ROSTRUMROSTRUM September 2008 Vo l u m e 83 Iss u e 1 featuring 2008 Ci r c l e o f Ch a m p i o n s Visit us at www.cdedebate.com CDE NEW
August 25, 2008 Oct. 24, 2008 Dec. 24, 2008 Feb. 12, 2009
E-mailed (or postal if you desire) every month starting with The October Topic and thru the April topic. Usually to you on the 17th of the month preceding the topic 2008-2009 Public Forum Case Series
** Articles on Topic 00 0000 $79 * Articles on Topic $79$69
P.O. Box 1890, Taos, N. M. 87571
Turner Case Series $79 LD Research Series $79 University of Texas National Institute in Forensics
We invite you to join us for the 16th Annual UT National Institute in Forensics, and to come and see why UTNIF continues to be one of the largest and most accomplished summer forensics programs in the country. www.utspeech.net www.utdebatecamp.com Summer, 2009
Congratulations to all of the staff, students, and coaches attending the 2008 NFL National Tournament, and kudos to all of the award winners. Huge thanks to all of those involved with Desert Lights for hosting a phe- nomenal NFL National Tournament in Las Vegas. CONGRATS UTNIF ALUMNI!
Becca Goldstein, NFL National Champion in US Extemp Kevin Eaton, NFL National Champion in Senate Alex Tolkin, NFL National Champion in Exemp Commentary
Harlan Downs-Tepper, NFL National Runner-up in House Charlie Metzger, NFL National Runner-up in US Extemp
Bryan Campanello, 3rd place, House Robert Kindman, 3rd place, Public Forum (with partner Josh Zoffer)
Ian Panchevre, Semi-Finalist in Foreign Extemp (11th place) Justine Lassar, Semi-Finalist in Prose Steven Johanson, Semi-Finalist in Poetry Megan Race, Semi-Finalist in Impromptu Sean Killam, Semi-Finalist in Extemp Commentary For more listings and program information, go to: http://www.utspeech.net
UTNIF Dept. of Communication Studies Phone: 512-471-1957 1 University Station Fax: 512-232-1481 Mail Code A1105 Email: [email protected] Austin, Texas 78712-1105
Ro s t r u m 1
September 2008
September 2008 Dear National Forensic League Coach:
TheSeptemberDear impact National that 2008 Forensicyou are making League on Coach: the pers onal development of your students is something to be proud of. As another speech and debate season begins, you are imparting lessons The impact of leadership, that you teamwork,are making and on thethe persimportanceonal development of communication. of your students You are is making a Dearsomethingdifference National into thebe Forensic proud lives ofof. League t hoseAs another who Coach: represent speech andour debatefuture. season begins, you are imparting lessons of leadership, teamwork, and the importance of communication. You are making AsThea differenceyou impact prepare that in your the you lives team are ofmaking for those the 2009onwho the representNFL pers Naonaltional our development future. Tournament of your in Birmingham, students is know thatsomething Lincoln toFinancial be proud Gr of.oup As proudly another supports speech andthe Nationadebate seasonl Forensic begins, League you andare imparting recognizeslessonsAs you prepareof the leadership, efforts your ofteam teamwork, its coachesfor the and2009 to ctheontinue NFL importance Na thetional tradition of Tournament communication. of speech in Birmingham,and You debate. are making know Lincolnathat difference Lincoln Financial’s inFinancial the involvementlives Gr ofoup those proudly is who a highli representsupportsght of theour our Nationafuture. company’s l Forensic long-time League commitment and to recognizes quality education. the efforts I commend of its coaches you forto ctheontinue countless the tradition hours you of spendspeech and and the debate. dedication youAsLincoln putyou forth prepare Financial’s to teach your involvement students.team for the is2009 a highli NFLght Na oftional our company’sTournament long-time in Birmingham, commitment know thatto quality Lincoln education. Financial I commendGroup proudly you forsupports the countless the Nationa hoursl Forensic you spend League and the and dedication Bestrecognizesyou of put luck forth tothe toyou efforts teach and ofstudents.your its studentscoaches tothis continue year. the tradition of speech and debate. Lincoln Financial’s involvement is a highlight of our company’s long-time commitment Sincerely,toBest quality of luck education. to you and I commend your students you forthis the year. countless hours you spend and the dedication you put forth to teach students. Sincerely, Best of luck to you and your students this year.
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Dennis Glass President and CEO LincolnDennis Financial Glass Group President and CEO Lincoln Financial Group Dennis Glass President and CEO Lincoln Financial Group
2 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Forensic League From the Editor J. Scott Wunn William Woods Tate, Jr., President Montgomery Bell Academy 4001 Dear NFL: Harding Nashville, TN 37205 In the wake of such an outstanding National Tournament, it does not take Phone: 615-269-3959 much to get excited about the upcoming school year and forensics season. We [email protected] owe a huge debt of gratitude to our friends in Nevada for their superb effort in hosting the 2008 National Speech Tournament. The NFL National Office Don Crabtree plans to take this momentum and make the 2008-2009 school year one of its Vice President best in history. Students and teachers should pay close attention to the NFL Park Hill High School website at www.nflonline.org where several new programs will be unveiled. 1909 6th Avenue For example: St. Joseph, MO 64505 Phone: 816-261-2661 ♦The NFL has formed great partnerships with new organizations to bring thousands of dollars [email protected] in additional scholarships and other unique opportunities to our student members.
Bro. Rene Sterner FSC ♦The NFL’s coach professional development program will begin this year and will offer several Delone Catholic High School opportunities for educators to earn continuing education units and graduate hours in the discipline 140 South Oxford Avenue of forensics. McSherrystown, PA 17344 Phone: 717-637-5969 ♦The NFL’s “Give Them A Voice” grants campaign will provide much needed support to regional [email protected] leaders, enabling them to promote and enhance forensics throughout the country. Harold C. Keller ♦The NFL will add several more titles and DVDs to its publications clearinghouse which will 2035 Lillie Avenue provide excellent resources to students and coaches at a reduced cost. Davenport, IA 52804 Phone: 563-323-6693 [email protected] ♦The NFL will continue to build and grow the Colleges and Universities of Excellence program to offer even more scholarship opportunities to all NFL member students. Glenda Ferguson Coppell High School ♦The NFL will promote several service projects that allow NFL students to utilize their skills 185 W. Parkway Blvd. in forensics to better our world. Coppell, TX 75019 Phone: 214-496-6100 These are just a few of the exciting new things the NFL National Office has planned for this [email protected] upcoming year. I encourage all members to watch the NFL flash page of the website every day for new opportunities to learn and develop as a member of the League. The greatest asset to the National Kandi King Forensic League is its members. Through constant promotion and support, the NFL will continue to San Antonio-Churchill HS be the nation’s top resource for the educational advancement of forensics activities. 12049 Blanco Road Sincerely, San Antonio, TX 78216 Phone: 210-442-0800, Ext. 352 [email protected] J. Scott Wunn Pam Cady Wycoff NFL Executive Director Apple Valley High School 14450 Hayes Road Apple Valley, MN 55124-6796 Phone: 952-431-8200 [email protected] Rostrum Tommie Lindsey, Jr. Official Publication of the National Forensic League James Logan High School P.O. Box 38 1800 H Street Ripon, Wisconsin 54971-0038 Union City, CA 94587 Phone (920) 748-6206 Phone: 510-471-2520 Ext. 4408 Fax (920) 748-9478 [email protected] J. Scott Wunn, Editor and Publisher Sandy Krueger, Publications Director Pamela K. McComas Jennifer Billman, Assistant Editor Andrea Neitzel, Publications Topeka High School 800 W. 10th (USPS 471-180) (ISSN 1073-5526) Topeka, KS 66612-1687 Subscription Prices Phone: 785-295-3226 The Rostrum is published monthly (except for June- Individuals: $10 for one year [email protected] August) each year by the National Forensic League, 125 $15 for two years Watson St., Ripon, WI 54971. Periodical postage paid at Member Schools: Timothy E. Sheaff, Alternate Ripon, Wisconsin 54971. POSTMASTER: send address Dowling Catholic HS $5 for each additional West Des Moines, IA 50265 changes to the above address. subscription Phone: 515-222-1035 [email protected] The Rostrum provides a forum for the forensic community. The opinions expressed by contributors are their own and not necessarily the opinions of the National Forensic League, its officers or members. The NFL does not guarantee advertised products and services unless sold directly by the NFL.
Ro s t r u m 3 2008-2009 NFL Lincoln Douglas Debate Resolutions Ballot must be received by Friday, September 12, 2008 Topics NFL Chapter - Voting Instructions Ballot found on page 12. ALL blanks must be filled in for the ballot to be valid. Indicate your preferences for the headings listed. From the list of 10 topics, indicate your September 2008 Public first, second, and third choices for each time slot. A first choice will receive 3 points, second choice 2 points, and the third choice 1 point. After tabulation, the topic with Forum Debate Topic the highest point total for a given time slot will be selected. Repeating topics within Resolution: a given time slot is not acceptable. However, a topic may be reselected for another time slot. A minimum of five different topics must be listed on the entire ballot. Resolved: That the United States should implement a military draft. Ballot available on www.nflonline.org Your Vote is Important! September/October 2008 Lincoln Financial Group/ NFL L/D Debate Submit Articles for Publication The NFL Office is always looking for well-written articles by both NFL coaches and Resolution: students. Please consider contributing feature articles, editorials, pictorials, and special interet stories to the NFL. All articles should be sent to: Resolved: It is morally Sandy Krueger, NFL Publications Director permissible to kill one innocent Email address is: [email protected] person to save the lives of more innocent people. Topic Release Information
L/D Debate Topics available by calling NFL Topic Hotline (920) 748-LD4U 2008-09 Policy Debate OR Check the NFL Website under “Resources” tab, Current Topics at www.nflonline.org Resolution: L/D Topic Release Dates: Resolved: The United States August 15 -- September-October Topic federal government should October 1 -- November-December Topic substantially increase alternative December 1 -- January-February Topic energy incentives in the United February 1 -- March-April Topic States. May 1 -- National Tournament Topic Public Forum Topic Release Dates: August 15 -- September Topic THE PEOPLE SPEAK September 1 -- October Topic 2008 Fall Global Debates October 1 -- November Topic November 1 -- December Topic Resolved: The world should December 1 -- January Topic adopt our plan to significantly December 15 -- February Topic February 1 -- March Topic combat climate change. March 1 -- April Topic May 1 -- National Tournament Topic Go to www.thepeoplespeak.org/ Policy Debate Topic for New Year globaldebates for details on how to • Topic Ballot & Synopsis Printed in October Rostrum enter and earn scholarships, school • Final Ballot for Policy Debate Topic in December Rostrum Topic for monetary awards and additional following year released in February Rostrum NFL points.
4 Vo l 83, N o . 1
rostrumrostrum
Volume 83, Issue 1 September 2008
Featured Topic Review of 2008-09 Policy Topic by Stefan Bauschard pgs. 72-97
In This Issue Cover Story Spring Executive Council Minutes National Tournament by J. Scott Wunn Pgs. 41-58 pgs. 8-9
Resolved: LD Resolution Writing Process In Every Issue by Lowell Sharp Letter from the Editor pgs. 13-14 pg. 3 Global Issues Makes Youth Into NDCA Coaches Corner Global Citizens Introducing Debate by Molly Hamm by Chuck Ballingall pgs. 16-18 pgs. 114-116 National Public Policy Forum by Melissa Maxcy Wade and Billman Book Club Ravi Shah pgs. 119-120 pgs. 21-24
Nationals Pictorial Honors/Awards pgs. 103-109 National Tournament Special Recognition pgs. 28-40, 59-60 In Memoriam Remembering: National Tournament Dr. Francine Blake Berger Complete Results pg 168 pgs. 122-163
Ro s t r u m 5 West Coast Publishing
All West Coast products THE ULTIMATE PACKAGE are electronic to lower x your costs and to make SAVE HUGE AMOUNTS OF MONEy them accessible at all x It includes all 5 sets listed below times to you.
Policy Evidence Set x NEW FOCUS on Strategy with frontlines, more in-depth arguments, higher quality evidence. x Affirmative Handbook (Over 170 pages; Renewable Energy affirmatives, answers to DAs, CPs) x Negative Handbook (Over 170 pages, Renewable Energy disadvantages, CPs, answers to cases, definitions, more) x Kritik Handbook (Over 170 pages, Renewable Energy specific kritiks and answers to those kritiks) x September Supplement (Over 150 pages, updates, answers and new Renewable Energy cases, DAs, CPs) x October-June Updates (Six updates with 255 total pages on Renewable Energy, The 10th of Oct-Mar, and June) x PolicyFiles (web page with above evidence plus key backfile evidence and all our theory blocks)
LD Evidence Set x NFL LDFiles (50 to 60 pages with topic analysis, aff. and neg. evidence provided for each announced NFL LD topic) x UIL LDFiles (50 to 60 pages with topic analysis, aff. and neg. evidence on each UIL LD topic) x PhilosopherFiles (All of our West Coast Philosopher-Value Handbooks on a web page) x LDFiles (includes over 100 previous West Coast LD Supplements on a web page)
Extemp-Parli-Congress-PublicForum Set x NewsViews featuring articles with the pros and cons on current issues. You receive 20 page updates every two weeks (Sept, Oct, Nov, Jan, Feb, Mar, and one in June). Learn and cite key arguments on current events to do well in Extemp. x ParliCongressFiles provides 20 pages each month with cases and opposition strategies on the latest and recurring arguments. Great for Student Congress and Parliamentary Debate. x PublicForumFiles offers for each Public Forum debate topic 20 pages including a topic analysis, affirmative case and supporting evidence, negative arguments and evidence.
Online Training Package x A great supplement to our textbooks providing Online Videos, Powerpoints, Question and Answer Bulletin Boards, Tons of Tips, Evidence, Example Speech and Debate Videos. x Great for beginners, intermediate, and advanced Policy, LD, Public Forum, Speech, Interp, students and coaches! x Learn with step by step lessons, streaming video with PowerPoint, and a forum with experts who answer your questions! x In-depth, detailed theory lessons, analysis, evidence and research tips on this year’s Policy and LD topics. x Electronic Advanced Policy and LD books, and the Focus, Control, and Communicate IE book.
BDB Debate and IE Textbook Set (Breaking Down Barriers) x You access the Textbooks and Prepbooks electronically and save huge amounts of money. You and ALL of your students may view and print the Textbooks and Prepbooks. x Includes the NEW 2008 Debate Textbooks. They teach students step by step, with separate texts for POLICY- CX, LD, PARLI, AND PUBLIC FORUM, and include new examples, stories, and advanced tips. x Includes the Teacher Materials with lesson plans, activities, syllabus, and lecture notes for debate and IEs. x Includes the Prepbooks that involve students in preparing cases, refuting, and flowing using real evidence on this year’s POLICY-CX topic and great example LD and PUBLIC FORUM topics PLUS Parli instruction. x Includes the Dictionary of Forensics with definitions, examples, and uses of terms from Policy, LD, Parli, Public Forum, Argumentation, Rhetoric, and Individual Events. A fantastic resource. x Includes the BDB IE Textbook with 142 pages chock-full of step by step instructions, advanced tips, examples and more on extemp, impromptu, oratory, expository, interpretation and more IEs! Visit www.wcdebate.com On-line and printable Order Form available at the web site
6 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Leaders in the spotlight. Leaders in life. ou’ll find a leader in every setting—from state Ychampionships to community volunteers. At Doane, whether you’re part of a nationally competitive forensics team or involved in one of the college’s 80 clubs and organizations, you will learn to lead.
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Lgd]Yjfegj]YZgml 1014 BOSWELL AVENUE CRETE, NEBRASKA 800.333.6263 WWW.DOANE.EDU/FORENSICS Ro s t r u m 7 Executive Council NFL Ex e c u t i ve Co u n c i l Mi n u t e s Sp r i n g Mee t i n g Ma y 17-18, 2008 Ri p o n , WI By J. Sc o t t Wu nn The NFL Executive Council held its spring meeting in Moved by Keller, seconded by McComas Ripon, WI on May 17-18, 2008. Present were: President “Discontinue the regional office housed in Bowling Billy Tate, Vice President Don Crabtree, Brother Rene Green, KY.” Sterner, Harold Keller, Glenda Ferguson, Kandi King, Pam Cady Wycoff, Tommie Lindsey, Jr., and Pam Passed: 8-0-1 McComas. Alternate, Timothy Sheaff, was also present. Aye: Tate, Sterner, Keller, Wycoff, McComas, President Billy Tate called the meeting to order at 8am. Ferguson, King, Crabtree Abstain: Lindsey State of the League Overview Staff of the National Office made several presentations The NFL Executive Council would like to thank Judy to the Executive Council providing them with a thorough Woodring and the administration at Western Kentucky overview of League advancement in programs and University for their generosity in allowing the NFL to services, membership, awards programming, alumni house its regional office at WKU for the past two years. outreach and service, public relations and marketing, and An assessment of the cost effectiveness and membership financial development. The Executive Director reviewed outreach benefits indicated that funding could better be the long and short term goals established by the board served in an alternative approach. at its fall meeting in 2007 and provided an assessment of the progress that has been made toward those specific goals. Committees and Conferences Moved by McComas, Seconded by Wycoff The Executive Council commended the National “Hold a 2009 District Leadership Conference during the Office staff on its thorough preparation and excellent first week of August 2009 in Ripon, WI.” presentation of the state of the League. In addition, the Executive Council thanked all National Office staff Passed: 9-0 personnel for their wonderful hospitality in hosting the Council for its spring meeting. Moved by Wycoff, seconded by Ferguson “That a Public Forum Debate committee be reconstituted Education and Outreach to evaluate the event protocols such as the coin toss, prep time, ballot, etc for any potential recommendations.” Moved by Sterner, seconded by Wycoff “Authorize the Executive Director to pursue the Passed: 9-0 development of the “Give Them a Voice” grants program.” Since Public Forum has now been an official event for Passed: 9-0 five years, the Council would like the Public Forum Committee to do a review of all aspects of the event to The Executive Council has authorized a nationwide make appropriate recommendations that can be discussed grant giving program in which the NFL will enhance at the 2009 District Leadership Conference. its outreach and recruitment through assistance from localized efforts. 8 Vo l 83, N o . 1 NFL Ex e c u t i ve Co u n c i l Mi n u t e s Moved by Wycoff, seconded by King Failed: 4-4-1 “Establish a Student Congress committee to review Ayes: Wycoff, Lindsey, Ferguson, King and make recommendations concerning the National Nay: Sterner, McComas, Crabtree, Tate Tournament rules and all appropriate procedures to be Abstain: Keller presented at the 2009 Leadership Conference.” Move by Keller, seconded by Lindsey “Accept the National Tournament Director’s In an effort to complete the process of a full review recommendation for extemp topic area release protocols of Student Congress, a committee will review at the 2008 National Tournament.” National Tournament rules and procedures and present recommendations for consideration at the 2009 Passed: 9-0 conference. To ensure that all competitors are informed of the Passed: 9-0 extemporaneous speaking topic areas in a timely and equal manner, the schedule of topics by round will Partnerships appear in the National Tournament Program and on the Moved by Keller, Seconded by Ferguson cover of the individual events schedules. “Accept the top two finalist teams at the NAUDL National Urban Debate Championships to compete in main event policy debate at the 2009 NFL National Speech Tournament provided that the school they The Executive Council charged the Executive Director represent is an NFL member school and each student is and his staff to fully develop and test the alternative an NFL member.” methods for running the District Speech Tournament that were presented. The Executive Council is continuing to Passed: 9-0 consider appropriate additional alternative options to the “California Plan” and “Up/Down System” in running Rules and Procedures District Speech Tournaments. Moved by Ferguson, seconded by Lindsey “Increase prep time in Policy Debate at the National The Executive Council adjourned at 4:25pm. Tournament to 8 minutes. At the District Tournament, the District has the option of using 5 or 8 minutes.” Ro s t r u m 9 THE BAYLOR BRIEFS Announces the 2008-2009 Policy Publications BAYLOR BRIEFS: Substantially Increasing Alternative Energy Incentives in the United States COMPLETE AFFIRMATIVE CASES CONTENTS INCLUDE x First affirmative outlines of several affirmative cases complete x Conceptual framework of analysis of the 2008-2009 with evidence. High School Debate topic. x Second affirmative briefs complete with evidence and x Over 1,500 pieces of evidence from hard-to-find sources arguments to answer anticipated negative arguments. (no Time, Newsweek, etc.). x Evidenced answers to anticipated plan attacks. x Comprehensive index to all extension evidence. COMPREHENSIVE NEGATIVE BRIEFS WHY THE BAYLOR BRIEFS? x Briefs of first negative arguments against a variety of x The next best thing to attending a good summer workshop. potential cases complete with evidence on the briefs. The Baylor Briefs are an excellent method for learning x Completely developed disadvantages and plan-meet-need independent analysis and case construction skills. arguments against a variety of cases . . . evidence on the briefs. NEGATIVE CASEBOOKS: Substantially Increasing Alternative Energy Incentives in the United States Vol. I: Studies on the Harms of Substantially Increasing Alternative Energy Incentives in the United States Vol. II: Current U.S. Policy Substantially Increasing Alternative Energy Incentives in the United States Vol. III: Topicality of Substantially Increasing Alternative Energy Incentives in the United States Vol. IV: Generic Disadvantages to Substantially Increasing Alternative Energy Incentives in the United States NEGATIVE'S BEST TOOL WHY THE NEGATIVE CASEBOOKS? x Complex empirical studies made easy to understand and x The entire research staff is composed of National Champion actually use in debate rounds. debaters. America's finest research libraries are utilized. x A complete index to the evidence in each volume. x Winning Debates. The casebooks cover almost every potential x All evidence on one side of the page; guaranteed to fit on negative strategy. The effects of "Squirrel Cases" are 3"x5" cards. minimized. x Evidence conforms to NFL recommended standards. x Recent evidence, none before 2006. PLEASE SEND ME Copies of THE BAYLOR BRIEFS THE NEGATIVE CASEBOOKS: Individual Volumes 1-10 copies $29.95 each 11 or more $24.95 each Copies of Volume I at $16.00 per copy Copies of THE NEGATIVE CASEBOOKS Copies of Volume II at $16.00 per copy Complete Four-volume set Copies of Volume III at $16.00 per copy 1 - 3 sets $49.95 4 sets or more $39.95 Copies of Volume IV at $16.00 per copy N A M E ______SCHOOL ______ ADDRESS ______CITY ______STATE ______ZIP ______ TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED* ______SEND MY ORDER VIA SPECIAL HANDLING? ** Yes____ No ____ *We cannot accept checks made payable to Baylor University. Credit extended to educational institutions and libraries only upon receipt of a valid purchase order. **SPECIAL HANDLING: Sent Priority Mail or U.P.S. 1-5 books $10.00 • 6 -10 books $15.00 • 11 or more books $20.00 • Fax 1-254-757-1487 • Order Forms Online: www.baylorbriefs.com Make Checks Payable to: THE BAYLOR BRIEFS P.O. Box 6386 Waco, Texas 76706 10 Vo l 83, N o . 1 THE BAYLOR BRIEFS Has the Perfect Combination for Lincoln-Douglas Debate THE VALUE DEBATE HANDBOOK - Completely Revised in 2000 - The Value Debate Handbook is the most popular textbook for Lincoln-Douglas debate. It provides a simple system for analyzing Lincoln-Douglas debate topics. It provides fully evidenced briefs on significant American values in easy, ready-to-use form. The Value Debate Handbook shows how to LINK the briefs to any of a wide variety of debate topics. New Features Expanded discussion of the meaning and relationship A comprehensive glossary of L-D concepts and terms, between Values and Criteria with special emphasis on essential for beginning debaters. how to argue for and against ideologically derived A reading list for exploring various values and criteria values like justice, legitimacy, the Social Contract, etc. Special Features The addition of new non-Western philosophers whose Complex value conflicts made easy to understand and values and worldviews conflict with and oppose those use in debate rounds. of most European and American philosophers Criteria for evaluating value choices. New chapters on affirmative and negative case construction, refutation, and rebuttals Evidence with full citations. Revised format and discussion of how to use Philosophers made easy to understand. philosophers in actual debates Two complete annotated L-D debates. MAILING: We mail all orders either Library or Fourth Class Book Rate. Allow 2-3 weeks for delivery. All pre-paid orders shipped free. Charged orders will be billed for postage and handling. Want Quicker Service? With Special Handling, usual delivery time is 3 to 5 days. THE 2008-2009 LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE RESEARCH SERIES A complete publication on each of the four official N.F.L., Contents of Each Publication Lincoln-Douglas Debate Topics. Most major high school Analysis of each topic. tournaments use the N.F.L. topic in their L-D contests. Sample affirmative and negative case outlines with evidence Complete value analysis of each proposition. and analysis. Everything you need to debate each of the N.F.L. Rebuttal and refutation guides and briefs. Lincoln-Douglas topics in complete ready-to-use form. Fully indexed affirmative and negative evidence on each Supplements the Value Debate Handbook with specific topic. explanations about how to use the Value Debate Handbook PUBLICATIONS DELIVERED TO YOU ON OR BEFORE: on each of the official N.F.L. topics. 2008 - September 1 and November 1 2009 - January 1 and March 1 For Texas Schools THE U.I.L. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS RESEARCH SERIES PLEASE SEND ME ____Copies of THE VALUE DEBATE HANDBOOK ____Copies of THE N.F.L. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE 1-10 copies $29.95 each (11 or more $24.95 each) RESEARCH SERIES: Subscription price: $89.95 ____Copies of THE TEXAS U.I.L LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE RESEARCH SERIES: Subscription price: $69.95 NAME ______SCHOOL ______ ADDRESS ______CITY ______STATE______ZIP______ TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED* ______SEND MY ORDER VIA SPECIAL HANDLING?** Yes___ No___ *We cannot accept checks made payable to Baylor University. Credit extended to educational institutions and libraries only upon receipt of a valid purchase order. **SPECIAL HANDLING: Sent Priority Mail or U.P.S. 1 - 5 books $10.00 • 6 10 books $15.00 • 11 or more books $20.00 • Fax 1.254-757-1487 • Order Forms Online: www.baylorbriefs.com Make Checks Payable to: THE BAYLOR BRIEFS P.O. Box 6386 Waco, Texas 76706 Ro s t r u m 11 2008-2009 NFL Lincoln Douglas Debate Ballot for Topic Selection Directions: Indicate your preferences for the headings listed below. In other words, from the list of 10 topics, indicate your first, second, and third choices for each time slot. A first choice will receive 3 points, second choice 2 points, and the third choice 1 point. After tabulation, the topic with the highest point total for a given time slot will be selected. Repeating topics within a given time slot is not acceptable. However, a topic may be reselected for another time slot. A minimum of five different topics must be listed on the entire ballot. Fill in all blanks for your ballot to be valid. ALL BALLOTS MUST BE RECEIVED IN THE NATIONAL OFFICE BY FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2008. List of topics: A. Resolved: Military conscription is unjust. B. Resolved: On reservations, sovereignty claims by indigenous peoples ought to be prioritized above the plenary power of the United States federal government. C. Resolved: In a democratic society, felons ought to retain the right to vote. D. Resolved: A parliamentary form of government is preferable to the United States presidential system. E. Resolved: United States law ought not recognize marriage. F. Resolved: United States immigration policy ought to prioritize admitting skilled workers over reuniting families. G. Resolved: The United States ought to submit to the jurisdiction of an international court designed to prosecute crimes against humanity. H. Resolved: Public high school students in the United States ought not be required to pass standardized exit exams to graduate. I. Resolved: The United States ought not issue torture warrants. J. Resolved: Vigilantism is justified when the government has failed to enforce the law. Please legibly indicate your votes by entering the letter associated with each resolution in the space provided. (’08 -’09) November/December topic: 1. ______2. ______3. ______(’08-’09) January/February topic: 1. ______2. ______3. ______(’08-’09) March/April topic: 1. ______2. ______3. ______(2009) NFL Nationals topic: 1. ______2. ______3. ______(’09-’10) September/October topic: 1. ______2. ______3. ______ Chapter Advisor Name: ______Chapter Advisor Signature: ______ School:______District:______ ALL BALLOTS MUST BE FAXED (920-748-9478) OR POSTMARKED BY FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2008. Only chapter advisors are permitted to vote. 12 Vo l 83, N o . 1 esolved: by R Lowell Sharp How were the 2008-09 Lincoln Douglas Debate resolutions developed and chosen? From time to time folks ask, in a document with each proposal place in the building where Lincoln “How are Lincoln Douglas Debate numbered. I then assigned them Douglas Debate was happening. On resolutions developed and chosen?” in a random fashion to Committee Monday morning, the Committee The process has evolved over many members for study prior to the 2008 broke down into small groups of years from having one person write National tournament. On Sunday three coaches each to consider and publish them to the current of the 2008 National Tournament, those proposed resolutions and process. In support of transparency, the Committee met and adopted the topics assigned to each of the three the following is a description of the following goals, goals the Committee members and propose resolutions or process used in wording and choosing had unofficially used for many years. topics to be considered by the whole resolutions for November, 2008 Committee. Monday afternoon the through October, 2009. 1. All proposed resolutions on whole Committee began hearing Nine NFL LD Wording the final list encourage value debate. and discussing the reports of each Committee members and one 2. All proposed resolutions small group. Using consensus additional co-chair were appointed on the final list center debate on a building, the whole group considered by the NFL President. Appointments definable value conflict. rewording and advancing each of the of the nine Committee members 3. All proposed resolutions topics proposed by the small groups. are for three year terms. Each year, on the final list have a conflict in Following the small group reports, all three coaches are appointed to the the resolution which is immediately Committee members were allowed to Committee. Anyone may apply to accessible. bring up any topic on the original list the President for appointment. As 4. All proposed resolutions on that they felt strongly about and that one of the Co-chairs, I act more as a the final list balance burdens in the wasn’t forwarded by the small groups. facilitator than as a chair. My co- debate and encourage debaters to Throughout Tuesday and chair is there to facilitate meetings defend a holistic position. Wednesday, the Committee as a whole when I cannot be present and also 5. Proposed resolutions on the then worked to create a list of 20 or functions as a regular Committee final list cover a diversity of issues. less well worded topics. Committee member. At that same Sunday meeting the members were encouraged to get 101 resolutions were proposed Committee agreed, by consensus, to feedback from other coaches present via email to the national office. procedures to be followed during the at the National tournament each Those topics were forwarded to week. evening. This year the Committee me. I copied them and placed them, Meetings of the Wording took frequent breaks during the days along with any submitted comments Committee then proceeded to take in order to gain feedback concerning Ro s t r u m 13 the wording of resolutions from Using the resulting totals for each receiving the lowest totals were added coaches with students entered in the resolution, those scoring more than to the list to create the final list of tournament. Committee members one standard deviation below the ten topics on which coaches would also used laptop computers to do mean were maintained for the final vote to determine topics for use from research online to double check ten, those scoring more than one November, 2008 through October wording options and make sure ample standard deviation above the mean of 2009. Online ballots were made evidence would be available. were eliminated and the remaining available for folks attending the After a list of 18 resolutions was ones were considered to fill out the National tournament during Friday’s created by consensus, each Committee list of ten. After consensus on filling session of the Tournament and are member completed a preferential out the list of ten was not reached, the available for all coaches through ballot on that list. Committee Committee ranked those remaining September 12, 2008. members ranked each resolution 1 resolutions from 1 through 8, 1 being through 8, 1 being their most favorite. their most favorite. Those resolutions Topics are: Resolved: Military conscription is unjust. Resolved: On reservations, sovereignty claims by indigenous peoples ought to be prioritized above the plenary power of the United States federal government. Resolved: In a democratic society, felons ought to retain the right to vote. Resolved: A parliamentary form of government is preferable to the United States presidential system. Resolved: United States law ought not recognize marriage. Resolved: United States immigration policy ought to prioritize admitting skilled workers over reuniting families. Resolved: The United States ought to submit to the jurisdiction of an international court designed to prosecute crimes against humanity. Resolved: Public high school students in the United States ought not be required to pass standardized exit exams to graduate. Resolved: The United States ought not issue torture warrants. Resolved: Vigilantism is justified when the government has failed to enforce the law. (Lowell Sharp has retired from full time teaching, yet remains active as the assistant debate coach at Golden High School in Colorado. He has been a member of the NFL LD Wording Committee since its inception. Lowell is a five diamond coach.) Lowell Sharp 14 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Join the best new college policy debate program in America The Sanford I. Berman Debate Forum @ the University of Nevada, Las Vegas The UNLV Debate Team Is committed to becoming a top ten college debate program Has an excellent coaching staff Offers generous talent-based scholarships Has a large travel budget Values strategic flexibility, hard work, competitive success & team cooperation We’re also excited to announce the REBEL DEBATE INSTITUTE Beginning in summer 2009 Offering 2, 3, & 4 week policy debate sessions, 2 week LD session, and a 1 week coaches workshop Featuring an incredible staff, competitive prices, emphasis on quality research, and a summer in the America’s most exciting city For more information, please contact Dr. Jake Thompson at [email protected] or check out our new team web page Rebel Debate on the web: www.unlv.edu/orgs/debate Ro s t r u m 15 Global Issue Makes Youth into Global Citizens at Youth Leadership Summit by Molly Hamm Climate change is a global concern these stories about their communities. Debate Education Association, and without borders—temperature The first ever UN Foundation Youth the Open Society Institute Youth changes and air quality are not Leadership Summit (YLS) brought Initiative, organized the summit. confined within the limits of one together high school students—from The three-day event in New York single state or country. Stories of cities as diverse as Ulaanbaatar represented the culmination of over flooding in Iowa and South Africa and and Santiago to Los Angeles and a year of hard work for many of the hurricanes in Mississippi are just a Brooklyn—to New York and the students in attendance. Students few examples of how extreme weather United Nations to discuss the effects competed in The People Speak patterns have been affecting people’s of climate change and to create an Global Debates and a media contest, lives and proving that citizens on the action plan for addressing this global Think Globally, Report Locally, to planet are inextricably linked together concern. win an all-expenses paid trip to New through the environment. The People Speak, an initiative York for the summit. On July 17-19th in New York City, of the United Nations Foundation, The Global Debate Series 170 youth representing 9 countries in partnership with the National challenged high school students from found a common thread in sharing Forensic League, International around the world to think critically 16 Vo l 83, N o . 1 and a Circle Line Boat Tour and Global Issue Makes Youth into Global Citizens Awards Ceremony rounded out the weekend. Participants are at Youth Leadership Summit already continuing discussions on the YLS Facebook group. Future plans include continued action by on the Youth Climate Pledge, a Molly Hamm collaborative pledge created by students at the summit which focuses on environmental action steps for homes, schools, communities, and countries around the world. The summit concluded with a rousing call to action. As Matthew Reading-Smith, intern with the about current global topics; carbon personal, collective, and institutional UN Environment Programme said, emissions and water rights. Of the power to create real change in the “we’ve come together from around more than 800 schools in more than environmental movement. Adobe the world for this one weekend and, 88 countries debating these topics in Youth Voices, a global philanthropic even though we are from different October and March, six international initiative to empower youth through places, we can agree on one common schools and ten domestic schools were designated as winners. In addition to hosting debates, the competition awarded points for activities including letters to the editor, inviting elected officials to the debate, blog posts, press coverage, and the creation of public service announcements. The Think Globally, Report Locally media contest provided four global issue topics focusing on water rights, carbon emissions, World Heritage sites, and adolescent girls in developing countries. Competing schools chose a topic, uncovered a local angle, and Climate change is a global concern these stories about their communities. Debate Education Association, and created a one to two minute video without borders—temperature The first ever UN Foundation Youth the Open Society Institute Youth technology, led afternoon workshops goal: to fight for and share our news story on the issue. changes and air quality are not Leadership Summit (YLS) brought Initiative, organized the summit. on the use of social media to create environment.” confined within the limits of one together high school students—from The three-day event in New York During the summit, students had effective messages. But the impact of the Youth single state or country. Stories of cities as diverse as Ulaanbaatar represented the culmination of over opportunities to learn more from “The Youth Leadership Summit Leadership Summit did not stop at flooding in Iowa and South Africa and and Santiago to Los Angeles and a year of hard work for many of the experts in the field and also from has done a phenomenal job of putting the close of the conference. The hurricanes in Mississippi are just a Brooklyn—to New York and the students in attendance. Students each other about how to continue to together a workshop that included Global Debates begin again this few examples of how extreme weather United Nations to discuss the effects competed in The People Speak stay active on climate change issues. environmental education, leadership fall, once again challenging students patterns have been affecting people’s of climate change and to create an Global Debates and a media contest, The first day introduced participants training, exposure to different from around the world to find out lives and proving that citizens on the action plan for addressing this global Think Globally, Report Locally, to to UN experts and everyone technologies, and all the tools that if they have what it takes to attend planet are inextricably linked together concern. win an all-expenses paid trip to New took a tour of the UN building. students will need to truly be leaders the next summit. Find out more and through the environment. The People Speak, an initiative York for the summit. During the second day, students not tomorrow, but today,” said Brett learn how to be a part of the youth On July 17-19th in New York City, of the United Nations Foundation, The Global Debate Series participated in a half-day training Mayfield, teacher at Madison Central movement on global issues at www. 170 youth representing 9 countries in partnership with the National challenged high school students from session organized by Campus Camp High School in Mississippi. thepeoplespeak.org. found a common thread in sharing Forensic League, International around the world to think critically Wellstone on how they can leverage Environmental service projects Ro s t r u m 17 South Africa Award Moldova Award Winning Schools The Global Debate Series U.S. Schools Brother Rice High School - Bloomfield, Michigan Madison Central High School - Madison, Mississippi Kearney High School - Kearney, Nebraska Monsignor Kelly Catholic High School - Beaumont, Texas Princeton High School - Princeton, Texas Santee High School - Los Angeles, California Albuquerque Academy - Albuquerque, New Mexico Anthony Wayne High School - Whitehouse, Ohio Brainerd High School - Brainerd, Minnesota Distributing energy saving light bulbs Ottumwa High School - Ottumwa, Iowa International Schools Mircea Eliade Lyceum - Chisinau, Moldova, Republic Of Gimnaziul Pro Succes - Chisinau, Moldova, Republic Of Evanjelicke Gymnazium - Tisovec, Slovakia Villa Maria Academy - Santiago, Chile Nancho Popovich High School - Shumen, Bulgaria Solvista Secondary School - Durban, South Africa Think Globally, Report Locally Century High School - Hillsboro, Oregon Roane County High School – Spencer, West Virginia Texas High School – Texarkana, Texas Group involved in composting Additional. countries represented: Peru, Australia, Mongolia (Molly Hamm is a student advocate and organizer for climate change. In 2007, Molly was a grant recipient of the UN Foundation’s Climate Crews competition which helped her launch her Greeks Going Green campaign to coordinate environmental efforts among over 3,000 Greek members at Kansas State University. She is an upcoming senior pursuing a B.S. in Secondary Education and a minor in Nonprofit Leadership.) 18 Vo l 83, N o . 1 The People Speak Global Debates Do you have something to say about global issues? Join high school students around the world this October in the UN Foundation’s Global Debates. Last year, more than 100 NFL chapters and 88 countries participated by holding public debates in their schools. These debates are the cornerstone, but just the appetizer in a full menu of service speaking opportunities that can lead to winning a trip to New York City and the United Nations for the second annual Youth Leadership Summit in 2009. Raise your voice, speak up and get involved today: participation is also rewarded through several NFL chapter and individual student merit point incentives as well as scholarship opportunities and monetary rewards to leading schools. October 2008 Topic: The world should adopt our plan* to significantly combat climate change. * Each team develops, submits (to the UN Foundation), and defends their own specific plan. The UN Foundation will keep score to determine which schools earn the opportunity to attend the Youth Leadership Summit. New this year: Schools must submit documentation to the UN Foundation, proving that they actually held a global debate, and what plan they proposed implementing. NFL Chapter Incentives — schools can earn NFL credit vouchers to apply toward purchasing merchandise, individual memberships, etc. Each of the top 5 scoring schools: $500 NFL credit voucher Each school, placing 6th-20th: $100 NFL credit voucher Each school holding a global debate*: $50 NFL online store voucher (requires $100 purchase) *fulfilling obligations of the UN Foundation NFL Point Incentives — participants can earn National Service merit points as follows: Each school can hold up to 10 global debates, with up to 8 participating students per debate. A student may participate in up to two debates, earning 10 pts. per debate (20 pts. maximum). Each student participating in a UN Foundation approved Service Learning Project (UNFSLP) will receive 10 pts., with a limit of one UNFSLP per student. Altogether, a student may earn up to 30 NFL points, which are above and beyond recording limits for local service speaking. Coach Incentives Coaches receive one-tenth of the National Service merit points their students earn. Each NFL coach who organizes an event will receive 5 NFL service citations for the first event, and 2 citations for each additional event. Visit www.thepeoplespeak.org today to sign up! Ro s t r u m 19 Bickel & Brewer and New York University Announce 2008-09 National Public Policy Forum by Melissa Maxcy Wade You have debated the best in the Bellaire High School, Bellaire, nation. Now it’s time to take on the TX, won the world. 2007-08 National Public Policy Forum. The The Bickel & Brewer / New York students took home a $10,000 University National Public Policy grand prize and Forum (NPPF) recently announced the “Bickel & Brewer Cup.” that the competition is expanding They are pictured to include many leading debate with (left) William Brewer, partner at teams from across the world. Due Bickel & Brewer, and (right center) to its unique format of focusing NYU President on written debate in the early John Sexton. rounds, the NPPF can invite the writing, including grammar. The participation of students – via “This is the competition for those competition also awards points that e-mail – across the globe. who want to prove they are the can be applied toward the National best,” says NPPF Advisory Board Forensic League (NFL) Nationals Now in its eighth year, the NPPF member Tuna Snider, director – and an all-expense-paid to the has attracted more than 2,000 of forensics, The University of NPPF finals in New York City. debaters representing 35 states Vermont. “Inviting international The competition begins since its inception. The NPPF is teams to compete is just another in October. Students must the only contest that gives debaters way that this contest is establishing submit by October 29, 2008, the opportunity to participate in itself as one of the most a 2,800 word affirmative or written and oral debates on issues challenging – and rewarding – of public policy. contests of its kind.” The contest is open to public The NPPF welcomes debaters and private high schools for free. from across the forensics spectrum. Teams compete for a $10,000 The competition is judged on grand prize, and more than factors including, but not limited $30,000 in total awards. The NPPF to, well-founded arguments, champion is presented with the Bellaire High School Debate Coach Russell effective communication, and good “Bickel & Brewer Cup.” Rach confers with his students as they prepare for the final round of competition. 