1) 1 3 Unit 1 Early European Settlements in India 1.4 ANGLO FRENCH CONFLICTS

Conflicts between the English and the French : The Portuguese and Dutch, who were early traders with India, could not remain for long in India. Then came the British East India Company which got some foot hold in India. After some time the French also started their trade with India. Due to their clashing trade influence in India and the Political rivalry in Europe, clashes and conflicts also started in India. These conflicts came out in the form of three .

LET US KNOW Carnatic was one of the Subas of the Deccan and was under the authority of the Nizam. As the Nizam became independent of Mughal control, the Deputy Governor of Carnatic , known as the of Carnatic, freed himself from the control of Viceroy of the Deccan and made his office hereditary. Nawab Saadutullah Khan of Carnatic made his nephew Dost Ali his successors without the approval of his superior the Nizam. Dost Ali conquered and annexed Madura in 1736 and his succesors were confirmed in their position as Nawab of the Carnatic by the . After 1740 the affairs of Carnactic deteriorated on account of the repeated struggle for its Nawabship. This gave the British an opportunity to interfere in Carnatic.

1.4.1 The First Carnatic War (1746-48)

The First Carnatic war was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe. The Austrian War of succession broke out in March 1740.In this war England and France were fighting on opposite sides and their hostili- ties in Europe spread to India as well trouble began in 1746.

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Figure 1.4 Map of 1st Carnatic War As the war progressed in Europe, in due course, the English and the French also started fighting in India. It may be noted here that Dupleix, the French Governor of Pondicherry had proposed initially that the English and the French should maintain neutrality in India but this proposal was ultimately turned down by the authorities in England. In 1745, the English navy captured the French ships on the south- east coast of India and threatened to invade Pondicherry but with the arrival of a French naval force from under the command of La Bourbonnais, the English navy left for Hugli. The French Governor Dupleix besieged Madras and after a Week's resistance the English surrendered to the French. The English next sought the Protection on Anwar-ud-din- Khan, the nawab of Carnatic, who was legally subordinate to the Mughal subadar of Deccan but was practically an independent ruler, even though earlier they had not withdrawn the siege of the French Ships in defiance of the nawab's direc- tion. However to rescue the English at Madras, the nawab sent his army against the French. The nawab's army 10000 in number was decisively defeated by a small French force, consisting of only 230 Europeans and 700 Indians. The French won because of their advanced equipments, mili-

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tary skill and better organization. In June 1748, a large squadron proceeded from England to India. To avenge the Capture of madras, the English laid siege to Pondicherry at sea as well as on land. The English attempt to capture Pondicherry did not succeed for want of military skill. In the meantime, however hostilities be- tween the English and French ended in India as a result of the cessation of war in Europe. According to the terms of the treaty Aix-la-Chappelle (1748), English got Madras back from the French.

CHECK THE PROGRESS 18. What was the main cause of First Carnatic War? ...... 19. Who was the Nawab of Carnamtic? ...... 20. Which treaty ended the First Carnatic War and when? ......

1.4.2 SECOND CARNATIC WAR 1748-1754

The peace concluded to close the First Carnatic War was very short lived. Both the companies were now confident that they could defeat the Indian Princes. Both were also sure that they were superior to each other and desired to test their strength at the earliest possible opportunity. It was at this time that war of succession started in Hyderabad. Nizam Asaf Jah died in 1748 and claimants to his throne were his son and his grandson Muzaffar Jung. More or less at the same time there started a dispute over carnatic gaddi. Here the claimants were Nawab Anwar-uddin and . Dupleix thought that it was a good situation from which he could take profit. He decided to support the cause of Muzaffar Jung in Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib in Carnatic. This forced Nasir Jung and Anwar-ud-din to take the help of the Britishers. In 1749, Anwar-ud-Din was defeated and killed and they brought Chanda Sahib to the throne. In Deccan with the help of the British Com-

