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Diss2008kaipainen.Pdf (1.200Mb) Suurten ajattelijoiden elämäkerrat ja elämänpolut Suurten ajattelijoiden elämäkerrat ja elämänpolut Bertrand Russellin, Ludwig Wittgensteinin ja Georg Henrik von Wrightin elämäkerrat bourdieulais-pragmatististen ja latourilaisten näkökulmien vertailussa Päivi Kaipainen KOULUTUSSOSIOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS, RUSE RESEARCH UNIT FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION, RUSE Koulutussosiologian tutkimuskeskuksen raportti 74 Kansi: Minna Rauhala ISSN 1235-9114 ISBN 951-29-3729-5 UNIPRINT, Turku 2008 Kiitokset Haluan aivan ensiksi kiittää esimiestäni ja ohjaajaani professori Osmo Kivistä mahdollisuudesta tehdä väitöskirjatyötä varsinaisen työni ohella Koulutussosiologian tutkimuskeskuksen koordinaattorina. Haluan myös kiittää häntä sekä kannustuksesta että rakentavasta kritiikistä, molemmat ovat olleet yhtä tarpeellisia. Työni esitarkastajina toimivat professori Risto Heiskala Tampereen yliopistosta ja dosentti Keijo Rahkonen Helsingin yliopistosta. Kiitän heitä käsikirjoitukseni läpikäymiseen uhraamastaan ajasta ja monista hyvistä korjausehdotuksista. Heidän kommenttinsa herättivät uusia ajatuksia ja auttoivat toivon mukaan parantamaan työni lopullista versiota. Kiitokset kuuluvat myös työtovereille, ystäville ja sukulaisille, jotka vahvistivat uskoani siihen, että työ vielä jonakin päivänä valmistuu ja on uurastuksen arvoinen. Turussa, 23. lokakuuta 2008 Päivi Kaipainen SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 1. JOHDANTO…………………………………………………….. 9 Tutkimuksen viitekehys………………………………………………….. 11 Elämäkertatutkimuksesta……………………………………............. 19 Bourdieulais–pragmatistinen lähestymistapa — habitus, habitit, kenttä ja taistelu pääomista…………………………..……………… 28 Latourilainen lähestymistapa — toimijaverkko…………………….. 37 Yhteenveto ja käsitteiden soveltaminen tässä tutkimuksessa……….. 44 2. BERTRAND RUSSELL (1872–1970)…………………………. 51 Elämäkerta ja habitus–kenttäanalyysi……………………………………. 52 Lapsuuden eristyneisyydestä Cambridgen henkiseen vapauteen…… 52 Matematiikasta filosofiaan………………………………...................... 58 Väitöskirja ja hegeliläisen idealismin kausi…………………………… 63 Kohti analyyttista filosofiaa…………………………………………….. 66 Per aspera ad astra………………………………………………………. 70 Uudet haasteet, uusi urakka: Principia Mathematica……………… 75 Vapautuminen……………………………………………………………… 78 Siirtymävuodet…………………………………………………………….. 82 Yhteiskunnallinen aktivoituminen……………………………………….. 88 Sodan jälkeiset vuodet……………………………………………………. 93 Tiedemiehen rooli syrjään……………………………………………….. 99 Paluu filosofiaan…………………………………………………………… 107 Amerikassa 1938–1944…………………………………………………… 111 Paluu Englantiin……………………………………………………………. 114 Maailmanpolitiikan vaikuttaja…………………………………………… 119 Yhteenveto Russellin habituksesta ja asemasta filosofian kentällä………………………………………………………………….…. 123 Toimijaverkkoanalyysi…………………………………………………. 126 Yhteenveto…………………………………………………………………. 147 3. LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN (1889–1951)..………………….. 149 Elämäkerta ja habitus–kenttäanalyysi…………………………………… 150 Lapsuus ja varhaiset opiskeluvuodet: kutsumuksen etsintää……….. 150 Cambridge ja Norja, vuoden ennen sotaa…………………………….. 156 Rintamalla ja kansakoulunopettajana…………………………………. 