20 Vo l 83, N o . 1 NPPF negative qualifying essay on the following the finals. The NPPF from 26 states taking part in the topic, “Resolved: The United champion takes home the “Bickel 2007-2008 competition. The finals States federal government should & Brewer Cup,” a traveling trophy competition is broadcast live via substantially increase alternative that resides annually with the the Internet. The oral arguments are energy incentives in the United winning team, and the $10,000 streamed and accessed by debaters States.” Cases will be judged by grand prize. across the world, sharing in real the NYU Speech & Debate team. time a debate experience like no The top 16 schools advance to the Russell Rach is the coach of the other. Elimination Rounds and engage in 2007-08 NPPF champion, Bellaire a single-elimination, High School, Bellaire, Texas. He “The exposure, student recognition written debate tournament. The says the NPPF offers a unique and scholastic experience of the cases are volleyed back and forth debate experience, focused on NPPF make it a competition unlike electronically among schools, and academics, written scholarship and any other,” says Bill Brewer, judges review the papers in the oral advocacy. partner at Bickel & Brewer and order in which they are presented. founder of the NPPF. “The NPPF Winning schools advance to the “The NPPF has all the rigor of delivers on its promise to benefit next round. policy debate, but none of the debaters of all skill levels from all anti-educational tendencies that forms of forensics.” This process continues for several sometimes manifest in verbal-only rounds. The written debates debate,” says Rach. “Teachers Don’t miss this opportunity to conclude in March, when the final will love the competition because shine. This could be your year to four teams are announced. These they can get into the details of take home the grand prize and the teams will pack their bags for an their students’ arguments and see honor of being declared a National all-expense-paid trip to the finals at their evolution over an extended Public Policy Forum Champion. New York University. period of time. It is a wonderful This is your chance to take on the On April 18, 2009, the teams will supplement to regular policy world. go head-to-head in oral advocacy debate in that sense. Students love before a panel of esteemed judges, it because they take satisfaction in (Melissa Maxcy Wade, executive representing experts in fields producing a well-written document director of forensics and faculty, such as law, politics, business and that serves as a transcript of their Division of Educational Studies at academia. debate and their ideas.” Emory University, is a member of the NPPF Advisory Board.) The winning team is announced at The NPPF continues to grow every a banquet and awards ceremony year, with more than 500 students Ro s t r u m 21 Bellaire High School Reigning NPPF Champion The fourth time was the charm for the Bellaire High School debate team. After reaching the NPPF finals for four consecutive years, the team won first place in the 2007-2008 competition, defeating Colleyville Heritage High School in the final round. The students were awarded $10,000 ($5000 for the school and $5000 for student Judges for the semi-final and final rounds of the NPPF include scholarships) and the “Bickel & some of the world’s foremost experts in debate, business, law, Brewer Cup.” politics and academia. Pictured are New York Times Writer James Traub (left) and NFL Executive Director J. Scott Wunn. Bellaire Debate Coach Russell Rach says the NPPF format is what keeps his students coming back, year after year. “My students have learned to Sheppardize sources, scrutinize evidence under a microscope, and think critically,” Rach says. “They have learned to better express themselves in a written fashion. Most importantly, they have learned to apply their policy debate New York University President John Sexton speaks to skills in a framework that more students during the NPPF awards dinner in New York City. closely approximates application in a real-world setting.” For more information about the National Public Policy Forum, visit www.nppf.net or the organization’s group page on Facebook. Kahuku High & Intermediate School in Kahuku, Hawaii, squares off against Bellaire High School during a semi-final round of competition. 22 Vo l 83, N o . 1 NATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY FORUM A Different Perspective on Forensic Competition by Ravi Shah Anyone who has participated negating the chosen annual resolution, deliberate as possible. in a speech and debate competition which is usually very close to the NFL understands the profound impact it policy debate resolution. After NPPF teams submit has on his or her daily life. Whether The medium of debate in the an initial qualifying paper, judges discussing politics, learning to NPPF, a written format, differs greatly choose sixteen teams to compete interact with others in the workplace, from standard debate exchanges. A in the “back-and-forth” written or opening up thoughtful lines written format requires that students exchange. Teams are randomly of self-inquiry, a debater usually learn to write succinctly but forcefully. paired and qualifying students earn understands the importance of Word limits for the competition are the chance to take part in a series discourse and examining an strict—usually not a word more than of written debate exchanges, where argument from different perspectives. what’s necessary to make a coherent schools are paired for each round and argument. exchange constructive arguments and Different perspectives apply rebuttals with one another. to forensic competition as well. In Students, therefore, are forced Students have only a limited fact, we all know, that debate is much to constrain their arguments. Unlike amount of time to prepare papers for more than just speaking, but different in a standard debate round, where a each round. Learning to write in a events tend to emphasize one or two “spur-of-the-moment” ad-lib may go group was the most difficult skill set aspects of speech and to master when I helped debate. But the National “Anyone who has participated in prepare the papers. Each Public Policy Forum, a person has a different national, written speech a speech and debate competition writing style and different and debate tournament views on how the paper is an interesting new understands the profound impact should be organized. format of debate. My With each paper our experience with the it has on his or her daily life.” team wrote, we learned NPPF has broadened my how best to delegate perspective on forensic responsibility, revise as a competition and helped unnoticed, every written word will group, and make the best argument propel me towards my professional be scrutinized in the NPPF. Students possible. goals. learn to write deliberately. Deliberate arguments have been a great help After each round, judges choose The NPPF format is fairly for me in term papers, business- winners, and teams advance. The straightforward. Students still style memos, and other class writing final four teams fly to New York formulate constructive arguments and assignments. As an undergraduate in City, all expenses paid, and continue rebuttals, but the “back-and-forth” a business college, professors expect the competition in a verbal forum. argumentation is done on paper. The us to be serious about word economy In 2006, my team was selected to NPPF allows for any group of high in our business writings. The NPPF compete in the final four in New school debate students to enter the has shown me that with the right effort York City. The NPPF, co-sponsored competition by submitting a written you can constrain your writing to be as by New York University and the constructive either affirming or Ro s t r u m 23 by A Different Perspective Ravi Shah on Forensic Competition Bickel and Brewer law firm in Our team had argued both sides of drove down into the fundamentals of Dallas, Texas, hosts its final rounds the case, stood up to questioning, and public policy and law. Research was in the NYU Law School. had developed extensive knowledge the first step in the NPPF. Before about the topic—after all, we had we outlined a paper, we researched. Preparation for the final rounds defended our positions to people After you receiving a rebuttal, we was the most intense experience from who deal with detainment policy researched. To prepare for the final my debate years. The judges for each on a daily basis. When I began rounds, we researched. round are a panel of experts. Experts my undergraduate degree at NYU like NYU President John Sexton, top (which, incidentally, I chose to attend Developing researching skills litigators from the country and highly after attending the tournament) I was particularly important for me, respected journalists and political learned of an opportunity to write because they are necessary in every experts, not to mention some of for the UCLA Undergraduate Law area of my life, in every role I the top NFL debate coaches in the Journal. play—a student, an intern, a citizen. country. This array of experts makes Only by augmenting my research the NPPF semifinal and final rounds Recognizing an opportunity skills have I been able to improve my particularly difficult. Besides an to put some of the work we had writing quality. opening statement and rebuttal, panel done for the NPPF to good use, I judges are given the opportunity to proposed writing about detainment What is most extraordinary is ask whatever questions they would policy, from a legal perspective. that when I look back on my writing like to both teams. My article on detainment policy skills, I can see their development from year to year. But the process As I always tell the participants of learning how to write, how to at the NPPF every year, “if you can The ability to frame a coherent written argument, answer questions before that panel all of those skills seem to stem from of judges, you can answer questions think on your feet the initial experience of the NPPF. from anyone.” Whether in an open In some way, the NPPF allowed discussion, my classes or during a (which, to this day, remains one of me to take what I knew how to do business presentation, I am thankful my favorite public policy issues) was in debate, argue public policy, and for the ability to think on my feet. published in fall of 2007. This year, transition to something related to my And since that ability only comes as a sophomore, with one article professional goals. from preparation, research is a huge already under my belt, I proposed to emphasis in competition. All of the write an article about U.S Securities (Ravi Shah is currently an frustrations of other events—students Law for the UCLA Undergraduate undergraduate business student at who fabricate evidence in Student Law Journal. That article will be the NYU Stern School of Business. Congress for example—disappear published in fall of 2008. He participated in Student Congress, in the NPPF. You must know your Extemporaneous Speaking, Public topic from all angles. Proposing to write an article Forum Debate, while at the Dreyfoos is one thing, but actually writing School of the Arts, the national When I finished the these articles was anything but easy. championship winning school for the competition, I was holding on to a Both articles required extensive NPPF in 2006.) vast amount of knowledge about that research. Research, which did not year’s topic, U.S. detainment policy. just hit the surface of the topic, but 24 Vo l 83, N o . 1 by A Different Perspective Ravi Shah on Forensic Competition drove down into the fundamentals of reat Bickel and Brewer law firm in Our team had argued both sides of eparing g Dallas, Texas, hosts its final rounds the case, stood up to questioning, and public policy and law. Research was in the NYU Law School. had developed extensive knowledge the first step in the NPPF. Before about the topic—after all, we had we outlined a paper, we researched. Paradigm has been pr Preparation for the final rounds defended our positions to people After you receiving a rebuttal, we Great cardsdebaters to debate mean great since 1993 was the most intense experience from who deal with detainment policy researched. To prepare for the final my debate years. The judges for each on a daily basis. When I began rounds, we researched. round are a panel of experts. Experts my undergraduate degree at NYU like NYU President John Sexton, top (which, incidentally, I chose to attend Developing researching skills more. litigators from the country and highly after attending the tournament) I was particularly important for me, respected journalists and political learned of an opportunity to write because they are necessary in every experts, not to mention some of for the UCLA Undergraduate Law area of my life, in every role I play—a student, an intern, a citizen. PARADIGM the top NFL debate coaches in the Journal. country. This array of experts makes Only by augmenting my research the NPPF semifinal and final rounds Recognizing an opportunity skills have I been able to improve my particularly difficult. Besides an to put some of the work we had writing quality. opening statement and rebuttal, panel done for the NPPF to good use, I judges are given the opportunity to proposed writing about detainment What is most extraordinary is Research ask whatever questions they would policy, from a legal perspective. that when I look back on my writing HE EBATER S ARKETPLACE like to both teams. My article on detainment policy skills, I can see their development T D ’ M from year to year. But the process As I always tell the participants of learning how to write, how to at the NPPF every year, “if you can The ability to frame a coherent written argument, answer questions before that panel all of those skills seem to stem from of judges, you can answer questions think on your feet the initial experience of the NPPF. In some way, the NPPF allowed E ENERGY from anyone.” Whether in an open TIV discussion, my classes or during a (which, to this day, remains one of me to take what I knew how to do A DEBATE business presentation, I am thankful my favorite public policy issues) was in debate, argue public policy, and N for the ability to think on my feet. published in fall of 2007. This year, transition to something related to my R Complete Library For Debate And since that ability only comes as a sophomore, with one article professional goals. E T CX, LD & Public Forum from preparation, research is a huge already under my belt, I proposed to L Presenting 55 titles produced by experts emphasis in competition. All of the write an article about U.S Securities (Ravi Shah is currently an A frustrations of other events—students Law for the UCLA Undergraduate undergraduate business student at In Print, CD-ROM, and PDF Download who fabricate evidence in Student Law Journal. That article will be the NYU Stern School of Business. Congress for example—disappear published in fall of 2008. He participated in Student Congress, in the NPPF. You must know your Extemporaneous Speaking, Public topic from all angles. Proposing to write an article Forum Debate, while at the Dreyfoos is one thing, but actually writing School of the Arts, the national When I finished the these articles was anything but easy. championship winning school for the ARADIGM ESEARCH competition, I was holding on to a Both articles required extensive NPPF in 2006.) P R P.O. Box 2095 Denton, TX 76202 vast amount of knowledge about that research. Research, which did not See complete product information online or Toll-Free 800-837-9973 year’s topic, U.S. detainment policy. just hit the surface of the topic, but call us toll-free to be added to our mailing list. www.oneparadigm.com Since 1993 Ro s t r u m 25 Em b r a c i n g Su c c ess 26 Vo l 83, N o . 1 They could not have done it without you! By supporting the NFL Bruno E. Jacob Fund, you help NFL students follow their passions and find success! www.nflonline.org/Alumni/AlumniDonate Ro s t r u m 27 Coach Recognition Sp e c i a l Re c o g n i t i o n a t Na t i o n a l s Congratulation s ! Ch a i r o f t h e Ye a r Ka r e n Va u g h a n Nev a d a Humanitarian Aw a r d Dr. Al f r e d “Tu n a ” Sn i d e r Ve r m o n t Ra l p h E. Ca r ey Aw a r d Ka r e n Mi y a k a d o Ha w a i i Co a c h o f t h e Ye a r Aw a r d Er i c DiMi c h e l e Ne w Yo r k 28 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Sp e c i a l Re c o g n i t i o n a t n a t i o n a l s Co n g r a t u l a t i o n s ! ted w. belch award NFL Alums and former students of Mr. Ted W. Belch, Mr. Bobby Burchfield and Mr. Jeff Allred presented Mr. Belch with a newly established Champion Coach award in his honor. This award along with a $250 monetary gift is to be awarded to future champion coaches in Policy Debate. In addition, a permanent replica trophy will be housed in the NFL National Headquarters, and a large base will display the names of each year’s recipient. Je f f p r e s e n t i n g t e d w i t h Ch a m p i o n Co a c h Aw a r d Bo bb y Bu r c h f i e l d , Te d W. Be l c h a n d Je f f Al l r e d It w a s w i t h g r e a t h o n o r Mr. Te d W. Be l c h p r e s e n t e d t h e i n a u g u r a l Te d W. Be l c h a w a r d t o Mr. Da v i d Hu s t o n o f Co l l e y v i l l e He r i t a g e Hi g h Sc h o o l , TX. Ro s t r u m 29 Special Awards Sp e c i a l Re c o g n i t i o n a t n a t i o n a l s Co n g r a t u l a t i o n s ! Al u m n i Li f e t i m e Se r v i c e Aw a r d Br o . Re n e St e r n e r , f s c Pe n n sy l v a n i a Bro. Rene Sterner is the first recipient of this annual alumni recognition award. This award is presented to an NFL alum who has dedicated his/or life to service of youth within the forensics community and specifically the National Forensic League. Communicator o f t h e Ye a r This year’s recipient earned his NFL membership in An t h o n y E. Zu i ke r 1961. He just celebrated his 50th year of service to the Congregation of Christian Brothers and has been a Ca l i f o r n i a member of the NFL Executive Council since 1978. He has served the NFL community in a number of Mr. Zuiker is the creator of the hit television series, CSI: important and challenging ways, including hosting Crime Scene Investigation. Mr. Zuiker’s creation has the 2005 National Speech Tournament. He is a six received widespread critical acclaim including Emmy diamond coach, an NFL Hall of Fame member, and a nominations for Best Drama Series in 2002, 2003, and 2004, true friend of forensics. in addition to three Golden Globe nominations for Best Television Series (Drama). His brainchild has led to the creation of CSI Miami and CSI New York. Mr. Zuiker spoke eloquently at Friday evening’s awards ceremony of the impact that his high school and college forensics experience has had on his life and career. 30 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Special Award Sp e c i a l Re c o g n i t i o n a t n a t i o n a l s Co n g r a t u l a t i o n s ! Al u m n i Li f e t i m e Ac h i eve m e n t Aw a r d Dr. Mi c h a e l Ed m o n d s Co l o r a d o The Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award is one of the newest awards recognizing alumni of the NFL. Dr. Edmonds has exemplified the tenets of the NFL Code of Honor of integrity, respect, humilty, leadership, and service. Dr. Michael Edmonds has been a NFL member for 30 years. He began his NFL career in 1978. After high school he earned a BA in theater arts and a Masters and Ph.D in Higher Education Administration from Ole, Miss. He also completed a post-graduate institute at Harvard University. In high school, Michael was an NFL national qualifier and after high school was a forensic coach at the University of Mississippi. He is best known for his incredible level of civic engagement. He is a member of the Lott Institute Trustees at the University of Mississippi and treasurer of Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha forensic honorary. He currently serves on the board of directors for the Great West American Cancer Society and the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo. He is the Vice Chair of the Pikes Peak United Way and the Chair of the Memorial Health Systems Board of Trustees. Dr. Edmonds has worked at Colorado College for the past 16 years and now serves as the Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students. The NFL would like to thank Dr. Edmonds for his instrumental role in creating Colorado College’s sponsorship of both Policy and Public Forum Debate. Ro s t r u m 31 PO BOx 20243 COMMUNICAN Waco, Tx 76702 Outstanding Books On: resolved:TheunitedStatesfederalgovernmentshouldsubstantiallyincrease alternativeenergyincentivesintheunitedStates. The Most Complete and Comprehensive Debate Handbook in Two Volumes: rapidly becoming the most important resource for high school debaters. Includes 4000 pieces of recent evidence, an outstanding index, fully explained strategies, and evidence which meets all recommended NFL citation standards. No evidence prior to 2006. Evidence focuses on hard-to-find books not included in electronic databases. THE NATIONAL DEBATE OrDEr FOrM PLEASE SEND ME: HANDBOOK 2008-2009 NATIONAL DEBATE HANDBOOK _____ Copies of the TWO VOLUME SET AFFIrMATIVE NEGATIVE 1-5 sets $54.95 per set 6 or more $39.95 per set _____ Copies of THE NEGATIVE VOLUME 1-5 volumes $34.95 each 6 or more $24.95 each _____ Copies of THE AFFIrMATIVE VOLUME 1-5 volumes $34.95 each 6 or more $24.95 each COMMUNICAN COMMUNICAN _____ Copies of TEACHEr’S PUBLIC THE NATIONAL DEBATE HANDBOOK THE NATIONAL DEBATE HANDBOOK SPEAKING rESOUrCE BOOK $89.95 per copy THE CASE FOr THE U.S. FEDErAL THE CASE AGAINST THE U.S. FEDErAL GOVErNMENT SUBSTANTIALLy INCrEASING GOVErNMENTSUBSANTIALLy INCrEASING ALTErNATIVE ENErGy INCENTIVES IN THE ALTErNATIVE ENErGy INCENTIVES IN THE UNITED STATES UNITED STATES _____ Copies of TEACHEr’S DEBATE rICH EDWArDS COUrSE rESOUrCE BOOK rICH EDWArDS $89.95 per copy _____ Copies of 2008 SUPPLEMENT TO TEACHEr’S DEBATE rESOUrCE KrITIKKILLEr:WINNINGANSWErS BOOK TOTHECrITIQUE $40.00 per copy Updated in 2008! _____CD of KrITIK KILLEr: WINNING • Postmodern critiques are (unfortunately) a growing ANSWErS TO THE CrITIQUE phenomenon in policy debate; do your part to slow this trend by refusing to lose to “the critique” $30.00 per CD copy • Kritik Killer provides the background you need to understand NAME______and effectively answer critical arguments • Over 100 pages of briefs providing practical answers to the most common critiques ADDrESS______• Glossary of critical terms explains the terminology used in critique debates CITY______STATE______ZIP______CD Distribution Provides Maximum Flexibility TOTAL AMOuNT ENCLOSED $______• Kritik Killer is available only on CD • Make Checks Payable to COMMuNICAN, P.O. Box 20243, Waco, TX 76702. • Files readable by PC or Macintosh Systems • Credit extended to educational institutions and libraries only upon • CD contains a PowerPoint presentation suitable for receipt of a valid purchase order number. classroom instruction on defeating critical arguments • Publication date June 10, 2008 • All pre-paid orders shipped free. • Word processing format allows you to modify the content • Billed orders will be charged for shipping and handling. • Fax or Phone: (254) 848-4473 Email: [email protected] • Order Forms Available Online: www.communican.org 32 Vo l 83, N o . 1 THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS GrEAT PHILOSOPHEr LIBrAry SErIES Series I – PHILOSOPHErS include: John Series II – PHILOSOPHErS include: Plato, Stuart Mill, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Edmund Burke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques rousseau. Henry David Thoreau The L-D Great Philosopher Library OrDEr FOrM The Lincoln-Douglas Great Philosopher Library Series provides PLEASE SEND ME: separate, complete volumes on each of the ten most popular THE L-D GrEAT PHILOSOPHEr LIBrArY SErIES philosophers used in L.D. debate. You may order each volume _____Copies of THE L-D GrEAT PHILOSOPHEr individually, order Series I, Series II, or the complete 10 volume LIBrAry SErIES - The entire 10 Volume Set set. $130.00 per set of ten volumes Each volume contains a complete edited version of the _____Copies of PHILOSOPHEr LIBrAry SErIES I - 5 Volume Set philosopher’s most important work and an essay written by $75.00 per set _____Copies of PHILOSOPHEr LIBrAry SErIES II - 5 Volume Set some of America’s outstanding L-D debaters and teachers $75.00 per set explaining the philosophy and demonstrating in a clear easy- to-understand manner how to use the philosophy to win PHILOSOPHEr LIBrArY SErIES I: debates! _____Copies of JOHN STUArT MILL, “On Liberty” $17.00 per copy SPECIAL FEATUrES _____Copies of JOHN LOCKE, “The Second Treatise of Government” • A complete text of the major original work of each philosopher $17.00 per copy • Clear explanation of the philosophy espoused by each philosopher _____Copies of JEAN-JACQUES rOUSSEAU, “The Social Contract” • A focus on the world view of each philosopher: What is the nature $17.00 per copy of humankind? What is the nature of the good? What is the nature _____Copies of THOMAS HOBBES, “The Theory of Individual of ruth?, etc. rights, The Leviathan” • Application of each philosopher’s ideas to fundamental American $17.00 per copy values _____Copies of IMMANUEL KANT, “The Categorical Imperative - • A guide for applying each philosopher’s ideas to Lincoln-Douglas The Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals” debate topics $17.00 per copy • Strategies for indicting and refuting each philosopher in a debate PHILOSOPHEr LIBrArY SErIES II: round _____Copies of PLATO, “The republic” • An easy-to-use method for utilizing each philosopher in structuring $17.00 per copy both the affirmative and negative cases _____Copies of ArISTOTLE, “The Politics” $17.00 per copy SErIES II – SPECIAL FEATUrES _____Copies of THOMAS AQUINAS, “The Just War Theory” • Explanations on how to respond to each Series II philosopher... $17.00 per copy from contemporary theorists, such as rawls, Nozik and others. _____Copies of EDMUND BUrKE, “reflections on the A guide to using the philosophical theories, as well as attacking French revolution” their use. $17.00 per copy _____Copies of HENry DAVID THOrEAU, “On Civil Disobedience” $17.00 per copy Why the Lincoln-Douglas Library of Great Philosophers? NAME______• Greater student understanding: The student has access to the actual text. reading isolated quotations without access to the whole text leads to misunderstanding and confusion. The complete ADDrESS______essay accompanying the text guides the student in a correct understanding of the text. CITY______STATE______ZIP______• An excellent teaching tool: Students can use the text and the essay as the basis for class discussions, reports, etc., in TOTAL AMOuNT ENCLOSED $______preparation for the actual debates. • Make Checks Payable to COMMuNICAN, • Winning debates: The text applies the philosophy to the Lincoln- P.O. Box 20243, Waco, TX 76702. • Credit extended to educational institutions and libraries only upon Douglas debate format in an easy-to-use way. Better debating receipt of a valid purchase order number. is inevitable! • Publication date June 10, 2008 • All pre-paid orders shipped free. • Billed orders will be charged for shipping and handling. • Fax or Phone: (254) 848-4473 Email: [email protected] • Order Forms Available Online: www.communican.org Ro s t r u m 33 National Winners Pi Ka p p a De l t a Br u n o E. Ja c o b Aw a r d Pictured (Front row, left to right): Nicole Hong, Jessica Hilbrich, Michael Pudlow, (lady centered behind Michael is Michael’s aide), Carly Gibbs, Alicia Nieves & Mrs. Tammy Daugherty. (Back row, left to right): Sarah Chowdhury, Ruth Christopher, Mr. Glen Percifield, Mr. Donald Fortner, Mr. Steven Kennedy, Mr. Jordan Mayer & Arefin Chowdhury. (Team member Eleanor Kennedy and Coach Helen Engstrom not available for photo). The National Trophy donated by Pi Kappa Delta and named in memory of Bruno E. Jacob, founder of the National Forensic League, is presented to the school which accumulates the largest number of rounds of national participation: one point for each round of individual events; two points for Policy Debate, Public Forum Debate, and Duo Interpretation. Munster High School, IN added 52 rounds to a previous total of 1246 for a championship total of 1298. Total Rounds Wi n n e r Mu n s t e r HS, in 1298 To p Te n Co n t e n d e r s f o r 2009 Neosho HS, MO 1291 Albuquerque Academy, NM 1260 Lincoln East HS, NE 1250 Chesterton HS, IN 1247 Parkview HS, MO 1225 Appleton East HS, WI 1221 Plano Sr. HS, TX 1215 Holy Ghost Prep, PA 1186 Regis HS, NY 1111 Brookings HS, SD 1110 34 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Tournament Coach Commendations Co a c h Ea rn s Tw o Co m m en d a t i o n s 2008 Bruno E. Jacob Commendation Executive Director, J. Scott Wunn, was proud to award the 2008 Bruno E. Jacob Coach Commendation to Helen Engstrom from Munster High School, IN. The Bruno E. Jacob Commendation is presented to the coach of the school winning the Bruno E. Jacob/Pi Kappa Delta Trophy if that coach has coached 50% of the total rounds. 2008 Albert S. Odom, Jr. Commendation The Albert S. Odom, Jr. Commendation is presented to the current director of the school winning the Bruno E. Jacob/Pi Kappa Delta Trophy. The award is named in honor of Mr. Odom, one of NFL's most outstanding supporters and former long-time assistant to League Founder, Bruno E. Jacob. Ro s t r u m 35 NFL 2008 Hall of Fame Inductees Chuck Ballingall Kandi King California Texas Elly Kantorowicz Wisconsin Ron Krikac Robert Kelly Wyoming Indiana 36 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Winner national student of the year ity Lea r de eg r t s n h I i p R e s p e t c H u t m c il e ity Se r v i c e Resp Kyle Akerman Downers Grove South HS, IL Coach: Jan Heiteen The National Student of the Year is considered one of the most honorable and renowned of individual student awards presented by the National Forensic League. The National Student of the Year is awarded to a graduating senior member of the National Forensic League who has best represented the tenets of the NFL Code of Honor: integrity, respect, humility, leadership, and service. The National Student of the Year wins a $1000 scholarship and will represent the League in various public capacities throughout the 2008-2009 school year. Six finalists participated in an interview process with the national panel of judges who selected the NFL’s first National Student of the Year. Congratulations Kyle Akerman! Ro s t r u m 37 Congratulations! Sc h w a n Ho n o r s Sc h o o l o f Ex c e l l en c e Aw a r d s Sp ee c h Desert Vista High School, AZ Accepting Coach: Erik Dominguez Leland High School, CA Accepting Coach: Gay Brasher James Logan High School, CA Accepting Coach: Tommie Lindsey, Jr. Gabrielino High School, CA Accepting Coach: Derek Yuill Apple Valley High School, MN Accepting Coach: Joseph Wycoff & Pam Cady Wycoff Eagan High School, MN Accepting Coach: Joni Anker De b a t e Bellarmine College Prep, CA Accepting Coach: Kim Jones Damien High School, CA Accepting Coach: Chuck Ballingall Des Moines Roosevelt High School, IA Accepting Coach: Harry Strong Hillcrest High School, ID Accepting Coach: Amy Walker Chesterton High School, IN Accepting Coach: James Cavallo Walt Whitman High School, MD Accepting Coach: Anjan Choudhury Neosho High School, MO Accepting Coach: David Watkins Ridge High School, NJ Accepting Coach: David Yastremski Myers Park High School, NC Accepting Coach: Andrew West Pinecrest High School, NC Accepting Coach: Elizabeth Carter University High School, OH Accepting Coach: Peter Park Al l Eve n t s Bellarmine College Prep, CA Accepting Coach: Kim Jones Point totals necessary to win the School of Excellence Awards: Fo r m u l a f o r Sc h o o l o f Ex c e l l e n c e Aw a r d s : Debate: 40 rounds (includes L/D, Public Forum, Policy & Congress) 1 point for every round of competition in individual events and L/D (count only students who broke to round 7 and higher) Speech: 50 rounds (includes DI, HI, Duo, Original Oratory, US Extemp, & Int'l Extemp) 2 points for every round of Policy, Public Forum Debate, and Duo (count only students who broke to round 7 and higher) All Events: At least 30 rounds in Debate AND 40 rounds in Speech 8 points for Congress semis; 10 for Super Session; 13 for being (Must also fully qualify in either Debate or Speech) nominated as a finalist 38 Vo l 83, N o . 1 George Mason University Proud Sponsor of the National Tournament C circle of Champion Coaches Pictured left to right: Nicholas Owen, David Huston, Kim Jones, Todd Hering, Chris Palmer, Felisa (Lisa) Honeyman, Barbara Garner, Karen Wilbanks, Elizabeth Carter, Gay Janis, Brittany Morgan Janis, James Doyle, Jerry Crist, Carol Duffee-Lunsford, Brian Danner and Gay Brasher. George Mason University is the proud sponsor of the National Tournament Circle of Champion Coaches. Each champion coach received a commemorative Champion Coach Plaque in the shape of the state of Nevada and a $100 coach award as congratulations. Ro s t r u m 39 National Winners wayne e. brown show me excellence award To commemorate the life and work of Hall of Fame Coach, Wayne E. Brown, the Brown Family, Dale Publishing, and Wayne’s colleagues in Missouri established the Wayne E. Brown Show Me Excellence Award. $100 scholarships were awarded to students who qualifed for and attended four national tournaments. Stephen Elrod Abigail Rose Minor Phil Kaplan Bellarmine College Prep, CA Lincoln County HS, GA Scarsdale HS, NY Coach: Kim Jones Coach: Lenalee Robinson Coach: Joseph Vaughan Sebastian Bauge Laura Manning Alex Wozencraft East Bakersfield HS, CA Glenbrook South HS, IL Mannsford HS, OK Coach: Leo Holland Coach: Scott McDermott Coach: Carol Duffee-Lunsford Colin Caprara Meriah Forbes Kasidy D. Benjamin LaCosta Canyon HS, CA Buhler HS, KS Towanda Area HS, PA Coach: Krista DeBoer Coach: Megan Hagaman Coach: Julie Larnard-Newbury Varun Rajan Bret A. Higgins David Baloche Leland HS, CA Salina South HS, KS Lindale HS, TX Coach: Gay Brasher Coach: Jody Eves Coach: Janice Caldwell Clark L. Xue Sarah Weiner Callie Petterborg Mark Keppel HS, CA Shawnee Mission West HS, KS Tascosa HS, TX Coach: Patrick Reis Coach: Ken King Coach: Ann Shofner Daniel Barrera David Kozminski Travis Glynn Belen Jesuit Prep School, FL Savannah R3 HS, MO New London HS, WI Coach: Luis Dulzaides Coach: Michael Pittman Coach: Mariah Hootman Matthew Jordan Nathan Rarick Hoang Nguyen Belen Jesuit Prep School, FL Manzano HS, NM Plano Senior HS, TX Coach: Luis Dulzaides Coach: Marian Daigle Coach: Karen Wilbanks Reid Bagwell Scarsdale HS, NY Coach: Joseph Vaughan 40 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Winners POLICY DEBATE The Harland B. Mitchell Debate Trophy, named for NFL’s famous debate coach, is presented to the NFL Policy Debate Champions. Colorado College 45X198 Policy Debate 1. Evan Defilippis & James Hamraie Colleyville Heritage HS, TX Coach: David Huston 29X173 2. Vanessa Bernick & Ross S. Gordon New Trier Township HS, IL Coach: Linda Oddo 42X127 3. Aaron Westendorf & Kyle Sutton Princeton HS, OH Coach: Alan Bates 08X221 4. Jordan Daniels & Jesse Spafford Kent Denver School, CO Coach: Kurt Macdonald 37X216 5. Joe Grimes & Will Rafey Bellarmine College Prep, CA Coach: Deirdro Sullivan 37X253 Ev a n De f i l i p p i s a n d Ja m e s Ha m r a i e 6. Andres Gannon & Trevor Chenoweth Co l l e y v i l l e He r i t a g e Hi g h Sc h o o l , TX Damien HS, CA Coach: Chuck Ballingall Speaker Awards are based upon points awarded by judges during prelim rounds, dropping high and low. A trophy and a $250 scholarship are awarded in memory of Champion Coach Phyllis Barton. 37X217 Phyllis Flory Barton 1. Georgi Dimitrov Top Debate Speaker Award Bellarmine College Prep, CA Coach: Christopher Wolf 07X210 2. Taylor Nichols Blue Valley HS, KS Coach: Chris Riffer 07X210 3. Josh Dean Blue Valley HS, KS Coach: Chris Riffer 37X255 4. Reid Ehrlich-Quinn Damien HS, CA Coach: Chuck Ballingall 37X217 5. Carl Rice Bellarmine College Prep, CA Coach: Christopher Wolf 02X140 6. Michael Carlotti Ge o r g i Di m i t r o v Cathedral Prep School, PA Be l l a r m i n e Co l l e g e Pr e p , CA Ro s t r u m Coach: Brian Manuel 41 National Winners colorado college ted turner public forum debate Ca l e b Fr y e & Me r e d i t h Po tt e r Pi n e c r e s t Hi g h Sc h o o l , NC 03N214 1. Caleb Frye & Meredith Potter Pinecrest High School, NC Coach: Robert Sheard 45N220 2. William J. Beshears & Evan T. Lee Monsignor Kelly Catholic High School, TX Coach: Marita Duesler 03N266 3. Robert Kindman & Josh Zoffer Durham Academy, NC Coach: Jeff Welty 37N252 4. Parijat Chakrabarti & Vijay Sridharan Bellarmine College Prep, CA Coach: Marty Mckenzie 24N191 5. Tom Delehanty & Michael Schultz Century High School, ID Coaches: Benjamin Nelson & Taylor Powell 35N144 6. Kori Furcolowe & Kathleen Thayer Beach Rossview High School, TN Coach: Lee Beach 42 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Winners LINCOLN/DOUGLAS DEBATE & oRIGINAL oRATORY Lincoln Financial Group Lincoln/Douglas Debate 45L293 1. Todd Liipfert Houston Jesuit HS, TX Coaches: Jerry Crist & Gary Johnson 45L110 2. Joan Gass Hockaday School, TX Coach: Stacy Thomas 35L119 3. Corey Metzman Montgomery Bell Academy, TN Coach: William W. Tate, Jr. 03L207 4. Arjun Chandran Cary Academy, NC Coach: Richard Pellicciotta 28L137 5. Ellen Noble Walt Whitman HS, MD Coach: Anjan Choudhury 01L118 6. Tess McNulty Millburn HS, NJ To d d Li i p f e r t Coach: Brian Raymond Ho u s t o n Je s u i t Hi g h Sc h o o l , TX 45Y135 Patrick Henry Memorial 1. Hoang Nguyen Original Oratory Plano Sr. HS, TX Coach: Karen Wilbanks 18Y233 2. Jamaka Young Apple Valley HS, MN Coaches: Joseph Wycoff & Pam Cady Wycoff 04Y228 3. Zach Beattie Savannah R3 HS, MO Coach: Michael Pittman 37Y165 4. Alexandria Tippings Schurr HS, CA Coach: Joseph Ugalde 37Y238 5. Tina Nguyen Gabrielino HS, CA Coaches: Derek Yuill & Keri Seeger 04Y275 6. Katherine Smith Pembroke Hill School, MO Ho a n g Ng u y e n Coach: Douglas Miller Pl a n o Sr. Hi g h Sc h o o l , TX Ro s t r u m 43 National Winners Extemporaneous speaking 25U146 A. C. Eley Memorial 1. Rebecca Goldstein Newton South HS, MA United States Extemp Coaches: Felisa (Lisa) Honeyman & Chris Palmer 23U178 2. Charlie Metzger Suncoast Community HS, FL Coach: Traci Lowe 37U236 3. Evan Larson Bellarmine College Prep, CA Coach: Bill Healy 37U312 4. Rajiv Narayan James Logan HS, CA Coaches: Tommie Lindsey, Jr. & Randall McCutcheon 15U245 5. James Hao Lincoln East HS, NE Coach: Matt Davis 42U285 6. Alex Draime Howland HS, OH Re b e c c a Go l d s t e i n Coaches: Thomas Williams & Ne wt o n So u t h Hi g h Sc h o o l , MA Matthew Vansuch Schwan 18F235 International Extemp 1. Akshar Rambachan Eastview HS, MN Coach: Todd Hering 04F192 2. Omar Qureshi Monett HS, MO Coach: Gary Cook 09F122 3. Aaron Mattis Scarsdale HS, NY Coach: Joseph Vaughan 11F231 4. Hunter Kendrick Danville HS, KY Coach: Steve Meadows 30F319 5. Nima Ahmadi Westview HS, OR Coach: Trudi Gessford Harte 18F158 6. Maddie Gardner Eagan HS, MN Ak s h a r Ra mb a c h a n Coach: Christopher McDonald Ea s t v i e w Hi g h Sc h o o l , MN 44 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Winners interpretation 37A246 Lanny Naegelin Memorial 1. Stephen Elrod Bellarmine College Prep, CA Dramatic Interpretation Coach: Kim Jones 37A244 2. Tania Odesho Leland HS, CA Coaches: David Kraft & Gay Brasher 41A241 3. Amber Justmann Desert Vista HS, AZ Coach: Erik Dominguez 18A237 4. John Hofmeister Apple Valley HS, MN Coaches: Pam Cady Wycoff & Joseph Wycoff 18A238 5. Matt M. Porter Apple Valley HS, MN Coaches: Pam Cady Wycoff & Joseph Wycoff 37A316 6. Lindsay Rico Brea Olinda HS, CA Coaches: Christopher Schaadt & Frank Ramirez St e p h e n El r o d Be l l a r m i n e Co l l e g e Pr e p , CA 20H126 1. Alex Wozencraft Western Kentucky University Mannford HS, OK Humorous Interpretation Coach: Carol Duffee-Lunsford 23H186 2. Gabe Gonzalez Trinity Preparatory School, FL Coach: David Kraft 37H250 3. Varun Rajan Leland HS, CA Coaches: Gay Brasher & David Kraft 18H196 4. Emily Kaufenberg Roseville Area HS, MN Coach: Jessica Fedje 18H240 5. Grigoriy I. Berman Eastview HS, MN Coach: James Fedje 17H296 6. Andrew Langdon Plymouth HS, IN Al e x Wo z e n c r a f t Coach: David McKenzie Ma n n f o r d Hi g h Sc h o o l , OK Ro s t r u m 45 the schwan food company presents National Winners sandra silvers memorial duo interpretation Gr e t a Be s s e r & Ad a m Bo u c h a r e b f r o m La k e v i l l e No r t h Hi g h Sc h o o l , MN 18D186 1. Greta Besser & Adam Bouchareb Lakeville North HS, MN Coach: James Doyle 37D297 2. Raymond Truong & Steven Truong San Marino HS, CA Coach: Oliver Valcorza 02D263 3. Kevin Frawley & Michael Dahlgren Holy Ghost Prep, PA Coach: Tony Figliola 39D119 4. Blake Flugence & Danielle Cottonham Teurlings Catholic HS, LA Coach: Josette Surratt 45D268 5. Forrest Weber & Sarah Lavere Winston Churchill HS, TX Coach: Brian Eanes’ 41D238 6. Brett Ponton & Bryan Ponton Desert Vista HS, AZ Coach: Erik Dominguez 46 Vo l 83, N o . 1 senator john c. stennis National Winners national student congress most outstanding senator Senators 1. Sen. Kevin Eaton, Duncanville HS, TX Coaches: Bruce & Barbara Garner 2. Sen. Ari Kasper, Adlai Stevenson HS, IL Coach: Doug Koski 3. Sen. Dominic Pody, Holy Ghost Prep, PA Coaches: Tony Figliola & John Buettler 4. Sen. Emily Cardin, Sequoyah HS, GA Coach: Matthew Bartula 5. Sen. Sara Shier, Salina High Central HS, KS Coach: Nicholas Owen 6. Sen. Stephanie Benedict, The Harker School, CA Coach: Carol Green Outstanding Presiding Officer Sen. Ben Berkman, Nova HS, FL Coach: Lisa Miller Se n a t o r Ke v i n Ea t o n Du n c a n v i l l e Hi g h Sc h o o l , TX most outstanding representative Representatives 1. Rep. Nathan Blevins, Gilmour Academy, OH Coaches: Gay Janis & Brittany Morgan Janis 2. Rep. Harlan Downs-Tepper, Stuyvesant HS, NY Coach: Julie Sheinman 3. Rep. Bryan Campanello, Carroll HS, TX Coach: Diane Forbes 4. Rep. Ben Reid, Park Hill HS, MO Coach: Tyler Unsell 5. Rep. Christian Chauvet, St. Thomas Aquinas HS, FL Coach: Jennifer Kwasman 6. Rep. Raza Rasheed, Claremont HS, CA Coach: David Chamberlain Outstanding Presiding Officer Rep. Zachary Cobb, Asheville HS, NC Coach: Keith Pittman Re p r e s e n t a t i v e Na t h a n Bl e v i n s Gi l m o u r Ac a d e m y , OH Ro s t r u m 47 National Winners supplementary events 42B334 Western Kentucky university 1. Rachel Kenney prose Gilmour Academy, OH Coach: Gay Janis 18B228 2. Andrew Stevens Eagan HS, MN Coach: Joni Anker 18B401 3. Chevala Conner Apple Valley HS, MN Coaches: Pam Cady Wycoff & Joseph Wycoff 37B512 4. Mathew Jenkins Fullerton Joint Union HS, CA Coach: Sal Tinajero 26B606 5. Jenna Huebner Appleton East HS, WI Coaches: Michael Traas & Debra Weiher-Traas 29B287 R a c h e l Ke n n e y 6. Christopher Simmons G i l m o u r Ac a d e m y , OH Belleville West HS, IL Coach: Adam Jenkins 18P228 Western kentucky university 1. Meghan Kreidler poetry Eagan HS, MN Coach: Joni Anker 15P409 2. Rachel Branker Lincoln East HS, NE Coach: Dutch Fichthorn 15P477 3. Vernon Thomas Creighton Preparatory School, NE Coach: Patrick Lee 04P408 4. Teonna T. Wesley Raytown South HS, MO Coach: Kelli Morrill 04P384 5. Andy Kozminski Savannah R3 HS, MO Coach: Michael Pittman 27P516 Me g h a n Kr e i d l e r 6. Ena Scott Ea g a n Hi g h Sc h o o l , MN Madison County HS, VA Coach: Donald Hitt 48 Vo l 83, N o . 1 National Winners supplementary events Western Kentucky university 37I624 impromptu 1. Taman Narayan Leland HS, CA Coaches: Gay Brasher & Brian Danner 45I504 2. Sesenu Woldenmariam Lamar HS, TX Coach: Eloise Blair 37I622 3. Roy Liu Leland HS, CA Coaches: Gay Brasher & Brian Danner 04I469 4. Adam Blood Joplin HS, MO Coach: Phil Travis 17I784 5. Carly Gibbs Munster HS, IN Coach: Donald Fortner 17I563 6. Veronica Lowe Ta m a n Na r a y a n Ben Davis HS, IN Le l a n d Hi g h Sc h o o l , CA Coach: Samantha McCandless 25T166 Western kentucky university 1. Antonia Lassar storytelling Newton South HS, MA Coach: Felisa (Lisa) Honeyman 18T191 2. Kjellrun Owens Eagan HS, MN Coach: Seth Hammond 09T339 3. Chris Moncrief Bronx Preparatory Charter School, NY Coach: Sarah Rosenberg 11T103 4.Emma Wilczynski Boone County HS, KY Coach: Krista Kohl 04T411 5. Ariel Kizer Independence Truman HS, MO Coach: Kim Lenger 45T119 6. Daniel Batres Princeton HS, TX Coach: Jimmy Smith An t o n i a La s s a r Ne wt o n So u t h Hi g h Sc h o o l , MA Ro s t r u m 49 National Winners supplementary events 07E460 Western Kentucky university 1. Allison Stuewe expository Salina High Central, KS Coach: Nicholas Owen 07E137 2. Breanna Roach Sterling HS, KS Coach: Betsy Dutton 29E199 3. Sarah Capodice University HS, IL Coach: Steven Michaels 18E293 4. Shayla Owodunni Lakeville North HS, MN Coach: Jennifer Baese 29E282 5. Jessica Petrie Belleville West HS, IL Coach: Russ Reidelberger 04E354 6. Bonnie Lyons Al l i s o n St u e w e Kickapoo HS, MO Sa l i n a Hi g h Ce n t r a l , KS Coach: Teresa Sparkman 25C232 Western kentucky university 1. Alex E. Tolkin extemp commentary Newton South HS, MA Coaches: Felisa (Lisa) Honeyman & Chris Palmer 37C138 2. Elliot A. Olson Miramonte HS, CA Coach: Sandra Maguire 29C337 3. Jessica Petrie Belleville West HS, IL Coach: Russ Reidelberger 12C521 4. Ashley Artmann Green Valley HS, NV Coach: Scott Ginger 45C433 5. Gabriela Barahona Spring HS, TX Coach: Randy Ellis 04C643 6. Sam Tabory Al e x E. To l k i n Liberty Sr. HS, MO Ne wt o n So u t h Hi g h Sc h o o l , MA Coach: Sean Nicewaner 50 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Final Round Winners 2008 Mehta International Bowl The Mehta Bowl is sponsored by the family of Jason Mehta, an NFL alum and the creator of one of the nation’s top forensic websites, www.forensicsonline. net. Jason is a recent magna cum laude graduate from Harvard Law School, and helped draft policy for Senator Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. In high school, Jason was the state of Florida champion in domestic extemporaneous speaking. The Mehta International Bowl, a silver engraved, footed bowl is presented to the student who, in the opinion of all final round judges, won the final round of International Extemp. This year's winner is Akshar Rambachan from Eastview High School (MO) coached by Todd Hering. Akshar Rambachan Eastview High School, MN The Carmendale Fernandes President's Bowl The winning student of the final round of United States Extemporaneous speaking, as reflected by counting every one of the eleven final round judges, was presented by NFL Hall of Famer Carmendale Fernandes. Carmendale held the position of NFL Council President from 1977-1984 and is a continued strong supporter of the NFL. This year's 2008 final round winner is Rebecca Goldstein from Newton South High School (MA) coached by Felisa (Lisa) Honeyman and Chris Palmer. Rebecca Goldstein Newton South High School, MA Professor's Bowl Professor Paul Lorentzen, a longtime board member of the Public Employees Roundtable and strong supporter of the NFL, is proud sponsor of the Professor's Bowl. The Professor's Bowl is engraved with a likeness of Patrick Henry and the NFL Seal. This year's winner of the 2008 final round of Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation Auxiliary Original Oratory was presented to Zach Beattie from Savannah R3 High School (MO), coached by Michael Pittman. Zach Beattie Savannah R3 High School, MO Ro s t r u m 51 Final Round Winners The University of Alabama The Bama Bowl The University of Alabama is proud sponsor of the final round winners of Duo, Dramatic and Humorous Interpretations. Duo Interpretation awards honor the memory of legendary coach Sandra Silvers of Calhoun High School, GA. Ms. Silvers represented true excellence in the coaching of interpretive events. Greta Besser & Adam Bouchareb Each winner received the Bama Bowl Lakeville North High School, MN and a $250 scholarship. Coach: James Doyle Duo Interpretation Tania Odesho Alex Wozencraft Leland High School, CA Mannford High School, OK Coach: David Kraft Coach: Carol Duffee-Lunsford Dramatic Interpretation Humorous Interpretation 52 Vo l 83, N o . 