1 6 History (Block 1) Early European Settlements in India Unit 1 pany Nasir Jung could imprison Muzzaffar Jung but at this stage Nasir Jung was killed by his own soldiers thus leaving the gaddi open for Muzzafar Jung. He was taken to Pondicherry where he was crowned. He also got from the new Nawab 50000 in cash and a Jagir yielding annual income of 10000. French Commander Bussy was sent to escort the Nawab to Hyderabad, but on the way Muzzafar Jung was killed in an encounter. After his death, Bussy thought Nizam Asaf Jah's third son Salabt Jung to the throne. Bussey himself stayed in Deccan for several years. This very much enhanced French prestige which was intolerable for the English. The Company sent Clive to restore its lost prestige. He besieged Carnatic's capital, Arcot and defeated Chanda Sahib's son Raja Sahib who had come to relieve the fort. He also forced Chanda Sahib to raise the siege of Trichnopoly. He put his candidate Muhammad Ali as the Nawab of Carnatic. Clive also defeated Chanda Sahib in 1752 that was also arrested and killed. Thus by his bravery and statesmanship Clive could regain the lost prestige of the Company. Dupleix similarly might have tried to regain the prestige of French Company but in 1754 he was called back and thus nothing could be done. In 1755 Godheau was sent as French Governor in India. He concluded a peace treaty with British East India Com- pany. In 1755 was concluded the Treay of Pondicherry. The French ac- knowledged Muhammad Ali as the Nawab of Caranatic and Nizam Salabat Jung, as that Hyderabad. The English agreed the supremacy of the French over Northern Circars. Both also agreed to return each other's territories and not to interfere in each other's affairs CHECK THE PROGRESS 21. Who was in favour of Mohammad Ali of Carnatic and Nasir Jung of Arcot? ...... 22. Who was the French General at Hyderabad ...... 23. Name the English person who changed the Second Carnatic War? ...... 24. In which year Dupleix was recalled by Home Government? ......

History (Block 1) 1 7 Unit 1 Early European Settlements in India 1.4.3 THIRD CARNATIC WAR 1758-1763 :

The second Carnatic War came to a close in 1755 A.D. but both the Parties were still unsatisfied. Both wanted to strike finally. It was in this atmosphere that seven years' war broke out in Europe. In this war was bound to break out in India as well. It is therefore, safe to say that Third Carnatic War was more the result of Seven Years War in Europe rather than Anglo French rivalry in India. Count de Lally was sent as the French Governor in India with the clear instruction to wipe out the Britishers in India. As soon as he came to India in 1758 he captured Fort St. George and decided to attack Madras. But by this time the English had won name and fame by winning the Battle of Plessey in 1757 A.D. But still Lally proceeded further, he asked De-Ache , the naval Commander, to give him naval protection which he refused to do. Lally then made a political and military blunder. He called Bussy from Deccan. Taking advantage of the situation Clive sent his armies to Deccan which captured northern Circars. Nawab Salabt Jung immediately changed his affiliation and joined the English. Lally then attacked Madras but failed to take that also. He was defeated in the (1760) and Bussy was made prisoner. In 1761 the English armies conquered Pondicherry, Karikal and many other French possessions. In 1763, Seven years' war came to an end in Europe by the . The French agreed not to keep their troops in Bengal. Their territories were returned to them with the understanding that these will not be fortified again. This war brought an end at Anglo-French supremacy in India. The English now be- came undisputed masters of India. The French completely withdrew from Bengal. They lost right to fortify their possessions. They were reduced merely to the position of a trader. The English now became masters of Deccan. Now they were to defeat only the Indian Princes for getting political su- premacy.

1 8 History (Block 1) Early European Settlements in India Unit 1 LET US KNOW The battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the seven years' war. The Count de Lally's army burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, at- tempted to regain the fort at , now in Tamil Nadu. He was at- tacked by sir Eyre Coote's forces and decisively defeated. Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of vandavasi.

CHECK THE PROGRESS 25. In which year the seven years' was started? ...... 26. Who was the French Commander in Chief in the Third Carnatic War ...... 27. Who defeated Lally in the battle of Wandiwash ...... 28. In which year did the battle of Wandiwash take place......

1.5 JOSEPH FRANCOIS DUPLEIX

Dupleix was one of the greatest of the Frenchmen who was sent to India by the French Company. It was he who dreamt the dream of funding a French Empire in India. He critically analysed the political condition in India and came to the conclusion that by helping one state against the other the French could add to their resources and tried to set up an empire of their own in the country. Dupleix was as good a Diplomat as Clive of East India Company, but Clive was also a great Solider which Dupleix was not. The result was that Dupleix was no match for clive. No wonder, while Dupleix failed clive succeeded.