162 Paluu filosofian pariin ja Cambridgeen………………………………. 170 Professorivuodet………………………………………………………….. 179 Viimeiset vuodet…………………………………………………………… 184 Yhteenveto Wittgensteinin habituksesta ja asemasta filosofian kentällä……………………………………………………………………... 187 Toimijaverkkoanalyysi………………………………………………….. 192 Yhteenveto…………………………………………………………………. 201 4. GEORG HENRIK VON WRIGHT (1916–2003)…………….. 203 Elämäkerta ja habitus–kenttäanalyysi……………………………………. 203 Lapsuuden muuttuvat kasvuympäristöt ja sukutausta……………… 203 Koulusta yliopistoon ja elämänkouluun Italiaan………………….. 209 Väitöskirjan kirjoittajaksi Cambridgeen…………………………….… 213 Sotavuodet Suomessa ja nimitys professorin virkaan ………………. 219 Luentomatka Cambridgeen ja tarjous, josta ei voinut kieltäytyä … 224 Cambridgen professori vaikean päätöksen edessä…………………… 228 Von Wrightin filosofian kolme kautta ja deonttisen logiikan synty… 232 Muutoksia työnkuvassa ja uran huipennus Suomessa………………… 235 Uusi elämä: humanismi elämänasenteena .......................................... 241 Elämäntyön satoa ja arviointia: filosofiakäsityksen kehittyminen kriitikon ja filosofin synteesi……………………………………………… 246 Yhteenveto von Wrightin habituksesta ja asemasta filosofian kentällä……………………………………………………….................... 252 Toimijaverkkoanalyysi………………………………………................. 256 Yhteenveto………………………………………………………….. 271 5. VERTAILUJA JA JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSIÄ...…………………… 274 Filosofien vertailua ……………………………………………………... 274 Habitus–kenttäanalyysi vs. toimijaverkkoanalyysi elämäkertojen tutkimuksen lähestymistapoina………………………………………….. 289 Lopuksi……………………………….…………………………………. 296 English summary…………………………………………………………. 301 LÄHDELUETTELO……..……………………………………….. 307 LIITTEET………………………………………...……………….. 321 Liite 1. Bertrand Russell: toimijat, käännökset, voimainkoetukset, aseman muutokset……………………………………................ 321 Liite 2. Ludwig Wittgenstein: toimijat, käännökset, voimainkoetukset, aseman muutokset……………………………………………… 325 Liite 3. Georg Henrik von Wright: toimijat, käännökset, voimainkoetukset, aseman muutokset……………………………………………… 327 9 1. JOHDANTO Kuten Katja Kallio kirjassaan Elokuvamuisti (2007, 125) toteaa: ”Ymmärtääksemme itseämme rakennamme henkilöhahmoa, jolla on takanaan tietynlainen tarina ja siinä tiettyjä avainkohtauksia. Kohtaukset saattavat olla totta tai sitten eivät.” Kalliota mukaillen: jos jo itse elämä on kuin romaani tai elokuva, mitä pitäisikään ajatella elämäkerroista? Kaikissa tapauksissa yleisön on oltava valppaana ja muistettava epäillä sitä, mitä heille tarjoillaan totuutena. Elämäkertakirjallisuus on suosiossa, kohta jokainen vähänkin julkisuudessa vilahtanut henkilö saa elämäkertansa. Tieteen sankareilla on aina oma vetovoimansa. Menestyneiden tiedemiesten hahmo, habitus, tahtoo tulla kuvatuksi aivan erityislaatuisena. Kiinnostavaa kuitenkin on, missä määrin sankarin, suurmiehen tai neron habitusta leimaavat elämäkertureiden rakentamat erityiset sankarimyytit. Aihepiiri herättää monia kysymyksiä. Mistä tekijöistä menestyvän tieteentekijän habitus koostuu ja voidaanko sitä jotenkin jäljittää? Missä määrin tiedemiesten urat ovat suunnitelmallisen toiminnan ja missä määrin sattumanvaraisiin tilaisuuksiin tarttumisen tulosta? Kuinka paljon menestykseen vaikuttavat erilaiset ympäristötekijät, muut henkilöt tai ajan henki? Voidaanko elämäkerroista löytää vastauksia myös näihin kysymyksiin? Elämäkerrat ovat dokumentteja, jotka on kirjoitettu yhden henkilön ympärille kronologisen tarinan muotoon syy–seuraussuhteineen. Koska ne ovat dokumentteja — erotuksena nyt niin muodikkaista, kuolleista merkkihenkilöistä kirjoitetuista, elämäkerrallisista romaaneista — niitä tulisi lukea (ja kirjoittaa) kriittisesti. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kehittää välineitä elämäkertojen kriittiseen lukemiseen (ja kirjoittamiseen) sosiologisesta näkökulmasta, siten, että menestystarinaa voitaisiin tarkastella myös henkilön ominaispiirteitä laajemmasta näkökulmasta. Tarinat tieteentekijöistä ovat aina kiinnostaneet minua. Alun perin aikeeni oli analysoida usean eri alan menestyneitä tiedemiehiä ja -naisia. Luinkin koko 10 joukon elämäkertoja eri tieteenalojen edustajista. Päädyin kuitenkin rajaamaan tutkimukseni yhteen tieteenalaan, filosofiaan, koska useita tieteenaloja käsittävä aineisto olisi muodostunut kovin laajaksi ja analyysit pakostakin jääneet pintaraapaisuiksi. Kohteeksi valittavien filosofien joukkoa rajasi tietysti se, että henkilöistä piti olla kirjoitettu elämäkerta, omaelämäkerta tai mieluummin molemmat. Randall Collinsin (1998, xix) havainto, että ajattelun kehittymisen sosiologiseen analysointiin tarvitaan vähintään kolme intellektuaalista sukupolvea, oli niinikään valintaan vaikuttava johtoajatus. Tarvittava kolmen ajattelijasukupolven muodostava opettaja–oppilas-ketju nivoutui luontevasti Wittgensteinin ympärille, jota olin alun alkaenkin ajatellut yhdeksi analysoitavista filosofeista. Ajattelijoiden intellektuaalinen ympäristö paikallistui Cambridgen yliopistoon, jossa toimivat — kukin omana aikanaan — Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein ja Georg Henrik von Wright. Opettaja–oppilassuhteen vuoksi valitsemiani filosofeja yhdistää luonnollisesti myös filosofinen suuntautuminen matematiikan filosofiaan ja logiikkaan etenkin urien alkuvaiheessa — myöhemmin näiden kolmen kiinnostuksen kohteet ja urapolut eroavat. Kaikki kolme ovat myös taustaltaan sivistysporvaristoa tai yläluokkaa, mikä ei kuitenkaan ollut edellytyksenä valituksi tulemiselle. Kun kyseessä on kuitenkin elämäkerrallisten tekstien analyysi, ja erityisesti se, miten henkilöiden menestystä niissä kuvataan, kolmas tärkeä valintakriteeri on, että analysoitavat voidaan katsoa omalla alallaan tunnustetuiksi henkilöiksi, pelkkä kirjoitettu elämäkerta ei välttämättä kerro mitään alalla menestymisestä. Filosofian alalla tämän kriteerin voidaan katsoa täyttyvän jos henkilö on saanut osan The Library of Living Philosophers -sarjaan (Russell, von Wright), tai henkilö on jättänyt jälkensä filosofian historiaan synnyttämällä esimerkiksi jonkin kansainvälisesti tunnustetun filosofian suuntauksen (Russell – analyyttinen filosofia, Wittgenstein – kielifilosofia, von Wright – deonttinen logiikka). Se, että valittu joukko muodostuu menestyneistä miehistä, juontuu pitkälti itse filosofian historiasta. Edellä mainituilla kriteereillä menestyneiksi luokiteltavia naisfilosofeja, joista on kirjoitettu elämäkertoja, on kovin vähän. Ketjuun von Wrightin paikalle 11 sopivana Wittgensteinin oppilaana lähinnä voisi tulla kysymykseen
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