1 words that shook the world Ac t r ess De i d r a Ha l l , Ph i l l i p An n a n d , J. Sc o t t Wu n n , NFL Ex e c u t i ve Di r e c t o r a n d Ri c h a r d Gr ee n e , Fo u n d e r o f t h e Wo r d s t h a t Sh o o k t h e Wo r l d . This past school year the National Forensic League partnered with the Words that Shook the World High School Public Speaking competition to provide an opportunity for students across the nation to earn scholarship dollars and to showcase their incredible talents in forensics. Its innovative video upload format provided an inexpensive way for students to express their “Message for America.” On behalf of the Words that Shook the World competition, the NFL is proud to recognize Phillip Annand of Lawrence High School in New Jersey. Congratulating this year’s winner were the founder of the Words that Shook the World competition, Richard Greene, and five time winner of Soap Opera Digest’s, “Best Actress Award, Ms. Deidra Hall. Phillip received a $10,000 scholarship check from Richard Greene and the Words that Shook the World National Public Speaking Competition. Continue checking the NFL website at www.nflonline.org as more major scholarship opportunities become available. Ro s t r u m 53 Coaches and Champions Congratulations! Phyllis Flory Barton Top Debate Speaker Award Georgi Dimitrov Colorado College BELLARMINE COLLEGE PREP, CA Policy Debate Coach: CHRISTOPHER WOLF james hamraie & evan defilippis Colleyville Heritage HS, TX Coach: david huston Lincoln Financial Group Lincoln Douglas Debate Todd Liipfert Houston Jesuit HS, TX Coaches: Gary Johnson & Jerry Crist Colorado College Ted Turner Public Forum Debate caleb frye & meredith potter pinecrest hs, nc Coaches: Robert sheard & elizabeth carter 54 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Coaches and Champions Congratulations! Western Kentucky University Humorous Interp Lanny Naegelin Memorial Dramatic Interp alex wozencraft mannford hs, ok Coach: Carol duffee-lunsford stephen elrod bellarmine college, ca Coach: kim jones Patrick Henry Memorial Original Oratory hoang nguyen plano sr. hs, tx Coach: karen wilbanks Schwan Duo Interp greta besser & adam bouchareb lakeville north hs, mn Coach: james doyle Ro s t r u m 55 Coaches and Champions Congratulations! Schwan International Extemp A. C. Eley Memorial akshar rambachan United States Extemp eastview HS, mn Coach: todd hering rebecca goldstein newton south HS, Ma Coaches: felisa (lisa) honeyman & Chris Palmer Western Kentucky University Extemp Commentary alex e. tolkin Newton south HS, ma Coaches: felisa (lisa) honeyman & Chris Palmer Western Kentucky University Expository allison stuewe salina high central, ks Coach: nicholas owen 56 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Coaches and Champions Congratulations! Western Kentucky University Poetry Western Kentucky University Prose meghan kreidler eagan HS, mn rachel kenney Coach: joni anker gilmour academy, oh Coach: gay janis Western Kentucky University Impromptu Taman Narayan leland HS, ca Coaches: brian danner & gay brasher Western Kentucky University Storytelling antonia lassar newton south hs, Ma Coach: felisa (lisa) honeyman Ro s t r u m 57 Coaches and Champions Congratulations! student congress outstanding senator student congress Kevin Eaton outstanding representative duncanville HS, tx Coach: barbara garner nathan blevins gilmour academy, oh Coaches: gay janis & brittany morgan janis top presiding officer senate ben berkman top presiding officer nova HS, fl house Coach: lisa miller zachary cobb asheville hs, nc Coach: keith pittman 58 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Senator Karl E. Mundt Trophy Schools Accumulating Highest Number of Congress Points The Congress Sweepstakes is awarded to the school accumulating the highest number of Congress points since the first National Congress in 1938. One point for each legislative day served by each Congressperson, five points to the Most Outstanding Member, four points to the Outstanding Member, two points to the four Superior Members and two points for each Presiding Officer. Monte Vista High School - Danville, CA, began the 2008 National Student Congress with the accumulated total of 143 points and added 21 Congress points for a total of 164 National Student Congress Points. Contenders for 2009 Ridge HS, NJ 163 Chaminade HS, NY 145 Niles McKinley HS, OH 137 MONTE VISTA HIGH SCHOOL - DANVILLE, CA LaPorte HS, IN 135 (Left to right) Sebastian DeLuca, Brian Louie, Marielle Bolano, Apple Valley HS, MN 126 Coach David Matley, Riva Litman, Caila Litman & Michael Caporusso. Plano East S.r HS, TX 125 Topeka HS, KS 120 Field Kindley Memorial HS, KS 118 Parkview HS, MO 118 Senate Senator John C. Stennis National Student Congress ����������� ��������������������������HOUS ���������E����������������� �������� ��� �������� ��� ������ �� ���� ������ ������� �������� �������� ���������� ��!�����"���!# �� ������ ��������� $� % ������������������������ ���#&�������� �' ��(�'��)� ��# �� � ��������������������� ��������� �* �������+���,�� �� $ ������������� ���)�������� -� �������+��!���"� $% . Super ������ ��������� ����� ������!����/�������� �� ��������-������ �0 1 ������������� ��� ����!������ � ��������� ���+����� �0 2 ������ ������ ����������� ����������� �� ������������ �0 3 ����������� ��� �� 4����"����� � 5��������������� �� � �����!�� �����" ���� �����4����#��� �4 ������6����� �0 0 ��������������� � ���������� �* 7�� �3 Congress �������#��� �$����%���� 5������� ���"������� �* ���������,�� �3 �����&� ���'��( ����-�������� � ���������������� �3 �����)������� ���#�� ��")����������� 5' 5������&�� �3 ���������������� 5��������� �� ��������-������ �3 �����)���� �����#��� ��������������� 8� �����8����� �3 ����������������� �������� -� ���������-�������� �2 �����%������%� 9���������� �* ��������,�� �2 ������� ����*��++���� �������:��� �� ������������������ �2 ������������������� ������!����/�������� �� ��������-������ �2 ������������� ���� �������� �� ��(������# �2 ����������%� �;���������� � ���������������� �2 �����$� ����'������ �������������<� ����)�� 8� ������8����� �1 �����)������,����� 9����� ����#��� 8' 8����")# �1 ������� ������## ����&������� � ��������5��� �. �� Ro s t r u m 59 THE HAROLD C. KELLER PUBLIC SERVICE LEADERSHIP AWARD The Harold C. Keller Public row inmates. Outman & Surmay, P.C., Service Leadership Award was Caldas went on to spend a representing adoptive parents established to honor Harold C. year working for Hon. Martha and birth parents in all aspects Keller, who for nearly 30 years has Daughtrey on the U.S. Court of of adoptions, guardianships, and been the driving force behind the Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in legitimacy proceedings. Caldas John C. Stennis National Student Nashville. She then began a six- currently serves as managing Congress. The award is presented year trek at the Southern Center attorney for the Atlanta Volunteer to a former Student Congress for Human Rights in Atlanta. At Lawyers Foundation. She is competitor for the purpose of the Center, Caldas served as lead responsible for facilitating recognizing an individual who has volunteer representation of applied lessons learned through low-income residents of Atlanta participation in Student Congress in cases involving consumer, in becoming an effective leader housing, family law, and in his or her community, state, or other legal matters for which nation through public service. individuals would otherwise not This year’s Leadership Award be able to afford legal assistance. was presented to Tamara Serwer Caldas engages in legislative Caldas, who received the the advocacy for policies that affect second Harold C. Keller Award for low-income consumers and Public Service Leadership at the represents clients in local courts 2008 National Forensic League and administrative hearings Tournament. regarding the full range of issues In 1988, Caldas received her affecting low-income individuals. diploma from Clark High School Founder of the Housing in San Antonio and enrolled in or co-counsel for civil actions in Advocacy and Resource Center, Princeton University. Four years federal and state trial and appellate Caldas worked to ensure that this later, she earned a bachelor’s courts challenging unconstitutional court-based program provided degree in English with honors. conditions of confinement, such consultation and representation in She worked with the New York as physical abuse of prisoners, eviction proceedings for tenants. Lawyers for the Public Interest denial of medical and mental health She coordinates the Center’s task for a year before beginning a dual care, and overcrowded/unsanitary force to consider how the court can degree program at the University of conditions in Alabama and be more involved in enforcing the Texas leading to a master of public Georgia. During this time, she also Atlanta Housing Code to preserve affairs and doctor of jurisprudence. taught continuing legal education habitable housing for low-income During law school, Caldas courses on civil rights litigation and people in the community. interned at the Texas Education guest-lectured at Emory University Outside of her work at Agency, Texas Third Court of and Georgia State University on the Atlanta Volunteer Lawyers Appeals for Hon. Bea Ann Smith, public health and law. In addition, Foundation, Caldas serves as O’Melveny & Myers, L.L.P., and Caldas served as a contributor the public service chair of the Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & to public health and corrections Princeton Club of Georgia and on Feld, L.L. P. Upon finishing her policy conferences conducted by the public service committee of degree, she spent a summer at the the Centers for Disease Control and the Atlanta Council of Younger Southern Poverty Law Center in Prevention (CDC) and other federal Lawyers. Montgomery, Alabama, assisting entities. Congratulations to Tamara with civil rights lawsuits on behalf For the next year and a half, Serwer Caldas, the recipient of the of immigrants, prisoners, and death Caldas worked for Claiborne, 2008 Harold C. Keller Award for Public Service Leadership. 60 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Don’t call us a brief company. We work for a living. 24 hour Email Support Instructional Books Bi-Monthly Newsletter Power Point Presentations Not a Drop & Run company.It’s a June to June relationship, with your feedback affecting future releases. We’re the dyslexic Field of Dreams. “If you come, we will build it.” Say no to sweatshops. We don’t outsource. Camp attendees don’t do our work for us. The same staff finds, cuts, and tags the evidence before writing the positions and producing topic analysis. When will you be able to demand more from a forensics resource? How’s now? Is now good for you? It’s about now. And it’s about time. www.apollodebate.com Apollo Debate LLC P.O. Box 260648 Plano, TX 75026 Email: [email protected] Ro s t r u m 61 Ka r l E. Mu n d t Me d a l 62 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Ka r l E. Mu n d t Me d a l Ka r l E. Mu n d t Fo u n d a t i o n f o r m e d i n 1963 Ro s t r u m 63 Br a i n Bu s t e r Co n t es t During registration, the LBJ District put students to the test with 100 brain busters. Questions covered everything from Math, Science, Literature, Current Events, Geography and much, much more! Scholarship Winners $100 - 1st place: Nick Kwolek, Northrop HS, IN $50 - 2nd place: Landon Klein, Blacksburg HS, VA $25 -3rd place: Luke Miller, Hillcrest HS, ID 64 Vo l 83, N o . 1 2008 Ju l i a Bu r ke Aw a r d Pr ese n t e d t o Ja m es Ha m r a i e James Hamraie of Colleyville Heritage High School, Colleyville, Texas, was the recipient of the 2008 Julia Burke Award for Character and Excellence in National High School Policy Debate. He was coached by David Huston and his sister, Aimi Hamraie. James was chosen from a list of outstanding finalists including Juan Andres Gannon of Damien High School and Dorothy Hector of Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart. He has chosen The Urban Debate League of Dallas to receive his $1000 charity donation and will be attending Emory University. The award was presented by Jonathan Cowperthwait, who was a close friend of Julia and is a Julia Burke Foundation Board Member. The presentation was made at the Tournament of Champions Breakfast in May. The Julia Burke Award was established to recognize the policy debater who best typifies the combination of qualities that Julia embodied, including excellence in and passion for debate, love and respect for the policy debate community, and a commitment to helping others and maintaining friendships despite the pressures of competition at the highest level. Julia debated for The College Preparatory School in Oakland, California, and was lost in October 1998 as a result of a car accident. Nominations for next year’s award may be submitted by any policy debater, coach or judge September 2008 until after the Berkeley Tournament next February. Please go to The Julia Burke website to submit a nomination. More information about the award criteria and The Julia Burke Foundation is available at: www.JuliaBurkeFoundation.com. Ro s t r u m 65 main events colorado college Policy debate results Prelims Elims Semis Final Evan Defilippis & James Hamraie 45X198 Colleyville Heritage HS, TX w w s l w w w w w w w l N (5-0) Aff (11-4) Vanessa Bernick & Ross S. Gordon 29X173 New Trier Township HS, IL s w s w s w w w w w w w N (3-2) Neg (4-11) Colorado College ted turner public forum debate results Prelims Elims Semis Final Caleb Frye & Meredith Potter s w w s w s w w w w w w w w Bye Con (9-6) 03N214 Pinecrest HS. NC William J. Beshears & Evan T. Lee w w s w l w w w w w l w w w W (5-0) Pro (6-9) 45N220 Monsignor Kelly Catholic HS, TX patrick henry memorialoriginal oratory results code (In speaker order) CUME SEMI SEMI FINAL TOTALS Rd 7-10 rD 11 rD 12 45Y135 25 11253 11221 32633544115/61 81 37Y238 26 24346 23154 24236263354/61 100 18Y233 30 11352 11121 44344442122/16 82 04Y275 34 53114 52512 55556365636/63 118 04Y228 30 62561 34353 11112125441/16 91 37Y165 24 24531 23435 55243532523/26 95 lincoln financial group lincoln/douglas debate finalists code name prelims ELIMS SEMIS FINALS Todd Liipfert s w s w s b w w w l w w s Bye Neg (6-5) 45L293 Houston Jesuit HS, TX Joan Gass w s w w s w w l w w w w w W Af f (5-6) 45L110 Hockaday School, TX A. C. Eley Memorial United States Extemporaneous results code (In speaker order) CUME SEMI SEMI final totals Rd 7-10 rD 11 rD 12 23u178 26 22217 71426 34134322224/16 90 25u146 29 23372 32114 32212434151/15 85 37u236 26 31151 53735 54542114166/61 99 42u285 31 45522 14214 62566435335/61 109 37u312 15 51767 61621 45345526642/26 103 15u245 30 62111 52772 23535653413/16 104 Schwan International Extemp 11F231 33 44145 41222 35531326265/16 103 04f192 30 11211 14151 54324414614/16 86 09f122 34 11321 41551 42134265152/16 93 30f319 22 66323 32222 36565563353/62 103 18f235 21 22212 22413 22223141331/41 66 18f158 24 33676 13413 53442552446/61 105 66 Vo l 83, N o . 1 main events results code (In speaker order) CuME SEMI SEMI FINAL TOTALS Rd 7-10 rD 11 rD 12 Lanny Naegelin Memorial Dramatic Interp 37A316 38 25332 53422 52545346254/6116 114 18A238 32 43224 47342 34435343533/5262 107 41A241 30 12743 31111 55343335446/6326 99 18A237 33 44263 12264 22224553542/6161 103 37A244 36 56616 12131 43442422112/6115 97 37A246 18 11111 61614 12161611365/1166 74 Western Kentucky University Humorous Interp 17H296 33 33212 12121 56666665556/6634 113 18H240 19 52123 64471 55555556662/6262 109 18H196 20 44162 43346 44333333545/3266 97 37H250 28 21226 31213 32444422424/2425 86 23H186 23 15611 31114 23423243313/1441 77 20H126 24 11351 24532 11112111111/1123 63 schwan duo interpretation results code (In speaker order) CuME SEMI SEMI FINAL TOTALS Rd 7-10 rD 11 rD 12 41D238 29 41467 33542 56554454556/6632 122 39D119 24 11322 32331 43455535565/3266 95 18D186 24 22522 44542 23111113424/1146 79 37D297 27 54753 21216 24433232313/6161 93 45D268 30 13341 64165 45236261232/1166 100 02D263 26 54217 52323 35224224434/5611 95 LINCOLN FINANCIAL GROUP AWARDS EAGLES JERSEY Lucky Winner Benjamin Lewis Walt Whitman HS, MD (L-R) Awards Emcee Tim Sheaff and Lincoln Financial Group Assistant Vice President David Wozniak draw the winning name. NFL Executive Director J. Scott Wunn and Lincoln Financial Group Mr. Wozniak awards Eagles Jersey to Benjamin. Assistant Vice President David Wozniak display the Eagles Jersey. Ro s t r u m 67 Se m i -Fi n a l Sp ee c h Eve n t s Pl a c e na m e Sc h o o l rd 7-10 Se m i Se m i to t a l Cu m e RD 11 RD 12 Hu m o r o u s In t e r p 7. Jericho Lopez Pres. Wm McKinley HS, HI 25 47536 13247 67 8. Brian Cross Regis HS, NY 32 36453 25523 70 9. Alison Thompson Moorhead Senior HS, MN 35 53534 46352 75 10. Jack Christie Lincoln East HS, NE 33 62345 57666 83 11. Sameep Mehrotra Eagan HS, MN 30 26747 66655 84 12. Jude Flannely Pine View School, FL 35 64465 55464 84 13. Rachel E. Von Ahn Poland Seminary HS, OH 32 75674 72735 85 Du o In t e r p 7. John Ward & Michael Reynolds Eagan HS, MN 35 32141 75434 69 8. Joy Gordo & Aaron Huang Gabrielino HS, CA 27 26455 63663 73 9. Charlie Douglass & Elena Glass Roseville Area HS, MN 31 73534 56154 74 10. Dami Obaro & Tomi Obaro Mt. Lebanon Sr. HS, PA 35 37616 17415 76 11. Dallas McKinney & Raina Enand North Mecklenburg HS, NC 31 76135 47651 76 12. Daniel Davis & Zachary Wahls West HS-Iowa City, IA 35 45763 25726 82 13. Spencer Reed & Seth Schuerings Fullerton Joint Union HS, CA 35 65274 71277 83 14. Crystal Adams & Brenna Wahl Leland HS, CA 35 67676 16777 95 Or a t o r y 7. Chris Moncrief Bronx Preparatory 35 35414 52333 68 Charter, NY 8. Keenan Twymon Thornwood HS, IL 33 36425 35615 73 9. Patrick Le Gabrielino HS, CA 36 43123 75644 75 10. Cassidy Miller Parkview Sr. HS, MO 30 56275 47447 81 11. Emily Schlichting Millard North HS, NE 36 45772 67276 89 12. Margaret Woodward Collierville HS, TN 38 77637 74562 92 13. Sorin Chereji James Logan HS, CA 35 72647 66776 93 14. Nickolas Muckleroy Alief Taylor HS, TX 32 67766 46767 94 68 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Se m i 'sSe m i -Fi n a l Sp ee c h Eve n t s Pl a c e na m e Sc h o o l rd 7-10 Se m i Se m i to t a l Cu m e RD 11 RD 12 U.S. Ex t e m p 7. Amanda Johnson Eagan HS, MN 33 45236 14362 69 8. Ryan Pereira Nova HS, FL 27 74554 27333 70 9. Jason Bell Ladue Horton Watkins HS, MO 33 17425 45551 72 10. Carly Gibbs Munster HS, IN 28 56635 66243 74 11. Muthu Alagappan Bellaire HS, TX 32 14343 46467 74 12. Roy Liu Leland HS, CA 34 36643 33555 77 13. John Lisman E L Meyers HS, PA 33 63474 75146 80 14. Zach Lutz-Priefert Lincoln Southeast HS, NE 25 77766 27677 87 In t e r n a t i o n a l Ex t e m p 7. Rahul Sangal Plano East Senior HS, TX 30 72432 66544 73 8. Nick Kwolek Northrop HS, IN 30 43544 24675 74 9. Ryan Pollock Mt. Lebanon Sr. HS, PA 29 76554 75335 79 10. Trevor Anthony Clark Lone Grove HS, OK 29 24657 53766 80 11. Ian Panchevre Tom C. Clark HS, TX 33 57463 77134 80 12. Carl D. Goette Luciak Blacksburg HS, VA 32 37165 65367 81 13. Zachary Michael Collins Newton HS, KS 34 65737 56746 90 14. Karen Zhou Lakeville North HS, MN 36 55776 37677 96 Dr a m a t i c In t e r p 7. Nick Herink Millard North HS, NE 29 74331 35757 74 8. Aeysha Kinnunen Roseville Area HS, MN 28 25177 76355 76 9. Austin Ashford James Logan HS, CA 33 31462 67537 77 10. Jonathan Michael Majors Duncanville HS, TX 30 73554 44673 78 11. Laura Manning Glenbrook South HS, IL 38 52446 73525 81 12. Lauren Evans Eagan HS, MN 34 66725 24476 83 13. Jane Bruce Ogden HS, UT 29 37677 25746 83 14. Keith R. Smith Bishop Miege HS, KS 34 67555 56263 84 ALL IN THE FAMILY The Frawley family just graduated their last son from Holy Ghost Prep in Pennsylvania and what a legacy they leave. All three sons were NFL finalists: Jim in 1996 in Duo; Michael in 2005 in DI; and Kevin in 2008 in Duo. Each of the three sons placed third. (Pictured left to right: Michael, Forensic Coach Tony Figliola, Kevin, and Jim) Ro s t r u m 69 Thank you Lincoln Financial Group! Lincoln Douglas Debate Octa-Finalists Rank Names School State 7th Rachel Lanier Northland Christian School TX 8th Aparna Ramanan Leland HS CA 9th David Donatti Houston Jesuit HS TX 10th Courtney Nunley Northland Christian School TX 11th Shivani Vhora Hockaday School TX 12th Ben Holguin Edina HS MN 13th Erin Gregory Chaparral HS CO 14th John Scoggin The Blake School MN Policy Debate Octa-Finalists Rank Names School State 7th Terence J. McCarrick La Salle College HS PA & John Sperger 8th Bradford Crist Shawnee Mission East HS KS & Ross Ringer 9th Neil M. Patel Newburgh Free Academy NY & Neil Bapodra 10th Ilias Karim St. Paul Central HS MN & Ben Quam 11th Juan Garcia Highland Park Senior HS MN & Nat Olson 12th Brian Shim Berkeley Preparatory School FL & Leigh Ann Humphries 13th Katie Fredrick Greenwood Laboratory School MO & Sarah Godwin 14th Micah Lutkowitz Montgomery Bell Academy TN & Andrew Snow 70 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Thank you Lincoln Financial Group! Ted Turner Public Forum Debate Octa-Finalists Rank Names School State 7th Kaavya Gowda & Kelsey Hilbrich The Harker School CA 8th Michael K. Perloff & Jared F. Jones University School OH 9th Thomas Bentz & Alexsandra McMahan Neosho HS MO 10th vijay Kedar & Matthew Moran Shady Side Academy PA 11th Christopher Oman & Taylor Kams Des Moines Roosevelt HS IA 12th Michael P. Hadley & Tyler D. Fabbri Chesterton HS IN 13th Nick French & Anthony Conyers Chaparral HS AZ 14th Leah Elizabeth Hilsabeck & Melissa Jo Osman Okoboji Community School IA Thank you Lincoln Financial Group! WEST ok NFL deals a winning hand: Luck, Be a Lady... 4 QUEENS AND THE JOKER OF THE Desert lights nationals Congratulations to Policy Debate Student Congress Andrew Carlson/Carl Snider, Kapaun Logan Thomas, Wichita Northwest Norin Ansari/Karen Lickteig, Wichita East Tyler Joe, Maize Jonathan Lewallen/Evan Hernandez, Wichita East Ben Stephens, Andover Central Noushin Ansari, Wichita East This Year's National A E W n C r i d i r c c e o W W h Tournament B i g v i e e e i h t n a c r t n n h o e Ea C i i C t n d e e a M a C i s m W n c N t a p t o t t a r u t o B n l a h s G e r r e g l a t o m d w h y d w d M a e a n e n Program Book rd u n s B a d t G r o a r d i y e A da WEST ok NATIONAL n n r t d d e r e X z I J w o S X s D S e p h o X U B r L t U i i n s S h e I QUaLIFIERS: o b X p a U r C g e a r r ro (District) Ad Winners: O ll Ell O i D e W i c H h i I t a S o o u o t h e k a s t O Ando O Heritage Hall Putnam City ver Lam- Nghi DI Coach: Bryan Gaston Coach: Kirk Wilson OO Sierra Shear/Weston Watts, CX Taylor Foster/Niekia Franklin, CX n a n u a I xm p u D lia H Ka Ju s e n o J a Edmond North Guymon n n U a Y e D ’ aiz a M K Coach: Jana Harrison Coach: Michael Patterson / r e s HI e t Sunflower w n o n e Erin Collins/Chase Thornhill, CX Natausha Urias/Joel Behne, Duo e C M y y u y I r g e e l N l is a K er O H f k i V n U r a n l Je O D C Edmond Santa Fe Lone Grove U rd k c a i d D d N o h Coach: Allen Dobbs Coach: Brian Gunter G r g d e u r / n a a Brandon Cameron, Senate Jacklyn Cheney, DI d n / b d i a e t e i t d P i g a o R n Faheem Fazili, LD Trevor Clark, IX a e r G e c t r o t l r n S L y e S a . l & v J K h l o n . C a o d A d n t Choctaw Clayton n n e A e Campus K Coach: Aaron Kaspereit Coach: Pam Kirkes K Jordan Farris/David Ramsey, Duo Spencer Holmes, DI Kaitlin Stuhlmiller/Brandon Burton, Duo Thomas Teague, USX West Oklahoma Norman North Norman High Coaches: Jennifer Pope and Coaches: Betsy Ballard, Jim Ryan Kasey Harrison, and Public ForumDebate Lincoln-Douglas Debate Savannah Collins, LD Tom Richardson Josh Raftopoulos/Brett Mundinger Tom Garvey, Valley Center Maize Hannah Wright, Wichita East Rebecca Holliman, IX Ariana Azimi, OO Nathan Bradley, Samanvitha Sridhar Hillary Hudson, OO Andrew Connery, USX Anika Nehreen-Kahn, LD Andrew Keeler, HI Riley Pierce, HI Tomas Kenney/Tyler Hartley, PFD Shelby Powers, Senate Kyle Mellon, USX Michael Stewart/Devin Smith, PFD Jon Riley, House for Sunflower District! Sean Wynn, House Ro s t r u m 71 REVIEW OF POLICY TOPIC ARGUMENTS TO DATE by Stefan Bauschard Introduction High oil prices cause a number prices enable concentrations of power The focus of this essay is a review of problems. First, high oil prices in oil producing states. Sixth, high oil of arguments produced during the undermine the economy by diverting prices contribute to the global spread summer for the upcoming debate investments from other economic of nuclear weapons by encouraging season. It covers all available sectors, diverting consumer spending, the spread of nuclear power and arguments through July 28. For the raising business costs that result in by rendering sanctions on potential most recent update, visit Stefan’s blog unemployment, reducing stock market nuclear proliferators economically at planetdebate.com. investment, increasing the trade useless – the sanctions no longer deficit, crippling the airline industry, inflict economic pain because The article is designed more for and generally increasing inflation. revenues from oil sales are so high. information purposes than for Second, high oil prices threatening Seventh, high oil prices undermine strategic assessment. Consequently, the environment by encouraging U.S. global leadership by transferring the arguments are grouped by the diversion of food crops to considerable economic power abroad advantages, affirmative plans (which energy production, which results in and by boosting the geopolitical overlap with types of alternative increased land clearing both in the influence of oil producing states. energy (AE)), disadvantages, Eighth, high oil prices threaten to counterplans, and kritiks. Since undermine military readiness because many of the plan mechanisms the military has to reduce training and such as tradable permits function divert funds from other programs as counterplans against other in order to sustain combat operations. mechanisms (carbon taxes), debaters Ninth, high oil producers threaten and coaches should read the article the Chinese economy because it with an open mind toward how the is too costly for China to develop arguments could be used in different economically. There is a similar ways by both the affirmative and the argument about India’s economy. negative. Tenth, high oil prices threaten the economies of oil producing states Advantages due to the fact that their economies The most popular advantage stems U.S. and abroad, particularly in the become dependent on natural resource from reducing oil consumption. Amazon rain forest. High oil prices extraction rather than on a diversified This advantage is articulated in four also encourage the development of set of industries. This phenomenon is different ways (potentially four oil and coal shale. Developing shale referred to as Dutch disease. different scenarios). resources has negative localized environmental impacts and increases Oil shocks. The term “oil shocks” High oil prices bad. Oil prices have the problem of climate change. Third, refers to two different things. First, increased dramatically over the last high oil prices increase starvation by it refers to the economic impacts of year. Although prices have recently diverting food (primarily corn) into escalating prices (discussed above) slipped to approximately $130/barrel energy production and contributing or oil shortages (discussed below). from $140/barrel, analysts expect to high food costs across the Second, it refers to the economic high demand, increased costs of board because of increased food impacts of a sudden loss of oil due to locating new supplies, geopolitical transportation costs. Fourth, high oil an unanticipated disruption – such as tensions, investments in energy due prices undermine free trade because a cut-off of supplies in the Straits of to the weakening of other investment high transportation costs discourage Hormuz as a result of a war with Iran. sectors, and energy price speculation free trade and globalization. Fifth, to continue to increase, or at least High oil prices undermine global Peak oil/oil shortages. “Peak oil” sustain, high oil prices. democratization because high oil refers to the idea that we have already 72 Vo l 83, N o . 1 passed the peak of maximum global Coal shortages. Some recent Natural gas is another fossil fuel that REVIEW OF POLICY TOPIC ARGUMENTS TO DATE oil production. The U.S. passed the publications indicate that there is an is commonly used to produce energy. by peak of its production in 1970, and impending coal shortage. While most Using natural gas for energy raises some petroleum (oil) economists analysts think that more than 400 concerns that are similar to those for Stefan Bauschard argue that we have passed the peak years of coal remain, others say that both oil and coal production. of oil production globally. Declining higher extraction costs are making Introduction High oil prices cause a number prices enable concentrations of power oil production, combined with coal more difficult to come by, and, Natural gas prices. Like the price of The focus of this essay is a review of problems. First, high oil prices in oil producing states. Sixth, high oil increases in demand, sets the stage probably more importantly, many oil, the price of natural gas has also of arguments produced during the undermine the economy by diverting prices contribute to the global spread for continued economic turmoil and states and communities are beginning been increasing. High natural gas summer for the upcoming debate investments from other economic of nuclear weapons by encouraging wars over declining oil supplies. Since to limit both coal extraction and coal to prices increase electricity prices and season. It covers all available sectors, diverting consumer spending, the spread of nuclear power and military operations depend on access electricity conversion in order to avoid pose threats to industries such as the arguments through July 28. For the raising business costs that result in by rendering sanctions on potential to significant supply oil operations, environmental harms. Coal shortages chemical industry that are reliant on most recent update, visit Stefan’s blog unemployment, reducing stock market nuclear proliferators economically depletion of global oil also threatens threaten the economy because coal inexpensive and stable gas supplies. at planetdebate.com. investment, increasing the trade useless – the sanctions no longer military readiness. is used to produce electricity and deficit, crippling the airline industry, inflict economic pain because electricity shortages risk blackouts. Natural gas drilling. Natural gas The article is designed more for and generally increasing inflation. revenues from oil sales are so high. Oil spills. Oil is transported in drilling produces environmental information purposes than for Second, high oil prices threatening Seventh, high oil prices undermine tankers and sometimes there are Chinese coal. There is a lot harms, particularly in the western strategic assessment. Consequently, the environment by encouraging U.S. global leadership by transferring tanker accidents that trigger oil spills. of evidence that speaks to the United States where most of the the arguments are grouped by the diversion of food crops to considerable economic power abroad These spills threaten marine drilling occurs. advantages, affirmative plans (which energy production, which results in and by boosting the geopolitical ecosystems. overlap with types of alternative increased land clearing both in the influence of oil producing states. In addition to the fuel-specific energy (AE)), disadvantages, Eighth, high oil prices threaten to Oil dependence. Oil harms of continued reliance counterplans, and kritiks. Since undermine military readiness because dependence refers to the fact on oil, coal, and natural many of the plan mechanisms the military has to reduce training and that the U.S. imports nearly gas, there are many general such as tradable permits function divert funds from other programs 80% of its oil. Imports make advantages that stem from a as counterplans against other in order to sustain combat operations. us vulnerable to high prices, reliance on one more of the mechanisms (carbon taxes), debaters Ninth, high oil producers threaten shortages, and shocks. Oil fossil fuels and/or a general and coaches should read the article the Chinese economy because it dependence also forces failure to develop alternative with an open mind toward how the is too costly for China to develop the U.S. to project military energy resources. arguments could be used in different economically. There is a similar power into the areas such as ways by both the affirmative and the argument about India’s economy. the Middle East to protect Russian energy dominance. negative. Tenth, high oil prices threaten the oil supplies. This drains Many countries in Western economies of oil producing states economy and our military Europe are dependent on Advantages due to the fact that their economies also makes it the target of Russia for supplies of oil The most popular advantage stems U.S. and abroad, particularly in the become dependent on natural resource terrorists. and gas, particularly gas. In from reducing oil consumption. Amazon rain forest. High oil prices extraction rather than on a diversified environmental harms of massive the past, Russia has cut off supplies This advantage is articulated in four also encourage the development of set of industries. This phenomenon is Related to the problems of oil increases in Chinese coal of these resources to some countries different ways (potentially four oil and coal shale. Developing shale referred to as Dutch disease. consumption are the problems of coal consumption. Affirmatives will argue that are dependent on it. This Russian different scenarios). resources has negative localized consumption. that U.S. environmental leadership energy dominance threatens the environmental impacts and increases Oil shocks. The term “oil shocks” will encourage China to adopt these economic survival of these countries. High oil prices bad. Oil prices have the problem of climate change. Third, refers to two different things. First, Pollution from coal. Both the mining technologies and avoid the harms of increased dramatically over the last high oil prices increase starvation by it refers to the economic impacts of and production of coal have negative continued Chinese coal use. Climate change. The conversion of year. Although prices have recently diverting food (primarily corn) into escalating prices (discussed above) environmental externalities. Coal coal, oil, and natural gas into usable slipped to approximately $130/barrel energy production and contributing or oil shortages (discussed below). mining operations destroy landscapes Environmental justice. The energy resources emits a substantial from $140/barrel, analysts expect to high food costs across the Second, it refers to the economic and result in the release of toxic environmental justice advantage amount of CO2, a leading greenhouse high demand, increased costs of board because of increased food impacts of a sudden loss of oil due to materials. Coal burning produces air stems from the fact that coal plants gas. CO2 is a heat-trapping gas that locating new supplies, geopolitical transportation costs. Fourth, high oil an unanticipated disruption – such as pollution, resulting in the release of have usually been built near and leads to the retention of heat in the tensions, investments in energy due prices undermine free trade because a cut-off of supplies in the Straits of SO2, NOX, and small particulates. within inner cities where a majority atmosphere, warming the earth. The to the weakening of other investment high transportation costs discourage Hormuz as a result of a war with Iran. Estimates indicate that as many as of minorities live. Therefore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate sectors, and energy price speculation free trade and globalization. Fifth, 30,000 people die per year due to health harms of these plants are Change (IPCC), the world’s leading to continue to increase, or at least High oil prices undermine global Peak oil/oil shortages. “Peak oil” pollution resulting from coal mining disproportionately experienced by international authority on climate sustain, high oil prices. democratization because high oil refers to the idea that we have already and coal burning. these communities. science, wrote in a report last spring that there is a 90% chance that Ro s t r u m 73 humans are responsible for beyond- Competitiveness. High oil prices U.S. environmental leadership. As natural increases in global warming, increase business costs and threaten just discussed, U.S. leadership on resulting in sustained climate change. economic competitiveness. More environmental issues can increase its There are many impacts to climate importantly, a failure to invest in overall power, but it can also more change, including reduced crop new energy technologies means specifically increase leadership on production in areas such as Africa and that the U.S. could lose out to other environmental issues. Teams that read South Asia, a drying-up of critical countries that are developing these this advantage are likely to focus their water supplies, melting of the polar technologies. A loss of economic impacts on why global solutions to ice caps, sea level rises, bleaching of competitiveness threatens the U.S. specific environmental problems are the coral reefs, species extinction, and economy and its overall global needed. violent storms. leadership. Lowering oil prices and developing new technologies will U.S.-EU relations. The EU has been Environmental destruction/species go a long way toward correcting this encouraging the U.S. to act on global extinction. Reducing general problem. environmental and energy issues, environmental destruction and particularly climate change. As a species extinction is articulated more Military readiness. As discussed, result, U.S. action on these issues as a terminal (final) impact to the high oil prices undermine military could improve relations with the EU. environmental harms of oil, coal, and readiness by causing training cut- Improving relations with the EU natural gas use of energy resources. backs and diversion of resources from facilitates cooperation on a variety The argument is that humans depend other military programs. Also, relying of other issues, including terrorism, on the environment and that if the on oil to fuel the military forces the disease, and nuclear proliferation. environment collapses human survival military to develop long supply lines will go with it. The species extinction in combat situations. These supply Nuclear proliferation. Nuclear part of the argument says that there lines are vulnerable to attack. A loss proliferation refers to the acquisition are certain keystone species that the of military readiness undermines of nuclear weapons by nations that earth relies on and that if those species the ability of the U.S. to project currently do not have them. Nuclear go extinct others will follow, resulting power globally and deter conflict. proliferation increases the risks of in ecosystem collapse. Developing new energy sources nuclear accidents, accidental war, means the military will become less nuclear terrorism, and military coups. Energy grid. The energy grid is a reliant on oil. Affirmatives will focus on what they short reference to the entire system will they will describe as otherwise of transmission that supports the U.S. hegemony. High oil prices “inevitable” proliferation and claim distribution of electricity in the United cede U.S. geopolitical global power to restrain it either by boosting U.S. States. Electricity demand in the U.S. to competitors such as Russia and leadership on nuclear power or by continues to increase, and continued Iran. A loss of competitiveness discouraging nuclear development opposition to building of coal plants threatens the economic foundations through the introduction of new may make it difficult for the grid to of the U.S. global empire. A loss energy sources. meet continued demand. High demand of military power means the U.S. also threatens the capacity of the grid, cannot project itself globally. Failure Development. Hundreds of millions increasing the risk of break-downs in to act to prevent climate change of people in the developing world the grid. Finally, the grid is vulnerable and other environmental threatens lack access to an adequate supply of to terrorist attacks. Since the grid is U.S. soft power. Economic power, electricity. A lack of electricity leads centralized, disruptions in any part military power, and soft power are to poor health and significantly limits of the grid could lead to widespread the foundations of overall U.S. global socioeconomic development. The blackouts that threaten the economy. leadership – Harvard scholar Joseph argument behind this advantage is that The affirmative will claim that Nye refers to the combination of the if more AE, particularly renewable providing new energy grid solves the three as smart power. A loss of U.S. energy, is developed, more will spread shortages problem and providing the global leadership arguably increases to the developing world, saving lives energy in more distributed (thousands the risk of global conflict. Developing and promoting global economic wind farms and solar collectors) new sources of energy could improve development. rather than in a more centralized (100 our economic, military and soft nuclear power plants) manner will power. reduce the risks of disruption. 74 Vo l 83, N o . 1 humans are responsible for beyond- Competitiveness. High oil prices U.S. environmental leadership. As Plans & Affirmatives to run on either 100% gasoline or that can be used to purchase gasoline. natural increases in global warming, increase business costs and threaten just discussed, U.S. leadership on There a number of different types E85 ethanol – a gas/ethanol mixture Without a voucher, purchases cannot resulting in sustained climate change. economic competitiveness. More environmental issues can increase its of affirmative plans. The first type that allows 85% of the fuel to be be made. Vouchers can, however, There are many impacts to climate importantly, a failure to invest in overall power, but it can also more are those that place requirements on ethanol. The main advantage to this be sold/traded. This affirmative change, including reduced crop new energy technologies means specifically increase leadership on industries as a means of incentivizing affirmative also stems from reducing claims advantages that stem from oil production in areas such as Africa and that the U.S. could lose out to other environmental issues. Teams that read them to adopt AE (it’s a negative oil consumption. consumption, primarily from giving South Asia, a drying-up of critical countries that are developing these this advantage are likely to focus their incentive – they’ll have to pay a fine us time to adapt to running out of oil. water supplies, melting of the polar technologies. A loss of economic impacts on why global solutions to for failure to comply). Within this This second set of requirements ice caps, sea level rises, bleaching of competitiveness threatens the U.S. specific environmental problems are requirement set, there are those that affirmatives place limits on the The second broad category of the coral reefs, species extinction, and economy and its overall global needed. directly require the adoption of AE amount of fossil fuels that can be affirmatives is a set of cases that violent storms. leadership. Lowering oil prices and and there are those that incentivize the consumed, encouraging industries provide positive financial incentives developing new technologies will U.S.-EU relations. The EU has been development of AE by placing limits to produce AE so they can meet the such as subsidies, tax credits, and loan Environmental destruction/species go a long way toward correcting this encouraging the U.S. to act on global on fossil fuel use. limit. guarantees to companies to develop extinction. Reducing general problem. environmental and energy issues, AE. environmental destruction and particularly climate change. As a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). Permits. The basic idea behind species extinction is articulated more Military readiness. As discussed, result, U.S. action on these issues RPS is a mandate that is placed on the permits system is that after the Regulatory negotiations for RPS. as a terminal (final) impact to the high oil prices undermine military could improve relations with the EU. utilities that require that said utilities government sets a cap on the total This plan has the US government environmental harms of oil, coal, and readiness by causing training cut- Improving relations with the EU produce a certain percentage of their allowable CO2 emissions, each engage in negotiations with industry natural gas use of energy resources. backs and diversion of resources from facilitates cooperation on a variety energy from renewables by a given company is given a set amount over the implementation of the RPS The argument is that humans depend other military programs. Also, relying of other issues, including terrorism, date. Percentages of energy that must of CO2 allowances (permits). If a standard. This affirmative simply uses on the environment and that if the on oil to fuel the military forces the disease, and nuclear proliferation. be produced with renewable energy, company exceeds that allowance, a different mechanism for achieving environment collapses human survival military to develop long supply lines as well as the definitions of renewable they have to pay a fine or buy an RPS. Regulatory negotiation (Reg- will go with it. The species extinction in combat situations. These supply Nuclear proliferation. Nuclear energy, will vary. The most common allowance (trade) from another Neg) is a popular counterplan part of the argument says that there lines are vulnerable to attack. A loss proliferation refers to the acquisition affirmative advantages are reductions company that is under its cap. This mechanism and all affirmatives need are certain keystone species that the of military readiness undermines of nuclear weapons by nations that in climate change and increased encourages companies to develop AE to be prepared to debate it. earth relies on and that if those species the ability of the U.S. to project currently do not have them. Nuclear economic competitiveness as a result in order to find a means of producing go extinct others will follow, resulting power globally and deter conflict. proliferation increases the risks of of renewable energy development. energy within the cap. Climate is the Feed-in tariff. The feed in tariff in ecosystem collapse. Developing new energy sources nuclear accidents, accidental war, most common advantage. There is (FIT) is an obligation on the part means the military will become less nuclear terrorism, and military coups. Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). one advantage that is unique to this of the utilities to purchase specified Energy grid. The energy grid is a reliant on oil. Affirmatives will focus on what they LCFS require that fuels only emit affirmative – banking. The argument forms of renewable energy at a price short reference to the entire system will they will describe as otherwise a certain amount of carbon. This is that permits will stimulate massive determined by an outside board and of transmission that supports the U.S. hegemony. High oil prices “inevitable” proliferation and claim affirmative claims these requirements investment and strengthen the banking guaranteed for a long time. The plan distribution of electricity in the United cede U.S. geopolitical global power to restrain it either by boosting U.S. will reduce oil dependence as well system. written at the UNT debate camp States. Electricity demand in the U.S. to competitors such as Russia and leadership on nuclear power or by as to stop the development of certain uses the Federal Energy Regulatory continues to increase, and continued Iran. A loss of competitiveness discouraging nuclear development biofuels such as corn ethanol that Carbon tax. A carbon tax is simply Commission (FERC) to set the price. opposition to building of coal plants threatens the economic foundations through the introduction of new have high carbon content. The specific a tax on the emissions of carbon It guaranteed 15 years, with a re- may make it difficult for the grid to of the U.S. global empire. A loss energy sources. limits on the amount of carbon that from all fossil fuels, though coal evaluation every five years in case meet continued demand. High demand of military power means the U.S. can be emitted will vary. and oil are the primary targets. The the market competitiveness of the also threatens the capacity of the grid, cannot project itself globally. Failure Development. Hundreds of millions idea is that the tax would increase energy source had improved, then the increasing the risk of break-downs in to act to prevent climate change of people in the developing world Corporate Average Fuel Economy energy prices and that raising the price could be scaled down. The FIT the grid. Finally, the grid is vulnerable and other environmental threatens lack access to an adequate supply of (CAFÉ). CAFÉ standards require that costs of fossil fuels would encourage doesn’t say anything about how much to terrorist attacks. Since the grid is U.S. soft power. Economic power, electricity. A lack of electricity leads automobile fleets meet certain fuel the development of AE. Climate renewable energy can be purchased, centralized, disruptions in any part military power, and soft power are to poor health and significantly limits economy standards – that vehicles get is the most common advantage so more gets integrated into the grid of the grid could lead to widespread the foundations of overall U.S. global socioeconomic development. The so many miles to the gallon (MPG). to this affirmative, but reducing than under the RPS. It also encourages blackouts that threaten the economy. leadership – Harvard scholar Joseph argument behind this advantage is that This affirmative raises the CAFÉ oil consumption is also a strong producers to bring their energy on- The affirmative will claim that Nye refers to the combination of the if more AE, particularly renewable standard. Different plans will raise the advantage because the carbon tax line fast, because the 15 year time providing new energy grid solves the three as smart power. A loss of U.S. energy, is developed, more will spread standard to different levels. The main would be applied to gasoline. frame starts when the law is passed, shortages problem and providing the global leadership arguably increases to the developing world, saving lives advantage to this affirmative stems not when the energy is sold, so it is energy in more distributed (thousands the risk of global conflict. Developing and promoting global economic from reducing oil consumption. Gas coupons/vouchers. This the fastest way to bring renewables on wind farms and solar collectors) new sources of energy could improve development. affirmative sets a cap on the total line. The advantage to the affirmative rather than in a more centralized (100 our economic, military and soft Flex Fuel Vehicle Mandates. Flex fuel amount of allowable gasoline is reducing climate change. nuclear power plants) manner will power. vehicles are vehicles that are designed consumption and issues vouchers reduce the risks of disruption. Ro s t r u m 75 Net metering. Net metering gives the production tax credit permanent individuals credit for any AE, usually for all renewables was also written. Algae fuel. Algae has the potential renewable energy, they produce to be used as a second generation through measures such as solar panels Natives production credit. This biofuel. It has particular application on their homes. These credits could be affirmative extends the federal for the production of biodiesel for sold to a utility or to a larger market production credit to natives, airlines. This affirmative claims if a more generalized permits/cap & particularly federally recognized to save the airline industry from trade system exists. The case that tribes, for the production of wind high fuel costs and to reduce oil was written this summer allows net energy. It claims to provide non- dependence. metering for wind and solar. Climate nuclear energy resources to the tribes, & energy grid sustainability are to reduce poverty, to improvement Camelina. Camelina is a specific popular advantages. One version of the environment in Indian Country, type of biofuel that can be used in the affirmative extends net meeting and to promote indigenous self- jets. The affirmative claims to reduce to Native Americans and argues that determination. oil consumption and boost military it is way to reverse the impacts of readiness. colonialization. Second generation biofuels. First generation biofuels – corn, soy, Anaraebobic digesters. Anaerobic Personal carbon allowances. An and sugarcane – provide a growing digesters are used to recover methane individual form of cap & trade, this amount of the world’s fuel. One (biogas) from animal manure to system allows individual people to problem with these fuel sources is that produce heat, electricity, and hot emit so much carbon. If they emit since they can be used for food, usage water. This affirmative offers financial below their allowance, incentives to expand the they can sell it to higher development and use of emitters. Again, climate these digesters. change and energy grid sustainability are Nuclear. The more general common advantages. nuclear power affirmative provides loan guarantees Positive incentives for the electric utility for renewables. This industry to build new is a broad general nuclear power plants. affirmative that provides Advantages vary, but subsidies and tax credits many cases have climate to renewable energy change and oil dependence producers to develop advantages. Some claim more renewable energy competitiveness and non- resources, such as proliferation advantages solar, wind, and wave from strengthening U.S. power. The affirmative leadership in nuclear claims to reduce climate energy technology. change and boost U.S. renewable of the crops for fuel contributes to the One claims to solve blackouts by energy competitiveness. global increase in food prices. Some providing a stable power supply to analysts hold the use of food for fuel the grid and by triggering an infusion Production tax credit for wind. This directly responsible for starvation and of investment capital into the energy affirmative provides a production tax food riots. This affirmative provides sector. credit for businesses that produce financial support to develop second electricity from wind power. It claims generation biofuels, especially those Some affirmatives specify the type climate, competitiveness, and energy grown from non-food, cellulosic of reactor that is to be developed. shortage advantages. The affirmative planet material. The affirmative One of the Dartmouth cases, for emphasizes that the production tax claims advantages from reducing oil example, specifies the development credit needs to be made permanent. A consumption as well as from reducing of a Light Water Rector. more general affirmative that makes the use of first generation biofuels. 76 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Net metering. Net metering gives the production tax credit permanent Nuclear waste disposal. This effectively regulating nanotechnology Military development of hydrogen individuals credit for any AE, usually for all renewables was also written. Algae fuel. Algae has the potential affirmative claims that providing and “bringing it out into the open.” fuel cells. This affirmative has the renewable energy, they produce to be used as a second generation federal help for nuclear waste disposal It claims to avoid the more deadly, government provide unspecified through measures such as solar panels Natives production credit. This biofuel. It has particular application incentivizes the industry to develop unregulated development of incentives for the military to develop on their homes. These credits could be affirmative extends the federal for the production of biodiesel for nuclear power. It claims the same nanotechnology that threatens human hydrogen fuel cells. It claims to sold to a utility or to a larger market production credit to natives, airlines. This affirmative claims advantages previously listed plus survival. Nanotechnology has a near- protect readiness and to solve if a more generalized permits/cap & particularly federally recognized to save the airline industry from advantages that stem from addressing endless series of applications, so this climate change by promoting the trade system exists. The case that tribes, for the production of wind high fuel costs and to reduce oil the harms of waste disposal. affirmative has the potential to have commercialization of fuel cells. was written this summer allows net energy. It claims to provide non- dependence. Two different plans were written for many different advantages. Military development of alternative metering for wind and solar. Climate nuclear energy resources to the tribes, this affirmative. The first changes the aviation fuels. This affirmative has the & energy grid sustainability are to reduce poverty, to improvement Camelina. Camelina is a specific Energy Policy Act of 1982 to allow Hydrogen. Hydrogen is an inert gas government provide funding to the popular advantages. One version of the environment in Indian Country, type of biofuel that can be used in the private sector to manage used that can be used as an energy carrier. Air Force Research Laboratory for AE the affirmative extends net meeting and to promote indigenous self- jets. The affirmative claims to reduce fuel and repeals the 70,000 ton limit Currently, hydrogen does not enjoy development. It claims to boost U.S. to Native Americans and argues that determination. oil consumption and boost military on waste storage in Yucca Mountain. significant use as an energy carrier air power and readiness by reducing it is way to reverse the impacts of readiness. The second simply supports a dual because of storage and transportation the dependence of the Air Force on colonialization. Second generation biofuels. First disposal system that allows interim barriers. If, however, hydrogen could oil. generation biofuels – corn, soy, Anaraebobic digesters. Anaerobic dry cask storage and supports be developed so that it could be Personal carbon allowances. An and sugarcane – provide a growing digesters are used to recover methane the development of a permanent effectively used as an energy carrier, Military development of algae individual form of cap & trade, this amount of the world’s fuel. One (biogas) from animal manure to repository. cars could fill-up with hydrogen and biofuels. This affirmative has the system allows individual people to problem with these fuel sources is that produce heat, electricity, and hot the energy in that hydrogen could military develop algae biofuels for emit so much carbon. If they emit since they can be used for food, usage water. This affirmative offers financial Breeders. Breeder reactors generate come from any source, including jets. It claims to improve military below their allowance, incentives to expand the more fissionable isotopes than they renewables. This affirmative provides readiness and to avoid having the they can sell it to higher development and use of consume by converting uranium-238 incentives to develop hydrogen so that military develop coal to oil fuels that emitters. Again, climate these digesters. to plutonium-239, enabling them transportation and storage issues can damage the environment. change and energy to continue to produce energy. be overcome. grid sustainability are Nuclear. The more general The production of isotopes also One specific type of incentive common advantages. nuclear power affirmative significantly limits the quantity and Hybrids & electric cars. A hybrid car is government procurement – provides loan guarantees radioactivity of the waste that is is a car that uses two or more forms government purchasing, in this case, Positive incentives for the electric utility produced. This affirmative rescinds of power – usually oil and electricity. of AE. Government purchasing is an for renewables. This industry to build new the 1970s ban on breeder reactors An electric car runs exclusively incentive is because it encourages is a broad general nuclear power plants. in the U.S. It claims climate, on electricity. Since electricity can businesses to develop technologies to affirmative that provides Advantages vary, but U.S. nuclear leadership, and non- be produced from many different sell to the government and because subsidies and tax credits many cases have climate proliferation advantages. resources, including coal, renewables, government mass purchasing lowers to renewable energy change and oil dependence and nuclear power, these affirmatives the price of the goods, making them producers to develop advantages. Some claim There are two technologies that claims to reduce oil consumption more commercially viable. At least more renewable energy competitiveness and non- directly facilitate the development by displacing at least some of the five different affirmatives were resources, such as proliferation advantages and use of AE – nanotechnology and oil consumed by the vehicle with written this summer with government solar, wind, and wave from strengthening U.S. hydrogen. electricity. procurement as the plan mechanism. power. The affirmative leadership in nuclear claims to reduce climate energy technology. Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology Solar power satellites. This Government procurement of change and boost U.S. renewable of the crops for fuel contributes to the One claims to solve blackouts by focuses on the development of affirmative provides incentives for renewable energy. This affirmative energy competitiveness. global increase in food prices. Some providing a stable power supply to nanotechnology at the nanotech the industries to develop space solar has the government procure analysts hold the use of food for fuel the grid and by triggering an infusion level – molecular or atomic. power, particularly solar powered renewable energy for government Production tax credit for wind. This directly responsible for starvation and of investment capital into the energy Nanotechnology has the capacity to satellites. The affirmative claims to buildings in order to stimulate market affirmative provides a production tax food riots. This affirmative provides sector. support the development of many solve terrestrial (earth)-based energy development. It claims to prevent credit for businesses that produce financial support to develop second AE, especially solar. This affirmative shortages and to provide energy that blackouts as well as to reduce air electricity from wind power. It claims generation biofuels, especially those Some affirmatives specify the type claims to support the development makes space exploration possible. pollution. climate, competitiveness, and energy grown from non-food, cellulosic of reactor that is to be developed. of nanotechnology in order to Most of these affirmatives have a shortage advantages. The affirmative planet material. The affirmative One of the Dartmouth cases, for incentivize AE, particularly solar second advantage that focuses on the Government procurement of hydrogen emphasizes that the production tax claims advantages from reducing oil example, specifies the development energy. The first advantage stems benefits of space exploration. One vehicles. This affirmative has the credit needs to be made permanent. A consumption as well as from reducing of a Light Water Rector. from reducing oil consumption. affirmative focuses on the importance federal government procure hydrogen more general affirmative that makes the use of first generation biofuels. The second advantage stems from of U.S. space leadership. vehicles. The affirmative claims that it Ro s t r u m 77 will increase the number of hydrogen establishing international cooperation the spaces of inner cities and how capable vehicles on the road, in alternative energy. those representations inform how we motivating gas stations to distribute interact with those spaces. hydrogen fuel. The idea is that once ITER. Currently the U.S. supports there are more gas stations providing fusion research through the ITER Solar. This plan has the federal hydrogen fuel auto manufacturers will – to demonstrate the scientific and government amend Title V of the build more hydrogen cars. The case technical feasibility of fusion power. Federal Land Policy Management claims advantages related to reducing The partners in the project - the ITER Act and Bureau of Land Management oil consumption. Parties - are the European Union right of way regulations to replace (represented by EURATOM), Japan, the “fair market value” standard Military procurement of renewables. the People´s Republic of China, for rental rates of public lands for This affirmative has the government, India, the Republic of Korea, the concentrated solar power plants. particularly the Department of Russian Federation and the USA.” It says that the rental rate for Defense (DOD), procure more This affirmative provides additional concentrated solar power plants renewable energy for the military. incentives for companies to participate should be set at the same rate as It claims that weaning the military in ITER research in order to boost livestock grazing. The first advantage off of oil will improve military U.S. scientific leadership. is an economy advantage that stems readiness. One camp affirmative from providing more energy for the specifically focuses on solar energy China energy cooperation. This grid, jumpstarting investment in AE procurement and development. This affirmative argues that the U.S. technology, boosting employment in camp affirmative has an Iraq-specific government should incentivize U.S. new industries, reducing electricity advantage, claiming that solar energy companies to cooperate with Chinese prices, and strengthening economic is needed to avoid the impacts of companies to develop AE, particularly competitiveness. It also claims to supply-line disruptions. renewable energy. It claims that reduce air pollution. such cooperation will avoid a U.S. Military procurement of efficiency. clash/war with China over energy Patents. This affirmative has the This affirmative does the same thing and facilitate both countries moving Supreme Court rule that TSM should that the previous affirmative does toward solutions to climate change. be the standard for subject-manner except that it has the military adopt patentability in the area of AE. It more energy efficiency technologies There are a few affirmatives that claims to boost U.S. competitiveness for the purpose of reducing its oil claim to provide incentives for AE through the development of new dependence. development by removing barriers to energy resources. such development. Military procurement of coal to Remove the tariff on Brazilian liquids technology. While the U.S. Browfields. Brownfields are areas, ethanol. The U.S. government has a has a limited supply of domestic oil, largely in inner-cities, that have been substantial tariff on Brazilian ethanol. it has an extensive supply of coal abandoned. They are often former The U.S. has this tariff because Brazil shale. Coal shale can be converted utility plants, informal waste dumps, makes its ethanol with sugarcane, to oil; Germany used it as fuel and highly polluted areas. Many which is much more efficient that the during World War II and South industries do not want to develop corn-based ethanol that is produced Africa uses it as fuel today. This these areas because they fear liability in the U.S., so the U.S. has the tariff affirmative has the government for the contamination that exists at in order to protect its own ethanol enter into long-term contracts with the sites. This affirmative removes industry. This affirmative removes producers to secure liquid fuels liability for AE developers that want the tariff and claims that sugar cane produced with coal shale for its to develop these sites. This affirmative ethanol will more substantially reduce military jets. It claims a readiness claims the environmental justice oil dependence and that corn-based advantage that stems from finding advantage. Two camp affirmatives ethanol is bad because it increases an alternative source of fuel for the have the government also provide food prices. military. incentives for brightfields – incentives to develop AE at the sites. There is Hemp. This affirmative legalizes Two affirmatives specifically a also a more critical version of this hemp for the purposes of biofuel target incentives for the purpose of case that focuses on how we view production. It claims to massively 78 Vo l 83, N o . 1 will increase the number of hydrogen establishing international cooperation the spaces of inner cities and how reduce oil dependence, replace subsidize the green housing for those Disadvantages capable vehicles on the road, in alternative energy. those representations inform how we dangerous NOX, undermine the peoples affected by the storm. The There are a number of disadvantages motivating gas stations to distribute interact with those spaces. war on drugs, and collapse poppy 1AC claims that the plan would solve that stem directly from the plan itself hydrogen fuel. The idea is that once ITER. Currently the U.S. supports cultivation in Afghanistan. for racism and biopolitical control. and not from the plan’s success in there are more gas stations providing fusion research through the ITER Solar. This plan has the federal incentivizing the development of hydrogen fuel auto manufacturers will – to demonstrate the scientific and government amend Title V of the There are a few affirmatives that fit in Ecological cartography. One alternative energy. build more hydrogen cars. The case technical feasibility of fusion power. Federal Land Policy Management the category of “kritik affirmatives.” of the fundamental problems in claims advantages related to reducing The partners in the project - the ITER Act and Bureau of Land Management The advantages to these affirmatives environmental policies today is that Free trade. Many affirmative plans oil consumption. Parties - are the European Union right of way regulations to replace stem not simply from the plan but they legislate policies that are meant are inconsistent with free trade (represented by EURATOM), Japan, the “fair market value” standard from the entire presentation of the to work equally well across a pre- principles for a number of reasons. Military procurement of renewables. the People´s Republic of China, for rental rates of public lands for 1AC. given area, whether a certain state First, the affirmative may subsidize a This affirmative has the government, India, the Republic of Korea, the concentrated solar power plants. or the entire country. This attempt particular energy technology such as particularly the Department of Russian Federation and the USA.” It says that the rental rate for Poop. The poop affirmative is a to make nature fit into political solar energy, making it more difficult Defense (DOD), procure more This affirmative provides additional concentrated solar power plants playful yet serious attempt to engage cartographies not only leads to for other countries that export that renewable energy for the military. incentives for companies to participate should be set at the same rate as with the distinction between humans failed policy implementation, but technology to compete. Subsidies It claims that weaning the military in ITER research in order to boost livestock grazing. The first advantage and waste. The term poop, jokes about it also promotes violent discourses are a big issue in international trade. off of oil will improve military U.S. scientific leadership. is an economy advantage that stems it and the like, are initial moves to and practices whose goal is to try Second, requiring energy sources readiness. One camp affirmative from providing more energy for the engage with the excluded substance and tame nature for human needs, a to be low carbon (either directly specifically focuses on solar energy China energy cooperation. This grid, jumpstarting investment in AE of human life. The affirmative has mindset at the political and cultural through a low carbon fuel standard or procurement and development. This affirmative argues that the U.S. technology, boosting employment in evidence defending the normative center of today’s environmental indirectly through a carbon tax) will camp affirmative has an Iraq-specific government should incentivize U.S. new industries, reducing electricity dimension of sewage biomass energy, crisis. This affirmative calls for a make it more difficult for countries to advantage, claiming that solar energy companies to cooperate with Chinese prices, and strengthening economic and a developed critique advantage reorientation of political incentives export those products to the United is needed to avoid the impacts of companies to develop AE, particularly competitiveness. It also claims to predicated on abjection. for a national alternative energy States. Third, plans such as carbon supply-line disruptions. renewable energy. It claims that reduce air pollution. architecture toward a bioregional taxes may directly tax imports. such cooperation will avoid a U.S. Thermal depolymerization. Thermal perspective. Fourth, industries such as coal and Military procurement of efficiency. clash/war with China over energy Patents. This affirmative has the depolymerization is a theoretical oil that may be disadvantaged by the This affirmative does the same thing and facilitate both countries moving Supreme Court rule that TSM should process that converts “anything,” Daoism. This affirmative argues plan may call for protectionist trade that the previous affirmative does toward solutions to climate change. be the standard for subject-manner including human beings (dead or that we need to focus on the most measures to support their industries. except that it has the military adopt patentability in the area of AE. It alive), into high-grade oil. This important form of renewable energy The internal link to the disadvantage more energy efficiency technologies There are a few affirmatives that claims to boost U.S. competitiveness affirmative, written only at the Cal – personal energy – to solve the is that the trade dispute would be for the purpose of reducing its oil claim to provide incentives for AE through the development of new debate camp, argues that the estate environmental crisis. The affirmative irresolvable (especially since fiat dependence. development by removing barriers to energy resources. tax should be lifted for anyone defends Daoism as a means of means the plan can’t be repealed/ such development. who commits their body to this producing non-capitalist subjectivity. modified/negotiated) and that such Military procurement of coal to Remove the tariff on Brazilian process. Sound ridiculous? It is, and a failure would lead to the collapse liquids technology. While the U.S. Browfields. Brownfields are areas, ethanol. The U.S. government has a that’s the point. The point being to Public transportation. This of the credibility of the World has a limited supply of domestic oil, largely in inner-cities, that have been substantial tariff on Brazilian ethanol. performatively criticize the idea that affirmative has the federal Trade Organization (WTO) and, it has an extensive supply of coal abandoned. They are often former The U.S. has this tariff because Brazil current energy solutions are trapped government provide subsidies for AE consequently, global trade wars. shale. Coal shale can be converted utility plants, informal waste dumps, makes its ethanol with sugarcane, in a narrow economic framework development with the goal of using to oil; Germany used it as fuel and highly polluted areas. Many which is much more efficient that the that conceives of everything as a such energy in public transportation. Chinese trade retaliation. This version during World War II and South industries do not want to develop corn-based ethanol that is produced commodity to be traded or bought It claims that our society is too of the disadvantage argues that if Africa uses it as fuel today. This these areas because they fear liability in the U.S., so the U.S. has the tariff and sold. It argues that the only way focused on developing highways, industries clamor for protectionist affirmative has the government for the contamination that exists at in order to protect its own ethanol to deal with the energy crisis is to ignoring the needs of the many poor measures, Congress will impose trade enter into long-term contracts with the sites. This affirmative removes industry. This affirmative removes resist the commodification of energy. and minorities that live in inner cities. barriers against China, collapsing producers to secure liquid fuels liability for AE developers that want the tariff and claims that sugar cane It also celebrates a resistance to the It claims an environmental justice relations with China. produced with coal shale for its to develop these sites. This affirmative ethanol will more substantially reduce commodification of the body. advantage. Also, it claims collapse military jets. It claims a readiness claims the environmental justice oil dependence and that corn-based the homogeneity of the suburb, which Diplomatic capital. The Diplomatic advantage that stems from finding advantage. Two camp affirmatives ethanol is bad because it increases Standpoint of the oppressed/ it says is classist, racist, sexist, and capital disadvantage is premised on an alternative source of fuel for the have the government also provide food prices. Katrina. In order to hold the mega generally repressive. Promoting two claims: military. incentives for brightfields – incentives corporations, e.g. Haliburton, public transportation encourages - The U.S. can only ask for so to develop AE at the sites. There is Hemp. This affirmative legalizes responsible for the rebuilding efforts intermixing rather than isolation. much internationally, creating Two affirmatives specifically a also a more critical version of this hemp for the purposes of biofuel in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, trade-offs amongst its foreign target incentives for the purpose of case that focuses on how we view production. It claims to massively the federal government should policy initiatives; Ro s t r u m 79 - The U.S. can only focus on government to act. States do have individuals, particularly business to so many global foreign policy some authority over environmental borrow. Given that costs increase as initiatives at the same time. regulation, environmental protection, supply decreases (the law of supply and energy policy. This disadvantage and demand) increase government The basic idea is that if the affirmative argues that federal utility regulation borrowing could raises business costs, spends that political capital one threatens state authority over threatening the financial markets. initiative that capital will be environmental protection and utility unavailable for other initiatives. The regulation. Environmental Protection Agency North Korean Diplomatic Capital (EPA) trade-off. Increasing EPA disadvantage argues that if the U.S. Electricity Prices. The Electricity enforcement of environmental laws, does not have diplomatic capital Prices disadvantage argues that which would be required under any available to resolve the tense situation providing electricity with AE will affirmatives that regulate emissions, on the Korean Peninsula there could increase electricity prices because trades-off with the protection of U.S. be a break-down in the peace talks it costs more to generate electricity water supplies from terrorists. and war. There is a strong link to with these sources and the increased this disadvantage to affirmatives that costs will be passed on to consumers. Department of Energy (DOE) trade- claim international solvency – that The disadvantage links particularly off. New spending by the DOE claim, for example, to boost U.S. well to cases that mandate renewable trades-off with ITER funding and global influence in a way that will energy uses, such as RPS and cases that ITER funding is critical for U.S. motivate other countries to act to that encourage a transition to AE by scientific leadership. control their own climate emissions. increasing the price of carbon, such National Aeronautics & Space If the plan results in the U.S. putting as permits and carbon taxes. The Administration (NASA) trade-off. New more pressure on China to control its general impact to the disadvantage NASA spending trades-off with basic emissions, that may consume a lot of is that high electricity prices hurt the science research that is needed for time and alienate China, meaning that economy because they divert more innovation and efforts to prevent an China won’t cooperate to resolve the consumer spending toward electricity asteroid attack. North Korean dispute. prices, raise the cost of electricity for businesses, and have negative impacts Department of Defense (DOD) trade- Business confidence. The on industries such as steel that use a off. New spending by the DOD trades- disadvantage argues that government lot of electricity. off with spending on the F-22 fighter regulation of business increases and Future Combat Systems (FCS) business’ expenses relating to Commercial shipping industry. The . complying with the regulation. This Commercial Shipping Industry Free market. Plans that rely on leaves them less money to invest. disadvantage argues that increasing subsidies and tax incentives to Business investment is arguably the energy prices threaten the viability favor particular energy technologies engine of economic growth. of the commercial shipping industry. disrupt the free market in the energy The impact is that the commercial sector. The impact is that the free Federalism. The federalism shipping industry is critical to U.S. market is best for the economy. Since disadvantage partially stems military readiness because the military it is arguably the most efficient, from the Tenth Amendment to relies on the commercial shipping undermining the free market could the Constitution which states that industry to support transportation. increase pollution. powers not explicitly given to the federal government are reserved for Fiscal discipline. The Fiscal There are a number of disadvantages the states. The federal government Discipline disadvantage argues that that focus on the political possesses only those powers the government must be perceived ramifications of passing the plan. enumerated by the Constitution. to be committed to reigning in Generally speaking, the states are government spending in order to Presidential agenda/political responsible for policy action on assure the financial markets. The capital. Acting to support AE could domestic issues, including education, main reason that the financial markets alienate key people in Congress and welfare, health, and criminal justice worry about the size of the deficit undermine the President’s ability where the Constitution does not is that if the government borrows to get other agenda items passed. provide authorization for the federal more money there is less money for Popular impact scenarios developed (continued on page 89) 80 Vo l 83, N o . 1 - The U.S. can only focus on government to act. States do have individuals, particularly business to so many global foreign policy some authority over environmental borrow. Given that costs increase as initiatives at the same time. regulation, environmental protection, supply decreases (the law of supply and energy policy. This disadvantage and demand) increase government Our Planet, Your Debate The basic idea is that if the affirmative argues that federal utility regulation borrowing could raises business costs, spends that political capital one threatens state authority over threatening the financial markets. Get Prepared, Get it All at PlanetDebate.com initiative that capital will be environmental protection and utility unavailable for other initiatives. The regulation. Environmental Protection Agency Harvard Debate, an undergraduate organization North Korean Diplomatic Capital (EPA) trade-off. Increasing EPA disadvantage argues that if the U.S. Electricity Prices. The Electricity enforcement of environmental laws, 80,000+ Evidence Cards s 1,200 Downloadable Files does not have diplomatic capital Prices disadvantage argues that which would be required under any 10,400 Research Links & Bibliographies Online Text available to resolve the tense situation providing electricity with AE will affirmatives that regulate emissions, s Free on the Korean Peninsula there could increase electricity prices because trades-off with the protection of U.S. Public Forum & Lincoln Douglas s Lesson Plans & Teacher Resources be a break-down in the peace talks it costs more to generate electricity water supplies from terrorists. Case Lists s Judge Philosophies and war. There is a strong link to with these sources and the increased Tournament Info s Extempt Bible this disadvantage to affirmatives that costs will be passed on to consumers. Department of Energy (DOE) trade- claim international solvency – that The disadvantage links particularly off. New spending by the DOE claim, for example, to boost U.S. well to cases that mandate renewable trades-off with ITER funding and global influence in a way that will energy uses, such as RPS and cases that ITER funding is critical for U.S. Access accounts for every student motivate other countries to act to that encourage a transition to AE by scientific leadership. for as low as $26.95/debater!* control their own climate emissions. increasing the price of carbon, such National Aeronautics & Space s Daily updates and year-round instruction for less than the price of a single tournament! If the plan results in the U.S. putting as permits and carbon taxes. The Administration (NASA) trade-off. New 2008 subscription purchases good through June of 2009 more pressure on China to control its general impact to the disadvantage NASA spending trades-off with basic emissions, that may consume a lot of is that high electricity prices hurt the science research that is needed for *Based on a team of 30 students. 20 debaters? $39.75/student. time and alienate China, meaning that economy because they divert more innovation and efforts to prevent an Each student receives his or her own account for use 24 hours a day, 7 days week. Total price: $795.00 - 30 Users. New subscriptions good through June 2009. China won’t cooperate to resolve the consumer spending toward electricity asteroid attack. North Korean dispute. prices, raise the cost of electricity for businesses, and have negative impacts Department of Defense (DOD) trade- Business confidence. The on industries such as steel that use a off. New spending by the DOD trades- disadvantage argues that government lot of electricity. off with spending on the F-22 fighter regulation of business increases and Future Combat Systems (FCS) business’ expenses relating to Commercial shipping industry. The . complying with the regulation. This Commercial Shipping Industry Free market. Plans that rely on leaves them less money to invest. disadvantage argues that increasing subsidies and tax incentives to Business investment is arguably the energy prices threaten the viability favor particular energy technologies engine of economic growth. of the commercial shipping industry. disrupt the free market in the energy The impact is that the commercial sector. The impact is that the free Federalism. The federalism shipping industry is critical to U.S. market is best for the economy. Since disadvantage partially stems military readiness because the military it is arguably the most efficient, from the Tenth Amendment to relies on the commercial shipping undermining the free market could Planet the Constitution which states that industry to support transportation. increase pollution. powers not explicitly given to the DEBATE federal government are reserved for Fiscal discipline. The Fiscal There are a number of disadvantages Harvard Debate the states. The federal government Discipline disadvantage argues that that focus on the political 490 Adams Mail Center possesses only those powers the government must be perceived ramifications of passing the plan. Cambridge, MA 02138-7520 enumerated by the Constitution. to be committed to reigning in 781-775-0433 Generally speaking, the states are government spending in order to Presidential agenda/political 617-588-0283 (fax) responsible for policy action on assure the financial markets. The capital. Acting to support AE could [email protected] domestic issues, including education, main reason that the financial markets alienate key people in Congress and welfare, health, and criminal justice worry about the size of the deficit undermine the President’s ability where the Constitution does not is that if the government borrows to get other agenda items passed. provide authorization for the federal more money there is less money for Popular impact scenarios developed (continued on page 89) Ro s t r u m 81 Planet DEBATEHandbooks All handbook cards are included in our Gold, Platinum, and Master subscriptions through the database. Master subscribers can download the handbooks in published form – $810 worth of handbooks! Print volumes ship June 30, 2008. 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There is good evidence that if Free Trade Agreement, the India impact, negatives can also argue that Venezuela lost the oil export revenue Nuclear Deal, and Law of the Sea if the United States were to reduce its that it would lose its ability to provide ratification. oil consumption it could undermine social service. Such a loss of social Elections. Passage of a highly-visible relations between the United States services could generally trigger energy policy could either increase or and Saudi Arabia. Strong relations instability and weaken the credibility decrease the chances of either Mccain between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia are of Chavez. If Chavez’s credibility or Obama winning the election. The arguably important to fight terrorism collapses, he could launch a diversion impacts focus on the pros and cons of as well as sustain U.S. power war into Colombia that could wreck having each in office. projection capabilities in the Gulf and peace in the region. It could spill-over throughout the Middle East. into Panama, threatening the Panama Offshore drilling bad. Since most Canal. Democrats support the development High oil prices have also played of AE, particularly renewable energy, an important role in supporting Mexico’s economy is also heavily they are likely to compromise on the rebound of Russia’s economy. dependent on the sale of oil at the question of offshore drilling – Loss of oil revenues could trigger high prices. There are reasons the they will allow offshore drilling and economic decline and risk an plan could threaten Mexico’s oil in exchange for promoting AE. internal civil war in Russia. There economy. First, high oil revenues The impact is that offshore drilling is one spin on the disadvantage benefit the state-run Mexican oil destroys the environment. that is blocked in Planet Debate as company – Pemex. These revenues Even successful adoption a separate disadvantage – Russian go into the government’s coffers. of alternative energy can be Influence. This disadvantage argues Second, high energy prices encourage disadvantageous. that since Russia has a lot of energy manufacturers to locate more to sell that high energy prices have production in Mexico in order to Oil Consumption good. There are boosted Russia’s global influence. shorten shipping routes into the U.S. many countries in the world that Loss of influence would likely be and Canada. A decline in Mexico’s obtain a large amount of revenue blamed on the new Russian president economy would likely trigger an from the sale of oil. Reducing U.S. – Medevev – increasing the risk increase in immigration to the U.S., oil consumption would drop oil of Russian nationalism and war. threatening the U.S. economy and prices and reduce revenues for these There is one specific version of this increasing the risk of terrorism. countries. Economic decline in any of disadvantage that argues that melting these states risks regional instability of the polar ice caps make it feasible Most analysis indicates that and could pose a threat to the global for Russia to access arctic oil and that degree of stability is returning to economy due to a loss of oil available accessing this oil is critical to sustain Iraq; certainly things in Iraq are for consumption. its economy. much better than they were in the summer of 2007. There is good Saudi Arabia’s prosperous economy Iran’s economy is also largely evidence that investment in Iraq’s oil has been built almost entirely around dependent on oil revenues. Loss of industry will increase and that that the sale of oil. It is the largest oil oil revenues may deprive the regime revenue is critical to rebuild Iraq’s exporter in the world, and its ruling of revenues it needs to prevent the economy. Undermining the global regime has been able to provide a radicalization of the population. oil price through demand reductions growing population with a relatively Radicalization of the population undermines the revenue. An economic high standard of living due to its could undermine the ability of the decline in Iraq could trigger a strong oil revenues. There is good government to fend off “hard-liners” widespread civil war and superpower evidence that without the revenues who are likely may threaten western intervention. Saudi Arabia’s economy would be interests and accelerate Iran’s efforts undermined and that radical Islamic to develop nuclear weapons. The Nigerian economy is heavily opposition to the regime would dependent on oil revenues and a substantially increase. Instability in Under the leadership of Hugo loss of revenues could increase Saudi Arabia could spread throughout Chavez, Venezuela’s President, poverty, reduce government the Middle East and a collapse of Venezuela has invested heavily services, and, subsequently, trigger the regime could generate instability in its oil infrastructure to boost a wider civil war. The terminal in the Gulf that could threaten oil exports, particularly to the United impact is simply the Deutsch card Ro s t r u m 89 that most debaters ready on the The impact story is quite contrived – a that the fund is important to sustain Africa topic. poor economy will trigger Quebec are highways which are important succession and that succession will be to economic competitiveness and Arguably the main reason that the modeled globally, increasing global economic leadership. U.S. maintains a military presence is succession and warfare. in Central Asia is to protect access to Low oil revenues for Indonesia could There are two oil disadvantages oil in the region, particularly from the undermine its emerging democratic that argue that oil pipelines will Caspian Sea. Reducing the need for government, triggering widespread be built if oil prices are high. The oil may motivate the U.S. to reduce its civil wars. Turkemenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan presence in the region, and although (TAP) pipeline disadvantage argues oil may be the main motivator for There are two oil disadvantages that that high oil prices will lead to a our presence, leaving may take the focus on the domestic economic pipeline that will connect three lid off simmering ethnic conflicts harms of reducing oil dependence. countries and stabilize Afghanistan. or trigger Russian aggression in the The impact to Afghanistan instability region, risking a wider regional, and Texas economy. The Texas oil is terrorism. The India-Pakistan-Iran even global, war. Low oil prices could economy disadvantage argues that (IPI) pipeline disadvantage argues that also directly undermine Azerbaijan’s low oil prices will collapse the Texas high oil prices will lead to a pipeline economy, triggering regional economy and that Texas’ economy is that will connect the three countries instability. important to the U.S. economy. and prevent a war between India and Pakistan. Canada’s economy also arguably Highway transportation fund. The benefits from high oil prices (though U.S. highway transportation fund Backstopping. The backstopping in the case of Canada there is more is funded by gas tax revenues. argument is based on simple of a debate as to whether high or low Reductions in oil consumption would principles of market economics and oil prices are best for the economy). undermine the fund. The impact is can be used as a devastating turn 90 Vo l 83, N o . 