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Figure: 1.5 Dupleix

1.5.1 Causes of Dupleix failure:

Dupleix was the most important, ambitions and patriot Governor general of France in India. But the primary cause of Dupleix's failure was lack of support and controlled by the state, and in policy matters the final decision lay with the French Government. Paris took greater interest in America than in India. Dupleix could not get adequate naval and military aid from the authorities in Paris. Dupleix was unable to count upon consistent support from Europe and handicapped by financial stringency. He could not establish a permanent French empire in India. He was very ambitious and desired to establish a permanent French empire in India. He had understood the basic facts of Indian political life and he realised that the Indian, if properly trained, could prove useful soldiers. But unfortunately his home government did not endorse his policies in India and he was recalled. He was charged in France and this patriot had to spend a miserable life. It was also quite unfortunate that the French Offic- ers did not extend their full and whole hearted co-operation to Duplex. The Home Government also failed to send any competent officers to India and Duplex had to pull on with very incompetent officers at a time when the British East India Company had competent officers like Clive. Lally's en- ergy and military skill could not be fully effective because he had little tact

2 0 History (Block 1) Early European Settlements in India Unit 1 and capacity for leadership Dupleix also committed one mistake. He kept Bussy at Hyderabad. When the seige of Trichinopoly dragged on to its fatal end. He had quarrels with the Pondicherry council. Even both Dupleix and Lally were incapable of working smoothly with their colleagues.

1.6 LET US SUM UP :

After going through this unit you have learnt that,  Europeans came to India mainly for commercial purpose.  The Portuguese were the first to trade with India. The Dutch were also early traders with India. The British East India. The British East India Company was founded in 1600 A.D. with a Charter from Queen Victoria. The French East India company and was founded in 1611 A.D.  The British East India Company and French East India Company had commercial revelry with each other which led to the three Carnatic wars. As a result of these wars French prestige came very low and the British established themselves as the foremost political power in India.

1.7 FURTHER READING :

1. Chopra P.N. , Puri B.N., Das M.N. Pradhan A.C. (1996) A new advanced history of India, New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India. 2. Majumdar, R.C. Ray Choudhury, H.C. Dutta , K, (1996) An Advanced History of India, New Delhi, Macmillan India Ltd. 3. Grover, B.L. Mehta, Alaka (2011) A New look at Modern Indian His- tory, New Delhi, C. Chand & Company Ltd. 4. Banerjee A.C. (1985) History of India , Calcutta, A Mukherjee & Co. Pvt. Ltd.

1.8 ANSWER TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q. Answer to the question no. 1 : 1498 , Calicut Q. Answer to the question no. 2 : The hereditary title of Hindu ruler of Calicut

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Q. Answer to the question no. 3 : Dom Francisco the Almeida Q. Answer to the question no. 4 : Goa, Daman, Diu. Q. Answer to the question no. 5 : Firstly, after the death of Albuquerque not strong person was sent by the Portuguese government to India Sec- ondly the religious intolerance of Portuguese provoked the hostility with Indian Powers . These were the important factor for their ruin. Q. Answer to the question no. 6: The people of Holland Q. Answer to the question no. 7: Chinsura and Negapatam Q. Answer to the question no. 8: In 1602 Q. Answer to the question no. 9: On 31st Dec 1600 Q. Answer to the question no. 10: Sir Thomas Roe Q. Answer to the question no. 11: Surat Q. Answer to the question no. 12: Job Charnock, 1698, Sutaniti , Kalikata and Gobindapur Q. Answer to the question no. 13: Fort St. George Q. Answer to the question no. 14: 1717, John Surman secured a farman from Emperor Farukhsiyar which gave important concession to the Company Q. Answer to the question no. 15: The King Louis XIV of France Q. Answer to the question no. 16: Colbert, the French Finance Minister Q. Answer to the question no. 17: Pondicherry and Chandernagore Q. Answer to the question no. 18: The War of Austrian Succession Q. Answer to the question no. 19: Anwar-Ud-Din Q. Answer to the question no. 20: The Treaty of Aix-la-chapple 1748 A.D. Q. Answer to the question no. 21: The English Q. Answer to the question no. 22: Bussy Q. Answer to the question no. 23: Clive Q. Answer to the question no. 24: 1754 Q. Answer to the question no. 25: 1756 Q. Answer to the question no. 26: Lally Q. Answer to the question no. 27: Sir Eyre Coote Q. Answer to the question no. 28: 1760

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1.9 MODEL QUESTIONS :

A. Very Short questions (Answer each question whithin 50 words) Q.1 In which year did the treaty of Aix-d-Chapple conclude? Q.2 Write one of the important causes of First Carnatic War. Q.3 Name two important settlement of the Dutch in India Q.4 Name the important governor of Portuguese in India. B. Short questions (Answer each question in about 150 words) Q.1 Trace the growth of the English East India Company from 1600 to the Middle of the Q.2 What were the causes of the decline of the Portuguese Q.3 Discuss briefly the French settlement in India C. Long Questions (Answer each questions in about 300-500 words) Q.1 What were the causes of the Anglo French Conflict in the Deccan? Q.2 What were the causes of the French failure in their struggle against the English Company?

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