1 most affirmative cases. Backstopping There are a number of disadvantages argues that utilities are pursuing argues that if the U.S. were to attempt that stem from reducing coal investments in CCT now and that a a massive commercialization of AE, consumption and prices. commitment to some forms of AE, producer countries would flood the particularly renewables and nuclear, market with cheap oil, undermining Coal economy/mining. The coal will divert and undermine that investment in AE and causing economy/mining disadvantage argues investment. CCT reduces air pollution massive instability in the oil market. that the production of coal provides and boosts U.S. competitiveness The position argues that it is best to jobs for coal miners and that the coal without undermining the coal let AE develop slowly in response mining industry provides substantial economy (it arguably even increases to gradually rising energy prices as economic benefits for many regions coal use). shortages kick-in that this gradual in the United States. Mines, of course, transition will be supported by oil do not just produce coal, but other Coal economies. There are a number producers. minerals as well. If the coal industry of economies that gain substantial collapses, however, the rest of the revenues from the production and There are two other oil disadvantages mining industry may go with it due sale of coal. These include China, that have the same low oil prices to a loss of economies of scale. Australia, and Japan. A reduction in links but with scenarios that do not This subsequent decline could have coal consumption would likely reduce depend on the general country-based significant economic impacts. prices, threatening these economies. economy impacts that the other ones do. Railroads. The Railroads Chinese coal. This disadvantage disadvantage contends that since a argues that for some reason low coal Refineries. It is easy to find evidence majority of its profits are derived from prices in the U.S. will make Chinese that discusses growing oil shortages. the transportation of coal, the railroad coal more cost competitive. The Potential oil shortages, however, industry depends on shipments of coal impact is that Chinese coal is bad are not the only reason that gasoline to survive since. Affirmative plans that because it increases air pollution. prices are high. One of the causes of undermine the coal industry would, high gasoline prices is the shortage therefore, undermine the railroads There are two disadvantages that deal of refineries– industrial processes/ industry. A loss of the railroad with increasing and decreasing natural that most debaters ready on the The impact story is quite contrived – a that the fund is important to sustain plants that turn oil into useful forms of industry threatens U.S. military gas use. Africa topic. poor economy will trigger Quebec are highways which are important energy such as gasoline. High demand readiness because the U.S. military succession and that succession will be to economic competitiveness and is one of the factors that are driving relies on strategic rail mobility. There Methane flaring. Natural gas demand Arguably the main reason that the modeled globally, increasing global economic leadership. the production of more refineries. A are also general economic impacts is increasing now, but reductions in U.S. maintains a military presence is succession and warfare. perception that we are moving away since other industries rely on the natural gas demand driven by AE will in Central Asia is to protect access to Low oil revenues for Indonesia could There are two oil disadvantages from oil could collapse investment in railroads to ship their goods. result in increased flaring. Flaring oil in the region, particularly from the undermine its emerging democratic that argue that oil pipelines will those refineries, magnifying energy contributes to the destruction of the Caspian Sea. Reducing the need for government, triggering widespread be built if oil prices are high. The price increases. Utility upgrades. The disadvantage ozone layer, risking extinction. oil may motivate the U.S. to reduce its civil wars. Turkemenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan argues that in the status quo the U.S. presence in the region, and although (TAP) pipeline disadvantage argues One specific refineries disadvantage will pursue upgrades to increase Natural gas prices. This disadvantage oil may be the main motivator for There are two oil disadvantages that that high oil prices will lead to a focuses on the idea that refineries are capacity and reduce pollution. If argues that permits & carbon tax our presence, leaving may take the focus on the domestic economic pipeline that will connect three modernizing to allow the conversion utilities are required to adopt AE, affirmatives increase demand for lid off simmering ethnic conflicts harms of reducing oil dependence. countries and stabilize Afghanistan. of oil shale to gasoline. Since Canada this will disrupt budgeting for the natural gas because natural gas is less or trigger Russian aggression in the The impact to Afghanistan instability has a lot of oil shale, abandoning oil upgrades. Upgrades will result in carbon intensive than either coal or region, risking a wider regional, and Texas economy. The Texas oil is terrorism. The India-Pakistan-Iran shale conversion could hurt relations CO2 reductions (turning any climate oil. Increased demand for natural gas even global, war. Low oil prices could economy disadvantage argues that (IPI) pipeline disadvantage argues that with Canada and threaten the North advantage) and expanded grid will increase prices, threatening the also directly undermine Azerbaijan’s low oil prices will collapse the Texas high oil prices will lead to a pipeline American Free Trade Agreement capacity that is needed to prevent economy. economy, triggering regional economy and that Texas’ economy is that will connect the three countries (NAFTA). blackouts. Upgrades are also needed instability. important to the U.S. economy. and prevent a war between India and to make renewable energy more There are two disadvantages that stem Pakistan. Oil price bubble. Oil prices are at accessible and to support wind power. from increasing or decreasing nuclear Canada’s economy also arguably Highway transportation fund. The an all-time high. This disadvantage power. The impacts to nuclear power benefits from high oil prices (though U.S. highway transportation fund Backstopping. The backstopping argues that moving toward alternative Clean coal technology (CCT). A were discussed in the previous section in the case of Canada there is more is funded by gas tax revenues. argument is based on simple energy technologies would pop the oil subset of a more general “utility on affirmatives. of a debate as to whether high or low Reductions in oil consumption would principles of market economics and price bubble, collapsing the economy upgrades” argument, this disadvantage oil prices are best for the economy). undermine the fund. The impact is can be used as a devastating turn as a result of the radical drop. Ro s t r u m 91 Nuclear power bad. Carbon taxes climate change, particularly by can only handle so much pollution) and permits affirmatives will adopting a binding emissions target, is limiting the growth of China’s raise the price of carbon, making that this will improve relations with economy and that the adoption of new nuclear power more economically Japan. The disadvantage contends energy technologies will accelerate competitive. that it is bad to improve relations Chinese economic growth. Chinese Nuclear power good. Increasing with Japan because improving economic growth is arguably bad many alternative energy resources, relations will stop the break-down of either because it could cause China’s particularly renewable energy, could the alliance. The impact is that the economy to overheat or because it undermine investment in nuclear alliance is bad because it leads to the could lead to a Chinese military build- power. containment China and constrains up, arms races, and hegemonic threats Japanese rearmament; a substantial to the U.S. There are a number of disadvantages Japanese buildup, particularly that deal with the international a nuclear weapons build-up, is India modeling. This disadvantage geopolitical consequences of prohibited under the terms of the argues that if the U.S. pursues a increasing U.S. support for alternative treaty. major reduction in greenhouse gases energy. that India will model it. The impact U.S.-China energy cooperation. This is that Indian adoption of stringent European Union (EU) soft power. The disadvantage argues that currently the environmental regulations will disadvantage argues that increases U.S. and China are cooperating on collapse its economy. in U.S. soft power undermine energy, particularly coal energy, and EU soft power and that EU soft that by transitioning to AE the plan There are four disadvantages that power is critical to the resolution would disrupt that cooperation. The are impact-turns to the environment of global problems. Negatives can impact is that energy cooperation is advantages. You can broadly link the disadvantage directly off of critical to avoiding a U.S.-China war think of these as “pollution good” affirmative claims of increased soft and a break-down of relations. disadvantages. power or link it indirectly by arguing the U.S. support for AE would boost U.S.-China relations. The second CO2 ag. This disadvantage says its soft power and, subsequently, version of the disadvantage that high CO2 levels are good for undermine EU soft power. Smart argues that if the U.S. increases its agriculture and that high CO2 will negatives will argue that EU soft environmental leadership it would put boost crop production enough to power will solve all of the terminal more pressure on China to improve prevent an impending famine. impacts that the affirmative reads its environment, threatening relations. to their advantages as well as add This disadvantage is particularly Ice age. This disadvantage argues that additional impacts. strong against cases such as cap & global warming is necessary to avoid trade/permits that adopt binding an impending ice age. Japan soft power. The disadvantage CO2 caps. If the U.S. did this, it argues that the way Japan currently would certainly pressure others to SO2 screw. If you reduce fossil fuel obtains status as a global power is do the same thing (the affirmative’s emissions, you reduce both CO2 and through the exercise of soft power, environmental leadership advantage/ SO2. Since CO2 stays in the air for particularly in the environmental solvency is even premised on this centuries, and SO2 only for the short- and renewable energy arenas. If the occurring). Such pressure could term, reductions in emissions could affirmative plan were to boost U.S. not only result in a break-down of actually cause short term warming. leadership and/or soft power in either relations, but if the negative wins that of those areas, it will trade-off with China will not reciprocate with cuts, Low level ozone. This disadvantage Japan’s leadership, forcing it to find it will substantially undermine the argues that pollution is good because an alternative means of establishing affirmative’ solvency for advantages it blocks high level radiation that global influence. Instead of such as climate change. enters through the upper ozone hole environmental leadership, Japan may from causing cancer. choose to exercise its power militarily Chinese growth bad. This and develop nuclear weapons. disadvantage argues that current high There are some disadvantages that energy prices and environmental are specific to renewable energy Japan relations bad. The disadvantage limits imposed by fossil fuels (China technologies. argues that if the U.S. acts to control 92 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Earthquakes. This disadvantage International agents. China and First, Cabinet heads could make argues that expanding the use of India could act to substantially decisions to change the way their geothermal power will change reduce their own CO2 emissions. departments operate. For example, the pressure within the earth causing Estimates indicate that China will Defense Secretary could order that the earthquakes. surpass the U.S. in total emissions military start using more renewable and India is close behind. Action by energy at its bases. Space militarization. Increasing one or both of these countries would interest in solar power spurs increased likely reduce CO2 almost as much Second, the President could issue an interest in space power because more as the affirmative. Japan, though it Executive Order. An Executive Order solar power makes space exploration emits considerably less CO2, could is “A regulation by the President and development feasible. The impact act to develop AE technologies and of the United States or the chief is that greater space exploration distribute them globally. Action by executive of a state which has the and development will lead to space Japan would also strengthen Japan’s effect of law” Executive orders direct militarization and war. soft power. All three counterplans various individuals to act in particular avoid disadvantages to U.S. action ways. Chinese silicon. This disadvantage such as politics and spending. says that R&D support and subsidies There are a number of reasons that are short-term and that when the The 50 states. The 50 states could act Executive action is superior to support expires solar developers will to incentivize AE in nearly any way Congressional action. First, it avoids turn to dangerous Chinese silicon. that has been discussed in the plans the politics disadvantage. There is section. Politics, federal spending, and evidence that indicates that if the Bats & Birds. The expansion of federalism are common net-benefits to President acts alone he does not have wind power will kill bats and birds, this counterplan. to spend political capital getting threatening ecosystems. policies passed through Congress. Lopez counterplan. Based on a 1995 Executive action is also less visible Military readiness. The expansion article in the Michigan Law Review to the public (great for an elections of wind power will disrupt radar by Northwestern law professor disadvantage). And executive action installations, threatening readiness. Stephen Calebresi, this counterplan is less controversial because no one argues that all authority over a in Congress has to take a position Nanotechnology bad. This particular area (in this case, the on it. Second, you can argue that disadvantage argues that affirmative plan) should be devolved “presidential power good” is a net supporting research on renewable to the states so that the 50 states could benefit to the counterplan. Executive energy resources will stimulate act to implement the affirmative action will enhance the authority of nanotechnology. The impact is that plan mandates. This version of the President when he exercises it the development of nanotech risks the counterplan is necessary when and Congressional action or joint the development of self-replication the federal government exercises Presidential-Congressional action (the nanoweapons that will kill everyone. substantial jurisdiction over issues permutation) undermines it. There is one disadvantage that is related to the affirmative plan. difficult to categorize. Action by the courts and the executive Courts. This counterplan has the can be substituted for the plan agent Environmental movements. courts interpret existing legislation and advocated by the affirmative. The environmental movements and regulations to require the federal There is no topically-mandated reason disadvantage argues that government to undertake action to that the affirmative must defend environmental reforms will “buy-off”/ solve the affirmative advantages. Congressional action. discourage national and international This counterplan is best used against environmental movements that climate change affirmatives because In addition to a number of agents are needed to solve environmental that is what most of the solvency that can be used in the affirmative problems. evidence is discussing. plan, there are also a number of Counterplans technologies that, while arguably AE, There are a number of agents other Executive Order/action. There are a have been more commonly used as than the U.S. government that number of ways that the “Executive” counterplans. could act to implement the essential branch of the government can act. affirmative plan mandates. Ro s t r u m 93 Clean Coal Technology (CCT). This Domestic drilling. This counterplan our only hope is to adapt to it. It counterplan has the government argues that the U.S. should drill suggests increasing foreign aid to deal support the development of CCT in for more oil on its territory. The with poverty and water shortages, order to reduce pollution and improve counterplan advocates drilling in building up coast lines to deal with U.S. economic competitiveness. one or more of the following areas: sea level rises, providing food aid The net-benefits are usually the coal Offshore coastal areas and/or the to deal with famine, and providing consumption good disadvantages. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. reforestation assistance to deal with deforestation. Carbon sequestration. Carbon Oil price speculation regulation. sequestration is a process that captures Some analysts think that the run-up in Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. This CO2 when coal is burned to produce oil prices is due to inappropriate price counterplan has the U.S. ratify the energy. This avoids the release of speculation by those seeking to profit Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in CO2 into the atmosphere while in the oil markets. This counterplan order to boost U.S. leadership in non- allowing the continued use of coal- establishes regulations to limit that proliferation efforts. based energy. Since this technology speculation. is not yet fully commercialized, the Soft power counterplans. Soft power counterplan provides incentives can be increased in a number for research & development to of ways, including ratifying the advance the technology. Carbon CTBT, the International Criminal sequestration doesn’t reduce coal Court (ICC), the Convention for use, making the coal consumption the Elimination of Discrimination good and politics disadvantages Against Women (CEDAW) and are usually the net-benefits to this closing Guantanamo Bay. technology. Hard power counterplans. Energy efficiency. This counterplan Counterplans to increase military says that rather than adopting AE it recruitment and reinstate the draft may be best to simply use current have been written to increase technologies more efficiently. Since military readiness. energy efficiency arguably reduces total energy consumption, it reduces Competiveness counterplans. pollution and avoids (at least for This counterplan strengthens U.S. now) energy shortages. Politics is industrial policy in order to boost the most common net-benefit to this U.S. competitiveness without counterplan. developing AE. As all three of these technologies The net-benefits to all of these are widely considered to be forms of Iran engagement. This counterplan counterplans are the disadvantages “alternative energy,” it is worth noting has the U.S. offer a security guarantee to increasing the form of AE that the here that if the affirmative specifies to Iran as a means of normalizing plan advocates. an AE technology, the negative can relations with the country. It claims always counterplan and advocate that poor U.S.-Iran relations are There are also a number of alternative using a different technology or set of significantly increasing the price of mechanisms that the negative can use technologies. Also, it is worth nothing oil. to increase AE. that these forms of AE may also be the focus of affirmative cases. A number of the other affirmative Voluntary action. What exactly harms/advantages can be directly constitutes a voluntary approach There are ways to avoid the harms of addressed through other advantage- is up for debate. At one extreme, current energy other than to use different specific counterplans. “voluntary” simply means that energy technologies. Three counterplans companies agree to implement the attempt to solve the oil-related harms Adaptation. This counterplan argues plan’s mandates simply by being without reducing consumption of oil. that since climate change is inevitable asked. Unless the negative can get 94 Vo l 83, N o . 1 the affirmative to agree in cross-x Although these three mechanisms are simply free ride off U.S. action. This that the companies want to do the most commonly run as counterplans, counterplan has the U.S. adopt the plan (which is sometimes possible it is possible to use them as plan if other nations and actors (such since people don’t think), this affirmative plan mechanisms. In as the EU) also agree to take action version of the counterplan won’t fact, it is worth emphasizing that to solve climate. The specified actors get the negative very far. In order any affirmative plan mechanism that are asked to reciprocate vary in to solve, what the negative usually can simply become a negative the different counterplans. needs to do is to “juice” the request counterplan. For example, if the with something like a subsidy, a tax affirmative advocates permits as a There are two additional counterplans credit, some positive publicity (or means to confront climate change, the that are difficult to categorize, so I’ll some combination of all (and maybe negative can argue for carbon taxes explain each of these here. even more)). The more costly the and vice-versa. Affirmatives need plan is, the more the negative will to be able to defend any mechanism Banning fossil fuels. Many of the need to provide to get industry to do they specify as superior to any other affirmative advantages stem from the plan voluntarily. The Business mechanism that they negative may reducing and/or eliminating a current Confidence net benefit stems from the advocate as a counterplan. form of energy use. This counterplan fact that the plan imposes regulatory says that those energies, such as oil costs on businesses through its and coal, should be banned outright. mandates and that the costs of those Although this seems counterintuitive mandates are opposed by businesses. (it would probably destroy the Businesses prefer the more voluntary/ economy), affirmatives should be positive incentive based approach. prepared to debate it. Since positive incentive approaches generate less political opposition than Socialism. Contending that capitalism regulatory approaches, the political is the root cause of our environmental capital politics disadvantage is also a problems, this counterplan has net-benefit. the U.S. adopt a Socialist form of government in order to solve our Eliminate fossil fuel subsidies. The environment and energy problems. use of fossil fuels – both in the discovery and conversion to energy Kritiks stages – is highly subsidized by The kritiks are more difficult to the government. Advocates of AE, There are also set of counterplans categorize since many of them overlap particularly renewable energies, argue that use the affirmative plan in both substantively and in terms of that this makes it impossible for these international negotiations with their implications. Nonetheless, I have new technologies to compete. This the goal of not only getting other tried to organize them as much as counterplan argues for removing countries to agree to the plan but also possible. current fossil fuel subsidies rather of gaining some additional advantage. than providing new subsidies for AE NATO consultation. This counterplan The first set of critiques questions since simply cutting current fossil fuel offers NATO an up or down veto our approach toward the resolution subsidies could level the playing field. over the plan. The counterplan claims of environmental problems, arguing that by giving NATO this veto it will that the affirmative plan and Prizes. This counterplan awards strengthen the NATO alliance by advocacy reify, rather than challenge, a large prize – usually millions of boosting consultation and alliance the fundamental cause of the dollars – for the development of a cohesion. In the past, negatives have environmental crises we confront. particular energy technology. For offered to consult Australia, Brazil, example, presidential candidate China, the EU, Egypt, and Japan. Social ecology. Social ecology claims John McCain has proposed a $300 that environmental problems are million dollar prize to any developer Multilateral environmental caused by hierarchies that sustain that can build a battery that can be negotiations. If the U.S. acts social domination. Government effectively used in a hybrid vehicle unilaterally on major environmental promotion of AE simply sustains and to substantially reduce energy issues, particularly climate, other doesn’t challenge these hierarchies. consumption. countries may not act at all and The alternative is to challenge Ro s t r u m 95 the hierarchies in order to solve to be bought and sold in the market insistent form. George Bataille, and environmental problems. only reifies capitalism rather than after him Jacques Lacan, argued that challenges it. Negatives will also read negativity, loss, expenditure, sacrifice, Deep ecology. Deep Ecology is an additional world-ending impacts to and the beautiful were central and environmental movement philosophy capitalism. ineradicable elements of human life. that was started by Arnie Naess. Naess Only an ecological politics that can argued that we needed a “deeper” Consumerism. The consumerism embrace expenditure can avoid laying understanding about humanity’s critique is a subset of the capitalism waste to the all that is nonproductive, relationship with nature. Instead of a critique that argues that until we even beautiful, in life. more anthropocentric approach that move away from a consumerist assumes that humans are unique, we culture we will not be able to solve There are two kritiks that challenge need to conceive of ourselves simply environmental problems. Promoting how we represent environmental as one integral part of the biosphere. new energy technologies, and systems problems, arguing that the popular The Deep Ecology kritik argues that such as cap & trade, only promote representations that many affirmatives rather than endorsing the affirmative consumerism. employ are bad. plan, which is likely to simply carry- on with the existing anthropocentric Zizek. This kritik argues that Environmental securitization. approach, we need to embrace a attempting to solve the problem of Environmental securitization is a realization that we are just one part of energy is a fantasy and that acting to kritik of arguing that environmental the biosphere. do so only represses the fantasy. The decline leads to war and of alternative is to traverse the fantasy conceptualizing it as a security issue. Heidegger. The Heidegger kritik and envision a post-apocalyptic world. First, the environmental destruction challenges the idea that we can/should is a global problem and security is a master nature with a technological Feyerbrand. From the file: The nation-state issue. Second, military approach/outlook. It argues we should Aff’s scientific worldview manifests planning is inherently conservative move away from technology and re- a monolithic ontology – their and radical planning is needed to connect with our more fundamental scenarios and description of solvency solve environmental problems. being. This was by far the most presuppose specific knowledges Third, military aggression involves popular critique at camps this which pound themselves into intentional aggression. The evil summer, so it is something you need debaters’ minds. The impact to this impacts of environmental destruction to be very prepared to debate. homogenization is the elimination are not intentionally produced (at least of all identity under imperialistic the evil implication is not intended. Environmental managerialism. oppression – this forms the root Fourth, military organizations are also Directly related to the Deep Ecology cause of war. Moreover, under such highly structured and hierarchical and Heidegger arguments, this kritik a scenario, life is not worth living. whereas solutions to environmental argues that attempt to manage the The K must be a prior concern to any problems require a decentralized environment in a way that maximizes other impact. Within the monolithic solution. human needs without causing grasp of the Aff’s ideology, the only significant environmental harm is hope is to cast subjectivity adrift. Environmental crisis rhetoric. In order doomed to fail. Affirming that anything goes opens up to claim large impacts, affirmatives a multitude of emergent possibilities will articulate large environmental Ecofeminism. Ecofeminists argue that capable of transcending the hegemony impacts. This critique argues that environmental problems cannot be of modern science, solving the Aff. it is bad to focus on hyped impact solved until the problem of patriarchy scenarios because those scenarios – the domination of men over women W.A.S.T.E. The majority of ecological discourage action by creating a -- is addressed because that inequality/ paradigms are premised on one sense of futility and because the oppression is reflected in how we treat flawed assumption: that expenditure scenarios lead to the militarization of nature/the environment. can be eliminated from human/ environmental problems. Capitalism. The capitalism kritik environment interactions. The attempt There are number of kritiks that can argues that capitalism is the root of to repress all the unruly elements of be considered kritiks of the plan, or at the environmental/energy crisis and life only results in the return of the least kritiks of advocating technology- that treating energy as a commodity repressed in a stronger and more based solutions to problems. 96 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Coercion. This kritik argues that it in the name of the good results in all other options of existence, and is immoral to impose regulations on imperial intervention and warfare. becomes the only means to the only businesses or to direct government end. The affirmative endorses a subsidies toward particular industries Virillio. Argues that we are in a managerial mode of thinking that because doing either is a threat to constant state of war and that current proliferates through intellectual debate private property. attempts to prevent it simply replicate about the environment, threatening the state of warfare. to overcome all alternatives. The Stealth. This kritik argues that negative proposes a radical break environmental regulations are bad There are two kritik-related arguments from the action reaction cycles of because they are passed without input that help the affirmative answer all the affirmative, we must act in the from the public. It argues that this kritiks. present and allow the future to reveal regulatory approach is ultimately itself, only this creates an aesthetic undemocratic. Framework. This argument contends relationship with nature that opens that the focus of debate should be only up the possibility for meaningful Scapegoating. This kritik argues that policy – on the proposal, comparison, existence. We in this room must it is bad to blame and/or scapegoat and assessment of different specific embrace a process of askesis in industries for environmental problems policies. Arguments that focus the order to rethink our relationship to and argues that people should assume question of the debate on the question the world and, most importantly, personal responsibility instead. of representations, for example, would ourselves. Askesis is an individual be inconsistent with this framework. process of self-transformation Technology panacea. This kritik that creates the potential to break argues that it is bad to view Environmental pragmatism. This down our ascetic drive for purity technology as a solution to all of our is an argument that contends that and control. We must engage in a problems. environmental debates should meditative self-analysis. Thus, the role There are five additional kritiks that focus on pragmatic solutions to of the ballot is to affirm our criticism are difficult to categorize. environmental problems instead of as a way of questioning ourselves, more philosophical concerns. we believe debate affords us the Luke/biopower. Based primarily on opportunity to not rush headlong in to the works of Timothy Luke, this Constituent Imaginary. From the file: quick solutions, but instead, provide kritik argues that representations of The resolution, should the United the possibility for a new approach to environment crisis and international States federal government increase environmental advocacy, otherwise, governance arrangements designed alternative energy incentives in the the ontological assumptions to deal with environmental problems United States is an answer, not a topic. underlying their affirmative threaten support the biopolitical order. It’s a This year’s topic is alternative energy to silence and ignore the catastrophic specific application of the biopower and how we should orient ourselves effects our own actions have had on argument. in relation to that larger concept. The the environment itself. affirmative’s reliance on the United Baudrillard. This is the popular States federal government as the Intersectionality. This kritik argues critique of simulation that argues enactor of a future policy option is that oppression cannot be solved by that it is bad to simulate policy- part of the problem, not the solution. focusing on one type of oppression making. The camp file has a particular Their attempt to outline linear such as racial oppression but that the emphasis on the environment. advantages and place a calculative intersectionality of all oppressions value on both human and non-human must be recognized. Realism good. This is a kritik of beings endorses a fundamentally affirmatives that trigger international flawed ontology - an ontology focused (Stefan Bauschard is President of approaches to environmental on challenging-forth the future and PlanetDebate.com, a Debate Coach problems as sacrificing the national describing how the future should be. for Harvard Debate and Director of interests of the United States. This mindset creates an obsession Debate, Lakeland Public Schools.) War Machine. Based on a 2008 book, with management – the only way Tabloid Terror, this kritik argues that to successfully control the future is attempting to act to confront threats management, management excludes Ro s t r u m 97 supplemental events prose results code (In speaker order) preliM semi final totals cume 29B287 13 254 56565/63 60 37B512 14 624 35344/25 52 18B401 15 541 42432/14 45 26B606 16 315 65456/26 59 18b228 17 531 14321/61 44 42b334 14 122 21213/31 32 Poetry results 04P384 14 321 56335/61 49 18P228 11 113 33121/14 31 15P409 8 242 22514/51 36 27P516 13 113 56666/46 57 04p408 13 222 24333/24 40 15p477 8 311 24452/15 36 impromptu results code (In speaker order) preliM semi final totals cume 37I622 4 313 33554/5613 46 17I784 6 421 53544/6622 50 17I563 8 132 56645/6436 59 37I624 6 112 22111/1123 24 04I469 5 122 44455/1366 48 45I504 5 211 22322/1143 29 storytelling results 45T119 5 262 63566/61 48 04T411 7 351 44445/63 46 11T103 6 124 55364/62 44 25T166 4 253 11111/12 22 18T191 3 131 24224/25 29 09t339 5 342 33335/52 38 expository results code (In speaker order) preliM semi final totals cume 04e354 10 414 65256/62 51 29e282 12 332 55544/64 53 07E137 9 141 33433/16 38 29E199 12 322 42115/61 39 18E293 15 232 24335/26 47 07E460 14 123 13221/14 34 EXTEMP commentary results 29c337 15 411 33232/4242 46 12c521 13 242 45344/6136 57 25c232 12 233 22111/1316 38 45c433 12 126 55555/6653 66 37c138 14 112 31223/1144 39 04c643 17 131 54566/2664 66 98 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Ro s t r u m 28 99 100 8 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Who "Broke" and Why Humorous Interp At the end of round 6, 60 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with a cume of 35. Dramatic Interp At the end of round 6, 60 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with a cume of 36. Eight contestants were tied for 60th place. Two of those advanced; to advance those contestants needed: 3 firsts, 3 seconds, and 1 third. Duo Interp At the end of round 6, 61 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with a cume of 37. Three contestants were tied for 60th place; to advance, those contestants needed 3 first, 3 thirds, 1 fourth, 1 fifth, and 2 sixths. Original Oratory At the end of round 6, 60 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with a cume of 36. Three contestants were tied for 60th place. One of those contestants advanced; to advance they needed 3 firsts, and 4 seconds. U.S. Extemp At the end of round 6, 60 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with a cume of 27. International Extemp At the end of round 6, 60 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with a cume of 29. Nine contestants were tied for 60th place. One contestant advanced with 5 firsts. Policy Debate At the end of round 6, 60 teams advanced to rounds 7-8 with 8 winning ballots or more. L/D Debate At the end of round 6, 69 contestants advanced to rounds 7-8 with 8 winning ballots or more. Ted Turner Public Forum Debate At the end of round 6, 73 teams advanced to rounds 7-8 with 8 winning ballots or more. Figuring NFL National Points Event Rounds Preliminary Rounds: CX and L/D Debate = win (2 judges) = 10; split (1) = 8; Loss (0-2) = 7 Extemp / OO = two judge totals of 2 or 3 = 10 points; 4 or 5 = 9 points; 6 or 7 = 8 points; 8 or 9 = 7 points; 10+ = 6 points DI/ HI/ DUO = two judge totals of 2 or 3 = 9; 4 or 5 = 8 points; 6 or 7 = 7 points; 8 or 9 = 6 points; 10+ = 5 points Run-Off and Elim Rounds: CX and L/D Debate W = 10 points l = 7 points Events 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th or 6th Extemp /oo 10 9 8 7 6 Interpretation 9 8 7 6 5 Supplementary 6 5 4 3 2 Bonus Points: Champion 15 points Runner-Up 10 points Third 5 points Ro s t r u m 101 Awards St u d e n t Pa r t i c i p a n t s o f t h e Ye a r "You had to be there!" By Li n c o l n Fi n a n c i a l Gr o u p This year five $1,000 scholarships were presented by the Lincoln Financial Group during the final Awards Ceremony to celebrate participation in NFL activities. Five lucky students were selected, at random, from all national tournament participants ~ to represent the over 3,134 students nationwide who participated this year in the NFL. Yo u h a d t o b e p r e s e n t t o w i n St u d e n t Wi n n e r s • Adam Bouchareb lakeville North HS, MN • Michael Dahlgren Holy Ghost Prep, PA • James Krawczyk Blue Springs HS, MO • Aakash Kumar plano Sr. HS, TX • Alyssa Ray-Alden Milwaukee HS of The Arts, WI And the winner is... 102 Vo l 83, N o . 1 NFL Council in Action Tommie Lindsey, Jr. Pam McComas Harold C. Keller St u d e n t Wi n n e r s • Adam Bouchareb lakeville North HS, MN • Michael Dahlgren Holy Ghost Prep, PA • James Krawczyk Blue Springs HS, MO • Aakash Kumar plano Sr. HS, TX • Alyssa Ray-Alden Milwaukee HS of The Arts, WI President Billy Tate Kandi King Bro. Rene Sterner, FSC Vice President Don Crabtree Pam Cady Wycoff Glenda Ferguson Ro s t r u m 103 I’m speechless. Ohhhhh E L V I S! I was an NFL member! Abe, let’s talk politics! I want a cap like that! What page is Sunday’s schedule? How do I explain this to my kids? I need a little lady luck this week! Future National Champion Orations, check. Tubs, check. Sleep, check. 104 Vo l 83, N o . 1 30 Minute Prep Alumni Table ApolloDebate.com Arizona State Ayn Rand Baylor University Birmingham Nationals CDE I’m speechless. Clark County Schools Colorado College Ohhhhh E L V I S! Dale Publishing DebateChamps Doane College I was an NFL member! Economic Thinking ExtempDex FFI FinalistsFiles.com Gamma Pharmaceutical George Mason University Gustavus Adolphus College IDEA Jimmy Smith Joy of Tournaments Kansas State University Liberty Debate Institute NCPA (Debate-Central.org) Abe, let’s talk politics! NDCA I want a cap like that! Nebraska Debate NFHS Vendors at Nationals NFL What page is Sunday’s schedule? Northwestern University NPPF (National Policy on Public Forum) Ohio University Ozark Delight Perfect Performance Perspectives Debate Planet Debate How do I explain this Point Loma Nazarene University to my kids? Public Forum Zone I need a little lady luck this week! Rachel Project Resolved Ripon College Stanford NFI The Forensics Files The Interp Store The University of Alabama University of California University of North Texas UNLV Victory Briefs West Coast West Texas A&M University Western Kentucky University Whitman College Future National Champion Orations, check. Tubs, check. Sleep, check. Ro s t r u m 105 The Blues Brothers Debut at the 2008 Desert Lights Nationals 106 Vo l 83, N o . 1 THANK YOU SCHWANS FOR A GREAT TIME!! S C H W A N P A R T Y Ro s t r u m 107 Ex c i t i n g Ti m e s a t Na t i o n a l s Congratulations Connie & Richard from all your friends & family at NFL! Dr. Ri c h a r d Ed w a r d s t o o k t i m e o u t f r o m a b u s y NFL Na t i o n a l To u r n a m e n t o n e e v e n i n g a n d s u r p r i s e d h i s w i f e Co n n i e i n c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e i r 38t h We d d i n g Anninversary , r e n e w i n g t h e i r m a r r i a g e v o w s a t t h e Gr a c e l a n d We d d i n g Ch a p e l i n La s Ve g a s , Ne v a d a . NFL Ex e c u t i v e Vi c e Pr e s i d e n t Do n Cr a b t r e e h a d t h e p l e a s u r e o f m e e t i n g a c t o r Mi c h a e l Ur i e . Mi c h a e l w a s t h e 1998 Na t i o n a l Ch a m p i o n i n DI a n d i s n o w a s t a r o n ABC’s Hi t Sh o w Ugl y Be t t y . 108 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Lucky NFL Student Speaks for Blue Man Group Special Entertainment at 2008 Desert Lights Awards Ceremony Ro s t r u m 109 The Art of Speech and Drama Through Literature Speech and Drama Guidebook UNO Forensics Putting the pieces together Four Books in One! Speech Craft: Speaking drills, pausing and much more! 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Please visit us at www.unomaha.edu/forensics Ro s t r u m 111 112 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Ro s t r u m 113 NDCA Coaches Corner “Introducing Debate: An Outline for the First Few Weeks of a Novice Debate Class” by Chuck Ballingall Damien High School It goes without saying that the and course, as well as some of an enrollment of approximately beginning of the year is a crucial the implications of their unique 100 of Damien’s top freshmen. time for a novice debate class. characteristics. Damien is an all- This large enrollment number also Students have a great deal to boys Catholic school in the Los creates 3-4 sections of the course learn, and if they don’t learn at the Angeles suburbs. The school has for the assistant debate coach to beginning of the year, they will had a strong commitment to the teach, thus allowing us to hire be behind for the remainder of the debate program for over 40 years; a debate person for the second year. Most important, students coaching/teaching position. in a beginning debate class are There is a downside to this often freshmen, who are still situation, however. Even though searching for the activities they we stress the debate part of the will emphasize in high school. class, it is still a debate and speech It’s important to grab their class, and many students sign up attention and interest at the with the idea that they will learn beginning of the year, so they how to do many different types of don’t “wander off” to the band speeches, and they aren’t primarily or the newspaper. signing up to debate. Also, many This article is an attempt students sign up because the class to briefly explain the first few is presented as an honors level weeks of the novice debate class, and many students sign up class at Damien High School. to avoid taking what they perceive At Damien we call this class it probably didn’t hurt that the to be a “boring” Geography class. Speech 9. I have developed the debate coach in the late 1960’s, Finally, the class sizes are typically course outline over 26 years of Father Martin O’Loghlen, served pretty large, especially for this kind teaching and coaching at Damien, as principal of the school from of class. 30 students per class is the and even though I have passed the 1970-1980. norm. teaching of the class on to other The strong administrative Finally, a little about our coaches, this is still essentially support for the program, as well as competitive situation: Unlike the outline from which the class is our status as a private school, has the state of Texas, which holds taught. allowed us to do something that tournaments in August (!!!), I’ve never encountered in another California starts more slowly. The The Damien High School school: Damien treats Speech 9 as first major invitational in southern Debate Program an honors level course in the Social California takes place on the first Science Department, and allows weekend of October. Our local Every school’s debate class qualifying students to replace an league holds its first tournament in is unique, although many share otherwise required Geography late September, and our first novice similar characteristics. Let me course with Speech 9 in their league debate tournament takes first describe the Damien program freshman schedules! This gives us place in late October. So we have 114 Vo l 83, N o . 1 plenty of time to get our students from our textbook (written by Star speaking, and standing up to cross- NDCA Coaches Corner ready for their first debate. In Muir, sold by Paradigm Research). examine each other, to give them a fact, we try to hold an intrasquad sense of what physically goes on in “Introducing Debate: An Outline for the First Few tournament, amongst our own Now that we’ve introduced the each round. These lectures will take teams only, about 2 weeks before students to each other, it’s time to us all the way to the end of the first Weeks of a Novice Debate Class” the first league novice debate introduce them to debate. Given week. At the end of class on Friday, tournament. So we have the about that I’m not in a huge rush to get I encourage them to go online and by 6 weeks from the time school starts them ready, I try to do things at the do some basic background research Chuck Ballingall to the time our debaters need to be introductory level, and then add more on the topic. ready to debate. detail the second and third time around. Damien High School Also, our league, by agreement, Week 2: limits the cases that our novice Tuesday: Basic “Introduction It goes without saying that the and course, as well as some of an enrollment of approximately teams can run, usually to 3 or 4 to Debate” lecture. This lecture Monday: The second week beginning of the year is a crucial the implications of their unique 100 of Damien’s top freshmen. “core of the topic” cases. We also explains the very basic nature begins with another day of time for a novice debate class. characteristics. Damien is an all- This large enrollment number also don’t allow our novices to run of debate: 2 debaters per team, talking about the topic, in a more Students have a great deal to boys Catholic school in the Los creates 3-4 sections of the course counterplans or critiques in the first 2 sides, what they generally do, structured fashion this time. I will learn, and if they don’t learn at the Angeles suburbs. The school has for the assistant debate coach to semester. So our early preparation the concept of evidence, and the try to lay out the main harm areas beginning of the year, they will had a strong commitment to the teach, thus allowing us to hire focuses on the basics, and on a wording of the national topic. With (in this case, the basics of global be behind for the remainder of the debate program for over 40 years; a debate person for the second topic of limited scope. whatever time remains, we’ll do warming), and some of the major year. Most important, students coaching/teaching position. While our class is undoubtedly some basic brainstorming on the alternative energy sources. in a beginning debate class are There is a downside to this different from those offered at topic, just to get them thinking often freshmen, who are still situation, however. Even though other schools, hopefully you can about the general topic area. Tuesday: First simple refutation searching for the activities they we stress the debate part of the adapt some of the suggestions in drill. In this drill, I will pair the will emphasize in high school. class, it is still a debate and speech the next part of this article to your Wednesday through Friday: students again, and give them the It’s important to grab their class, and many students sign up program. I certainly wouldn’t “Order of Speeches” lecture. choice of 5 or 6 topics. These won’t attention and interest at the with the idea that they will learn suggest that ours is the best way to Main points in this lecture: Speech be debate topic related; instead, beginning of the year, so they how to do many different types of introduce students to debate, but it order, time limits, speaker duties. I will pick topics they should don’t “wander off” to the band speeches, and they aren’t primarily works for us. At the beginning of the lecture, I know something about from their or the newspaper. signing up to debate. Also, many hand out a sample 1AC to every general knowledge and interest This article is an attempt students sign up because the class The Course student, and we begin by reading (for example, something about the to briefly explain the first few is presented as an honors level Week 1: through it, and talking briefly about Lakers vs. the Celtics will certainly weeks of the novice debate class, and many students sign up the nature of evidence. Embedded be one of the choices this year). I class at Damien High School. to avoid taking what they perceive Thursday, first day, 30 minute within these days of lecture are then tell them they have to choose At Damien we call this class it probably didn’t hurt that the to be a “boring” Geography class. classes: procedural matters. introductions to the prima facie a side of the debate, and prepare 4 Speech 9. I have developed the debate coach in the late 1960’s, Finally, the class sizes are typically burdens of the affirmative, the or 5 major arguments in favor of course outline over 26 years of Father Martin O’Loghlen, served pretty large, especially for this kind Friday, full period: Introductory difference between the case and their position. teaching and coaching at Damien, as principal of the school from of class. 30 students per class is the speech. I pair the students up the plan, basic refutation (take outs Once they have done this, I and even though I have passed the 1970-1980. norm. randomly and each prepares a and turns), and the basic types of give them a specially designed teaching of the class on to other The strong administrative Finally, a little about our speech (1-2 minutes) introducing negative arguments (leaving out sheet, similar to a flow sheet but coaches, this is still essentially support for the program, as well as competitive situation: Unlike his partner. Friday is the interview counterplans and critiques for the not intended to be an actual flow the outline from which the class is our status as a private school, has the state of Texas, which holds and preparation day. time being). This part of the lecture sheet. The sheet has two sides, taught. allowed us to do something that tournaments in August (!!!), usually takes two days, and then one for the affirmative and one for I’ve never encountered in another California starts more slowly. The Monday: Present introductory I go back and explain the concept the negative. The sheet is set up The Damien High School school: Damien treats Speech 9 as first major invitational in southern speeches. Given the speech length, of preparation time and cross- as a grid, with 3 columns and 5 Debate Program an honors level course in the Social California takes place on the first it’s possible to get through the examination, and including how rows (one row per argument, one Science Department, and allows weekend of October. Our local speeches in a single day. This is prep time should be divided and column per speech). Each debater Every school’s debate class qualifying students to replace an league holds its first tournament in a very minor assignment, so I who participates in each cross- is to fill in his main arguments is unique, although many share otherwise required Geography late September, and our first novice give full credit if they make the examination. I usually try to show in the boxes in the first column similar characteristics. Let me course with Speech 9 in their league debate tournament takes minimum time. Afterwards, I a short clip of a debate video just on his side of the page. At that first describe the Damien program freshman schedules! This gives us place in late October. So we have assign their first reading homework to show them the various debaters point, the two debaters reveal their Ro s t r u m 115 main arguments to each other, and have experience in organization, team gets one set of evidence, but they fill in the opponent’s main signposting, refutation, rebuilding each debater gets his own copy of arguments in the boxes in the first their own arguments, and, of the 1AC. At the end of class, I have column on the opponent’s side of course, speaking. each team read the 1AC to each the page. other. Each partner reads to the Now the two debaters work on Week 3: other for 4 minutes. Yes, there are their answers to the other side’s 15 speeches going on at the same major arguments. I tell them Tuesday (usually this week time, but I circulate to make sure they only need one answer per begins with Labor Day): Lecture that they’re all doing it. The main opposing argument. They write focusing on disadvantages, reason I do this is to get a gauge of their responses in the boxes in answering disadvantages, and whether the 1AC is too long. After the middle column next to their a discussion of some of the they read for a total of 8 minutes, opponent’s main arguments. disadvantages on this topic. they report to me how far they Finally, they reveal their answers were able to get. to their opponents, so that each can Wednesday: Lecture on flowing. prepare a response to each answer. I follow this lecture with an Friday: I hand out the case This response is written in negative file against their the third column on their affirmative, and go over the side’s page. basic arguments with them. Even though this seems pretty involved, it actually After Week 3: should take one class period. The students should be pretty At this point, we alternate familiar with the subject class days talking about the area being debated, so it cases are arguments they will should (hopefully) be easy have to face with quizzes for them to come up with (have to get some grades for the arguments to fill in their them!) and drills. Two other sheet. During this time, I drills I would like to mention: circulate and try to help · Flowing drill: This drill students who can’t come up requires extensive advance with arguments. preparation. Students will flow four speeches (you Wednesday through can very that number; more Friday: All pairs present speeches = more work). At their refutation drills. The the beginning of the drill, speech times are short, have students set up their and each person speaks twice. exercise in which I read their 1AC own flowsheets. You then read all I insist that the students follow (very slowly) and they practice or part of a 1AC to them. After the organization forced on them flowing it. I collect these practice the speech, handout a flow you by the grids, so they keep the flows and mark them, especially have prepared of the 1AC; in other arguments in order. I also try to get looking for the size of the writing, words, what their flow should look them to use signposting as much and the ability to follow the basic like. Collect their original flows, as possible (“My opponent’s first 1AC structure. and then read a 1NC, including argument was that the Lakers will case attacks and at least one off be better this year because Andrew Thursday: I hand out their 1AC case argument. They should flow Bynum will be recovered from and affirmative files. These are this 1NC on the sheet you handed his injury. My response to that basic, cut down versions, tailored out to them with the 1AC flow. is...”). Hopefully, by the end of this to the arguments they will be going When you finish, hand out another exercise, all of the students will against in the negative file. Each flow, this time with the 1AC and 116 Vo l 83, N o . 1 the 1NC flowed on it. This flow using their affirmative and negative rounds, their interest is hopefully should be as perfect as you can evidence. They first pick the best increased, and we continue to get make it; you’re trying to get them negative evidence against their case, ready for the first interscholastic to model the best flowing practices and preflow the speech they would tournament, just a week or two in possible. Again, collect their flow give using that evidence. They then the future! of the 1NC, and have them flow choose the affirmative evidence to I hope that you can find something the 2AC on the sheets you’ve just answer those case arguments, and in this outline that can help you and given them. You can repeat this preflow the 2AC. They then present your novice debaters get ready for through as many speeches as you these speeches, with one partner doing those first few tournaments. Good like. At some point in the speeches the 1N and the other the 2A. You can luck! you should “drop” an argument and do all kinds of different combinations have the next speaker “extend” it, with this drill, using disadvantages, (Chuck Ballingall has been the so that the students get an idea of topicality arguments, etc. Director of Debate at Damien High what this means and how it should At the end of either week 5 or School in La Verne, California since be flowed. 6, we try to have as many debaters 1982. He is a Four Diamond coach, · Advanced refutation drill: This as possible participate in a 3 round and this past June, was inducted into time, I have the two partners prepare intrasquad tournament, which takes the NFL Hall of Fame.) both sides of a debate on their case, place on a Saturday. After these We’re Ready to Ship Your NFL Merchandise Visit the NFL Store at www.nflonline.org Ro s t r u m 117 Introduce and Extend Communication Skills! 38 Basic Speech Experiences Applications.Communication The best-selling classic public speaking text! For Personal and Professional Contexts Students are up on their feet speaking from the first to the last Interpersonal, professional, and group chapter in this project-based text. Each chapter is structured communication skills for lifelong use around a speaking project that students prepare and present. This comprehensive text uses a decision-based approach to help Clear expectations, specific guidelines, and models throughout students learn about effective and ethical communication. A SPAM each chapter build students’ confidence and ensure success. framework helps students plan communication based on This is the most up-to-date and comprehensive public speaking Situation, Purpose, Audience, and Method. text available and includes The 25 chapters are organized into four units • a beginning unit with the basics of speaking • projects cover the most common types of public speaking • communication basics • group communication experiences • interpersonal communication • public communication —informative —persuasive —demonstration Each chapter begins with student objectives, vocabulary, and a —entertainment —impromptu —business short workplace scenario. Chapters conclude with a summary —special occasions —contest —and others! and four levels of activities—remembering, reflecting, reaching, • lesson structure based on the Preparing, Organizing, and real-life. The text also addresses communicating through Presenting, and Evaluating principle e-mail, voice mail, and the Internet. • “Talking Points” that focus on special elements of public speaking— stage fright, visual aids, listening, and others A Teacher Guide saves hours of preparation time with teaching • dynamic new design and updated images suggestions for each chapter, grading forms, and quizzes with answer keys. A Teacher Resource Binder features chapter notes, quizzes and answer keys, reproducible activities, and more. Call customer service or visit our Web site today for a FREE catalog and product samplers! phone: (800) 831-4190 • fax: (800) 543-2745 • web: perfectionlearning.com 118 Vo l 83, N o . 1 The Billman Book Club Encouraging Life Learning in Leadership September’s Book of the Month: Today Matters: 12 Daily Practices to Guarantee Tomorrow’s Success Maxwell, J. C. (2007). Today insights from the text. For more you want to call it that, was trying Matters: 12 Daily Practices to reading on these ideas, or to review to produce the best basketball Guarantee Tomorrow’s New York: the twelve areas that Maxwell team we could be. My thoughts Center Street. highlights, check out the complete were directed toward preparation, book. our journey, not the results of the In John Maxwell’s book, Today Key insight 1: Make the right effort…” (2004, p. 35) Matters, he dispenses an intuitive decision daily. Excellence is a Wooden’s profound appreciation truth that we too easily forget: process – to achieve it you have to for practice, which culminated that today is the only day in our commit to it as part of your daily in 10 NCAA championships, control. Mindful of this, Maxwell routine. reflects a deep commitment to admonishes us to make the most According to Maxwell, daily improvement. Maxwell of today by making good decisions successful people realize that echoes this perspective by saying every day. Fortunately, this concept sustainable change happens “you will never change your life is more digestible than it sounds. when small improvements are until you change something you The trick to making good decisions integrated into their daily routine. do daily” (2004, p. 19). Rather daily, Maxwell explains, involves To illustrate this idea, he recounts a than viewing change in terms of determining personal ethics early a single moment, we must learn in life and then adhering to this to view it as a process. Knowing personal code. that excellence is a process we Through careful but engaging must practice daily, it is easy to explanations, anecdotes, and conceptualize why today matters. quotations, Maxwell demonstrates Key Insight 2: Priorities are the immense potential gains priceless. associated with taking the initiative Maxwell advises readers to determine personal ethics. To to make the most of today by facilitate this process, he isolates setting priorities and committing twelve broad areas which require conversation with legendary UCLA to them. To elaborate on this personal reflection. To guide basketball coach John Wooden. recommendation, he quotes readers through these areas, he Wooden reported that, of all of the Chinese author and philosophy Lin examines each area individually, games, all of the championships, Yutang, who noted, “Besides the chapter by chapter. Going through all of the glory associated with his noble art of getting things done, the twelve areas of decision is a success, the part of basketball he there is the noble art of leaving worthwhile effort for any reader, missed most was practice. Wooden things undone” (2004, p. 67). In especially those in leadership explained: other words, excellence involves positions. Rather than summarize “I never dreamed about winning focusing time and attention on the the twelve areas, though, this a national championship. What I most important aspects of life while review will present three key was dreaming about each year, if letting go of the nonessentials. Ro s t r u m 119 This idea of setting priorities and adhering to them is a critical part of parlaying time into achievement. As further proof, Maxwell describes the Pareto principle, According to which indicates that if people Maxwell, Having would spend the majority of a great attitude is their time on the top 20% of their key to making the priorities, they would receive an most of today. 80% return on their effort. In other words, investing time in activities that generate high returns is an effective way to make the most of today. Focused effort is key. Key Insight 3: Attitude is the role in making today matter, maintaining a positive attitude great equalizer. Maxwell provides concrete is also an encouraging reminder Maxwell explains that “all suggestions about how to manage to our community. In the face of things being equal, attitude wins. one’s attitude daily. First, he obstacles, maintaining a positive All things not being equal, attitude encourages the reader to find a attitude can both help us to sometimes still wins. Possessing a positive person in every situation. overcome challenges and build great attitude is like having a secret Having an ally with a good our program. Finally, his insight weapon” (2004, p. 43). While attitude makes it much easier to on setting priorities and managing people inherently possess differing keep one’s own attitude in check. time can perhaps offset the burden levels of natural ability, their He also recommends finding a on coaches. Sometimes hearing attitude comprises a critical factor positive angle in every situation. intuitive wisdom from an objective in their success and – better still -- As outward expressions of inward third party is just the push we need is completely in their control. good attitudes, he recommends to get us back on a productive Moreover, Maxwell suggests eliminating negative words from track. that the power of attitude is two- our vocabulary. Using words like “I In the end, Today Matters offers fold, affecting an individual’s can,” “I am confident,” and “I will tidbits of practical wisdom that the success as well as influencing make the time” help us reframe our reader suspects he or she should bystanders and spectators. He attitudes in the best light possible. have known all along. Still, by explains that two kinds of people Though written for a broader augmenting these principles with exist in every organization: audience, Today Matters provides relevant stories and finely tuned polluters and purifiers. “Polluters a number of helpful insights phraseology, Maxwell articulates are like smokestacks” he writes, for forensic coaches. Initially, the points in a lucid and accessible “belching out dirty smoke all the Maxwell’s admonition to practice way that makes the reader feel time…when people around them excellence daily underscores the both included and inspired. Today in the organization ‘breathe’ their importance of regular, focused Matters is a worthwhile text for toxins, they feel sicker and sicker. practices for forensic competitors. people who consistently pursue Purifiers on the other hand, make He would remind us that effective growth on a daily basis, wisely everything around them better.” presentations are not achieved by knowing that these incremental Not surprisingly, being a “purifier” momentary brilliance, but rather improvements are the way to generally correlates with success. formed in our practice sessions. achieve sustainable change. Because attitude plays a vital Furthermore, his emphasis on Note: This feature is intended to discuss professional literature for the benefit of NFL members. The views expressed by the authors of books discussed in this column do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Forensic League or its employees. Review of a book by the NFL does not constitute endorsement. 120 Vo l 83, N o . 1 $eptembe r $ t imulus ! All 2008 NFL DVDs $39.95!!! The Dale Deal - $280.00 Any 8 of the 2008 events Orders must be completed by Sept. 30 Fax your Purchase Order to 816-350-9377 Order on line with a credit card at www.dalepublishing.us Mail to Dale Publishing - PO Box 347 - Independence, MO. 64057 www.dalepublishing.us Ro s t r u m 121 ARIZONA ALABAMA Sager, Paige H 255461 Grissom HS Siart, Kelley Y 222114 26 Cochran, Jennifer I 7 Watson, Michael U 211122 26 Cochran, Jennifer N SSWLBS Dobson HS Compton, Daniel N SSWLBS Eikenberry, K.J. D 211312 62 Mountain Brook HS Ferrante, Andrew Bulbasaur L SWLWWS LL Bryne, Mary Haley N LSSSLS Hunt, Cody D 211312 62 Grayson, Amanda N LSSSLS Lideen, Sammie H 112121 2141 Shaw, Katharina X SWWLLW Lue Sang, Chris Louie Y 134313 63 Tandet, Gabreille X SWWLLW Lue Sang, Chris Louie E 354 West, Katherine L SSLWWS Narla, Akhila U 13442Q Prattville HS Smith, Shalyn A 135332 Asperas, Gia D 222121 44 Hamilton HS Eller, Maria Y 672453 Aiken, Joshua H 454141 Eller, Maria E 734 McClintock HS McDonald, Taylor A 646252 Bever, Justin I 114 Olieynk, Julia H 744661 Bever, Justin N LSWLSS Woodham, James D 222121 44 Shrivastav, Veekas N LSWLSS The Altamont School Phoenix Central HS Johanson, Steven P 11411174 Hansen, Aubree L SSSSSL Johanson, Steven F 432542 Richardson, Jasmine P 11132252 Kahn, Alex P 213268 Richardson, Jasmine A 413644 Kahn, Alex A 553131 Phoenix Country Day School Price, Sarah B 344 Rosenzweig, Matthew X WSWLWS LL Price, Sarah U 455452 Zhang, Mark X WSWLWS LL Shields, Evan P 112345 Shadow Mountain HS The Montgomery Academy Rice, Rebecca E 255 Allen, Paul U 134224 Rice, Rebecca U 334122 Allen, Paul I 4 CALIFORNIA Broder, Evan I 15 Analy HS Broder, Evan L SWSSSL Catterton, Chris L WWLSWS LWL Harwood, George I 6 Arroyo Grande HS Hobbs, Sam F 321525 Murphy-Sinclair, Taylor A 443212 Hobbs, Sam I 6 Nally, Kevin F 455535 Williams, Layne Marie H 252752 Sullivan, Catalin H 126222 66 Wilson, Lillian I 24 Ventura, Jillian Y 444423 Wool, Sarah I 225 Bakersfield HS Wool, Sarah Y 636564 Barber, Emily I 126 Vestavia Hills HS Barber, Emily U 213211 44 Brown, Hillary D 423535 Bear Creek HS Jhala, Kushboo N WSWWWS WLWL Rillamas, Janice B 47 Singh, Sumeet N WSWWWS WLWL Rillamas, Janice T 5 Xie, Lucy X LLSWLL Rillamas, Janice Y 546436 Yi, Julie X LLSWLL Bellarmine College Prep Yonce, Nathaniel D 423535 Chakrabarti, Parijat N WWWLWS WWWWLB ALASKA Dimitrov, Georgi X WWSWWW WWLL Chugiak HS Elrod, Stephen A 212211 111111 Carpenter, Sarah L LLLWSW Gould, Danny A 271316 Gabrys, Paul X LLLLSL Grimes, Joe X WWSWWL WWWWWL Liebersbach, Tamiah Gayle F 523554 Larson, Evan U 111111 122116 Smith, Rebekah Lee X LLLLSL Morton, Matt L WWWSWW LWL Skagway HS Rafey, Will X WWSWWL WWWWWL Harris, Erica D 627465 Rice, Carl X WWSWWW WWLL Surdyk, Shelby D 627465 Simmons, Nick X LWWWWW WLWL Whitestone HS Sridharan, Vijay N WWWLWS WWWWLB Brown, Ryan Jeffrey N WWSWLL Vandenbarg, Kyle Y 211242 65 Wheeler, Elias Andrew N WWSWLL Vasquez, Ryan H 312121 35 Woolfolk, Nelson Luke A 331332 3166 Wong, Nate X LWWWWW WLWL ARIZONA Brea Olinda HS Brophy College Prep Rico, Lindsay A 121112 514221 Cervantes, Victor T 6 Brentwood School Coltin, Kevin I 1123 Lincenberg, Jordan L SWSSWW WLL Coltin, Kevin Y 235541 Shagrin, Michael L SWWSSW BWLWL Lents, Rocco I 315 Bullard HS Lents, Rocco N SSSLLS Farnesi, Selena N SWWSSS WLL Makridis, Christos X WLSWWS LL King, Jennifer N SWWSSS WLL Mardian, Peter I 335 Powers, Margaret A 767466 Mardian, Peter X WLSWWS LL Carter HS Shim, Kevin X SSSLSW Kenny, Joy T 5 Vrazhilov, Konstantine I 316 Kenny, Joy B 57 Vrazhilov, Konstantine N SSSLLS Kenny, Joy P 67 Waxman, Zane X SSSLSW Kenny, Joy A 766655 Willett, Frank L SSLLLL Maya, James Jonathan T 5 Chaparral HS Maya, James Jonathan B 66 Conyers, Anthony N SWWWWW WLWWWL Maya, James Jonathan P 67 French, Nick N SWWWWW WLWWWL Maya, James Jonathan D 735425 Desert Vista HS Rivera, Golfran Alejandro B 54 Anand, Sarah F 111111 44 Rivera, Golfran Alejandro P 54 Hamel, Brooklyn F 212142 56 Rivera, Golfran Alejandro T 6 Jiam, Hannah D 324122 25 Rivera, Golfran Alejandro D 735425 Justmann, Amber A 123122 312234 Valadez, Katherine Elizabeth P 266 Kim, Rebecca F 342212 Valadez, Katherine Elizabeth T 4 Nordquist, Holly D 324122 25 Valadez, Katherine Elizabeth A 555673 Ponton, Brett D 111311 214543 Valadez, Katherine Elizabeth B 65 Ponton, Bryan D 111311 214543 122 CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA Central Catholic HS Schuerings, Seth D 333111 514277 Etchepare, Marc Praxedes I 4 Gabrielino HS Chaminade College Prep Chau, Bryan H 333552 Chandra, Neeraj F 354153 Chen, Bill N SLLSWS Rajan, Priya I 5 Chiu, Rosa-Lisa U 111222 46 Claremont HS Du, Tommy N SLLSWS Bhakta, Ankit I 33N Garden, Sofie D 111222 2246 Bhakta, Ankit N SWLLLS Gordo, Joy D 121211 112156 Miletich, Ross C 45 Huang, Aaron D 121211 112156 Pielstick, Fritz U 214411 Huynh, Kelvin H 336212 Pielstick, Fritz C 6335 Le, Patrick Y 142113 136225 Ratan, Anuv C 5115 Massie, Jared D 111222 2246 Ratan, Anuv N SWLLLS Nguyen, Tina Y 221111 121132 Rogers, Justin C 3634 Nguyen, Walter F 431324 Rogers, Justin F 445444 Yan, Waldo F 224131 53 Samuelson, Tarra H 456472 Garces Memorial HS Samuelson, Tarra I 5 Bernardino, Julian F 2424QQ Wilkie, Laurel L LLSSSL Nitray, Kimberly L LWSLLS Wilkie, Laurel C N7 Granite Bay HS Zhu, Madeline C 12275 Bhat, Pradhan I 3 4 Zhu, Madeline F 422233 Bhat, Pradhan F 341513 Clovis East HS Bhat, Pradhan C 364 Brunsvik, Benson H 454535 Bryla, Jacy B 27N Chan-Golston, Alec N LLLSLL Bryla, Jacy T 4 Donovan, Katherine L LSWSSW Bryla, Jacy A 523453 Litten, Catherine Y 151526 Ding, Allen C 61316 Mason, Tyler N LLLSLL Ding, Allen L SLWWSS Yuson, John Carlo H 652523 Kasner, Alex J I 16 Damien HS Kasner, Alex J N SSWWWS LWWL Chenoweth, Trevor X WSSWSS WLWWWW O'Brien, Matthew I 15 Ehrlich-Quinn, Reid X WWWWWW WLL O'Brien, Matthew N SSWWWS LWWL Gannon, Andres X WSSWSS WLWWWW Subramanian, Ashwin I 24 Hernandez, Sean X WLSLWW Subramanian, Ashwin U 243555 Nelson, Ian X WWWWWW WLL Subramanian, Ashwin C 46 Rodarte, Greg X WLSLWW Yedidi, Kapil C 1536 Davis Senior HS Yedidi, Kapil U 334354 Reynolds, Nathan X LSBSLL Yedidi, Kapil I 6 Wang, Minghao X LSBSLL Head-Royce School Delta Charter HS Sidney, Jonathan X SLWWSS Dacayanan, Jordan C 254 Zeitlin, Matthew X SLWWSS Dacayanan, Jordan N SLLWSL Helix Charter HS Mollon, Liz I 6 Howard, Nathaniel D 211142 65 Zelmer, Tyler N SLLWSL Sims, Elijah D 211142 65 Don Bosco Technical Institute Hoover HS - Fresno Godfrey, Evan N SLSBLS Walker, Anthony D 446565 Govjian, Aris N SLSBLS Wells, Steven D 446565 East Bakersfield HS James Enochs HS Bauge, Sebastien N LLWLSS Cerda, Irving E 56 Punt, Amanda L SLSSSW Cerda, Irving H 755576 Reyes, Carl F 431534 Kelly, Mitch D 777566 Walker, Brett N LLWLSS Million, Britney A 767654 Edison Computech HS Million, Britney E 77 Akhtar, Sarah Y 211553 Rau, Todd B 17N Ali, Ibraheem D 574666 Rau, Todd D 777566 Ali, Ismail D 574666 James Logan HS Levine, Zachary C 44 Allen, Celena H 234123 3433 Levine, Zachary X WLSWWL Allen, Celena T 6 Najar, Omar U 212645 Ashford, Austin A 323431 142322 Rempel, Jenny C 367 Bhatt, Ronak T 224 Rempel, Jenny X WLSWWL Bhatt, Ronak N WSWSWW WWLL Shea, James C 65 Castillo, Jessica X SSSWLS El Dorado HS Chereji, Sorin Y 141121 223467 Salstrand, Kayleigh F 121322 46 Gomez, Corey D 215112 52 Fred C Beyer HS Gomez, Corey P 22355 Croasdale, Cameron N C 246 Gomez, Corey B 44 Croasdale, Cameron N U 332424 Grizzel, Taron D 221421 2256 Jones, Breanna K C 1167 Hu, Amy X SSSWLS Jones, Breanna K E 51235 Hu, Christine E 22135 Jones, Breanna K L WSSWSS LL Hu, Christine Y 662551 Fullerton Joint Union HS Iralzabal, Will D 221421 2256 Jenkins, Mathew B 1111322354 Joshi, Karen A 363224 Jenkins, Mathew D 221322 55 Joshi, Karen B 427 Jenkins, Mathew P 22132354 Leal, Steven B 1277 Khuu, Andrew P 1121 Leal, Steven D 215112 52 Khuu, Andrew B 13344 Malik, Bilal Y 325415 Khuu, Andrew D 221322 55 Malik, Bilal C 4314 Merrit, Precilla E 11213523 Narayan, Rajiv U 121211 111172 Merrit, Precilla Y 121132 63 Nguyen, Lisa T 7 Merrit, Precilla P 32221323 Nguyen, Lisa N WSWSWW WWLL Nelson, Bronte P 134136 Schmitto, Coleton H 223121 36 Nelson, Bronte A 211334 36 Schmitto, Coleton T 334 Nelson, Bronte B 21143115 Thaweethai, Tony U 123111 66 Pratt, Elle P 24232334 Thaweethai, Tony C 13246 Pratt, Elle E 311626 Thaweethai, Tony E 144 Pratt, Elle H 613444 Reed, Spencer D 333111 514277 123 CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA Johansen HS Theophanous, Maria N. C 43311126 Soto, Weston X LLLLLL Monta Vista HS Sweet, Andrew X LLLLLL Athavale, Janhavi Y 536453 Kennedy HS Mehta, Natasha D 273653 Nevis, Andy C 346 Sreekrishnan, Anirudh D 273653 La Costa Canyon HS Monte Vista HS - Danville Hunt, Ryan X WSWLWS LL Abbasi, Shahryar C 2134725 Lochner, Riley X WSWLWS LL Abbasi, Shahryar N SLSSSW Nevins, Noah A H 575756 Louie, Brian C 521333 Zomorrodian, Partow Y 347545 Safar, Percia C 1635 La Mirada HS Safar, Percia L SSLWSS Noble, Joey H 142141 62 Tran, Hinh C 4154214 Noble, Joey T 25 Tran, Hinh N SLSSSW Rodriguez, Ray T 14 Oak Ridge HS Rodriguez, Ray B 3537 Prang, Erik C 32236 Wallace, Lucy A 343431 Prang, Erik L LSLSSS Wallace, Lucy B 65 Pinole Valley HS La Reina HS Hedeen-Garret, Jaheed N WLSSLL Dansey, Lauren U 145235 Lang, Marcus N WLSSLL Dansey, Lauren I 5 Ponderosa HS Leland HS Hipp, Christine C 264 Adams, Crystal D 155221 125577 Sim, Enoch H 471332 Chen, Deanne H 122121 46 Wells, Hilary Y 624236 Chen, Deanne P 38337 Presentation HS Kuo, Ryan I 4 Arid, Nadia L LSLLLS Lin, Albert F 113223 44 Redlands HS Lin, Albert C 31321314 Chettiath, Michelle Y 626625 Liu, Roy U 111111 314354 Chrisler, Matt N LWSSLS Liu, Roy I 111143 Mathew, Neha M. N LWSSLS Musinipally, Vivek C 41211224 Rains, Christopher P. U 132325 Narayan, Taman U 112121 1235 Ribet Academy College Prep Narayan, Taman I 112211 Phillips, Jordan A 241633 Odesho, Tania A 623111 224457 Ridgeview HS Rajan, Varun H 111211 141212 LaFavor, Lauren X LWWLSL Ram, Rushil F 121311 3363 Nicholas, Stephen X LWWLSL Ram, Rushil I 224 Rodriguez HS Ramanan, Aparna L WSWWLW WWWWWL Buccat, Roland F 155445 Roy, Ayushi F 112231 54 Crutchfield, Andrew L WSWLLS Roy, Ayushi C 323824 Percoli, Vincente F QQQQQQ Storer, Adam D 211241 66 Saint Francis HS Storer, Adam B 625 Buckley, Jalal N WWSSLW LL Wahl, Brenna D 155221 125577 Hargis, Zachary Y 746466 Yi, Alvin D 211241 66 Iyer, Natasha N WWSSLW LL Yi, Alvin B 3727 San Dieguito HS Lincoln HS Nesser, Leslie X WWWLWL LWL Saifuddin, Sadia I 14 Slemon, Matt L WSWSWW WWLWL Lodi HS Steiner, Rebecca X WWWLWL LWL Baumbach, Jacob C 33637 San Marino HS Baumbach, Jacob N LLLWLL Brazill, Markus F 221211 5152 Gums, Joshua I 37 Liou, Nicholas L LLLLLB Gums, Joshua C 57 Means, Daniel L SSWSSS Gums, Joshua N LLLWLL Srinath, Vikas L SSSSSW Price, Joseph U 121242 Truong, Raymond D 111111 142161 Price, Joseph C 416 Truong, Steven D 111111 142161 Price, Joseph I 7 Wu, Eric I 17 Transon, Kate Y 464632 Wu, Eric E 66 Weybret, Michael I 5 Wu, Eric N SSLWLW Weybret, Michael H 663116 Wu, Kevin I 4 Weybret, Michael B 77 Wu, Kevin E 45 Wiederrich, Clara A 161526 Wu, Kevin N SSLWLW Wiederrich, Clara B 66 Yang, Rachel C 112144 Loyola HS Yang, Rachel U 211344 Donlan, Nicholas X SSLSSW Zewail, Nabeel U 221422 Gibson, Kevin X SWSSWL Zewail, Nabeel C 33385 McHugh, Tim I 5 Sanger HS McHugh, Tim N LWSWSS Bell, Charles I 5 Mezzatesta, Michael N LWSWSS Bell, Charles C 625 Park, Michael X SSLSSW Fernandez, Vanessa M. I 127 Vollono, Nick X SWSSWL Fernandez, Vanessa M. C 1276 Mira Loma HS Fernandez, Vanessa M. X SLWLSW Pathipati, Akhilesh Srinivas C 2176 Kelly, Lauren T 3 Pathipati, Akhilesh Srinivas N SLWSSL Kelly, Lauren P 76 Pathipati, Anish C 113634 Pearson, Bryan I 43 Pathipati, Anish N SLWSSL Pearson, Bryan X SLWLSW Miramonte HS Schurr HS Chesbrough, Emily A. E 11376 Tippings, Alexandria Y 121223 111433 Chesbrough, Emily A. C 3117314 South HS - Bakersfield Chesbrough, Emily A. F 313112 54 Ford, Angel A 664466 Olson, Elliot A. C 111621312 St Francis HS - Sacramento Olson, Elliot A. F 112113 45 Mennemeier, Katie Rose B 23265 Olson, Elliot A. E 2411344 Mennemeier, Katie Rose P 23377 Sapru, Anirudh I 16 Mennemeier, Katie Rose D 331436 Sapru, Anirudh E 45 Moreland, Dondy P 2313546 Sapru, Anirudh C 57 Moreland, Dondy B 32367 Theophanous, Maria N. E 11345 Moreland, Dondy D 331436 124Theophanous, Maria N. U 212212 62 CALIFORNIA COLORADO Soares, Andrea P 176 Durango HS Soares, Andrea E 214114 Ganevsky, Nicholas E 64 Soares, Andrea A 645577 East HS - Pueblo St Ignatius College Prep Duarte, Jedidiah D 362554 Arnest, Alexander I 7 Duarte, Jedidiah B 64 Arnest, Alexander L SLLLWL Gonzales, Zachary E 46 The Harker School Medina, Erica P 246 Gowda, Kaavya N WWSSSS WWLWWW Medina, Erica D 362554 Hilbrich, Kelsey N WWSSSS WWLWWW Fort Collins HS Valencia HS Frye, Ryan N WWWWLL WWLL Feldman, Dennis I N LWSWSS Ingraham, Ian X WSWWSL LWL Hall, Nick U 235335 Rau, Sean N WWWWLL WWLL Smith, Eric N LWSWSS Reid, Alex X WSWWSL LWL Yuba City HS George Washington HS Granados, Melissa Y 457666 Foote, Joanna B C 1147 Granados, Melissa P 66 Foote, Joanna B F 244232 Hastey, Erin P 56 Moosajee, Zafar AliShiraz X LLSSSL Hastey, Erin H 752157 Neslin, Gabe C 615 Morrell-Stinson, Camzin P 54 Patrick, Brendan U 314334 COLORADO Patrick, Brendan C 415 Air Academy HS Troyer, Kenneth Cody N SSSWLW Baker, Nathaniel P C 57 Weyi, Brenton Zola C 21454235 Baker, Nathaniel P N WWLSLL Weyi, Brenton Zola N SSSWLW Damle, Sunil C 617 Wood, Max X LLSSSL Damle, Sunil N WWLSLL Grand Junction HS Moore, Sofie F 341424 Freier, Zachary U 534325 Moore, Sofie C 414 Greeley Central HS Arapahoe HS Garcia, Patricia P 34 Boraas, Liana A 555666 Garcia, Patricia A 735534 Canon City HS Green Mountain HS Sheely, Natassia Rhiannon E 3364 Reed, Benjamin Torin B 66 Centaurus HS Highlands Ranch HS Wan, Eugene F 544545 Schultz, Karie E 345 Centennial HS Schultz, Karie U 454443 Corey, Christopher C. C 66 Schultz, Karie I 7 Corey, Christopher C. N SLLWSW Kent Denver School Li, Kevin H. C 35 Cooper, Maggie Y 211521 6256 Li, Kevin H. N SLLWSW Daniels, Jordan X WWLWWW WWLBWW Central Of Grand Junction HS Dinnen, Joe D 151112 25 Silvano, Nicole X SLWLLS Gart, Caroline D 151112 25 Whitrock, Brianna X SLWLLS Lappin, John H 322272 Chaparral HS Musyl, Becca D 454424 Foley, Meghan Y 544545 Nichols, Ellie D 454424 Gregory, Erin L WSWLSW WWWWLL Spafford, Jesse X WWLWWW WWLBWW Lips, Madison S N SWSWLW WLWL Warly, Danni A 312215 44 Thurston, Michaela N SWSWLW WLWL LaJunta HS Chatfield Senior HS Herrell, Jaime B 356 Jennings, Sara E 77 Herrell, Jaime P 64 Cherry Creek HS Herrell, Jaime A 662552 Cromer, Katherine X WSWWSS WLL Lakewood HS Friedberg, Justin A. H 133114 4363 Kreienkamp, John L SWLWLS Hoth, Katy X WSWWSS WLL Majeune-Fagan, William R. N SSFSLW Lurie, Stephen C 33146 Marsden, Trevor William N SSFSLW Lurie, Stephen L WLSSSL Neligh, Daniel L SLSSLS Testa, Hillary Ruth B 634 Longmont HS Testa, Hillary Ruth A 764555 Doran, Christine L WSWSSL Zhao, Justinian F 421335 Woods, Amanda U 355254 Zhao, Justinian C 5127 Moffat County HS Columbine HS Blackstun, Gregory Edward C 46 Robertson, Ethan N WLLSSW Montrose HS Sheehan, Devin N WLLSSW Holley, Alan D 545362 Delta HS Jacob, J. D. L LWLWSS Chapman, Katie E 1347 Twitchell, Thomas Garrett D 545362 Chapman, Katie L LWLLLS Niwot HS Denver East HS Anderson, Avery H 634433 Cheever, Elizabeth Y 464416 Effinger, Grant Y 656557 Deitel, Nitai F 223234 Ouray HS Ealey, Ain D 243644 Abell, Jacob T 15 Haas, Ali A 254334 Abell, Jacob A 213212 56 Jones, Stasia D 243644 Overland HS Kaplan, Noah D 426124 Grimes, Eric P 55 Kelly, Julienne D 426124 Grimes, Eric N SSWWSW LL Lee-Natali, Alexandria H 333335 Magnuson, Andrew N SSWWSW LL Murphy, Michelle Y 112253 2645 Palisade HS Want, Taylor X SWSWWW WWWLL Mok-lamme, David F 221221 66 Zax, Jacob X SWSWWW WWWLL Wilson, Joshua Y 332241 Douglas County HS Peak To Peak Charter School Jeffryes, James G. F 411453 Otey, Nathan R. H 445324 Jeffryes, James G. C 5217 Pine Creek HS Lockwood, Charlie C 47 Zhang, Joseph I 124 Lockwood, Charlie L LLWLSS Pomona HS Stephen, Tyler A. C 21426 Hensel, Taylor A 755614 Stephen, Tyler A. U 233432 Pueblo West HS Durango HS Zimmerman, Brandon R. E 1637 Ganevsky, Nicholas Y 343537 Zimmerman, Brandon R. U 324222 125 COLORADO COLORADO Rocky Mountain HS Elenzano, John Edward B 54 Ellenwood, Mickey X WLSSWL Ortizo, Ryan B 177 Harrison, Ben N WWWSLW WLL Ortizo, Ryan T 24 Lloyd, Cody X WLSSWL Ortizo, Ryan A 466737 Petrie, Jillian L SLWSLS Ortizo, Ryan P 6316 Smigelsky, Casi N WWWSLW WLL Nanyang Girls' HS Sorensen, Steven D 134121 64 Choo, Nettie I 6 Topolski, Jeff D 134121 64 Choo, Nettie N LLLSLS Volosov, Philip U 454444 Seah, Eewei I 5 Silver Creek HS Seah, Eewei N LLLSLS Ford, Rachel Marie P 344 Raffles Jr College Ford, Rachel Marie Y 536666 Kumar, Ashish N LLLSLS Ford, Rachel Marie C 6316 Quah, Nicholas N LLLSLS Hillis, Jenell Lynn D 466534 Saipan International School Hunter, Sean Mitchel D 466534 Lochabay, Caroline I 37 Hunter, Sean Mitchel E 517 Lochabay, Caroline P 74 Skyline HS Lochabay, Caroline L LLSLLL Lipford, Cara A 566574 Saipan Southern HS Smoky Hill HS Denora, Richille Vela T 6 Reman, Elana Y 231325 5266 Denora, Richille Vela D 657766 St Mary's HS Denora, Richille Vela B 665 Camous, Danielle Simone C 2247 Denora, Richille Vela E 77 Camous, Danielle Simone I 4 Gutierrez, Ryan E 2267 Camous, Danielle Simone X LLLSWL Gutierrez, Ryan I 4 Wigand, Elizabeth C 535 Gutierrez, Ryan D 657766 Wigand, Elizabeth I 7 Seoul International School Wigand, Elizabeth X LLLSWL Char, Stephanie N SLLLLS Standley Lake HS Won, Sukyeon B 46 Hartman, Benjamin Robert H 226264 Won, Sukyeon A 677677 Steamboat Springs HS Yoon, Janice N SLLLLS Lopez, Ashley F 352434 Taejeon Christian International School Summit HS Shin, Ashlee Y 434355 Koch, Jenny U 241311 FLORIDA Koch, Jenny I 25 Belen Jesuit Prep School Woodland Park HS Gadala-Maria, Jorge F 456454 Carey, Heather A 637734 Gaviria, Andres G H 464563 Miller, James H 751777 Jordan, Matthew A 242646 Sprague, Skylar H 266461 Ley, Nicholas D 241412 36 Calvary Christian Academy Tyler, Benjamin J U 454222 Kakuse, Andrew E 54 Vazquez, Neil D 241412 36 Kakuse, Andrew T 7 Berkeley Preparatory School Kakuse, Andrew P 77 Humphries, Leigh Ann X WWSWWS LWWWWL CheongShim International Academy Shim, Brian X WWSWWS LWWWWL Kim, Sue Yeoun Y 655777 Smart, Alicia X SWWLSW LL Christopher Columbus Stein, Elliot X SWWLSW LL Canciano, Hector X WLWSLL Braddock HS Salamanca, Alex L BWSSSS LL Atencio, Jose A 513121 53 Watt, Edward C. X WLWSLL Barroso, Veronica U 344333 Daewon Foreign Language HS Chateloin, Miguel B 416 Lee, Jongmin N LLSSFS Chateloin, Miguel D 427645 Song, Youjin N LLSSFS Medina, Jose B 23715 Korea International School Medina, Jose D 427645 Chung, Kristin B 45 Medina, Jose P 634 Chung, Kristin D 757767 Ft Lauderdale HS Kim, Hanna E 22244 Ashoura, Norah L WLSSLL Kim, Hanna D 757767 Boykin, Tyler X WWSSWW WWLWL Paik, Sejin B 65 Fye, Anthony N LWLSSL Paik, Sejin Y 767757 Louisdor, Lonex N LWLSSL Marianas Baptist Academy Mair, Christopher X WWSSWW WWLWL Castro, Nicole Sonia Dlg B 266 Robles Navas, Vanova X WSLWSS Castro, Nicole Sonia Dlg E 356 Rojas, Coral L WSLLSL Castro, Nicole Sonia Dlg I 7 Rolle, Dominick Y 224133 3144 Hofschneider, Anita C 354 Washington, Melvin X WSLWSS Hofschneider, Anita T 5 Hillsborough HS Hofschneider, Anita E 54 Chokshi, Shashin L WSWWSL WLWL Hou, Xiao Tian P 47 Patel, Sonam L SWLLSS Hou, Xiao Tian B 736 La Salle HS Sablan, Jesse Kilili I 6 Ducassi, Daniel F 455555 Sablan, Jesse Kilili P 737 Ducassi, Daniel E 46 Sablan, Jesse Kilili B 74 Lake Highland Preparatory Yeung, Frank C 26 Asokan, Risha F 113222 26 Yeung, Frank U 455543 Bhutani, Gurdane L WSLWSS Yeung, Frank I 7 Dange, Sanika B 51325 Marianas HS Dange, Sanika D 633534 Mojica, Adeleyah B 167 Holderbach, Rachel P 45 Mojica, Adeleyah T 4 Holderbach, Rachel A 514252 Mojica, Adeleyah H 777657 Holderbach, Rachel B 5335 Reyes, Rachel T 25 McNamara, Rory A 211153 Reyes, Rachel P 45 McNamara, Rory T 27 Reyes, Rachel F 45354Q Taussig, Brian D 633534 Mount Carmel School Lakewood HS Doctor, Hazel B 57 Aughtry, Ryan T 5 Doctor, Hazel I 7 Aughtry, Ryan P 75 Doctor, Hazel P 75 Aughtry, Ryan N LLLLLL Doctor, Hazel Y 767646 Nath, Seeta Rani I 6 126Elenzano, John Edward P 3256 FLORIDA FLORIDA Nath, Seeta Rani D 666757 Schmidt, Bethany B 511115 Nath, Seeta Rani E 76 Sinanan-Singh, Jeanine E 635 Sattler, Carley B 65 Sinanan-Singh, Jeanine N WWSWWL LL Sattler, Carley P 76 Squier, Brittany H 222416 Sattler, Carley N LLLLLL Squier, Brittany P 322436 Skinner, William P 364 Squier, Brittany B 3264 Skinner, William B 46 Wideman, Chris Y 332312 4145 Skinner, William D 666757 University School Michael Krop HS Cassidy, Beau P 211614 Gorfinkel, Hannah H 432755 Cassidy, Beau A 262365 Hershoff, Matthew C 245 McCluskey, Caitlin A 324573 Hershoff, Matthew N SSWLWL McCluskey, Caitlin B 54 Jackson, Molli Y 577777 McCluskey, Caitlin P 77 Jackson, Molli C 76 Seely, Matt H 264635 Miller, Scott J C 47 GEORGIA Miller, Scott J N SSWLWL Alpharetta HS Niceville HS Albano, Lindsay I 35 Gipson, Mark James N WSLLSW Albano, Lindsay D 564257 Settlemire, Connor Sebastian A 326325 Borain, Erin I 16 Settlemire, Connor Sebastian B 75 Borain, Erin D 564257 Williams, Forrest Taylor N WSLLSW Juneja, Par I 5 North Broward Prep School Juneja, Par H 611622 Del Gigante, Anthony D 521665 Meyer, Joseph D 231411 4145 Sortevik, Jamie B 2412234 Meyer, Joseph I 7 Sortevik, Jamie D 521665 Newfield, Joey T 336 North Miami Beach Sr HS Newfield, Joey A 455747 Wimberly, Rashanda Y 372756 Rehklau, Parker H 252165 Wimberly, Rashanda T 5 Rehklau, Parker T 3 Nova HS Simard, Jeff I 4 Bernstein, Jason F 113121 55 Simard, Jeff L LLLWLL Bernstein, Jason C 2N Skolky, Shawn I 16 Jaffie, Lauren Y 322514 Skolky, Shawn D 231411 4145 Levy, Samantha D 131233 3346 Benjamin E Mays HS Pereira, Ryan U 211112 141263 Dean, Latrese A 646664 Sasse, Ryan F 222241 Calhoun HS Sasse, Ryan C 3428 Bearden, Joseph Lawton X SWWLSW LWL Whiteman, Marc D 131233 3346 Smith, Leah X SWWLSW LWL Pine View School Carrollton HS Allegra, Jackie Y 412764 Mills, Shannon X WSLWSW WLL Blake, Valentina D 532544 Wilkins, Kevin X WSLWSW WLL Blomgren, Rainey D 532544 Fayette County HS Chirillo, Gina F 122232 65 Bogert, Eric L LLSLWW Flannely, Jude H 232212 241545 White, Iesha F Q53554 Goldstein, Christopher U 223432 Henry W Grady HS Highland, Abby A 554346 Barlow, Michael X WSWSSS WWLL Highland, Suzanne Y 624645 Bremer, Scott E 3264 Ross, Devon H 566625 Bremer, Scott I 6 Salinas, Anna F 332242 Bremer, Scott Y 776666 Ransom Everglades Upper School Holland, James U 566453 Barr, Charles N WWSSSW WWLWL Holland, James C 57 Bengochea, Jose N WWSSSW WWLWL Holland, John X WSWSSS WWLL Pedroso, Nicholas L WWWSWW LL Olson, Tyler L SSLSSW Royal Palm Beach HS Robinson, Michael C 145 Dandurand, Michael D 563464 Robinson, Michael I 5 Matich, Jordan D 563464 Robinson, Michael N SSSWSS Sarasota HS Walker, Demarius Jaron C 21415 Polhemus, Scott H QQQQQQ Walker, Demarius Jaron N SSSWSS St Thomas Aquinas HS Walker, Taylor P 233374 Magenheimer, WiIliam H 146113 56 Walker, Taylor B 56 Magenheimer, WiIliam I 36 Walker, Taylor A 664756 Magenheimer, WiIliam C 44 Lakeview Academy Maranges, Tommy I 1135 Kayne, Nichole I 125 Stoneman Douglas HS Kayne, Nichole U 532444 Hausman, Daniel N LWWSLS Lee County HS Robeson, Andrew N LWWSLS Musgrove, Nicole P 3N Suncoast Comm HS Musgrove, Nicole A 576775 Metzger, Charlie U 313111 121423 Lincoln County HS Taravella HS Carani, T. J. U 324555 Mern, John U 111113 26 Dandron, Amy Y 776777 Mern, John C 121245 Herring, Sarah H 564777 Timber Creek HS Minor, Abigail Rose X LLSLLS Schneider, David N LWSWLW Spens, Nikolas X LLSLLS Westerberg, Kaitlyn N LWSWLW North Cobb HS Trinity Preparatory School Tucker, Ivana Y 476537 Block, Geoffrey E 3517 Pope HS Block, Geoffrey U 443245 Keilhauer, Angie I 6 Block, Geoffrey C 46 Narayanaswamy, Vignesh I 4 Finkler, Rustin C 1215224 Narayanaswamy, Vignesh F 564245 Finkler, Rustin F 322411 Narayanaswamy, Vignesh C 64 Friedman, Jonathan C 77 Shane, Jonathan I 16 Friedman, Jonathan N WWSWWL LL Shane, Jonathan C 437 Gonzalez, Gabe H 121211 212121 Shane, Jonathan F 545556 Martin, Peter Joey C 74 Sequoyah HS Nebel, Jake L WWWLWW LWL Cardin, Emily C 3 Schmidt, Bethany Y 155233 127 GEORGIA IDAHO Southeast Bulloch HS Smith, Ashley P 76 Cowart, Derek N FFFFFF Waldrep, Taylor D 776647 Groover, Aaron N FFFFFF Wang, Karen X WSSLLL St Pius X Catholic HS Zhang, Chris X WSSLLL Huttman, David N SSLWSS Hillcrest HS Robbins, Patrick N SSLWSS Agnew, Jon L WWWWLW WLWL Starrs Mill HS Ficarra, Joe H 242343 Amosu, Seyi D 767757 Larsen, Kaiser X WLWSWW LBWL Amosu, Seyi C N6 Miller, Luke F 442544 Ash, Aaron N LWSWLW Moon, Aimee N WWSSSW WWLWL Doane, Taylor D 767757 Sondrup, Brock L WSWLSL Doane, Taylor C 7N Stewart, Jake N WWSSSW WWLWL Harris, Michael N LWSWLW Swenson, Julie X WSWLWW LWL Mosgrove, Mike C 45 Thomas, Hilary X WLWSWW LBWL Mosgrove, Mike D 777777 Wooley, Brittany X WSWLWW LWL Munson, Molly F 12QQQQ Jerome HS Munson, Molly C 23244235 Cruz, Kristopher L WLSWSL Roseen, Dillan C 57 Kuna HS Roseen, Dillan H 656636 Clark, Brittany B 167 Runyan, Katie L SLSSSW Gresl, Jessica B 56 Valiani, Saher C 74 Gresl, Jessica H 665555 Valiani, Saher D 777777 Lake City HS Warner Robins HS Kelley, Ashley D 564676 Dunk, Raymond Anthony Y 777767 Miewald, Ross H 676577 Hull, Andrew Tyler X LLSSSL Oden, Lindsay Y 413344 Johnston, Kristan Elizabeth U 455556 Raeon, Rachel D 564676 Watson, Jamie Lee X LLSSSL Mountain View HS HAWAII Aspelund, Bryce N SSLSWW Damien Memorial School Barker, Pam U 544543 Ballesteros, Christopher I 22125 Nichols, Shawn N SSLSWW Ballesteros, Christopher N WSSWSS LWWL Rigby HS Duvall, Brack N WSSWSS LWWL Cherry, Brock Z. T 34 Iolani School Skyview HS Franklin-Murdock, Jesse C 424 Brewer, Ashley Lauren D 675736 Franklin-Murdock, Jesse L SSSWSW LL Hatch, Tyler John L LSSWSS Hughes, Katarina F 255355 Larrea, Bryanna D 675736 Hughes, Katarina C 737 Sugar Salem HS Mosteller, Jacqueline P 55 Barrus, Victoria D 356162 Mosteller, Jacqueline B 57 Barrus, Victoria P 5335 Kamehameha Schools Bean, Devin E 145 Abbley, Tiana D 433145 Bean, Devin P 45 Bode, Shawn Y 113332 61 Bean, Devin D 543445 Freitas, Logan D 433145 Grant, Greg D 356162 President William McKinley HS Grant, Greg P 54 Cesneros, Jordan D 131312 47 King, Daniel D 543445 Kwok, Alexia D 131312 47 King, Daniel P 56 Lopez, Jericho H 133111 211352 Lines, Nick P 167 Nguyen, Rosaleen A 414374 Lines, Nick Y 466566 Wright, Alex A 354734 Rudd, Burkley H 255633 Punahou School Rudd, Burkley B 47 Ray, Ananya P 75 Rudd, Burkley P 54 Ray, Ananya N LSSSLL Timberline HS Stieglitz, Nikolai C 527 Harding, KC X LSLSWW Stieglitz, Nikolai N LSSSLL Mushlitz-Giacomazzi, Morgan X LSLSWW Saint Louis School Wood River HS Donahue, Kevin C 164 Estrebillo, Mark B. I 4 Donahue, Kevin U 535255 ILLINOIS IDAHO Amos Alonzo Stagg HS Bishop Kelly HS Freniere, Alex W. P 64 Charles, Kaitlin X SLSSSL Freniere, Alex W. I 7 Holm, Julie N SLWLSL Freniere, Alex W. N WWSSWL LL Mattoon, Casey James X SLSSSL Santos, Eric J P 65 Spangler, Angela Margaret N SLWLSL Santos, Eric J I 7 Blackfoot HS Santos, Eric J N WWWLLS Ciccone, Ethan G. I 33 Soltes, David J E 57 Ciccone, Ethan G. U 555346 Soltes, David J I 6 Gasca, Rubi F 525445 Soltes, David J N WWSSWL LL Harper, Joseph Ralph U 544544 Teplitz, Matthew B 57 Smith, Erin T. Y 465624 Teplitz, Matthew I 6 Century HS Teplitz, Matthew N WWWLLS Delehanty, Tom N SWWWWS WWWWWW Barrington HS Newcomb, Kelsey A 665662 Lilien, David L SSSLSS Schultz, Michael N SWWWWS WWWWWW Belleville Township (East) HS Thomas, Tiffany A 575676 Reynolds, Ian Talbot L SLSLWW Eagle HS Belleville West HS Dorsainvil, Desi N WLSLLL Petrie, Jessica Y 141151 43 Ferguson, Brandon N WLSLLL Petrie, Jessica C 142221313 Hockensmith, Jessica U 322213 Petrie, Jessica E 222112226 Ishizu, Megan A 666536 Simmons, Christopher B 1111116246 Jones, Nichole H 652657 Simmons, Christopher A 141223 62 McClintock, Cameron F 355354 Simmons, Christopher P 275 Miller, Jake Y 665776 Woods, Emily B 2146 Reich, Rebecca A 576676 Woods, Emily P 436 Seeberger, Alison D 776647 Woods, Emily H 573324 Smith, Ashley I 16 128Smith, Ashley B 75 ILLINOIS ILLINOIS Downers Grove North HS Schumacher, Todd B 156 Frank, Jordan E 124126 Schumacher, Todd T 4 Frank, Jordan C 23715 Schumacher, Todd E 436 Frank, Jordan U 321112 53 Loyola Academy Karl, Elliot A 111152 1165 Kapadia, Zul Y 374354 Downers Grove South HS Kapadia, Zul P 535 Akerman, Kyle A 112211 2353 New Trier Township HS Biemesderfer, Robert E 123344 Austin, Francis Ian Blaise P 212255 Biemesderfer, Robert C 315 Austin, Francis Ian Blaise D 344523 Biemesderfer, Robert L LSLSLS Austin, Francis Ian Blaise B 5225 Cashman, Ryan T T 215 Bernick, Vanessa X SWSWSW WWWWWW Cashman, Ryan T D 455161 Gordon, Ross S. X SWSWSW WWWWWW Cashman, Ryan T B 536 Kozlowski, Mark T. F 111123 1525 Cashman, Ryan T E 54 Kozlowski, Mark T. I 1136 Gilbert, Stephanie L B 416 Mallory, Sarah T 14 Gilbert, Stephanie L D 455161 Mallory, Sarah D 344523 Gilbert, Stephanie L P 622317 Mallory, Sarah P 44 Kase, Adam C 12312116 Mallory, Sarah E 45 Kase, Adam U 223221 McDonald, Brian Douglas L WWWLSW LWWL Kase, Adam E 32526 Walchak, David William U 444514 Matkovich, Justin H 244156 Normal Community West HS Matkovich, Justin B 31627 Schlink, Amber T 1134 Matkovich, Justin E 45 Schlink, Amber H 131435 33 McCarthy, Jennifer L B 1266 Schlink, Amber P 246 McCarthy, Jennifer L T 14 Schlink, Amber B 54 McCarthy, Jennifer L E 155 Oak Park & River Forest HS McCarthy, Jennifer L D 227554 Bauer, Vincent X WWSLSS Rice-Davis, Chelsey Y 122141 62 Hazinski, John X LSWLLL Rice-Davis, Chelsey E 32213365 Pearce, Adam X LSWLLL Rice-Davis, Chelsey P 32377 Sadowski, Peter X WWSLSS Roberge, Edward E 527 Pekin Comm HS Roberge, Edward C 636 Esposito, Anthony M. B 23331145 Roberge, Edward I 7 Esposito, Anthony M. D 356555 Roberge, Edward L SLSSLS Hatler, Wade Thomas C 46 Smetana, Amy D E 244 Hatler, Wade Thomas I 5 Smetana, Amy D F 312335 Hatler, Wade Thomas F 543535 Smetana, Amy D C 345 Schorr, Donald I 236 Smetana, Amy D T 5 Schorr, Donald F 444342 Swanson, Andrew T B 1245 Schorr, Donald C 55 Swanson, Andrew T D 227554 Sheehan, Mollie B 321276 Swanson, Andrew T E 31266 Sheehan, Mollie P 326 Wong, Nicholas I 24 Sheehan, Mollie D 356555 Wong, Nicholas E 47 Thornwood HS Wong, Nicholas C 65 Mackey, Johari H 311253 5154 Wong, Nicholas L LLSLWL Twymon, Keenan Y 112112 134144 Glenbrook North HS University HS Baker, Jordan N LLSSLS Capodice, Sarah E 213221122 Brandiesky, Kara N LLSSLS Capodice, Sarah Y 223114 46 Garzon, Nicholas F 332555 Duran, Anthony S. C 343 33 Garzon, Nicholas T 4 Duran, Anthony S. N WSWLLL Garzon, Nicholas B 64 Hatcher, Gerrit R C 435 Gordon, Ben N LSWLLS Hatcher, Gerrit R N WSWLLL Oh, Debbie X WWWLSL University Of Chicago HS Rubenstein, Stefanie N LSWLLS Milsted, Claire X SLSLLS Zak, Kyle I 27 Morant, Elisabeth X SLSLLS Zak, Kyle U 444443 Walther Lutheran HS Zak, Kyle E 47 McGhee, Louis P 2N Zhu, Lucy X WWWLSL McGhee, Louis D 745176 Glenbrook South HS Prell, Taneisha P 355 Beasely, Nate A 112421 3434 Prell, Taneisha B 65 Hirsch, Lea Y 122114 1553 Prell, Taneisha D 745176 Lawrie, Patrick H 525272 Wheaton North HS Manning, Laura A 111211 323642 Haist, Benjamin B 2165 Granite City Sr HS Haist, Benjamin H 225541 Shepherd, Kimberly U 341223 Haist, Benjamin T 236 Heyworth HS McGivern, Rachel I 35 Prehoda, Paige L. E 1346 McGivern, Rachel C 65 Prehoda, Paige L. U 355324 McGivern, Rachel N SLSWWL Prehoda, Paige L. B 4226 Meyer, David I 4 Hinsdale Central HS Meyer, David C 5327 Chan, Natalie Y 111142 4164 Meyer, David F 554532 Davis, Danielle I B 11147 Novy, Tierra A 142225 Davis, Danielle I D 122454 Novy, Tierra E 23414 Ramakrishnan, Nandini L F 232531 Patel, Setu C 1177 Ramakrishnan, Nandini L B 32535 Patel, Setu I 34 Ramakrishnan, Nandini L E 44 Patel, Setu N SLSWWL Smith, Peter M D 122454 Selmon, Ashley C 12152223 Smith, Peter M P 22174 Selmon, Ashley U 122223 25 Lincoln Community HS Zion-Benton Township HS Engelhardt, Kaylyn B 1213346 Colangelo, Brittney T 38 Engelhardt, Kaylyn P 145 Colangelo, Brittney H 625412 Engelhardt, Kaylyn D 434524 INDIANA Follis, Cody B 22267 Ben Davis HS Follis, Cody P 3148 Hawkins, Deion L WSLSWL Follis, Cody D 434524 Lowe, Veronica I 123216 Schumacher, Todd A 123116 64 129 INDIANA INDIANA Lowe, Veronica E 637 Zhao, William X. I 4 Tibbs, Krystal B 111314125 Zhao, William X. X LLLLLL Tibbs, Krystal A 472243 La Porte HS Bloomfield Jr/Sr HS Bock, Jyoti G. X LLLLLW Solliday, Khristan U 323333 Coates, Hannah E. I 4 Solliday, Khristan I 34 Coates, Hannah E. X LLLLLW Solliday, Khristan C 3516 Feikes, Allison M. I 3334 Boonville HS Feikes, Allison M. E 427 Matthews, Lynnzee N SWWSWL LL Thomas, Jennifer L. I 35 Miller, Matt N SWWSWL LL Thomas, Jennifer L. C 55 Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School Lawrence Central HS Bonifield, Jacob W. C 31715 Dorris, Alexa A 113642 Bonifield, Jacob W. N LSWSSL Dorris, Alexa B 1254 Brunts, Kelsey I 34 Kaelble, Ian F 133445 Brunts, Kelsey L WLSSLS Kaelble, Ian C 164 Goble, Hunter I 4 Maconaquah HS Krishnan, Aditya I 4 Byers, Hannah H 232323 Price, David I 5 Goodman, Matt B 1245 Tenbarge, Barrett J. I 1224 Goodman, Matt H 341234 Tenbarge, Barrett J. E 57 Mater Dei HS Tenbarge, Barrett J. N LSWSSL Moore, Samuel H 455447 Canterbury HS Munster HS Rutledge, Ronnye A 214513 2165 Chowdhury, Sarah L SSLSLS Carmel HS Christopher, Ruth A 322112 45 Grable, Clint F 555414 Christopher, Ruth B 414 Peng, James U 433134 Christopher, Ruth P 6 Pu, Dianya U 454343 Gibbs, Carly I 113134 Carroll HS Gibbs, Carly U 221231 214165 Chernesky, Tyler D. U 135253 Hilbrich, Jessica X WSLLSL Chernesky, Tyler D. E 55 Hong, Nicole Y 131211 46 Chesterton HS Kennedy, Eleanor X WSLLSL Adamczewski, Megan U 214123 Pudlow, Michael F 334231 Adamczewski, Megan I 2223 North Central HS Fabbri, Tyler D. N WWWLWL WWWLWL Dygard, Sarah D 325646 Fox, Jackson T 37 Ford, Taylor D 325646 Fox, Jackson H 432223 Neiditch, Zach D 213321 4263 Geairn III, Tommy E I 32123 Reilly, Bradford A 644445 Geairn III, Tommy E L WSSWWW LWL Skelton, Annie D 213321 4263 Gentry, Greg E I 7 Zimmerman, Spencer I 16 Gentry, Greg E X WWLWLS Zimmerman, Spencer F 445445 Golden, Riley N LWWSWS LL North HS Hadley, Michael P N WWWLWL WWWLWL Waggoner, Zach X SSSLWS Kattalia, Samantha J A 514113 66 Wyatt, Ben X SSSLWS Kolb, Kurtis W N LWWSWS LL Northrop HS Marvin, Rachel A E 417 Kwolek, Nick I 137 Marvin, Rachel A X SSSWLL Kwolek, Nick F 311113 314145 Penfold, Melissa L B 11177 Nelson, Monte F 431213 Penfold, Melissa L Y 422233 35 Park Tudor School Povlinski, Jessica I 6 Kalimi, Reshma I 1334 Povlinski, Jessica X SSSWLL Kalimi, Reshma F 422124 Steciuch, Alexander F X WWLWLS Sventeckis, Alex I 4 Stemer, Zachary D H 143132 64 Sventeckis, Alex U 451453 Stemer, Zachary D T 4 Penn HS Columbia City HS Naples, Pascal I 11114 Craven, Lindsay D 124457 Naples, Pascal Y 121213 26 Killen, Michael Anthony D 124457 Plymouth HS Concord HS Fox, Declan U 134343 Bortner, Robyn E 4234 Fox, Declan C 24228 Bortner, Robyn L LSLLLS Gehrke, Doug B 1154 Concordia Lutheran HS Gehrke, Doug A 236232 Teekaram, Julian Y 563565 Griewank, Chad P 414 Connersville Sr HS Griewank, Chad B 43116 Greeson, Joshua H 141322 1456 Griewank, Chad H 443426 Greeson, Joshua T 36 Langdon, Andrew H 212222 124221 Hancock, Bethany Leanne A 161423 56 Mills, Britni B 12424 Hancock, Bethany Leanne B 2267 Mills, Britni D 422223 46 Hancock, Bethany Leanne P 336325 Moberly, Rebecca I 11324 Scott, CJ P 2264 Moberly, Rebecca F 141214 25 Scott, CJ D 576443 Moberly, Rebecca C 2N 1 Winstead, Megan B 1355 Woods, Matt P 23244 Winstead, Megan D 576443 Woods, Matt D 422223 46 Fishers HS R Nelson Snider HS Barrett, Alex D 254455 Ahlersmeyer, Jordan P 23414 Casterline, Audra Y 114251 64 Ahlersmeyer, Jordan B 257 Ling, Sara D 254455 Ahlersmeyer, Jordan D 674362 Miller, Kayla H 142531 63 Pittenger, Laura P 13615 Owens, Coady D 144642 Pittenger, Laura B 321267 Owens, Coady P 31166 Pittenger, Laura D 674362 Thompson, Kaitlyn D 144642 Reitz Memorial HS Kokomo HS Graham, Chris N LLLLWL Mantravadi, Kumar G. I 6 Grogg, Mitchell N LLLLWL Mantravadi, Kumar G. L LWSLLL Southport HS O'Hearon, KeeJoh P. I 6 Knight, Andrea Y 444322 O'Hearon, KeeJoh P. X LLLLLL Knight, Andrea B 74 Ogle, Jakob C. I 4 130 INDIANA IOWA The Culver Academies Fort Dodge HS Edwards, Matthew D 323231 6153 Duncan, Lani A 432641 Mesches, Jacob D 323231 6153 Indianola HS Valparaiso HS Ede, Jessie C 65 Klawitter, Ben N WSSWLW LL Ede, Jessie N WSSSWL Major, Maya C 374 Mortimer, Kelli N WWWLLW LWWWL Major, Maya N SWLLLL OMara, Lindsay N WWWLLW LWWWL Scupham, Will C 73 Reisener, Matt C 416 Scupham, Will L LLLLLS Reisener, Matt N WSSSWL Studebaker, Ben N SWLLLL Okoboji Community School Thinath, Vincent N WSSWLW LL Hilsabeck, Leah Elizabeth N WSWSWW LWWWWL Warren Central HS Osman, Melissa Jo N WSWSWW LWWWWL Myers, Katy Y 311134 43 Washington HS - Cedar Rapids Steuer, Adria Y 337255 Cook, Tracey X WLSLLS West Lafayette HS El-Sheik, Shayma X WLSLLS Drummond, Joe I 6 Kann, Sharon X SWWSWW LL Masters, Zoe I 7 Peterson, David X SWWSWW LL Masters, Zoe X SWWLLL West Des Moines Valley HS McCartney, William Benedict I 37 Abid, Maeshal L WLWLLW Orizondo, Melissa I 7 Ellerbroek, Joe X LLWWWL Orizondo, Melissa N WWWWWW WWLWL Kawahara, Matt L SSLSSL Owens, Sam I 7 Radia, Natalie Y 252423 Owens, Sam N WWWWWW WWLWL Vemuri, Abhishek X LLWWWL Shen, Karen I 27 West HS - Iowa City Shen, Karen X SWWLLL Abiose, Ola Y 123312 46 Wang, Sue Xue I 6 Abiose, Ola E 36N Wang, Sue Xue L WSLSLW Anderson, Evelyn L SWLWLS IOWA Davis, Daniel D 221111 521365 Bettendorf HS Hiland, Klayton F 255444 Afrah-Boateng, Alicia A U 324454 Kleist-Mendez, Julianna D 113154 35 Foster, Chasity H 556766 Kleist-Mendez, Julianna P 21 Burlington Community HS Link, Austin F 454255 Denison, Alexander Harrison I 26 Monson, Katie L SSSSSS Denison, Alexander Harrison C 44 Postler, Harrison D 113154 35 Draper, Aubrey Irene T 24 Postler, Harrison B 34 Draper, Aubrey Irene B 255 Scott, Ariel B 11234223 Draper, Aubrey Irene A 444443 Scott, Ariel H 537515 Draper, Aubrey Irene P 526 Wahls, Zachary D 221111 521365 Hild, Amanda Kay U 444244 Winterset HS Hild, Amanda Kay C 46 Armstrong, Ashley D 543577 Hild, Amanda Kay I 6 Braga, Michael D 543577 Jennings, Brandon James Y 165135 KANSAS Jennings, Brandon James I 6 Andover Central HS Jennings, Brandon James C 626 Benedict, Eric U 144221 Clarke Community HS Benedict, Eric C 245 Hendrickson, Jennifer JeanAnn A 463742 Benedict, Eric E 245 Hendrickson, Jennifer JeanAnn B 5N Benedict, Eric I 26 Hendrickson, Jennifer JeanAnn P 67 Andover HS Des Moines Roosevelt HS Hook, Ellie Y 454244 Boal, Greg I 17 Penner, Chance D 244254 Boal, Greg H 366542 Reid, Kyle D 244254 Boal, Greg C 5337 Bishop Miege HS Boal, Greg B 66 Hague, Danny C 1322346 Chesser, Lillian N WSWSSW WLWL Hague, Danny N SLWWSS Crane, Adele U 454544 Hogan, Erin C 34368 Crane, Adele C 47 Hogan, Erin E U 122132 55 Crane, Adele I 5 Rundle, Nick C 32147 Karns, Taylor N WWWLLW WWWWLL Rundle, Nick N SLWWSS Martin, Amelia I 224 Smith, Keith R. A 441315 133174 Martin, Amelia U 434353 Blue Valley HS Martin, Amelia B 66 Beye, Andrew L SLLSSS Martin, Amelia P 76 Dean, Josh X WSWWWS LWWL Oman, Christopher N WWWLLW WWWWLL Elliott, Sean N SLLSWL Sandbothe, Olivia F 122433 Fitzpatrick, Robert N SLLSWL Sandbothe, Olivia C 3364214 Israel, Brian Y 446571 Strong, William Charles I 1215 Kalmus, Tyler F 423435 Strong, William Charles N WSWSSW WLWL Li, Emily N SLLLSL Dowling Catholic HS Nichols, Samantha N SLLLSL Baranosky, Alex D 413123 25 Nichols, Taylor X WSWWWS LWWL Baranosky, Alex I 5 Yu, Simon L LLLLSL Blank, Alex C 67 Blue Valley North HS Blank, Alex X LWWWLS Boresow, Emily B 2113154 Musser, Stephanie H 624564 Boresow, Emily P 4121334 Musser, Stephanie P 74 Boresow, Emily H 533214 Nelson, Grant C 7N DeCoursey, Michael P 1176 Nelson, Grant X LWWWLS DeCoursey, Michael B 46 Porto, Catherine L LLSLLS DeCoursey, Michael H 622133 Sheaff, Bridget Y 557633 Easley, William D 154332 Sheaff, Spencer F 333452 Easley, William B 1617 Sheaff, Spencer C 74 Easley, William P 325236 Trout, Ryan D 413123 25 Loeb, Mitchell A 235434 Trout, Ryan I 8 Loeb, Mitchell B 255 Whitty, Anne B 45 Loeb, Mitchell P 55 Whitty, Anne A 536432 Moore, Anthony L. E 45 Fort Dodge HS Moore, Anthony L. Y 536467 Duncan, Lani T 136 Roberts, Adler D 154332 131 KANSAS KANSAS Roberts, Adler B 435 Longabaugh, Andrew J B 31628 Roberts, Adler P 615 Longabaugh, Andrew J P 4324 Wizig, Marissa L. C 22436 Longabaugh, Andrew J H 665534 Wizig, Marissa L. U 532221 Mowes, Kisery P 122147 Buhler HS Mowes, Kisery D 364434 Brunner, Brandon C 3538 Munday, Matthew W U 212323 Brunner, Brandon I 7 Munday, Matthew W C 22135113 Brunner, Brandon X SWWLWL Nguyen, Jennifer T D 364434 Corkins, Chelsea B 354 Nguyen, Jennifer T B 626 Corkins, Chelsea P 424 Hays HS Corkins, Chelsea I 7 Copeland, Alexis B 322221252 Corkins, Chelsea N LWLSWL Copeland, Alexis D 361634 Forbes, Meriah P 1344 Roberts, Stephanie Marie B 144 Forbes, Meriah B 3122154 Roberts, Stephanie Marie D 361634 Forbes, Meriah A 333335 Kapaun Mount Carmel HS Goertzen, Beth C 368 Carlson, Andrew I 4 Goertzen, Beth I 7 Carlson, Andrew C 634 Goertzen, Beth X SWWLWL Carlson, Andrew X SSWSLL Potter, Andrew C 22515 Jones, Ka'Yanna A 567675 Potter, Andrew B 232N3534 Snider, Carl B 347 Potter, Andrew N LWLSWL Snider, Carl I 6 Rodriguez, Becca C 1374 Snider, Carl X SSWSLL Rodriguez, Becca E 2164 Lawrence Free State HS Rodriguez, Becca I 4 Falkenstien, Kate U 122111 64 Rodriguez, Becca L WWSWLS LL Falkenstien, Kate E 32522311 Campus HS Falkenstien, Kate C 5234 Barrientez, Brayden R. F 224442 Lawrence HS Barrientez, Brayden R. I 235 Fowler, Carina H 577431 Barrientez, Brayden R. E 43 Lyons HS Barrientez, Brayden R. C 45 Brayton, Jessica Lynn I 315 Strait, Kendall J D 442566 Brayton, Jessica Lynn E 514 Strait, Kenton T D 442566 Brayton, Jessica Lynn B 56 Derby HS Dwyer, Casey T 13 Clare, Clinton U 444454 Dwyer, Casey H 251271 Clare, Clinton I 7 Dwyer, Casey P 414 Clare, Clinton B 77 Dwyer, Casey B 44 Clare, Clinton P 77 Hogan, Keenan Odell U 121522 Rose, David F 134433 Hogan, Keenan Odell C 324734 Rose, David I 6 Hogan, Keenan Odell B 54 Field Kindley Memorial HS Reed, Nick Scott B 144 Aitken, Karli JeRae C 427 Reed, Nick Scott E 213144 Aitken, Karli JeRae E 46 Reed, Nick Scott Y 533463 Battle, Natasha Nicole T 5 Maize HS Battle, Natasha Nicole C 55 Huxman, Julia Y 214142 64 Battle, Natasha Nicole E 64 Joe, Tyler I 25 Hearson, Michael Lee B 2775 Joe, Tyler C 56 Hearson, Michael Lee D 646773 Joe, Tyler E 737 Northup, David D 646773 Mundinger, Brett C 74 Northup, David B 66 Mundinger, Brett N WLLLSS Fort Scott HS Raftopoulos, Josh C 165 Benage, Andrew P 44 Raftopoulos, Josh N WLLLSS Benage, Andrew N SLSLLW Manhattan HS Braun, AnnRene B 727 Auten, Chris D 754355 Braun, AnnRene X LLLLSL Ballard, Audrey U 321115 Braun, Sterling I 5 Bolton, Helen F 332111 3456 Braun, Sterling X LBSWLS Gaunt, Quinn N LLLSSL Cruse, Keifer L WLLLLL Ingmire, Brock Y 224561 Doherty, Brittney B 64 Ingmire, Brock E 3355 Doherty, Brittney X LLLSBL Johnson, Lauren D 754355 Henry, Kimberly E 65 Lin, Patrick F 131133 Henry, Kimberly N SLSLLW Summers, Thomas N LLLSSL Jones, Breianna P 435 McPherson HS Jones, Breianna A 444343 Anderson, Ashley Dawn E 21427 Jones, Daisy D 576636 Anderson, Ashley Dawn Y 372665 Jones, Daisy T 6 Hess, Hunter Michael E 12335 Lyon, Daniel N SLWLWW Hess, Hunter Michael C 3262324 Miles, Anna P 424 Moundridge HS Miles, Anna D 576636 Pohl, Sarah Elizabeth A 213225 5155 Parsons, Brad X LLLLSL Newton HS Rooks, Chase P 35 Bradshaw, Phillip Joel C 435 Rooks, Chase N SLWLWW Bradshaw, Phillip Joel P 44 Stone, Kim C 4327 Bradshaw, Phillip Joel X LLSWWS Stone, Kim X LLLSBL Collins, Zachary Michael F 124211 135277 West, Angel P 53 Garcia, Jessica R U 352124 West, Angel Y 676556 Garcia, Jessica R C 56 Zielinski, Jacoby I 5 Garcia, Jessica R B 77 Zielinski, Jacoby X LBSWLS Newell, William F 233344 Garden City HS Newell, William E 36N Davis, Alyssa B 54 Newell, William C 525 Davis, Alyssa D 746543 Stiffler, Kathryn Marjorie X LLSWWS Dinkel, Luke P 4226 Olathe East HS Dinkel, Luke D 746543 Cahill, Lance F 544644 Goddard HS Cahill, Lance I 73 Linebarger, Joseph L A 524443 Madden, Joshua I 33335 Linebarger, Joseph L B 75 Madden, Joshua U 343544 132 KANSAS KANSAS Olathe North HS Shawnee Mission North HS Arterberry, Melanie D 333526 Fendorf, Jesse D 373754 Kaut, Kendall I 5 Holloway-Utter, Hayley D 373754 Kaut, Kendall X LWSWSS Shawnee Mission South HS Tomlinson, Matthew D 333526 Fredrick, Mary Glen B 1223535 Vidaurre, Guillermo I 6 Fredrick, Mary Glen A 442327 Vidaurre, Guillermo X LWSWSS Fredrick, Mary Glen P 62126 Weber, Timothy I 6 Shawnee Mission West HS Olathe Northwest HS Breslin, Caitlin E 65 Bergman, Chad F 443333 Breslin, Caitlin X WWLSLS Bergman, Chad C 8237 Gerrity, Scott C 56 Rippberger, Alex C 45 Gerrity, Scott X WWLSLS Thies, Drew F 143412 Jones, Alexander C 3434 Thies, Drew C 425 Purohit, Aarti P 46 Olathe South HS Purohit, Aarti Y 675562 Adair, Jake I 4 Silver Lake HS Adair, Jake C 4N Barker, Jerod J. H 217575 Adair, Jake L SSWLSS Barker, Jerod J. C 2N Blake, Robin Jessica E 12266 Barker, Jerod J. E 536 Blake, Robin Jessica P 267 Schroeder, Lindsey N. E 21113733 Blake, Robin Jessica Y 357452 Schroeder, Lindsey N. C 55 Holle, Nick I 5 Schroeder, Lindsey N. Y 565673 Holle, Nick C 7N Southeast HS - Cherokee Holle, Nick L SSWLLL McGeHee, Brandon H 775515 Parsons HS Southeast HS - Wichita McDaniel, Jentry C 377 Lam, Nghi B 22347 McDaniel, Jentry F 654455 Lam, Nghi A 775437 Reeves, Kim U 354544 St Thomas Aquinas HS Walker, Hannah B 54 Timmons, Kate X SSLWSW Walker, Hannah A 655515 Wright, Kevin X SSLWSW Westhoff, Adam C 56 Sterling HS Westhoff, Adam L LLLLLL Roach, Breanna E 112111213 Pittsburg Colgan HS Roach, Breanna B 3NN Mazurek, Ben H 465637 Roach, Breanna Y 523113 56 Mazurek, Ben B 66 Sumner Academy Pittsburg HS Banks, Marcus B 344 Murnan, Fran Y 752576 Banks, Marcus A 554544 Sacred Heart Jr/Sr HS Topeka HS Bender, Sean C 3133516 Browne III, Thomas P. T 25 Salina High Central Browne III, Thomas P. B 257 Daley, Brandon H 124324 36 Browne III, Thomas P. A 275552 Daley, Brandon E 231164 Browne III, Thomas P. P 45 Daley, Brandon B 24216 Ebeling, Peter U 211141 2466 Hall, James T 26 Leuschel, Kyle P. D 537654 Hall, James A 415565 Leuschel, Kyle P. P 57 Hall, James P 56 Leuschel, Kyle P. T 6 Hall, James B 77 Leuschel, Kyle P. B 76 Hodges, Grant U 111111 4366 Walker, Jennifer E. B 4217 Hodges, Grant I 336 Walker, Jennifer E. D 537654 Sheahon, Jessica E 14227 Walker, Jennifer E. P 65 Sheahon, Jessica P 524 Topeka West HS Sheahon, Jessica D 533546 Padgett, Sarah I 117 Stuewe, Allison C 132375 Padgett, Sarah C 45 Stuewe, Allison E 231231211 Padgett, Sarah L LSLSSW Stuewe, Allison H 341323 65 Serrano, Stefan L WSWLLS Turner, Callan M B 44 Valley Center HS Turner, Callan M D 533546 Clark, Nick H 322633 Turner, Callan M P 75 Clark, Nick T 336 Salina South HS Clark, Nick B 4335 Higgins, Bret A L SWSLSS Garvey, Tom I 237 Kline, Nicholas A. N SSLSLS Garvey, Tom E 246 Lohf, Christopher R. N SSLSLS Garvey, Tom L LLLLLS Shawnee Heights HS Washburn Rural HS Ginn, Andrew Douglas I 5 Borysov, Serge E 3424 Ginn, Andrew Douglas C 5325 Cantwell, Devon K. E 54 Ginn, Andrew Douglas X WSSSSW LL Combs, Scott B 2377 Nance, Kristin Dayle I 127 Combs, Scott J. H 243323 Nance, Kristin Dayle C 54 Goossen, Ben C 66 Nelson, Johnny I 4 Goossen, Ben X WWSWSW LL Nelson, Johnny X WSSSSW LL Lancaster, Grace A. C 437 Shawnee Mission East HS Lancaster, Grace A. N LSSSWS Crist, Bradford X WWSLSW WWWWLW Scott, Douglas T. C 77 Gray, Thomas P 2275 Scott, Douglas T. N LSSSWS Gray, Thomas H 644616 Shultz, Jeanette M. C 44 Gray, Thomas B 726 Shultz, Jeanette M. X WWSWSW LL Kennedy, Patrick X WWWSWS LWWL Silverman, Dustin A. P 22185 Lipsman, Danielle X WWWSWS LWWL Silverman, Dustin A. A 231113 45 Mapes, Daniel N SSWSWL Wichita East HS Perbeck, Michael N SSWSWL Ansari, Norin P 66 Raghuveer, Tara D 552446 Ansari, Norin X WSWWSW LL Raghuveer, Tara P 623 Bradley, Nathan N SWLSSW Ringer, Ross X WWSLSW WWWWLW Hernandez, Evan M. X SLWWSS Sabates, Kelly B 2345 Lank, Kassidee C. Y 361364 Sabates, Kelly D 552446 Lewallen, Jonathan A. X SLWWSS Lickteig, Karen X WSWWSW LL Sridhar, Samanvitha B 74 133 KANSAS LOUISIANA Sridhar, Samanvitha N SWLSSW Hebert, Megan Blaire Quispe I 4 Wang, Wennie F 211111 3144 Hebert, Megan Blaire Quispe N LWSLLW Wright, Hannah D. L SSSWBS LL Jacquet, Jean-Paul Eduard I 7 Wichita Heights HS Jacquet, Jean-Paul Eduard N LWSLLW Peer, Preston I 124 Parkway HS Peer, Preston E 46 Booth, Martha Claire X WLLLWW Peer, Preston B 66 Davis, Dylan X WLLLWW Wichita Northwest HS Riverdale HS Coleman, Creighton I 116 McReynolds, Sarah B 2176 Coleman, Creighton E 236 McReynolds, Sarah P 54 Coleman, Creighton U 322112 53 McReynolds, Sarah Y 555355 Coleman, Creighton C 4214 Swalley, Ray U 445544 Thomas, Logan I 25 Swalley, Ray T 5 Thomas, Logan C 56 Swalley, Ray P 64 Thomas, Logan E 68 Ruston HS KENTUCKY Diaz, Dinah D 423456 Boone County HS Guinn, Jake Don Thomas B 1236236 Ailshire, Sara I 5 Guinn, Jake Don Thomas D 423456 Kemp, Emily B 24324 St Joseph's Academy Kemp, Emily D 442344 Ramsey, Kara L SWSWWL LWL Wilczynski, Emma T 21315 St Thomas More HS Wilczynski, Emma D 442344 Boudreaux, Aaron H 123216 54 Wilczynski, Emma P 626 Guidry, Parker H 333351 Wilczynski, Emma B 627 Pellerin, Taylor X WWLWLL Wilczynski, Sarah U 124315 Rabalais, Joshua X WWLWLL Wilczynski, Sarah I 17 Teurlings Catholic HS Wilczynski, Sarah P 2436 Cottonham, Danielle D 111111 113111 Wilczynski, Sarah B 425 Dugas, Kasie C 144 Danville HS Dugas, Kasie F 545466 Kendrick, Hunter F 111111 411331 Flugence, Blake D 111111 113111 Miles, Rhianna E 13627 Latiolais, Arielle A 251412 2442 Miles, Rhianna N WLLSWS MAINE Mohan, James C 16115 Deering HS Mohan, James B 346 MacDonald, Ryan U 354545 Mohan, James N LLWWWS Dirigo HS Moler, Amanda H 525315 McCollister, Benjamin J. E 45 Pyrek, Sebastian F 112112 36 McCollister, Benjamin J. L WSSWSL Pyrek, Sebastian I 115 Edward Little HS Pyrek, Sebastian C 164 Pomerleau, Neil E 374 Rehberg, Jared I 325 Pomerleau, Neil B 4337 Rehberg, Jared N WLLSWS Pomerleau, Neil T 5 Steber, Cole I 27 Pomerleau, Neil D 645767 Steber, Cole N LLWWWS Tremblay, Kimberley D 645767 Fern Creek Traditional HS Tremblay, Kimberly I 5 Calmon, Daniella L SWLLSW Tremblay, Kimberly P 75 Grant County HS Tremblay, Kimberly B N4 Kenney, Leeann Cecile Y 114455 Lewiston HS Kenney, Leeann Cecile P 212246 Bonsu, Maame B 345 Kenney, Leeann Cecile B 354 Bonsu, Maame H 734475 Wallace, Grant P 1516 Spilecki, Rebecca Y 467776 Wallace, Grant B 321614127 Spilecki, Rebecca B 55 Wallace, Grant H 412641 Spilecki, Rebecca P 67 Harrison County HS Orono HS Williams, Aaron U 313433 Peterson, Nathaniel I 6 Williams, Aaron C 62226 Peterson, Nathaniel F 644525 Jeffersontown HS Poland Regional HS Campbell, Shaniqua L SLWSLS Bundy, Ken I 5 Larry A Ryle HS Bundy, Ken C 74 Davis, Amanda X LLLSLL Bundy, Ken X LLLWLL Leach, Derek A 455224 Davidson, Kelsie P 1636 Tagher, Maximilian X LLLSLL Davidson, Kelsie B 2346 Rowan County Sr HS Davidson, Kelsie A 241113 46 Albert, Thomas Gregory D 166321 Quint, Josh X LLLWLL Bradley, Bennett Jacqueline A 414152 Yarmouth HS Reid, Kelly Michelle Y 543254 Gerges, Daniel N SWLLSW Ward, Erin Elaine D 166321 Hynes, Zachery N SWLLSW Scott County HS MARYLAND DeLong, Jacob X LLLLLW Baltimore City College HS Muscha, Andrew X LLLLLW Alo, Sam I 5 LOUISIANA Alo, Sam C 77 Alexandria Senior High Alo, Sam H 777776 Buzzetta, Joseph Vincent C 364 Dutton, Justin P 54 Buzzetta, Joseph Vincent I 8 Dutton, Justin T 6 Cecilia HS Dutton, Justin B 66 Wilson, Brettly F 343541 Dutton, Justin D 666555 Wilson, Brettly C 426 Harris, Shannon C 5325 Comeaux HS Harris, Shannon X LLLSLL Herbert, Jacqueline A 222235 43 Stokes, William I 6 Monte, Jon N WLLLSS Stokes, William C 66 Raborn, Daniel N WLLLSS Thomas, Jasmine P 32525 Yokum, Marie Therese Y 767576 Thomas, Jasmine B 4325 Jesuit New Orleans HS Thomas, Jasmine D 666555 Simoneaux, William L SSSWLL Troutner, Marshall I 5 Lafayette HS Troutner, Marshall C 76 Hebert, Megan Blaire Quispe E 3255 Troutner, Marshall X LLLSLL 134 MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS Baltimore Freedom Academy Sharma, Samvaran I 5 Gill, Brion X SLSSWS Sharma, Samvaran E 65 Oglesby, Tiffany X SLSSWS Sharma, Samvaran N SSSWSW LL Baltimore Talent Development HS Sharma, Sunanda E 346 Gary, Kierra X WLLLSL Sharma, Sunanda C 44 Jones, Valeria X WLLLSL Sharma, Sunanda I 6 Calvert Hall College HS Sharma, Sunanda N SSSWSW LL Dorrett, John I 4 Syed, Wajida Y 114431 45 Dorrett, John U 435244 Syed, Wajida C 14335 Central Maryland Homeschoolers Syed, Wajida E 21122253 Chai, Nathan Y 665775 Weston HS Loyola-Blakefield HS Park, Derek X SBWWSS LL Bernier, John I 35 Schwartz, Alyssa X SBWWSS LL Bernier, John H 554467 MICHIGAN Klinger, Buzz F 111351 Dexter HS Klinger, Buzz I 216 Ariyavatkul, Rachel E 56 Mease, Gavin Y 366375 Ariyavatkul, Rachel Y 764323 Mease, Gavin I 4 Grand Rapids Christian Walt Whitman HS Hubers, Matthew A 326165 Adragna, Nathaniel C 23437 Grand Rapids City HS Gupta, Nikhil T 2227 Le, Christina C 241324 Gupta, Nikhil B 45 Le, Christina F 522534 Gupta, Nikhil D 765565 Portage Northern HS Gupta, Nikhil C 77 Adams, Evan H 324211 35 Kessner, Jane I 11112 Mueller, Nich D 152111 3311 Kessner, Jane F 231111 3116 Wardlaw, Max D 152111 3311 Levitt, Jacob U 254433 MINNESOTA Levitt, Jacob E 46227 Andover HS Levitt, Jacob C 636 Capp, Kevin N LLSSSL Lewis, Benjamin I 34 Capp, Michael N LLSSSL Lewis, Benjamin N WWSSWW WLL Apple Valley HS McCreery, Clara P 64 Conner, Chevala B 1116231133 McCreery, Clara D 765565 Conner, Chevala P 3112253 Niblock, Tom I 25 Conner, Chevala D 352721 Niblock, Tom N WWWSWW WLWWL Ellis, Mackenzie B 12614 Noble, Ellen L SSWWLW WWWLWB Ellis, Mackenzie D 352721 Stojic, Elena I 6 Granlund, Kevin L SWSWSW WWLL Stojic, Elena N WWSSWW WLL Hofmeister, John A 511112 121436 Umans, Rachel I 5 Keohane, Michelle E 122145 Umans, Rachel N WWWSWW WLWWL Kimball, Kirstie L WSSWWW LWL Winer, David I 36 Lancet, Zachary U 331134 Winer, David L SSLWSW Lancet, Zachary I 5 Walter Johnson HS Leow, Szuyin Y 221111 3354 Buzek, Laura A 546767 Porter, Matt M A 131441 145115 Buzek, Laura B 65 Roos, Ellen Y 141111 3232 Miller, Joanna B 323736 Theis, Chris U 143123 Miller, Joanna A 575777 Young, Jamaka Y 111131 141311 MASSACHUSETTS Brainerd HS Acton-Boxborough Regional HS Ashburn, Brian L SWWSLS McCall, Adam I 16 Dilworth Glyndon Felton HS Lincoln-Sudbury Regional HS Busta, Erin N SSLSWL Loomis, Alexander N SSWSWW LWL Larson, Jessica N SSLSWL Stubbs, Alexander N SSWSWW LWL Eagan HS Manchester Essex Regional HS Berkopec, Jaci T 24 Longcor, Robert D N LWWSWL Berkopec, Jaci D 253111 3164 Pates, Jamie N LWWSWL Dolan, Samantha H 121212 3156 Milton Academy Dolan, Samantha T 1215 Campos, Megan G D 112534 16 Evans, Lauren A 121143 341366 Chase, Corina L Y 632511 Gage, Marisa E Y 141211 2443 Kaiser, Lillian D D 732412 Gardner, Maddie F 111412 121152 Litman, Henry E U 112321 46 Johnson, Amanda U 211111 322242 Oliver, William A D 112534 16 Kreidler, Meghan P 111133111 Starfield, Gabrielle J. A 334134 Kreidler, Meghan A 223353 Wagner, Stephen K D 732412 Kreidler, Meghan B 2355 Needham HS Markon, Rachel Y 224121 56 Blackman, Daniel I 4 Mehrotra, Sameep H 111113 142266 Colgrove, Caitlin F 214352 Owens, Kjellrun T 11112 Staum, Zoe L WSSWWS LL Owens, Kjellrun D 253111 3164 Newton South HS Reynolds, Michael D 333111 242425 Goldstein, Rebecca U 111112 123221 Roe, Lillian H 111313 2343 Lassar, Antonia T 12131 Roe, Lillian T 3 Lassar, Antonia H 124211 4335 Schumacher, Chris I 336 Lassar, Justine P 115317 Stevens, Andrew P 111524 Lassar, Justine B 131432216 Stevens, Andrew A 113213 44 Lassar, Justine A 211631 25 Stevens, Andrew B 2123213332 Tolkin, Alex E. C 111241221 Ward, John D 333111 242425 Tolkin, Alex E. F 214212 Eastview HS Sacred Heart HS Berman, Grigoriy I H 141131 112135 Price, Alexander E 2537 Branchaud-Linsk, Jake E. L WWWWWW WLL Price, Alexander H 554213 Defrance, John A D 113223 4542 Zaman, Shadman L WWWWSW LWWL Defrance, John A T 7 Shrewsbury HS Desmond, Colin J N WSWLLL Richardson, Nate C 154 Dorken, Risa L D 113223 4542 Richardson, Nate I 6 Dorken, Risa L T 17 Sharma, Samvaran C 145 Ingles, Peter T 15 135 MINNESOTA MINNESOTA Ingles, Peter H 622312 Swedburg, Rachel B 344 Marchevsky, Barbara F 413441 Tuller, Beth U 141222 Matthews, Scott A. N WSWLLL Tuller, Beth C 55 Moran, Patrick E. U 213521 Wayzata HS Rambachan, Akshar F 113222 212123 Furfaro, Hanna X WLWWSW WLL Edina HS Lance, Joe X WLWWSW WLL Holguin, Ben L WWWWWW LWWWWL Ramanujan, Krishnan X LSSLWW McNeil, David L LSSWWS Rosenthal, Noah X LSSLWW Moor, Justin X LSSSSW Satish, Shruti N LWBLLL Sadagopal, Rohan X LSSSSW Waudby, Melissa N LWBLLL Henry Sibley HS MISSISSIPPI Bernick, Danny X WWWSSS LWL Brookhaven HS Cibrowski, Robert X WWWSSS LWL Dennis, James I 317 Highland Park Senior HS Dennis, James U 453553 Garcia, Juan X WWWWWW WLWWWL Moss, Kevin I 7 Olson, Nat X WWWWWW WLWWWL Moss, Kevin L LLSSSL Lakeville North HS Hattiesburg HS Besser, Greta D 311111 311323 Hersey, Brandon D 144231 66 Bouchareb, Adam D 311111 311323 Hersey, Brandon I 1N Elliott, Steven E 154 Jones, Zach A 112532 Elliott, Steven U 212332 Mezick, Zan C 66 Elliott, Steven C 41237134 Mezick, Zan E 75 Owodunni, Shayla E 121322424 Mezick, Zan X LLLWLL Owodunni, Shayla Y 151222 34 Patel, Parin X LLLWLL Zhou, Karen F 111411 222477 Williams, Cory E 112624 Lakeville South HS Williams, Cory D 144231 66 Berger, Michael F QQQQQQ Williams, Cory B 3312635 Slinger, Dylan U 221224 2465 Laurel Christian School Moorhead Senior HS Leist, Lauren A 133654 Adhikari, Ashish F 552323 Leist, Lauren T 3 Anderson, Johan D 745253 Leist, Lauren B 345 Clausen, Rachel H 121222 3126 Leist, Lauren E 727 Kosel, Jorie D 745253 Morgan, Andrew I 35 Krsnak, Jordan D 711113 56 Morgan, Andrew U 454345 Langerud, Reed Y 441542 Morgan, Andrew E 66 Langness, Kelsey A 222314 4356 Morgan, Andrew C 77 Rice, Anna D 711113 56 Oak Grove HS Skaggs Jr., Joe X WSSSWW WLL Addison, Kaylen I 17 Stanley, Michelle X WSSSWW WLL Addison, Kaylen E 2264 Suits Baer, Harrison U 355445 Addison, Kaylen P 5227 Thompson, Alison H 311125 522444 Addison, Kaylen L SLLSLL Mounds Park Academy Chancellor, Michael P 266 Dietman, Nancy F 222216 Chancellor, Michael B 7N Robbinsdale Cooper HS Chancellor, Michael N SLLWWL Legried, Erik Keith I 425 Green, Christian B 12425 Legried, Erik Keith N LLSWBL Green, Christian D 727676 Spalding, Emilia Rose I 136 Green, Christian P 7337 Thibodo, Chyenne Siera N LLSWBL Greer, Kristen E 2135135 Roseville Area HS Greer, Kristen P 437 Douglass, Charlie D 122412 131544 Greer, Kristen D 727676 Glass, Elena D 122412 131544 Owens, Blakely Y 535242 Glass, Elena T 4 Seeley, Austin P 154 Kaufenberg, Emily H 111114 131134 Seeley, Austin B 311275 Kinnunen, Aeysha A 313143 222147 Seeley, Austin H 447547 South St Paul HS Wild, William C 13627 Moore, Haley N SWWSSS WWLL Wild, William N SLLWWL Villaume, Alexa N SWWSSS WWLL Petal HS St Cloud Tech HS Jones, Joseph E 32635 Bokovoy, Brittany A 421115 65 Jones, Joseph P 33 Nissen, Chelsea D 513525 Jones, Joseph H 677665 Schmoll, Katie D 513525 Ridgeland HS St Francis HS Grissett, Jessica E 13147 Plaisance, Ryan L LLSLSL Grissett, Jessica C 223244 St Paul Academy & Summit School Grissett, Jessica F 441522 Fields, Kevin N SLLSLS Hudson, David C 2176 Morice, Peter N SLLSLS Hudson, David P 22177 St Paul Central HS Jones, Alexandra C 234313 Karim, Ilias X WLSSWW WWWLWL Jones, Alexandra E 46 Quam, Ben X WLSSWW WWWLWL Moore, Hailey I 5 Staples Motley HS Moore, Hailey E 57 Motl, Ann E Y 616344 Moore, Hailey C 64 The Blake School Reed, Jake I 4 Aizpuru, Matthew N LLSLSL Reed, Jake E 415 Hawkins, Julia N LLSLSL Reed, Jake F 535333 Scoggin, John L SWSSWW WWLBL Reed, Jake C 54 Walker HS St Andrew's Episcopal School Corson, Bridget C 2233155 Aggarwal, Apas I 14 Corson, Bridget F 325525 Chism, William B 45 Corson, Marilyn Y 133247 Chism, William I 6 Corson, Marilyn P 436 Chism, William P 65 Massar, Tia P 616 Goel, Joy E 64 Stine, Stephanie K H 442654 Goel, Joy C 65 Stine, Stephanie K B 634 Goel, Joy X SWLLSL Swedburg, Rachel P 2527 Gulanikar, Aditya C 267 Swedburg, Rachel A 335115 Gulanikar, Aditya E 436 136 MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI Gulanikar, Aditya I 7 Pearson, William Thomas I 34 Gulanikar, Aditya N SSWWSW LL Pearson, William Thomas C 76 Jaishankar, Shruti C 22N Pearson, William Thomas L WWLSLS Jaishankar, Shruti E 26N Ramsey, Nick U 144244 Jaishankar, Shruti I 6 Ramsey, Nick E 3517 Jaishankar, Shruti N SSWWSW LL Ramsey, Nick C 623234 Jefferson, Angeline B 156 Ransin, Laura Christine C 2276 Jefferson, Angeline P 616 Ransin, Laura Christine I 25 Jefferson, Angeline I 7 Ransin, Laura Christine E 65 Jefferson, Angeline N LLLLWL Rowland, Samuel U 143322 Jenkins, Shannon P 3257 Rowland, Samuel C 53236 Jenkins, Shannon T 36 Schriver, Lauren Paige D 241112 3362 Jenkins, Shannon B 46 Schultz, Daniel Philip I 26 Jenkins, Shannon Y 526544 Schultz, Daniel Philip E 3324 Jones, Leah Frances E 245 Schultz, Daniel Philip C 55 Jones, Leah Frances B 46 Schultz, Daniel Philip N SWLSWS Jones, Leah Frances N LLLLWL Zhang, Lindsey C 354 Wise, Andrew I 26 Zhang, Lindsey E 41231134 Wise, Andrew E 67 Zhang, Lindsey N SWLSWS Wise, Andrew C 75 Clayton HS Wise, Andrew X SWLLSL Cockson, Dylan T 2226 MISSOURI Cockson, Dylan D 447756 Belton HS Hyrc, Michal C 45 Harth, Andrew T 16 Hyrc, Michal X LLLLSL Harth, Andrew P 54 Shen, Jessica D 447756 Harth, Andrew H 634631 Shen, Jessica B 56 Harth, Andrew B 76 Suen, Ka-Chuan C 5N Blue Springs HS Suen, Ka-Chuan X LLLLSL Dailey, Tyler T 1325 Fort Osage HS Dailey, Tyler D 414121 3366 Meixsell, Chasity P 44 Damper, Remington I 4 Meixsell, Chasity E 45 Damper, Remington E 715 Meixsell, Chasity A 666226 Damper, Remington L WLLSWS Francis Howell HS Dollar, Lauren I 6 Hoehn, Amy T 114 Dollar, Lauren X WWWLSW WLL Hoehn, Amy H 562551 Groves, Angelisha I 4 Glendale HS Groves, Angelisha E 56 Fritts, Thomas I 26 Groves, Angelisha N SWWSSL Fritts, Thomas N SWWSSW LWWWWL Hall, Sami E 44 Luria, Nick I 24 Hall, Sami I 5 Luria, Nick C 372 Johnson, Amanda I 35 Luria, Nick L SSLLSS Johnson, Amanda E 535 Shantz, Ben C 24244 Johnson, Amanda N SWWSSL Strickland, Allyson I 6 Krawczyk, James A 232264 Strickland, Allyson N SWWSSW LWWWWL Krawczyk, James P 46 Grandview Sr HS Krawczyk, James B 724 Wilson, Alexandria M B 27 Lindhorst, Patrick D 414121 3366 Wilson, Alexandria M P 34222245 Lindhorst, Patrick T 7 Wilson, Alexandria M Y 435224 Porter, Jordan H 162113 2566 Greenwood Laboratory School Porter, Jordan T 36 Fredrick, Katie X WWWLWB WWWLL Schuberth, Lindsey T 6 Godwin, Sarah X WWWLWB WWWLL Schuberth, Lindsey D 625234 Harrisonville HS Schuberth, Lindsey P 65 Matney, Kathy T 3 Selck, Mike I 8 Matney, Kathy P 44 Selck, Mike X WWWLSW WLL Matney, Kathy B 56 Shepard, LaMarionne P 2714 Matney, Kathy L LLLSSL Shepard, LaMarionne D 625234 Howell North HS Shepard, LaMarionne B 77 Wurm, Billy I 6 Wight, Jena A 111223 44 Wurm, Billy L SWWWSS WLWL Wight, Jena P 45 Yarde, Bryan I 1133 Wight, Jena T 6 Yarde, Bryan F 212311 2244 Blue Springs South HS Independence Truman HS Hobbs, Jack I 6 Berner, Bree X WLSWWW LL Hobbs, Jack X SLWWSS Hamm, Jordan P 3524 2 Slinkerd, Mike I 5 Hamm, Jordan B 4136 Thomas, Abby T 6 Hamm, Jordan H 557535 Thomas, Abby X SLWWSS Huber, Eric C 626 Carthage HS Huber, Eric N WWSLLS Boydston, Kevin X WSLWWW LL Kizer, Ariel B 1424 Easson, Zach N WLWWWW LWL Kizer, Ariel A 143642 Johns, Christian X WSLWWW LL Kizer, Ariel T 32224 Lashley, Rayce N WLWWWW LWL Kizer, Ariel P 425 Cassville HS Knoth, Lauren X WLSWWW LL Shuman, Ben P 1323154 Shinn, Benjamin C 332635 Shuman, Ben H 736623 Shinn, Benjamin N WWSLLS Central HS - Springfield Soto, Joseph E 66 Brown, Forrest C 122413 Soto, Joseph N WBWLSL Brown, Forrest E 45 Williams, Dereck C 357 Dorshorst, Evan E 322517 Williams, Dereck N WBWLSL Dorshorst, Evan C 364 Jefferson City HS Henderson, Nick I 25 Conley, Kyle A 134652 Henderson, Nick C 66 Conley, Kyle P 26316 Maerz, Samantha A N WWWSSS WWWLL Crane, Andrew C 67 May, Tucker D 241112 3362 Henrickson, Matt P 1267 McGarry, Brian N WWWSSS WWWLL Henrickson, Matt D 253354 137 MISSOURI MISSOURI Huckfeldt, Keegan B 2153126 Staves, Eric P 222147 Huckfeldt, Keegan D 253354 Staves, Eric H 222224 Preston, Rebecca A 332442 Staves, Eric B 4321314 Preston, Rebecca B 55 Tabory, Sam C 334122215 Joplin HS Tabory, Sam L WSWWWS LL Blood, Adam I 121125 Talbot, Jordan E 21367 Blood, Adam N LWSSLW Talbot, Jordan A 235667 Miller, Jake P 1274 Talbot, Jordan B 55 Miller, Jake A 564777 Taylor, Susan I 2124 Mourning, Tom I 5 Taylor, Susan E 54 Mourning, Tom N LWSSLW Taylor, Susan N WWWWWS LL KC Oak Park HS White, Tim C 31366 Helmuth, Evan C 637 Whittaker, Katelin E 3166 Helmuth, Evan L WSWSWS LL Whittaker, Katelin T 5 Kickapoo HS Whittaker, Katelin L LLWSLS Hendrickson, Beth E 12335335 Wright, Kristen I 5 Hendrickson, Beth Y 462743 Wright, Kristen X SSLLLW Lyons, Bonnie E 111121345 Marshfield HS Lyons, Bonnie Y 113151 35 Hoffman, Michelle H 455656 Satzinger, Kevin F 221211 1335 Irwin, Deidre D 131141 64 Satzinger, Kevin I 4 Long, Samantha A 676662 Wagman, Emily E 257 Rader, Logan D 131141 64 Wagman, Emily F 322322 Maryville R-II HS Wagman, Emily I 4 Samudzi, Zoe Y 527736 Ladue Horton Watkins HS Samudzi, Zoe B 65 Bell, Jason U 112122 311434 Monett HS Bell, Jason I 24 Aleshire, Megan D 232362 Bell, Zach C 256 Aleshire, Megan B 2534 Bell, Zach I 3225 Aleshire, Megan P 4226 Bell, Zach F 424121 Economou, Rachel T 6 Bell, Zach B 5124 Economou, Rachel H 647773 Bressler, Josh T 4 Economou, Rachel B 74 Bressler, Josh N SSWWLW WLWL George, Brittany D 232362 Koenig, Katie T 27 George, Brittany B 33365 Koenig, Katie N SSWWLW WLWL Kennedy, Nic U 431212 Lite, Thuy-Lan P 33N Kennedy, Nic C 62126 Lite, Thuy-Lan L LWLWWS Qureshi, Omar F 112111 125112 Prablek, Marc Y 135155 Racicot, Kirstin D T 4 Prablek, Marc I 34 Racicot, Kirstin D B 45 Prablek, Marc E 415 Racicot, Kirstin D H 475655 Prablek, Marc P 45 Racicot, Kirstin D P 76 Sanchez, Sophia F 141212 56 Neosho HS Sanchez, Sophia P 3165 Bentz, Thomas N SSSWSW WWWLWW Sanchez, Sophia I 4 Clark, Kisa E 257 Sanchez, Sophia B 416 Clark, Kisa I 5 Streid, Jocelyn T 1237 Clark, Kisa Y 647775 Streid, Jocelyn L SWWWWS WLWL Cumming, Matthew C 2186 Lee's Summit HS Cumming, Matthew I 7 Kennedy, Alyssa C 64 Cumming, Matthew X LWLSLS Lee's Summit North HS Doty, Christina D 627676 Hayes, Broderick B. C 437 Doty, Christina B 77 Hayes, Broderick B. P 65 Henry, Bethany T 3N Lee's Summit West HS Henry, Bethany Y 433625 Mizener, Eric C 637 Henry, Bethany P 56 Liberty Sr HS Hunter, Joseph A 332111 1632 Ascarrunz, Cara T 3 Kellogg, Mary C 366 Ascarrunz, Cara E 74 Kellogg, Mary I 5 Ascarrunz, Cara X SSLLLW Kellogg, Mary X LWLSLS Babcock, Marcie U 213113 66 Khan, Laila C 3315126 Babcock, Marcie I 22212 Khan, Laila L WSSWSS LL Babcock, Marcie C 55 Kocerek, Aaron P 54 Dittmer, Ryne B 223354 Kocerek, Aaron B 55 Dittmer, Ryne Y 425241 66 Kocerek, Aaron A 567656 Dittmer, Ryne E 5233 Letts, Justin I 7 Elliott, Alexis U 121111 5266 Letts, Justin L SWWWWW WLL Elliott, Alexis I 234 McMahan, Alexsandra N SSSWSW WWWLWW Gilmore, James C 46 Oxendine, Paige C 2131156 Gilmore, James I 5 Oxendine, Paige L WSLSSL Gilmore, James X LSWWLW Saunders, Johnathon A. F 162541 Gott, Stephen U 143211 Saunders, Johnathon A. I 23 Gott, Stephen C 145 Saunders, Johnathon A. C 75 Gott, Stephen I 5 Walker, Aaron B 616 Hammond, Tyler T 25 Walker, Aaron D 627676 Hammond, Tyler P 257 Nixa HS Hammond, Tyler B 626 Dick, Jack B 354 Hammond, Tyler D 661255 Dick, Jack T 4 Melton, Chris I 5 Dick, Jack P 56 Melton, Chris B 535 Dick, Jack D 755164 Melton, Chris D 661255 Harshman, Ty P 377 Melton, Chris C 75 Harshman, Ty B 4337 Mikitish, John M C 31115 Harshman, Ty T 5 Mikitish, John M N WWWWWS LL Harshman, Ty D 755164 Pepper, Maxwell C 44 Norton, Nicholas I 6 Pepper, Maxwell I 6 Norton, Nicholas E 735 Pepper, Maxwell X LSWWLW Norton, Nicholas C 77 138 MISSOURI MISSOURI Reed, Joel C 1244 Sharp, Lewis E 67 Reed, Joel I 24 Sharp, Lewis C 7338 Reed, Joel U 531321 Sharp, Lewis X LWLWLW Reed, Joel E 6227 Smith, Katherine Y 114422 122522 Western, Katherine T 125 Platte County HS Western, Katherine P 367 Smith, Sebastian C. P 146 Western, Katherine B 614 Smith, Sebastian C. B 3437 Western, Katherine H 764322 Smith, Sebastian C. H 465152 Northwest HS Smith, Sebastian C. T 5 May, Jeffrey I 5 Purdy HS Oakville Sr HS Haworth, Zane I 6 Ford, Adam P 55 Haworth, Zane E 67 Ford, Adam I 7 Raytown HS Ford, Adam C 76 Alonzo, Austin C 265 King, Geoff B 45 Alonzo, Austin I 3N King, Geoff P 76 Alonzo, Austin F 442344 Park Hill HS Alonzo, Austin E 64 Braden, Blake D 575214 Ashley, Jon C 4125 Marchisello, Tanner D 575214 Ashley, Jon T 5 Park Hill South HS Ashley, Jon N SSSLWW McCall, Brent F 535345 Causey, Michelle F 254252 Parkview HS Causey, Michelle T 4 Andrews, Thomas C 2114356 Causey, Michelle P 55 Andrews, Thomas X LSWLWS Causey, Michelle E 6315 Campbell, Benjamin W. I 35 Lanius, Candice C 27328 Campbell, Benjamin W. E 57 Lanius, Candice P 66 Campbell, Benjamin W. X BWLSSL Lanius, Candice N SSSLWW Dale, Emily E 65 Lanius, Mindy T 6 Dale, Emily L SSSSSS Lanius, Mindy E 64 Daugherty, Kylee B 13376 Lanius, Mindy B 67 Daugherty, Kylee A 325355 Lanius, Mindy L SSLSLS Daugherty, Kylee P 46 Swank, Daniel U 435444 Eutsler, Jeremy A 226121 56 Swank, Daniel I 5 Eutsler, Jeremy T 23N Swank, Daniel E 66 Eutsler, Jeremy B 3427 Swank, Daniel C N7 Eutsler, Jeremy P 46 Walker, Rachel U 122122 63 Fetty, Lauren I 37 Walker, Rachel C 55 Fetty, Lauren C 77 Walker, Rachel P 66 Fetty, Lauren X LSWLWS Raytown South HS Griffin, William C 75 Lickteig, Nate I 24 Griffin, William X BWLSSL Lickteig, Nate C 55 Miller, Cassidy Y 123112 212256 Rivers, Nicholas E U 123212 2455 Ndikum, Alexander C 123523 Rivers, Nicholas E I 25 Ndikum, Alexander F 343111 Unruh, Sarah M I 6 Perry, Brittany B 1257 Unruh, Sarah M E 64 Perry, Brittany P 154 Unruh, Sarah M Y 752235 Perry, Brittany T 26 Wesley, Teonna T P 113221323 Perry, Brittany H 442446 Wesley, Teonna T A 552332 Perry, Zachary H 255253 Ritenour HS Perry, Zachary B 46 LaVelle, Kyle C 217 5 Perry, Zachary T 5 LaVelle, Kyle U 312411 66 Perry, Zachary P 77 LaVelle, Kyle E 33156 Parkway North HS Rockhurst HS Adler, Adam E 11624 Cardarella, Phil N WWWWLS LWWL Adler, Adam U 122442 Shami, Patrick N WWWWLS LWWL Adler, Adam C 6228 Savannah R3 HS Parkway South HS Barbosa, Joseph I 24 Collier, David C 156 Barbosa, Joseph E 365 Collier, David X SSSLWW Barbosa, Joseph C 75 Liang, Hongbo C 55 Barbosa, Kathleen C 1617 Liang, Hongbo X SSSLWW Barbosa, Kathleen E 3167 Parkway West HS Barbosa, Kathleen I 33 Baker, Sara N WWWSWS WLL Barbosa, Kathleen L WSLLWL Gorse, Gwen N WWWSWS WLL Beattie, Zach Y 111111 521154 Luo, Stacy I 5 Jess, Derek I 5 Luo, Stacy B 54 Kelly, Pat D 546747 Zhang, Patrick B 46 Kelly, Pat E 7N Zhang, Patrick I 7 Kozminski, Andy P 111136225 Pattonville HS Kozminski, Andy B 376 Burke, Dustin I 5 Kozminski, Andy F 622443 Burke, Dustin N SWLWWS LWL Kozminski, David F 111212 5253 Crawford, Randy I 4 Kozminski, David I 3215 Crawford, Randy N SWLWWS LWL Speckman, Jared D 546747 McDonald, Rachel Y 442743 Webb City HS McDonald, Rachel E 66 Crinnian, Matt U 234431 McDonald, Rachel C 87 Miller, Chloe D 665634 Russell, King T 36 Vaughn, Cody D 665634 Russell, King B 66 MONTANA Russell, King H 776552 Billings Sr HS Pembroke Hill School Baken, Joseph H 321125 Bolman, Brad C 175 Eubank, April X LSWBWL Bolman, Brad X LWLWLW Pocha, Jessica X LSWBWL Honeck, Foster F 144134 Billings West HS Honeck, Foster C 42116 Battaglia, Andrew I 4 Sharp, Lewis I 6 Frickle, Amanda N SSSSWS 139 MONTANA NEBRASKA Halstvedt, Kyle N. I 4 Martin, Alex A 152315 Halstvedt, Kyle N. N SSSSWS Martin, Alex P 33231335 Halstvedt, Scott C. I 6 Metz, Mary P 111355 Bozeman HS Metz, Mary A 532516 Beswick, Brianna L SLLWWL Pelan, Stephanie N LLLLSW Combs, Cody D 151121 4124 Steinacher, Kaitlyn N LLLLSW Dokken, Chad N WLLSSL Marian HS Eiger, Isaac N WLLSSL Okoruwa, Ehiamen P 1345 Hillier, Dillon H 626451 Okoruwa, Ehiamen Y 532161 Justin, Eric X SWWLSW LWWL Millard North HS Mann, Sarah F 454345 Beatty, Mike X WWSLLL McSpadden, Sean D 151121 4124 Brennan, Stephanie E 2232374 Webb, Sarah X SWWLSW LWWL Cruz, Caitlin E 345 Capital HS Herink, Nick A 111111 123163 Jorgenson, Kjersti A 265363 Koseluk, Kristen B 32274 Flathead HS Mattson, Fayrina B 414 Denton, Bethany T 15 Mattson, Fayrina D 422211 46 Denton, Bethany A 526565 Rodenbiker, Austin D 422211 46 Hoag, Katie C 1112256 Rodenbiker, Austin P 512 Hoag, Katie U 222312 65 Schaal, Lauren B 414 Knaff, Chresten X LLSSLW Schaal, Lauren H 424744 Suvak, Kyle X LLSSLW Schlichting, Emily Y 114121 412566 Glacier HS Shanahan, Patrick X WWSLLL Leininger, Megan D 114434 46 Vair, James E 1316134 Rodwick, Dylan D 114434 46 Millard South HS Great Falls HS Hawhee, Keri X LWSLSL Martin, Katherine U 223554 Leach, Brittany X LWSLSL Great Falls Russell HS Lee, Ian X SWLLSW Capozzoli, Michael C 11637 Robinson, David X SWLLSW Capozzoli, Michael F 134444 Millard West HS Havre HS Adams, Shane X WLWLLL Minnick, Lucas L SLSLWL Francavilla, Eric C 255 Hellgate HS Francavilla, Eric U 432134 Hughes, Austin I 4 Markus, Ryan X WLWLLL Hughes, Austin Y 452275 Sirohi, Priya L SLLSWW Skyview HS Young, Brent L SSWWWW LWL Schrock, Emily Y 254222 North Platte HS NEBRASKA Deidel, Adam U 421231 Bellevue East HS Gosnell, Erik D 431253 Yates, Eastin D H 451445 Mapes, Joel F 334254 Bellevue West HS Schad, Tate D 431253 Sather, Patrick D 453122 Omaha Brownell Talbot College Prep Splittgerber, Zach D 453122 Grinnell, Madison Lyn F 231233 Creighton Preparatory School Papillion-LaVista HS Thomas, Vernon P 111112114 Selders, James E 46 Gothenburg HS Selders, James F 532233 Block, Kirsten Y 335112 54 Raymond Central HS Chesley, Meredith A 717764 Grimes, Elizabeth U 231323 France, Jordan H 451545 Maresh, Sarah Kay F 124123 Franzen, Zac D 423557 Scottsbluff HS Frazho, Megan A 332233 Shedd, Daniel U 323214 Kelly, Karina U 635354 Wallace, Seth F 414454 Meridith, J.C. H 311133 52 NEVADA Reeves, Patrick D 423557 Advanced Techno Academy Kearney Sr HS Lamanna, Brianna D 466376 Newby, Jessa Lyn E 146 Rosa, Nicolas D 466376 Newby, Jessa Lyn D 511544 Bishop Manogue Catholic HS Potthoff, Keegan Anderson P 145 Merliss, Zachary U 514412 Potthoff, Keegan Anderson D 511544 Carson HS Lincoln East HS Mouritsen, Nidsa L LLLWSL Branker, Rachel A 114111 46 Coronado HS Branker, Rachel P 12111113 Darreguet, Audrey N. U 353455 Choobineh, Sasan Y 234671 Darreguet, Audrey N. C 65 Christensen, Kelley N SWWSSL Gordon, Noel H 314536 Christie, Jack H 213312 116357 Gordon, Noel C 77 Churchill, Alexander F 224212 Douglas HS Doberman, Darja E 117236 Dale, Colton U 555545 Doberman, Darja Y 313221 52 Kendrick, Kevin N WLLSWL DuPont, Jay D 433644 Moore, Travis N WLLSWL Feingold, Callie A 671351 Ritger, Clara X SWLWSS Hao, James U 111212 115215 Stevens, Joseph X SWLWSS Higley, Addison L LLWWWS Elko HS Lubeck, Sadie B 34135 McQueary, Justine N SSSSWW LWWL Lubeck, Sadie D 433644 Wornek, Katie N SSSSWW LWWL Scheideler, Will N LWSWLL Fernley HS Walkowiak, Barb L SWLWSS Murphy, Vanessa Y 647667 Xu, Alan N LWSWLL Murphy, Vanessa P 65 Zheng, Tina N SWWSSL Shafer, Drew I 27 Lincoln Southeast HS Foothill HS Lutz-Priefert, Zach U 211222 115177 Donahoe, Jacque U 334535 Lincoln Southwest HS Fielder, Cody L WWSWSS WLWL Francis, Zach B 235124 Mueller, Austin F 55435Q Francis, Zach H 535434 Galena HS Kohn, Jeri N WWWSWS LWL Sanders, Adam F 535544 Mardock, Garrett N WWWSWS LWL 140 NEVADA NEW JERSEY Green Valley HS McMillan, Fiana L SLLLSS Arn, Kristen N SWLWSW LWL Summit HS Artmann, Ashley C 123213124 Lynch, Tim H 222612 55 Artmann, Ashley N WWSWWS LL Mendes, Ismenia A 251311 54 Coffey, Daniel D 276566 Rissman, Max H 111135 36 Dua, Natasha N SLSBLS University HS Durkin, Casey H 526465 Ahmed, Jamiluddin X LWWLLL Glyman, Eric N SWLWSW LWL Gonzalez, Joshua X LWWLLL Kosmach, Alex X WLWLWL NEW MEXICO Marberry, Matthew A QQQQQQ Albuquerque Academy McGinley-Stempel, Reed D 276566 Karr, Evan U 411113 3454 Molina, Kevin X WLWLWL Leung, Katherine U 212535 Phelan, Michael X LLSWLS Leung, Katherine C 2427 Regal, Brittney F 125514 Leung, Katherine I 4 Roohani, Darius X LLSWLS Maness, Kelsey Y 245371 Russo, Brittany N WWSWWS LL Maness, Kelsey B 33377 Yaffe, Leah N SLSBLS Meyers, Heidi H 413334 Palo Verde HS Meyers, Heidi B 4215 Curriden, Christian A 673457 Montoya, Hannah N LLLSWS Reno HS Nickerson, Garrett Paul X SSLLLS Bonaldi, Anthony H 224765 Patterson, Desiree B 64 Ferrari, Daniel Y 675677 Patterson, Desiree D 654447 Iveson, Micaela M. E 132348 Serna, Flor N LLLSWS Iveson, Micaela M. H 457257 Shroff, Lindsey B 246 Mannan, Irin A 454427 Shroff, Lindsey I 45 Mannan, Irin C 63 Shroff, Lindsey E 534 Medeiros, Mikaela M. X LWSWLW Shroff, Lindsey D 654447 Wilson, Alexander K. C 146 Vanderhoff, Erin X SSLLLS Wilson, Alexander K. X LWSWLW Eldorado HS Spring Creek HS Arnet, Evan F 224134 Castagno, Lauren D 557656 Arnet, Evan C 2535 Coleman, Erika D 677466 Kleinschmidt, Evann Y 667477 Miller, Ben D 677466 La Cueva HS Morris, David F 314235 Faulkner, Laura L LSWSSS Sparrow, Danny D 557656 Los Alamos HS Volkert, Zachary A 542475 Burakovsky, Arik X WLSWLL Spring Valley HS Nelson, Gannon X WLSWLL Malone, Ethan Y 776774 Manzano HS The Meadows School Brooks, Kaleb L LLWLSS LaMothe, Jordan L SSSWLS Rarick, Nathan H 134251 Signorelli, Amanda L LWLSSW Portales HS Valley HS Liu, Sunny D 636457 George, Aileen Y 326635 Perez, Daniel D 636457 NEW JERSEY Sisneros, Jr., Joe A 447451 Arthur L Johnson HS Taos HS Newby, Michael A 256351 Khweis, Juman F 31122Q Elizabeth HS Petersen, Stephanie P 437 Aguiles, Melissa D 127243 Petersen, Stephanie A 636737 Rodriguez, Brian D 127243 Rosete, Mish I 35 Freehold Township HS Rosete, Mish N SLSSWL Autler, Alanna Y 125313 55 Zangara, Taylor E 535 Autler, Alanna I 6 Zangara, Taylor N SLSSWL Millburn HS NEW YORK Arons, Matthew F 111211 2346 Academy Of Holy Names Budlow, Justin N WSWSLW LL Capozzola, Kate B 2456 Leh, Stephen U 112223 44 Capozzola, Kate P 437 McNulty, Tess L WWWWWB WWWWLW Capozzola, Kate I 46 Rauch, Michael N WSWSLW LL Capozzola, Kate D 755366 Morristown HS Zilch, Laura B 3637 Knapp, Daniel Y 233121 55 Zilch, Laura I 4 Newark Central HS Zilch, Laura P 67 White, Christopher A 214111 3454 Zilch, Laura D 755366 Randolph HS Bronx High School Of Science Drucker, Adam I 6 Dunay, Matt L SWWWWW LWL Hocking, Sam F 332131 4236 Plaza, Melanie L WSSSLL Schloesser, Brittany D 223676 Bronx Preparatory Charter School Schloesser, Brittany P 26125 Moncrief, Chris T 21223 Schloesser, Brittany B 636 Moncrief, Chris Y 241112 313343 Turret, Samantha B 11416 Brooklyn Technical HS Turret, Samantha D 223676 Chan, Kristy D 354353 Turret, Samantha P 356 Cucu, Valentin D 524232 Ridge HS Schatzle, John D 524232 Bai, Alexander N WLWWWS LWL Smith, Leah A 637646 Caravias, Stephanie L SWWWWW LWWL Todie, Jacqueline D 354353 Halpern, Zachary D 236512 Chaminade HS Lauer, Michelle B 11162233 Contillo, Michael I 25 Lauer, Michelle D 236512 Grabowski, Dennis I 37 Lauer, Michelle P 56 Grabowski, Dennis N WWSLWW WWLL Suh, Francis N WLWWWS LWL Mahoney, Charles I 4 Vogel, Peter U 111113 2344 Mahoney, Charles N WWSLWW WWLL Vogel, Peter I 124 Fordham Preparatory School Woodford, Thomas N SSWWLW LL Dedaj, Jovalin F 121311 2466 Zhao, Yang N SSWWLW LL Zanzano, John U 421122 65 Science HS Franklin Central School Broughton, Kylah X LLSSLL West, Zachary A 465567 Chomba, Pamela X LLSSLL 141 NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA Hancock Central School Cary Academy Dunau, Shane A 566764 Chandran, Arjun L SWWWWS WWWWWW Hunter College HS Goldhaber, Ben U 231313 Bores, Alex L LWSSWW WLWL Jameel, Firoz C 712335 Iona Preparatory Nelson, John F 112243 66 Bauer-Rowe, Khristian Erich Y 322565 Nelson, John C 56 Bauer-Rowe, Khristian Erich B 415 Durham Academy Bauer-Rowe, Khristian Erich P 535 Donahue, Nathaniel I 112 DiCola, Frank D 517267 Donahue, Nathaniel U 313325 DiCola, Frank P 54 Donahue, Nathaniel C 416 DiCola, Frank B 6325 Kindman, Robert N SSWSWS WWLWBW George, Alvin B 344 Zoffer, Josh I 3 George, Alvin D 517267 Zoffer, Josh N SSWSWS WWLWBW George, Alvin P 634 E E Smith HS Zullo, Salvatore Anthony B 225114 Webb, Kimberly A 344563 Zullo, Salvatore Anthony P 231177 East Chapel Hill HS Zullo, Salvatore Anthony H 332615 Lee, Theodore B 1131375 Monsignor Farrell HS Lee, Theodore E 21733315 Romano, Peter H 413312 4134 Lee, Theodore D 313332 66 Monticello Central HS You, Sunhay D 313332 66 Thomas, Matthew J. L SSSWWS LWWL Jack Britt HS Newburgh Free Academy Blake, Kelsey Y 766676 Bapodra, Neil X SWWWWW WWWLWL Carter, Kelvin H 577744 Patel, Neil M. X SWWWWW WWWLWL Gordon, Crystal D 425463 Pleasantville HS Long, Corey L WWSSLS Willemann, Preeta C 124143 Nichol, Ashley D 425463 Willemann, Preeta F 414321 O'Brien, Erica Y 566564 R L Thomas HS Myers Park HS Sassone, Sara L LLLLLS Ege, Sean C 2355 Regis HS Ege, Sean N WBSWWL LL Abdo, Robert N LSSWWL El Kalioby, Ramy I 7 Buchanan, Ben N SSLWWW WLL El Kalioby, Ramy N WWWWLL WLL Cross, Brian H 311131 233363 Griggs, Michael P 323367 DiBenedetto, Eddie N LSSWWL Griggs, Michael H 644353 Gillen, Philip U 432123 Griggs, Michael B 77 Mahoney, Ryan F 112121 1663 Kastanas, Alex Y 213234 O'Reilly, Brian N SSLWWW WLL Kastanas, Alex B 361N Zappala, Jake U 231121 56 Kastanas, Alex P 76 Scarsdale HS Lozzi, Everett I 7 Bagwell, Reid U 412112 55 Lozzi, Everett C 74 Carlin, David N SWLSWS Lozzi, Everett N WBSWWL LL Dowling, Grant N SWLSWS Sadanani, Roshan C 22517 Friedman, Richard N LLLLLS Sadanani, Roshan L LSSLLS Jones, Charissa B 54 Schuitema, Lee I 5 Jones, Charissa P 54 Schuitema, Lee N WWWWLL WLL Jones, Charissa A 754455 Soubouti, Fara B 345 Kaplan, Phil U 112112 2333 Soubouti, Fara A 614141 Lalwani, Nikita L LSSWWS Soubouti, Fara P 64 Mattis, Aaron F 111211 422213 Yost, Geoffrey C 335 Schor, Brynn B 345 Yost, Geoffrey U 341253 Schor, Brynn A 557767 Yost, Geoffrey I 37 Schor, Brynn P 77 Zhao, Kevin F 343252 Seiden, Josh N LLLLLS Zhao, Kevin E 55 St Josephs HS Zhao, Kevin I 6 Myrthil, Victoria Y 321111 1461 North Mecklenburg HS Stuyvesant HS Enand, Raina D 221113 213136 Fleischer, Nikki D 715373 Harrow, Chris Y 323312 55 Goodwin, Chloe D 715373 McKinney, Dallas D 221113 213136 Purinton, Miles I 1215 Race, Megan U 122311 63 Purinton, Miles Y 244452 Race, Megan I 13225 Sharoni, Sari T 115 Race, Megan C 414 Sharoni, Sari H 444556 Pinecrest HS Syosset HS Berk, Benjamin P 46 Rozenshtein, Joseph E 13165 Berk, Benjamin B 47 Rozenshtein, Joseph F 134222 Christian, Katlin C 436 Rozenshtein, Joseph P 165 Christian, Katlin X LLLWLS Woodard, Catherine A 321253 1345 Flittner, Jacob F 434323 The Family Foundation School Frye, Caleb N SWWSWS WWWWWW Friedman, Ian Y 574174 Potter, Meredith N SWWSWS WWWWWW Frost, Dan U 554545 Questell, Jenny H 476576 Johnston, Brittany H 634366 Questell, Jenny B 54 The Ursuline School Questell, Jenny P 57 Bainbridge, Danielle Y 332366 Sazama, Patrick P 264 Unatego Central School Sazama, Patrick A 443657 Starbuck, Ashley H 546534 Sazama, Patrick B 76 NORTH CAROLINA Shearer, Ian Richard Reil C 47 Ardrey Kell HS Shearer, Ian Richard Reil X LLLWLS Stolz, Matthew Edward I 15 Shearer, Ian Richard Reil E N5 Stolz, Matthew Edward F 533123 Providence HS Asheville HS Brown, Kathryn D 553766 Zitin, Ari C 323635 Daniels, Samantha D 553766 Zitin, Ari L SLSSWS NORTH DAKOTA Ben L Smith HS Central Cass HS Wright, Patrick Terrell H 333463 Dullea, Joshua T 5 Dullea, Joshua B 55 142 Dullea, Joshua H 626666 NORTH DAKOTA OHIO Dullea, Joshua E 76 Lockett, Brianna Y 131613 Fargo North HS Lynch, Michael D 113413 65 Obembe, Aurora U 435524 McGuire, Kelly D 112353 Strom, Phoebe L WWWLWL LL Pallai, Stephanie D 432252 Fargo Shanley HS Sauline, Paul D 432252 Cho, Daniel T 5 Scarsella, Monica D 112353 Cho, Daniel C 54 Warchol, Rob U 321111 5245 Cho, Daniel E 67 Carrollton HS Cho, Daniel X SLLWLL Arquilla, Dominick A 142233 Kenney, John C 46 Cairns, Matt D 555213 Kenney, John X LLSSWW Temple, Austin D 555213 Lende, Mason Scott C 312483 Crestwood HS Lende, Mason Scott E 374 Kelley, Kyra A 725322 Lende, Mason Scott Y 646316 Elgin HS Restemayer, Bill C 75 Kaufman, Tyler D 213151 63 Thelen, Philip T 4 Riley, Jared D 213151 63 Thelen, Philip E 66 Gahanna-Lincoln HS Thelen, Philip C 726 Johnson, Dennis C 2144 Thelen, Philip X SLLWLL Johnson, Dennis U 223141 Vetter, Kristen E 1364 Nelson, Lindsay T 3 Vetter, Kristen X LLSSWW Nelson, Lindsay A 512555 Fargo South HS Gilmour Academy Budke, Matthew I 5 Anteuez, Alexi I 6 Budke, Matthew N WWLSWW WLWWL Jarvis, Brooke D 354675 Fricker, Jeff I 5 Jarvis, Brooke P 536 Fricker, Jeff C 5327 Kenney, Rachel B 2113212211 Fricker, Jeff L LWSSFF Kenney, Rachel H 414221 44 Hyde, Nora U 224534 O'Rourke, Grace D 253325 Hyde, Nora I 2N Reynolds, Tom D 253325 Mitzel, John N WWLSWW WLWWL Seay, Taylor D 354675 Spooner, Justin A 531545 GlenOak HS Spooner, Justin B 54 Gordon, Willis M. I 2235 Mandan HS Gordon, Willis M. Y 343414 Fredricks, Sarah B 55 Gordon, Willis M. P 44 Fredricks, Sarah D 565676 Wirth, Luke C 247 Fredricks, Sarah P 77 Wirth, Luke L WWSSWS LL Nitschke, Megan C 245 Yannone, Erik U 111411 45 Nitschke, Megan I 35 Yannone, Erik C 54 Nitschke, Megan N WLSLLL Hawken School Nitschke, Sara C 43427 Eby, Michael X LWLSSL Nitschke, Sara N WLSLLL Herts, Dylan X SSSLSL Van Dyke, Scott B 55 Hobson, Spencer X LWLSSL Van Dyke, Scott D 565676 Macklis, Andrew I 33 Van Dyke, Scott P 65 Macklis, Andrew X SSSLSL Wanner, Jonathan A 454264 Howland HS Wanner, Jonathan T 5 Crain, Nelson H 456252 Wanner, Jonathan P 67 Draime, Alex U 211111 414141 Wanner, Jonathan B 7235 Fodor, Brett A 544133 Richardton-Taylor HS Jackson HS Bobb, Jessica F 544544 Bhargava, Rohan F 321112 33 Dressler, Katie Y 666776 Johnson, Micah N WLLLSW Messer, Charmayne D 767774 Johnson, Olivia N WLLLSW Myran, Brandon D 767774 Serra, Michael X LLLSLL Naumann, Mandy Y 563643 Shaheen, Scott X LLLSLL Tyrrell, Olivia T 7 Louisville Senior HS Richland HS Brenckle, Joe H 365355 Raeder, Chase T 25 Hewitt, Catherine M Y 525531 Raeder, Chase B 356 Powers, Caroline A 215552 Raeder, Chase A 525356 Powers, Caroline C 327344 Valley City HS Mason HS Krapu, Christopher Luke I 2N Carey, John N WLWSSS Krapu, Christopher Luke C 376 Hall, Eric N WLWSSS Krapu, Christopher Luke F 431333 Massillon Washington HS Wahpeton HS Copeland, Luther Emanuel D 463232 Christie, Jordan L. D 574666 Luckring, Emilee D 463232 Olson, Alicia Lynn D 574666 Middletown HS West Fargo HS Piepgrass, Kristen U 234231 Halvorson, Eric P 3146 Niles McKinley HS Halvorson, Eric H 324133 65 Aulet, Ron B 2121164 Halvorson, Eric E 4112125 Sudik, Nick B 64 Hill, Beatrice B 355 Notre Dame Academy Hill, Beatrice P 5326 Farinella, Annie H 442263 OHIO Feehan, Melanie D 143213 64 Boardman HS Hansen, Sarah Y 632222 Holman, James L SWWWWW WWLWL Sanders, Tatiana D 143213 64 Johnson, Thayne N SSLWLW Oakwood HS Landau, Julian N SSLWLW Draper, Joanna A 443125 Motheral, Mark N WLLWWL Mitchell, Rob H 773755 Mulichak, Jamie N WLLWWL Tellez, Siobhan F 522422 Williams, Jaclyn A 223442 Olmsted Falls HS Wood, Liza L LLWSSW Kay, Laura Y 142234 35 Cardinal Mooney HS Pratt, Emily U 123232 Christoff, Zachary F 122343 Orange HS Frazer, Jeremy D 113413 65 Peterson, Claire F 353332 Hanna, Theresa F 112111 43 143 OHIO OKLAHOMA Our Lady Of The Elms HS Sommers, John N WWLLWW BLWWL Gupta, Anjali I 37 Cascia Hall Preparatory Gupta, Anjali B 55 Shah, Hirak F 425532 Perry HS Choctaw Sr HS DeComo V, Michael J. U 121311 44 Burton, Brandon D 542363 Grisez, Steven M. H 111211 54 Farris, Jordan D 635244 Gyparakis, Paris D 532212 53 Ramsey, David D 635244 Karam, Sarah N. D 532212 53 Stuhlmiller, Kaitlin D 542363 Meeks, Nicholas Y 652525 Clayton HS Meinke, Ashley E. H 222236 Holmes, Spencer McClure A 333311 54 Perrysburg HS Holmes, Spencer McClure P 41124 Buchanan, Marshall C 232344 Teague, Thomas U 231232 Buchanan, Marshall F 333224 Teague, Thomas E 246 Luce, Nathan C 514 Teague, Thomas I 5 Poland Seminary HS Teague, Thomas C 54 Buker, Jared Y 454536 Edmond North HS Porter, Matthew U 231233 Collins, Erin X LWSWSS Von Ahn, Rachel E H 131115 124176 Thornhill, Chase August X LWSWSS Princeton HS Edmond Santa Fe HS Sutton, Kyle X SWWWLW WWWWLW Fazili, Faheem L WSLSWL Westendorf, Aaron X SWWWLW WWWWLW Guymon HS Rocky River HS Behne, Joel P 13221113 Nagy, Paige A 424334 Behne, Joel D 611121 53 Saint Ignatius HS Urias, Natausha Anne D 611121 53 Eapen, David F 454422 Heritage Hall School Grady, Brian Y 177327 Shear, Sierra X LSSWSW Pfeifer, Ben U 241435 Watts, Weston X LSSWSW Stow-Munroe Falls HS Jenks HS McBurney, Matt N WWSSWS LL Been, Lauren I 5 Messinger, Rebecca N WWSSWS LL Been, Lauren L LSWLLL Sylvania Northview HS Terdal, Finn C 56 Finch, Brian N SSWSSW WLL Lone Grove HS Nelson, Haley Y 366322 Chaney, Jacklyn Marie A 416155 Schwartz, Elizabeth N SSWSSW WLL Clark, Trevor Anthony F 221121 221466 Sylvania Southview HS Mannford HS Hu, Julia L LWLLWL Wozencraft, Alex H 511111 121213 Yang, Justin L SSSLSS Muldrow HS University School Hill, Rachel Y 344336 Jones, Jared F N SSWSSW WWWLWW Hill, Rachel E 67 Mekhail, Joseph N WWLLWB WWWLL Money, Hannah D 676765 O'Brien, Sean P H 433111 64 Oldham, Nicole D 676765 O'Brien, Sean P B 73N Tabor, Lyndsay P 13446 Perloff, Michael K N SSWSSW WWWLWW Tabor, Lyndsay A 534324 Prasad, Vinay A L SWSWBW WLWL Norman HS Rothfusz, Matthew E N WWLLWB WWWLL Azimi, Ariana Y 555241 Wedell, Justin L SSSWWS WLL Connery, Andrew E 1312276 Wadsworth City School Connery, Andrew U 215131 43 Brazier, Sarah A 141225 65 Connery, Andrew C 426 Brazier, Sarah T 16 Hartley, Tyler N LSWLLS Brazier, Sarah P 1634 Keeler, Andrew H 113531 4365 Brazier, Sarah B 3245 Kenney, Tomas N LSWLLS Wooster HS Mellon, Kyle U 444342 Cebul, Matthew E 76 Norman North HS Cebul, Matthew X WWSWSW LL Collins, Savannah L WSSSWW LWL Gatz, Delaney E 65 Holliman, Rebecca F 212512 Gatz, Delaney X WWSWSW LL Hudson, Hilary P 435 Graham, John P 56 Hudson, Hilary Y 533345 Graham, John N WLLWLL Nehreen-Khan, Anika L SWWLWW WBWLL Huettner, Paul C 22416 Pierce, Riley H 154443 Huettner, Paul F 313211 53 Smith, Devin N SWLLSL O'Rourke, Morgan I 6 Stewart, Mike N SWLLSL O'Rourke, Morgan L SSSLSS Owasso HS Pinkham, Sarah B 57 Aguilar, Raeven A 331122 26 Pinkham, Sarah N WLLWLL Duvall, Mark N WWWSWW LBL OKLAHOMA Mishler, Reese D 413422 American Christian School Morgan, Kelsi N WWWSWW LBL Casselberry, Jonathan X LWLSSS Paul, Hunter D 413422 Swygard, Sarah Ann X LWLSSS Putnam City HS Bishop Kelley HS Foster, Taylor X LSLWLW Lanier, Garner L WWSSWW WLL Franklin, Niekia X LSLWLW Pasque, Lauren U 353453 Shawnee HS Proszek, Jimmy U 444545 Swadley, Heather Ann F 321452 Bixby HS Swadley, Heather Ann E 56 Gregory, Bailie S. Y 322424 Swadley, Heather Ann C 75 Gwin-Vinsant, Annalisa A 532242 Skiatook HS Bristow HS Boudreaux, Paul I 5 Symcox, Carl Y 476433 Boudreaux, Paul X LWSWSL Broken Arrow HS Martin, Devin H 113361 55 Barnes, Jeremy C 356 Martin, Devin P 5111214 Langston, Justin I 5 Szabo, Josh I 6 Langston, Justin C 54 Szabo, Josh X LWSWSL Laughlin, Ciara I 14 Tulsa Washington HS Laughlin, Ciara N WWLLWW BLWWL Infante, Victor H 757655 Patton, Alexandra L SSWSLW Staskal, John C 55 Radford, Stephen P 437 Staskal, John U 563542 144Sommers, John I 6 OREGON OREGON Van Winkle, Kehl N WWLWWS LWL Ashland HS Summit HS Borgerson, Tim N SWLSBS Grater, Camille F 544345 Conroy, Mack N LLLLLL Miller, Eliza U 544545 Harper, Tim F 344455 Tigard HS Mills, Kelsey N SWLSBS Neunzert, Afina Y 242247 Toppo, Dante N LLLLLL Reddy, Saraga A 214265 Bandon HS Reddy, Saraga B 51125 Castaldi, Clarissa A T 4 Turzillo, Alex C 1266 Castaldi, Clarissa A B 55 Turzillo, Alex I 33 Castaldi, Clarissa A D 677756 Westview HS Lane, Mary L T 27 Ahmadi, Nima F 111211 112131 Lane, Mary L P 64 Axtman, Christopher J U 112343 Lane, Mary L H 675453 Axtman, Christopher J I 4 Long, Madison M A 253554 Axtman, Christopher J C 74 Long, Madison M B 45 Marshall, Evan G. C 55 Sylvester, Alex J B 416 Willamette HS Sylvester, Alex J T 5 Randall, Corey U 433454 Sylvester, Alex J D 677756 Woodrow Wilson HS Beaverton HS Bacon, Carolyn A 634657 Lee, Matt E 367 PENNSYLVANIA Lee, Matt U 432353 Bellwood-Antis HS Lee, Matt C 45 Davinsizer, Joshua W C 345 Lee, Matt I 6 Davinsizer, Joshua W U 533245 Narayan, Ram C 3112724 DeArmitt, Grant M P 3437 Narayan, Ram F 452314 DeArmitt, Grant M H 356555 Century HS DeArmitt, Grant M B 5337 Smeltzer, Josh X SWWWWW LL Decker, Crystal L B 347 Worthey, Joe X SWWWWW LL Decker, Crystal L H 525667 Glencoe HS Decker, Crystal L P 65 Cain, Danielle B 345 Estright, Tyler B 65 Cain, Danielle H 417725 Estright, Tyler A 656656 Gresham HS Estright, Tyler P 77 Forrer, Chris I 126 Ginter, Kristyn L C 111146 Forrer, Chris N SLSLWW Ginter, Kristyn L F 163225 Hettinger, Brian I 4 Hornberger, Mikaela D P 527 Hettinger, Brian L LSSLSW Hornberger, Mikaela D B 534 Schultz, Justin N SLSLWW Hornberger, Mikaela D D 766647 Gresham-Barlow HS Hornberger, Sarah C B 64 Austin, Anna D 124532 2463 Hornberger, Sarah C P 66 Bowman, Alex D 124532 2463 Hornberger, Sarah C D 766647 Bracker, Rachel Y 242232 Larimer, Nathan B 13735 Bracker, Rachel B 627 Larimer, Nathan D 263215 Dunn, Mitch X LLWLWL Larimer, Nathan P 3155 Howard, Brittany B 256 Rimmey, Josh D 263215 Howard, Brittany H 474756 Rimmey, Josh P 535 McCurley, Stephanie Danae D 454674 Rimmey, Josh B 64 Nederhisers, Rachel E 44 Stuby, Jeffery P C 12N Nederhisers, Rachel D 454674 Bishop Carroll HS Nilles, Cameron X LLWLWL Ingold, Devon R. A 427565 Mountain View HS Sossong, Renold M U 453544 Esterman, Sarah Y 277656 Sossong, Rosalie M Y 766556 Lewis, Caitlin A 155452 Cathedral Prep School Petersen, Phoebe Y 766754 Carlotti, Michael X WWWSWW LWWWL North Bend Sr HS Hayes, Leo X WWWSWW LWWWL DiGiallonardo, Aloura T 4 Starr, Nathan X WWSLLL DiGiallonardo, Aloura B 46 Susko, Peter X WWSLLL DiGiallonardo, Aloura H 535274 Danville Area HS North Valley HS Cabral, Joseph C 1122155 Patch, Rebecca G D 351746 Cabral, Joseph F 321432 Patch, Rebecca G B 357 Ingraham, Caitlin P 266 Prow, Jesse D D 351746 Ingraham, Caitlin T 4 Prow, Jesse D B 55 Ingraham, Caitlin Y 654454 Silverton HS Miller, Rachel T 6 Hall, Ken E 232355 Miller, Rachel B 65 Hall, Ken C 365 E L Meyers HS Hall, Ken L SLWSLS Carlson, Erik N WSWWWS WWLL States, Carson I 24 Lisman, John U 411111 114356 States, Carson C 37 Woznock, Ron N WSWWWS WWLL States, Carson E N2 Greater Latrobe HS South Eugene HS Sachs, Marla L LBSLLL Gent, Will X SSSWWW LL Taylor, Lauren Y 572567 King, Sam X SSSWWW LL Gwynedd Mercy Academy Schifberg, Ben L SSWWLW LWWWL Detweiler, Lauren Y 316152 4533 St Sauver, Earl L SSWWLS Holy Ghost Prep Wang, Carol X WWSWSL WLWL Dahlgren, Michael D 111121 123332 Yan, Sophia X WWSWSL WLWL Francomacaro, Anthony A 421122 35 Sprague HS Frawley, Kevin D 111121 123332 Fethersten, Liz P 3221746 Marcel, Daniel P 3166 Fethersten, Liz N SWSSLW Marcel, Daniel B 5125 Johnston, Zach N WWLWWS LWL Marcel, Daniel H 561214 Miller, James C 3258 La Salle College HS Miller, James I 5 McCarrick, Terence J. X WWWLWW WWLWWW Miller, James N SWSSLW Sperger, John X WWWLWW WWLWWW Van Winkle, Kehl I 5 145 PENNSYLVANIA PENNSYLVANIA Mercer Area HS Esmus, Maximillian C. C 167 Mohney, Brittany A 251121 26 Esmus, Maximillian C. T 2N Mohney, Brittany P 3435 Esmus, Maximillian C. E 64 Munnell, Lydia Y 414231 2315 Holman, Kelly T 17 Mt Lebanon Sr HS Holman, Kelly P 366 Cadle, Jessica H 412322 53 Holman, Kelly C 74 Cohen, Mark H 651544 Kuntz, Andrea P 55 Obaro, Dami D 121143 143452 Kuntz, Andrea B 66 Obaro, Tomi D 121143 143452 Kuntz, Andrea T Q Pollock, Ryan F 111112 131264 Trinity HS Thuppal, Hay Y 324376 Kilgore, Katie B 377 North Allegheny Sr HS Kilgore, Katie T 5 Chen, Stacey C 11156 Kilgore, Katie P 617 Chen, Stacey F 211111 64 Kilgore, Katie X LLLLLL Chen, Stacey E 31157 Kirkwood, Corey C 56 El-Khatib, Nazih U 115135 Kirkwood, Corey E 67 El-Khatib, Nazih E 45 Kirkwood, Corey N LWLWLS El-Khatib, Nazih C 5215 Pruce, Alexander I 25 El-Khatib, Nazih I 7 Pruce, Alexander C 3156 Grennan, Jack U 111211 5123 Pruce, Alexander E 56 Grennan, Jack I 36 Pruce, Alexander L LLLLLL Guiler, Hadley E 156 Rumbaugh, Shane I 2123 Guiler, Hadley I 35 Rumbaugh, Shane C 376 Guiler, Hadley C 77 Rumbaugh, Shane E 4335 Guiler, Hadley L WWLSSW LL Rumbaugh, Shane N LWLWLS Keen, Nathan I 6 Yevins, Matthew I 6 Keen, Nathan C 75 Yevins, Matthew C 76 Keen, Nathan E 76 Yevins, Matthew X LLLLLL Kulchar, Doug C 3526 Truman HS Kulchar, Doug I 5 Chidzik, Chris I 236 Kulchar, Doug E 824 Chidzik, Chris L SLSSSL Lopez, Victoria E 55 Unionville HS Lopez, Victoria C 627 Sklar, Shaina R. I 5 Lopez, Victoria I 7 Upper St Clair HS Lopez, Victoria N SLSSLW Blecher, Mishan D 411121 64 Vukmer, Nick C 517 Gooderham, J.P. L SSLLSW Vukmer, Nick E 57 Kushner, Sidney P 2417 Vukmer, Nick I 7 Kushner, Sidney A 522544 Vukmer, Nick N SLSSLW McNally, Brendan D 411121 64 North Catholic HS SOUTH CAROLINA Lamperski, Vincent P 355 Barnwell HS Lamperski, Vincent B 57 Kuster, Zachary I 34 Lamperski, Vincent I 6 Kuster, Zachary A 456273 Norwin HS Bob Jones Academy Black, Frances I 237 Lovegrove, Stephen Andrew E 12347 Black, Frances N SWLSSS Lovegrove, Stephen Andrew C 257 Gray, Edward I 5 Lovegrove, Stephen Andrew U 321535 Gray, Edward N SWLSSS Pennington, Erin E 31166 PALCS University Scholars Pennington, Erin L LSSLSL Koren, Alex William L SLLSSL Ranieri, Hilary N. E 22377 Pennsbury HS Ranieri, Hilary N. L LLSLSL Gopal, Raj X WWLSWW WWLWL Greer HS Kolander, Sam X WWLSWW WWLWL Bracey, Monica B 13546 Malloy, Spencer B 56 Bracey, Monica H 331413 45 Malloy, Spencer C 74 Ryland, Ashley A 214325 Reis, Dan U 353341 Ryland, Ashley P 425 Reis, Dan I 5 Mauldin HS Sayre Area HS Howard, Stephen H 213652 Hickey, Douglas William B 737 Kerwin, Dennis C 617 Hickey, Douglas William Y 776776 Riverside HS Rogers, Meredith Jane B 414 Hong, Charlene E 33137 Rogers, Meredith Jane D 736376 Hong, Charlene P 3345 Walker, Robert Francis B 56 Hong, Charlene Y 711434 Walker, Robert Francis D 736376 Lane, David I 21113 Witmer, Robert Nicholas C 246 Lane, David C 2157 Witmer, Robert Nicholas U 325355 Lane, David U 431321 Scranton HS Lane, David E 4415 Esgro, Cara D 361333 Southside HS Saltry, Colin H 413233 Bell, Andrew N SLLWLL Wahl, Marissa D 361333 Fan, Gary E 11354 Wotanis, Felicia A 545111 3363 Fan, Gary P 3357 Shady Side Academy Fan, Gary Y 412535 Kedar, Vijay N SLWWWW LWWWWL Jefferson, Cornesia B 133322214 Moran, Matthew N SLWWWW LWWWWL Jefferson, Cornesia D 377524 Shikellamy HS Jefferson, Cornesia P 55 Specht, George C 45 Karrer, Ryan E 54 Specht, George N SLSSSS Karrer, Ryan C 65 Wynn, Dylan P 55 Karrer, Ryan I 7 Wynn, Dylan N SLSSSS Karrer, Ryan N LWSWLL The Kiski School Lu, Tricia C 354 Miller, Joel P 345 Luu, Neil C 66 Towanda Area HS Luu, Neil N LWSWLL Benjamin, Kasidy D D 133334 Ning, Haoran C 66 Benjamin, Kasidy D B 13424 Ning, Haoran N SLLWLL Benjamin, Kasidy D P 54 Shilotri, Rohan F 243112 45 146Esmus, Maximillian C. D 133334 SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA Shilotri, Rohan I 4 Munger, Adrielle B 32416 Shilotri, Rohan C 5326 Natz, Elliott D 415533 Spencer, Tyshaun P 12134226 Neff, Blake F 513524 Spencer, Tyshaun B 121466 Ross, Justin D 415533 Spencer, Tyshaun D 377524 Wakefield, Samantha B 264 T L Hanna HS Wakefield, Samantha H 523223 Buckner, Meg P 1425 Wakefield, Samantha P 7335 Buckner, Meg D 436625 Wang, Emma X WWWWLW WWLWL Little, Anna P 337 Spearfish HS Little, Anna D 436625 Gainey, Paul N LSWSWW WLL Westside HS Meyers, Jordan N LSWSWW WLL Jordan, Ashley Estelle F 354133 Scheetz, PJ N LLSLSL SOUTH DAKOTA Speirs, Maggie N LLSLSL Aberdeen Central HS Vermillion HS Berry, Robert T 15 Barton, Amanda X WWWWLS LL Berry, Robert D 677675 Green, Maggie N SWSWSS LL Carver, Laura B 232365 Li, Jiwen F 453144 Carver, Laura D 677675 Reasoner, Jane N SWSWSS LL Giridhar, Nisha C 1347 Telleria, Micaela X WWWWLS LL Giridhar, Nisha F 425333 Washington HS Holkesvik, Michael X SWWSWW WWLL Goodwin, Jesse C 1515 Mettler, Hannah E 334 Goodwin, Jesse I 5 Mettler, Hannah Y 464355 Goodwin, Jesse L SWLSSS Schnabel, Shawn C 64 Hout, Allison E 67 Simon, Brett C 13377 Hout, Allison N LSSSWL Simon, Jeremy X SWWSWW WWLL Olson, Alissa N LSSSWL Brookings HS Watertown HS Kantack, Benjamin T 36 DiRose, Matt X SSSWWW LL Kantack, Benjamin L LLSWLL Hirsch, Lindsey N LWLWSL Kerr, James U 334554 Klatt, Tyler N LWLWSL Kerr, James I 6 Kludt, Maren N SSSLLS Walker, Dorian I 7 O Hara, Mitch X SSSWWW LL Wang, Danielle T 24 Peterson, Johanna N SWWWWW LWL Wang, Danielle P 516 Peterson, Nicholas N SSSLLS Wang, Danielle Y 652744 Robbins, Amber N SWWWWW LWL Huron HS Thompson, Matt U 546323 Hemenway, Matthew H 763626 VanLaecken, Josh L SSSLLL Reinders, Carly A 756324 Yankton HS Schinderling, Mike H 532352 Henrickson, Meg N SWSLLB Warkenthein, Lyndsea A 643474 Holtzmann, Marie N SWSLLB Lead-Deadwood HS Latimer, Nicole L SSWSWL Joseph, Lara Grace Ay 'on H 356457 TENNESSEE Joseph, Lara Grace Ay'on B 112147 Brentwood Academy Lennox HS Burgin, Laura A 234161 Allen, Josh T 6 Burgin, Laura B 41121314 Beres, Alex M. U 253444 Coil, Ryan D 211111 35 Beres, Alex M. I 7 Coil, Ryan P 55 Milbank HS Denney, Davis A 341525 Lentz, Kristin I 4 Doyel, Kymberly D 211111 35 Lentz, Kristin F 524333 Keaggy, Sarah H 241173 Lentz, Kristin P 55 Brentwood HS Streich, Laura P 155 Kaczmarek, Chris N LWSLSL Streich, Laura T 4 Neely, Keith W. U 422121 1566 Streich, Laura D 647766 Polavarapu, Aaseesh L WWWWWS WWLWL Tuchscherer, Daniel T 24 Stern, Matthew C 367 Tuchscherer, Daniel D 647766 Stern, Matthew N LWSLSL Tuchscherer, Daniel B 66 Thornton, Katherine E. E 1524 Tuchscherer, Daniel P 75 Collierville HS Mitchell HS Magee, Chad U 112122 53 Mellan, Kelsey C 46 Magee, Chad E 1247 Mellan, Kelsey E 57 Magee, Chad C 1312135 O'Gorman HS Woodward, Margaret Y 311372 333275 Jacobsen, Tyler E 1242125 Woodward, Margaret T 5 Jacobsen, Tyler B 2345 Cookeville HS Jacobsen, Tyler T Q Nash, Rebekah H 112151 66 Lawler, Maggie E 2111626 Dickson County HS Lawler, Maggie Y 612424 DeMoss, James E 113146 Lawler, Maggie T Q DeMoss, James C 277 Thuringer, Andrew E 11213514 Fowler, Kristin E 211366 Thuringer, Andrew A 222113 55 Fowler, Kristin P 216134 Thuringer, Andrew T Q Merrol Hyde Magnet School Sioux Falls Lincoln HS Meyer, Joey F 343233 Bacharach, Max X WWWWLW WWLWL Meyer, Joey C 537 Chang, Grace E 2333616 Montgomery Bell Academy Chang, Grace Y 333543 Lutkowitz, Aaron F 145322 Christensen, Rachel H 215533 Lutkowitz, Micah X WWWWSL BLWWL Dalquist, Kaitlin B 155 Metzman, Corey L WLSSWW WLWWWW Dalquist, Kaitlin D 411334 Snow, Andrew X WWWWSL BLWWL Dalquist, Kaitlin P 527 Morristown West HS Heidepriem, Pete B 142126 Davis, Alex Clayton D 212115 4246 Heidepriem, Pete P 1425 Drew, Shannon D 373522 Heidepriem, Pete D 411334 Fenn, Julia D 212115 4246 Liang, Frank U 444453 Jarnigan, Ben N LSSLSL Munger, Adrielle A 111231 62 Kubis, Emily Y 274311 Munger, Adrielle P 11365 Long, Kyle H 343221 43 147 TENNESSEE TEXAS McCray, Chassidy D 373522 Big Spring HS Woodard, Tim N LSSLSL Africh, Maurice B 232345 Ravenwood HS Africh, Maurice A 337424 Andrews, Hannah Claire B 235137 Africh, Maurice P 3514 Andrews, Hannah Claire A 432235 Kauss, Roger E 65 Rossview HS Kauss, Roger C 74 Beach, Kathleen Thayer N WWLSSW WWWWWL Kauss, Roger N LLSLSL Furcolowe, Kori N WWLSSW WWWWWL Overby, Rachel E 44 University School Of Nashville Overby, Rachel C 535 Landsman, Michael X WWLSSS Overby, Rachel I 6 Smith, Sammy X WWLSSS Overby, Rachel N LLSLSL TEXAS Bishop HS A & M Consolidated HS Perez, Marcus F 241222 64 Enjeti, Saager F 325223 Perez, Marcus P 254 Alief Elsik HS Borger HS Kelati, Elizabeth I 114 Robinson, Scott N LLSLFL Kelati, Elizabeth Y 222423 2466 Thompson, Eric N LLSLFL Luellen, Earline B 1132445 Wheeler, Ashley H 565466 Luellen, Earline A 345652 Burges HS Luellen, Earline P 63 Buzo, Carlos H 171122 56 Obadagbonyi, Entinosa P 1414 Buzo, Carlos B 535 Obadagbonyi, Entinosa B 266 Calhoun HS Obadagbonyi, Entinosa A 624544 Hsu, Jennifer I 6 Ugbah, Linda B 1231145 Hsu, Jennifer N BLLSLL Ugbah, Linda C 13241322 Lee, Johnny X LLWSWS Ugbah, Linda F 211223 65 Lu, Johnson X LLWSWS Alief Taylor HS Wiseman, Philip L SWSSSS Diaz, Laura T 5 Xu, Brittney I 4 Diaz, Laura E 66 Xu, Brittney N BLLSLL Diaz, Laura N LLSSLL Canton HS Muckleroy, Nickolas Y 231351 225177 Watkins, Cathy L SWWSLL Muckleroy, Nickolas I 5 Canyon HS Ogagba, Tracey I 13 Zinn, Josh T 4 Ogagba, Tracey C 4336 Zinn, Josh E 54 Ogagba, Tracey E 55 Zinn, Josh Y 644366 Ogagba, Tracey N LLSSLL Carroll HS All Saints Episcopal School Atkins, Harrison Cole Y 553632 Brown, Carolyn U 134124 Berg, Winston N LLSWSW Amarillo HS Burns, Parker N LLSWSW Garcia, Lauren F 543452 Comartin, Kevin D 131113 2425 Americas HS Gojer, Benjamin D 131113 2425 Carmona, Anais N SLLWLL Howe, Justin A 566523 Gomez, Nina N SLLWLL Huff, Connor Warren N SSWWWS WLWL Atascocita HS Huff, Dillon N SSWWWS WLWL Kirsch, Nathan I 23 Cathedral HS Kirsch, Nathan F 345111 Dennis, Alexander X FFFFFF Aubrey HS Espinoza, Alejandro X FFFFFF Allison, Crystal I 25 Centennial HS Allison, Crystal F 434543 Nguyen, Sarah Y 233443 Allison, Crystal E 55 Central HS Amos, Derek B 3244 Bell, Kevin I 24 Amos, Derek D 666636 Bell, Kevin C 54 Dunham, Mackenzie I 4 Bell, Kevin X LLSLLL Dunham, Mackenzie U 553445 Brown, Benjamin I 6 Dunham, Mackenzie C 616 Brown, Benjamin C 77 George, Travis I 34 Brown, Benjamin X LLSLLL George, Travis C 65 Clark HS George, Travis L LLLLLL Sachdeva, Nikki F 122223 3265 Lawton, Mike N SWWSWL LL Sachdeva, Nikki I 1N Mears, Corinne T 4 Clear Lake HS Mears, Corinne D 655766 Powell, Charlie I 6 Mears, Corinne B 67 Powell, Charlie E 75 Parker, Courtney I 237 Powell, Charlie B 76 Parker, Courtney B 55 Riegert, Sean I 24 Parker, Courtney D 655766 Riegert, Sean B 424 Vanderzell, Kaitlyn P 65 Riegert, Sean E 65 Vanderzell, Kaitlyn D 666636 Riegert, Sean L SSLLSW Ward, Shay I 4 Colleyville Heritage HS Ward, Shay C 45 Defilippis, Evan X WWSLWW WWWWWL Ward, Shay N SWWSWL LL Hamraie, James X WWSLWW WWWWWL Bay City HS Searfoss, Ralph Parker H 221311 3363 Brangan, Kaitlin P 1274 Siemek, Michael D 123441 53 Brangan, Kaitlin I 33 Taylor, Caitlin D 123441 53 Brangan, Kaitlin E 56 Cooper HS Grebe, Celeste I 26 Koss, Samantha I 4 Grebe, Celeste B 5336 Koss, Samantha U 555455 Grebe, Celeste C 66 Coppell HS Powell, Amy I 1124 Bhattacharjee, Risha X WSLWSS Powell, Amy F 222112 3145 Krishnamurthy, Pavan S X WSLWSS Bellaire HS Livernois, Bethanie Y 564737 Alagappan, Muthu U 113212 252237 Mozynski, Katherine A. F 131111 35 Lin, Scott X LWWLSW Crandall HS Liu, Matthew X LWWWSS WLL Yowell, Stephanie Louise F 341113 44 Uzman, Jacob X LWWWSS WLL Creekview HS Wang, Xinxin X LWWLSW Broz, Michael I 4 148 TEXAS TEXAS Broz, Michael E 4227 Zebrowski, Nicholas C 65 Camacho, Jennifer I 4 Friendswood HS Camacho, Jennifer E 56 Chu, Crystal F 243421 King, Matthew H 375434 Chu, Crystal C 32374 LaCroix, Lawryn A 221113 3316 Swain, Leanna U 131322 35 Martinez, Alejandro I 216 Swain, Leanna C 426 Ross, Richard D 537141 G C Scarborough HS Werthiem, Aaron P 22222155 Hill, Derek A 224311 2356 Werthiem, Aaron D 537141 Glen Rose HS Crosby HS Noell, Graham X LLSSSL Jennings, Nicholas X SWLSSW Wiseman, Kaytlin X LLSSSL Malek, Matthew X SWLSSW Godley HS Cypress Ridge HS Irvin, Myles U 455523 Albarran, Lario P 2267 Good Shepherd School Albarran, Lario B 63234 Hoyt, Taylor Y 541556 Albarran, Lario D 663365 Hoyt, Taylor C 56 Cugini, Nicholas I 114 Grapevine HS Cugini, Nicholas U 411122 3415 Baston, Sarah D 343216 Gray, Brett B 22714 Gajewsky, Michael X WLSLWW Gray, Brett H 336655 Hall, Emily X WLSLWW Gray, Brett P 534 Hicks, Ben D 212121 35 Madrid, Ana P 24327 Hix, William L WWWWSW LL Madrid, Ana B 56 Hoag, Kaitlin D 343216 Madrid, Ana D 663365 Lamb, Missy D 212121 35 Rheinboldt, Bradley H 123341 65 Morgan, Scott H 163375 Rheinboldt, Bradley B 167 Quinn, Jacob X SWLWLW Rheinboldt, Bradley P 57 Schade, Amy X SWLWLW Rheinboldt, Bradley I 7 Williams, Casey H 644132 Samaroo, Stephen I 4 Greenhill School Verma, Sumit E 233536 Mahomes, Lauren L LSSBLS Verma, Sumit F 242321 Gregory Portland HS Verma, Sumit C 625 Aguirre, Ryan U 443144 Cypress Woods HS Aguirre, Ryan I 5 Baker, Austin L SWWSWS LWL Flanigan, Chrissy H 241142 66 Deer Park HS Flanigan, Chrissy T 5 Ferrando, Anthony B 6N Genoway, Cassandra I 24 Ferrando, Anthony P 72N Hallsville HS Jacoby, Ian C 65 Cornish, Andrew C 66 Jacoby, Ian N SLLSLL Cornish, Andrew X LSLLLS Joyner, Ashley P 47 Gregston, Tyler C 376 Joyner, Ashley N SLLSLL Gregston, Tyler X LSLLLS Del Valle HS - El Paso Gregston, Tyler E N7 Oshiro, Ashley I 7 Hanks HS Duncanville HS Artalejo, Emily D 633432 Majors, Jonathan Michael A 113121 112455 Mastajeran, Yalda Y 775646 Earl Warren HS Porras, Eraina D 633432 Davis, Michelle P 2246 Harlingen HS South Davis, Michelle Y 421123 54 Alce, Villardy T 14 Eastwood HS Alce, Villardy A 152321 6224 Mena, Sarah A 656564 Dubose, Laura B 1524 El Campo HS Dubose, Laura Y 254352 Bram, Sean Ross X SWLSLL Dubose, Laura P 3156 Raza, Ali I 34 Dubose, Laura T 323 Raza, Ali X SWLSLL Hinkle, Tiffany B 23637 El Paso Coronado HS Hinkle, Tiffany P 3357 Bohannon, Terrell Ann U 543455 Hinkle, Tiffany D 354434 Elkins HS Jones, Calos B 1154 Atassi, Sami D 355345 Jones, Calos P 14336 Hearon, Darry D 111133 1353 Jones, Calos Y 152133 64 Howard, Lindsley D 111133 1353 Medrano, Christine B 1155 Kintner, Shannon D 355345 Medrano, Christine T 334 Flower Mound HS Medrano, Christine D 354434 Burt, Clayton E 265 Medrano, Christine P 5127 Burt, Clayton C 345 Tapangan, Kara C 127 Burt, Clayton N SWLSWS Tapangan, Kara E 33535 Chen, Amy C 162224 Tapangan, Kara L WSLLLS Chen, Amy E 435 Hastings HS Chen, Amy N LLSSLS Love, Tirhakah I 25 Foreman, Megan W. C 74 Love, Tirhakah D 757766 Foreman, Megan W. E 75 Love, Tirhakah B 76 Foreman, Megan W. N LLSSLS Marcella, Brandon B 46 Hancox, Scott W. E 327 Marcella, Brandon D 757766 Hancox, Scott W. C 536 Marcella, Brandon I 8 Hancox, Scott W. N SWLSWS Hendrickson HS Massey, Stormee E 66 Salinas, Victor A 141136 Massey, Stormee C 67 Saunders, James H 456545 Foster HS Hereford HS Webster, Gabby U 445534 Harris, Richard Mitchell B 2113535 Franklin HS Harris, Richard Mitchell P 23446 Houlihan, Shea C 245 Harris, Richard Mitchell H 536333 Houlihan, Shea E 266 Melendez, Sonia P 414 Houlihan, Shea I 4 Melendez, Sonia B 526 Zebrowski, Nicholas I 34 Melendez, Sonia Y 666664 Zebrowski, Nicholas E 437 Hockaday School Zebrowski, Nicholas F 444553 Gass, Joan L WSWWSW WLWWWW 149 TEXAS TEXAS Vohra, Shivani L WWSLWW WLWWWL Mee, Katie P 636 Houston Jesuit HS Mee, Katie N SLWWWS LL Bartholomew, Phillip L WLWWWS WWLWL Olsen, Leah X LLLLLS Donatti, David L WWWWSW WWLWWL Paul, Hayden E 65 Liipfert, Todd L SWSWSB WWWLWW Paul, Hayden N LLSLSW J Frank Dobie HS Peters, Jessica P 413 Hoang, Tramanh N. Y 617523 Peters, Jessica H 523264 Trevino, Erandi Mayela A 265445 Schomp, Judith B 726 Jack C Hays HS Schomp, Judith N LLSLSW DuPont, Nathaniel Foster X WSWSSW LWWL Thompson, Brandi D 224447 San Luis, Natalie Blair X WSWSSW LWWL Wortman, Becca X LLLLLS James E Taylor HS Lyndon Baines Johnson HS Muthusamy, Anand X LWLWLL Pan, Janus U 222222 33 Shetkar, Aditya X LWLWLL Singh, Katie U 144342 James Martin HS Mansfield HS Hardaway, Alex A 132312 6152 Meeks, Amanda Y 442112 36 Jasper HS McAllen HS Burks, Christian N LLSLWS Fick, Walter C 326 Holland, Richard I 34 Fick, Walter U 534253 Holland, Richard C 436 McKinney Boyd HS Holland, Richard N LLSLWS Schroeder, Andrew L LLWLLL John H Guyer HS McNeil HS Gorman, Sean Louis I 1313 Booksh, Morgan U 222511 36 Gorman, Sean Louis C 246 Memorial HS - Houston Gorman, Sean Louis U 344232 Faisal, Samara X WLSLSW Stevens, Nicholas C 21534 Joo, Michael X LSLLSS Stevens, Nicholas U 511421 Mirza, Hira X WLSLSW Kerr HS Olivier, Zachary X LSLLSS Munshi, Hafsa E 64 Mexia HS Tang, Joshua I 327 Collatos, Joseph Richard F 445344 Klein Collins HS Collatos, Joseph Richard P 47 Van Dongen, Cassandra A 434453 Midland HS Klein HS Richter, Veronica F 456354 Buras, Jacob D 764341 Monsignor Kelly Catholic HS Green, Tyce D 764341 Beshears, William J. N WWSWLW WWWWLW Harris, Cameron N SSLLWS Lee, Evan T N WWSWLW WWWWLW Martin, Sean U 434341 North Lamar HS Thomas, Rebecca N SSLLWS Caraway, Katie A 465463 L C Anderson HS Caraway, Katie B 54 Vuong, Madeline L WSSSLS Caraway, Katie P 54 LV Hightower HS Jones, Danielle C 2145 Clarke, Kevin Aaron X SLSLWS Jones, Danielle E 2145 Hemani, Shamez Nizam N LLWWSS Jones, Danielle U 551442 Mistry, Raj Balvant N SLBLWW Jones, Danielle T 6 Raj, Milan Dilip N SLBLWW Martin, Kinsey E 3375 Singh, Shikhar X SLSLWS Martin, Kinsey B 3376 Virani, Farrukh Rasool N LLWWSS Sulsar, Jordan B 31262215 La Porte HS Sulsar, Jordan E 3276 Ellenberg, Brittany Elisabeth L LLSLWL Sulsar, Jordan A 346162 Swearingen, Jack Matthew L SLWWSW WLL Northland Christian School Lamar Consolidated HS Cossey, James N LLSLLS Bordages, Emily B 42214 James, Katie U 322221 5134 Bordages, Emily H 462366 Knudson, Elizabeth F 312231 63 Crawford, Kassie P 145 Knudson, Elizabeth E 3275 Crawford, Kassie D 346224 Lanier, Rachel L LWWWWS WLWWWW Ihekwoaba, Michael Y 561515 Nunley, Courtney L WWSWWS WWWLWL Ihekwoaba, Michael I 6 Overton, Josh L WWSWWW LWL Johnson, Wade H 255424 Pope, Preston N LLSLLS Moore, Ausar A 121313 53 Wilhelm, Emma N LLLLLL Russell, Andrew B 23345 Wilson, Haley N LLLLLL Russell, Andrew D 346224 Northwest HS Vital, Nicole I 5 Moshrefi, Cyrus A 521431 Lamar HS Odessa Permian HS Albin, Cameron I 2124 Flores, Peru D 777776 Albin, Cameron U 331211 65 Routh, David D 777776 Albin, Cameron C 64 Pharr-San Juan-Alamo HS Kulkarni, Kris I 6 Benavidez, Jaclyn H 235251 36 Kulkarni, Kris C 7N Pine Tree HS Woldemariam, Sesenu I 111212 Dunn, Mackenzie D 575767 Woldemariam, Sesenu F 315121 2565 McBride, David Clay H 454437 Langham Creek HS Witherspoon, Austin R. D 575767 Luu, Duc I 2233 Plano East Senior High School Luu, Duc U 544341 Sangal, Rahul F 121211 113425 Lindale HS Sangal, Rahul I 215 Bodiford, Julia P 45 Sangal, Rahul C N5 Bodiford, Julia Y 565633 Plano Sr HS Hatoum, Daniel U 235445 Cambra, Stephanie P 1636 Hatoum, Daniel E 34325 Cambra, Stephanie B 2111166 Herrera, Levi C 67 Kumar, Aakash U 131111 4243 Herrera, Levi E 77 Kumar, Aakash I 5 Herrera, Levi N SLWWWS LL Kuo, Stephanie E 54 Johnsen, Bethany X LLSLLL Kuo, Stephanie N LSLSLL Karrenbrock, Jill D 224447 Le, Thao E 436 McCray, Neil E 66 Le, Thao I 7 McCray, Neil X LLSLLL Le, Thao N LSLSLL 150 TEXAS TEXAS Nguyen, Hoang Y 111111 115211 Phillips, Collin Troy A 162314 Rai, Aneesh U 112312 3226 Phillips, Collin Troy P 41334 Rai, Aneesh I 125 Seven Lakes HS Shah, Sachin C 11127235 Delperdang, Steven N SWLLSS Shah, Sachin E 1164 Koshak, Jacob I 6 Shah, Sachin F 332221 64 Koshak, Jacob N SWLLSS Sharma, Angel I 4 Spring HS Sharma, Angel E 45 Barahona, Gabriela C 115112136 Sharma, Angel C 74 Barahona, Gabriela F 123233 Plano West Sr HS Ensley, Rebekah H 435343 Chen, Jack C 51245 Knight, Andrew J P 1275 Chen, Jack N WSLSSW Knight, Andrew J B 5324 Vempati, Amita C 32365 Knight, Andrew J D 656512 Vempati, Amita N WSLSSW Madro, Michael H 455756 Princeton HS Madro, Michael P 46 Batres, Daniel T 11336 Madro, Michael B 55 Batres, Daniel H 256566 Turnbull, Megan P 4115 Batres, Daniel B 536 Turnbull, Megan B 44 Hertel, Lindsey B 113223346 Turnbull, Megan D 656512 Hertel, Lindsey A 331214 55 Stephen F. Austin HS Hertel, Lindsey P 4215 Monaco, James L LWWWWS LWL Lawson, Tyler E 154 Tascosa HS Lawson, Tyler I 5 Petterborg, Callie E 43 Martin, Kayla P 3347 Petterborg, Callie U 444534 Martin, Kayla T 4 Thorndale HS Martin, Kayla B 4335 Page, Veronica Catherine X LFLSSF Martin, Kayla H 765576 Stolte, Preston X LFLSSF Rush, Ashley B 2245 Tom C Clark HS Rush, Ashley A 274243 Kutler, Rachel N LLLLSL Regents School Of Austin Owen, Megan N LLLLSL Reinis, Sara H 161211 2255 Panchevre, Ian F 111121 123244 Shuffield, Luke I 13 Tyler Lee HS Shuffield, Luke Y 421222 2126 Walter, Michael Scott C 57 Richard B King HS Walter, Michael Scott L LSBLLS Colmenero, Matthew I 34 Van HS Robert E Lee HS - Midland Smith, Dylan L SSWLLS Chavez, Catalina I 7 Vanguard College Prep School Chavez, Catalina X LSLLLS Krzywonski, Alex T 5 Ham, Nathan I 7 Krzywonski, Alex N SLLSWW Ham, Nathan L SSLSWL Leslie, Caitlin I 5 Irvin, Ross I 4 Leslie, Caitlin Y 665654 Irvin, Ross L LSLSLL Losey, Dylan E 5224 Patel, Kush I 15 Losey, Dylan F 553144 Roblez, Lauren I 6 Losey, Dylan C 64 Roblez, Lauren X LSLLLS Losey, Dylan I 8 Ronald Reagan HS Thompson, Hannah T 6 Dehaan, Nathan U 333232 Thompson, Hannah N SLLSWW Guinn, Kara H 242431 W B Ray HS Guinn, Kara B 266 Galvan, A.J. A 347142 Lebourg, Elise Y QQQQQQ Griffiths, Katelyn D 666212 Salado HS Pierce, Max English D 666212 Cook, Tyler L WSSSWS WLL Westlake HS San Marcos HS Baker, John X LLWWLS Fisher, David O F 233122 Barber, Robyn B 635 Sandra Day O'Connor HS Barber, Robyn D 662633 Gasic, Mihajlo F 224144 Bell, Matt P 314 Gasic, Mihajlo I 4 Bell, Matt D 662633 Gasic, Mihajlo C 43 Bennett, Alexander C 55 Goss, Clayton C 54 Bennett, Alexander E 55 Goss, Clayton N BWSSLW LL Bennett, Alexander I 6 Killam, Sean C 22153316 Mullins, David X LLWWLS Killam, Sean B 233836 Westside HS Killam, Sean U 235313 Barnes, Brandon A. H 134112 4154 Lewis, Dwayne I 6 Espinosa, Ivan Y 776466 Lewis, Dwayne C 76 Rena, Sabrina B 332322341 Lewis, Dwayne N BWSSLW LL Rena, Sabrina A 345512 Myhre, Ashley E 32344 Yates, Mike Y 352232 Myhre, Ashley B 45 Yates, Mike I 4 Myhre, Ashley A 567646 Whitehouse HS Reyna, John P 276 Middleton, Brenna F 144234 Reyna, John T 35 Whitesboro HS Reyna, John H 356424 Tadlock, Tyler X LLLLLL Reyna, John B 67 Tuckness, Aubrie X LLLLLL Sealy HS William P Clements HS Brune, Elise B 46 Mao, Carolyn Y 777513 Brune, Elise N LLLLLL Wang, David U 313231 Machala, Tyler N LLLLLL Wang, David C 61214 Seminole HS Winston Churchill HS Addison, Brooke B 322277 Bimler, Lynn I 226 Addison, Brooke P 44 Bimler, Lynn L LLLLSS Addison, Brooke D 636452 Bondesen, Wilson D 236326 Davila, Bethany P 2264 Clark, Jordan P 21425 Davila, Bethany B 3264 Clark, Jordan A 256621 Davila, Bethany D 636452 Collins, Briana P 213436 Phillips, Collin Troy B 115236 Collins, Briana D 236326 151 TEXAS UTAH Cunningham, Kelly X WLSLLS Stevens, Michael X SWSSWL Daviss, Claire I 36 Lone Peak HS Daviss, Claire L WWSSSL Ash, Michael D 754577 Lavere, Sarah D 121411 121214 Hatch, Megan Y 776254 MacDaniel, Sumner I 35 Krahenbuhl, Rachel D 754577 Munoz, Avram X SLWLWS Miller, Derek H 567745 Parker, Mary Clare I 4 Willoughby, Melia L LWLLLL San Marco, James I 35 Ogden HS San Marco, James E 44 Bruce, Jane A 221131 211473 Solis, Chris X WLSLLS Callister, Marcus L SLWLSS Villaplana, Mario X SLWLWS Jameson, Stephanie Y 535257 Weber, Forrest D 121411 121214 Moesinger, Robert F 345555 Wylie Sr HS Olympus HS Cutliff, Chris C 47 Johnson, Valerie Y 134566 Cutliff, Chris E 76 West, Tesch U 433232 Essaw, Roza Y 566554 Rowland Hall-St Mark Essaw, Roza C 757 Friedman, Jordan X SLWWSL White, Sam U 344542 Leeworthy, Melissa X SLWWSL White, Sam C 66 Salt Lake City West HS Ysleta HS Bennett, Miles N SSWWSW LL Ochoa, Micaela I 337 Layton, Taylor X LSLWWW Ochoa, Micaela C 44 Lin, Alice N SSWWSW LL Ochoa, Micaela E 54 Purk, Clara X LSLWWW Ochoa, Micaela L SSLWSS Zheng, Joanna L SLSWWS UTAH Sky View HS Alta HS Canfield, Natalie X LLLLWW Lee, Lindsey A 566556 Cannon, Brendan N WSSWWS WWLL Weathered, Matthew L WLLSSS DeFriez, Josh N WSSWWS WWLL Bingham HS Downs, Jacob N WLSLWW Bean, Tanner H 667667 Hollingsworth, Luke X LLLLWW Edmonds, Jillian Olivia U 514142 Judd, Lauren D 115322 56 Harrison, Connor U 454453 Judd, Skye D 115322 56 Hays, Robert D 756477 Larsen, Zachary N WLSLWW Kingsford, Abigail H 554566 Moore, McKinzie A 677666 Martellaro, Jordan X LWSWWS WLL Revense, Kylie D 477755 Shackelford, Daniel X SLSSLW Ricks, Jill D 477755 Shackelford, David X SLSSLW Shaw, Deanna H 777774 Troff, Eric X LWSWWS WLL Smith, Shelby H 564566 Warren, Hayden D 756477 Skyline HS Clearfield HS Li, Dixon C 44 Roybal, Amber Y 677777 Li, Dixon U 455455 Cottonwood HS Li, Dixon I 7 Cramer, Robert D 556565 Pazzi, Lisa C 44 Devenport, Shay A 744576 Pazzi, Lisa I 5 Ellsworth, Kayt A 775766 Viewmont HS Moore, Stephen D 556565 Brown, Jordan N SWWSWS WLL Ricci, Andy H 736657 Kunzler, Nicole N SWWSWS WLL Davis HS VERMONT Mitchell, Anthony F 322354 Burlington HS Richards, Benson U 415323 Lantz, Keenan I 15 Stevenson, James U 441244 Lantz, Keenan F 454354 Grand County HS Champlain Valley Union HS Henderson, Hailey A 656364 Bates, Taylor F 545543 Granger HS Beaton, Alex N LLBWLS Candland, Samantha Y 777776 Jacobson, Alec N LLBWLS Hillcrest HS Woodstock Union HS Larsen, Sean C 2368 Gray, Noah I 3N Larsen, Sean I 24 Gray, Noah N SSWWLW LWWWWL Larsen, Sean N SLWWSS Harris, Charles I 4 Liodakis, Manoli I 4 Harris, Charles N SSWWLW LWWWWL Liodakis, Manoli C 427 VIRGINIA Liodakis, Manoli N SLWWSS Battlefield HS Pedersen, Jeff F 432341 Daniels, Luke D 373524 Pedersen, Jeff C 531425 Daniels, Zach D 373524 Intermountain Christian School Blacksburg HS Ingram, Adam F 544344 Chung, Min Jin X WSLSWS Ingram, Adam C 55 Goette Luciak, Carl David F 121112 213356 Soraiz, Amanda I 34 Hopkins, Sam H 211123 3235 Jordan HS Kapania, Esha X WSLSWS Ayre, Abbey Y 545566 Klein, Landon U 253232 Juan Diego Catholic HS Luke, Nikki C 2516 Grange, Robert L LLSWSL Luke, Nikki U 444435 Martin, Ellen N SSLLSS McDearis, Kat D 365674 McConnell, Samuel Edward F 211211 66 Puri, Shivesh F 311121 55 McConnell, Samuel Edward C 24117 Willis, Robin D 365674 Ota, Taylor N SSLLSS Wright, Brianna A 565334 Judge Memorial Catholic HS Broad Run HS Doeier, Craig C 2535 Friedman, Kelly X SSSSLL Doeier, Craig F 542455 Hayden, Katherine X LLSSLS Layton Christian Academy Miles, Scott X LLSSLS Keyes, Dustin N SLSLSL Prasad, Rei X SSSSLL Six, Philip N SLSLSL Cave Spring HS Logan HS Fredstrom, Heidi Kilen L SSWSLL Dahl, Andrew X SWSSWL Fresta Valley Christian School Dennison, Jim L SSWSLW Beals, Gabby D 563313 152 VIRGINIA WASHINGTON Patti, Matthew D 563313 Loos, Alyssa N WLSLBL Madison County HS Scherich, Chelsey L I 7 Scott, Ena P 112232216 Scherich, Chelsey L N WLSLBL Scott, Ena A 555315 Kingston HS Squire, Rory Y 111311 1326 Murdock, Frank L WSSLWW WLWL Randolph Macon Academy Murdock, Mitch F 121214 66 Galewski, Martha Y 242334 Murdock, Mitch C 211715 Gerber, Kaleb N LLSLSS Lewis And Clark HS Mangen, K. Carter N LLSSWS Dietz, Jeremy L LSSLSL McCotter, Nora N LLSSWS Mead HS Morris, Brennan C 3123615 Brown, Andrea A 756766 Morris, Brennan F 322123 Myers, Andrew X WSSWSW WWLL Nell, Marianne N LLSLSS Wolfe, Thomas X WSSWSW WWLL Pratt, Valerie B 65 Mount Vernon HS Pratt, Valerie P 65 Niemi, Rebar L WWSLLB Ramundo, Max U 323324 Renton HS Sherando HS Eng, Terrence D 446545 Byrd, Christopher P 14236 Lewis, Redal H 622366 Byrd, Christopher A 252224 54 Trowbridge, Seth D 446545 Byrd, Christopher B 46 Ridgefield HS Dingess, Jimmy E 67 Bisbee, Donovan S. E 1246 Dingess, Jimmy N LLSLLL Bisbee, Donovan S. I 14 Kabir, Fariha P 1254 Bisbee, Donovan S. C 2266 Kabir, Fariha I 4 Bisbee, Donovan S. U 331211 36 Kabir, Fariha N LLSLLL Green, Nick C 236 Oher, Cody P 113268 Green, Nick I 4 Oher, Cody H 413244 24 Green, Nick U 545354 Oher, Cody B 6134 Smith, Christopher David T 4 Willis, Katherine T 4 Smith, Christopher David B 66 Willis, Katherine P 417 Smith, Christopher David P 75 Willis, Katherine Y 526342 Saint George's School Willis, Katherine B 66 Gunn, John X WWLSWL The Potomac School LeDuc, Joe X WWLSWL Batmangelidg, Esfandyar L WSWLWF Seattle Academy Of Arts & Science Gerchick, Adam L SSSWWF Larson, Lauren E 414 West Springfield HS Larson, Lauren Y 544476 Strickland, Justin B 24336 Shorecrest HS Strickland, Justin P 45 Cho, Max C 147 Strickland, Justin H 735464 Cho, Max I 234 WASHINGTON Cho, Max N LWLSSW Auburn Riverside HS Hill, Bruce I 27 Keith, Shannon Y 554554 Hill, Bruce C 66 Central Valley HS Hill, Bruce N LWLSSW Ganas, James F 523544 Snohomish HS Krueger, Leslie H 777777 Clavadetscher, Susie T 4 Rice, Theora U 545534 Clavadetscher, Susie H 556442 Rice, Theora B 66 Clavadetscher, Susie P N5 Edmonds Homeschool Resource Center Cole, Colin Joseph I 3135 Saba, Elliot Nabil D 444663 Cole, Colin Joseph F 412444 Saba, Erika D 444663 Cole, Colin Joseph B 65 Federal Way HS Hare, Eric Riemer C 1313345 Bush, Jed U 553453 Harrell, Emily T 4 Cantu, Paul E. D 452664 Harrell, Emily B 65 Huisinga, Mollee L LSSWSS Harrell, Emily Y 736553 Johnson, Eleanor Lee H 464446 Helle, Catherine F 224442 Patin, Felicia A 253546 Helle, Catherine T 4 Willis, Justin L D 452664 Tahoma Senior HS Gig Harbor HS Slater, Micheal David L SSSSWW LWWWL Barnett, Blake X SSSLWS Stark, Sarah I 4 Bergus, Katie U 245443 Stark, Sarah A 776664 Duffy, Jennifer F 354443 The Annie Wright School Humble, Allison X SSSSWS Danaparamita, Aria N WSSSSL Stroh, Kelly X SSSSWS Saudagaran, Mina N LLLLSS Thompson, Corey X SSSLWS Siverly, Lauren N LLLLSS Gonzaga Prep HS Vora, Sonia N WSSSSL Abate, Joseph C. N WLSLSS Thomas Jefferson HS Cummings, Genevieve A U 343364 Boler, Anthony T 4 Dykes, Victoria E. F 342145 Boler, Anthony H 513545 Faller, August V L LLSWWW Colvin, Amy E 54 Peterson, Isaiah T N WLSLSS Lopez, Erin B 36 Smentek, David N LWWSSL Lopez, Erin Y 555727 Weigand, Melanie M N LWWSSL Parker, Isaiah T 214 Holy Names Academy Parker, Isaiah D 315634 Abrahamson, Jenny X WLSWSS Spampinato, Danielle D 315634 Valdez, Roxanne X LLLWLL Stocks, Jessica A 452142 Vitolo, Natalle X LLLWLL Stocks, Jessica B 77 Wheelwright, Lauren X WLSWSS University HS Kamiak HS Adolfson, Kayla A 777776 Jeong, Sam B 45 Campbell, Allie D 477756 Jeong, Sam A 542365 Dunbrasky, Danielle D 477756 Jeong, Sam T 6 Dunbrasky, Danielle P 57 Lawrenz, Kate I 125 Fried, Heather Y 535356 Lawrenz, Kate C 3255 Fried, Heather E 624 Kentlake HS WISCONSIN Loos, Alyssa I 7 153 WISCONSIN WISCONSIN Algoma HS Miller, Ian X WWWWSW LWWWL Zeitler, Bethany T 1315 Schroeckethaler, Kyle X WWWWSW LWWWL Zeitler, Bethany H 357766 Westbrook, Clint X LWSWWS LL Zeitler, Bethany B 44 WYOMING Zeitler, Bethany E 76 Campbell County HS Appleton East HS Cheney, Scott T 1115 Huebner, Jenna B 2114313125 Cheney, Scott A 554426 Huebner, Jenna A 641431 Knutson, Will I 6 Johnson, Elliot D 776763 Mock, Kaiser C 68 Krueger, Kyle T 37 Mock, Kaiser X LWLLWB Krueger, Kyle H 412221 1246 Nedved, Rachel I 36 Lindsey, Mark I 5 Nedved, Rachel X LWLLWB Lindsey, Mark C 635 Cheyenne Central HS Lindsey, Mark N WLSSSW Fisher, Lukas I 36 Moore, Shawn D 776763 Fisher, Lukas L LSSLWS Peterson, Caitlin C 1145 Cheyenne East HS Peterson, Caitlin F 432243 Breckenridge, Lauren D 432352 Ponschock, Brandon B 25226 Gathers, Evan P 3634 Ponschock, Brandon A 624521 Powers, Thomas B 417 Rogers, Katherine B 45 Powers, Thomas D 432352 Rogers, Katherine D 463521 Randall, Eleya P 66 Sheptoski, Jeffry B 111635 Randall, Eleya X WLLLLL Sheptoski, Jeffry D 463521 Sanford, Cody E 265 Talbert, Leah P 44 Sanford, Cody X WLLLLL Talbert, Leah N WLSSSW Cody HS Appleton West HS Ajax, Caitlin C 167 Altekruse, Jason F 545445 Ajax, Caitlin N LWLSWW Nedungadi, Rashmika N LLWLLS Fraser, Jayme E 322525 Nedungadi, Rushni N LLWLLS Fraser, Jayme N LWLSWW Brookfield East HS Welch, Holli P 2257 Meidl, Michael H 217523 Welch, Holli A 453477 Meidl, Michael T 225 White, Sienna P 335 James Madison Memorial HS White, Sienna H 656456 Arbaje, Sarah B 12287 Douglas HS Arbaje, Sarah A 767647 Brown, Elizabeth Y 324555 Caldwell, Brendan L SLLLLS Nordwick, Spencer A 312341 62 Kong, Lingran N SWWSLW LL Green River HS Li, Albert Y 164314 Andrews, Chris C 1N Scales, Matthew P. B 12166 Andrews, Chris U 444122 Scales, Matthew P. D 531355 Borchardt, Jacob D 354513 Seshadri, Abilash N WSLWLW Borchardt, Jacob P 66 Shen, Valerie I 324 Finley, Cameron D 354513 Shen, Valerie N SWWSLW LL Krysl, Erica D 476535 Tate, Christopher J P 2431325 Krysl, Erica P 66 Tate, Christopher J D 531355 McClure, Randi C 66 Wang, Rachel T. N WSLWLW McClure, Randi X LLLSSL Woodbury, Colin B 2416 Pauli, Amy X LLLSSL Woodbury, Colin A 636562 Schalow, Elle Y 415337 Yi, Yi U 544423 Shockley, Zola D 476535 Yi, Yi C 67 Shockley, Zola P 66 Kimberly HS Greybull HS Stuyvenberg, Jessica U 444454 Conner, Michael P 12157 Stuyvenberg, Jessica C 65 Conner, Michael H 341653 Marquette Univ HS Hot Springs Co HS Andersen, Peter H 245514 Leonhardt, David L LLSLLL Benson, Ben F 454453 Kelly Walsh HS Hoffmann, Michael X SLSLWL Brazil, Leslie L. N LWSWLS Hope, Samuel L SWLLSL Creel, John N LWSWLS Mackay, Jack X SLSLWL Lander Valley HS Milwaukee HS Of The Arts Lewis, Patrick P 2156 Ludwig, Alyssa D 732664 Lewis, Patrick H 325154 Raasch, Cody I 7 Newcastle HS Raasch, Cody D 732664 Stith, Trevor C 57 Ray-Alden, Alyssa I 4 Stith, Trevor L LLLSLL Wisniewski, Kirsten E 313515 Weaver, Skye H 326343 Wisniewski, Kirsten Y 413722 Weaver, Skye C 57 Neenah HS Powell HS Kriha, Andrew J L LLWSSS Condie, Matthew P 3535 New London HS Condie, Matthew D 374664 Glynn, Travis Y 131652 Eckerdt, Preston D 374664 Glynn, Travis I 24 Eckerdt, Preston I 5 Glynn, Travis P 3345 Eckerdt, Preston P 627 Nicolet HS Nickles, Josey A 214442 Coats, Brittany X SLSLSS Nickles, Josey T 6 Loxton, Abby X SLSLSS Riverton HS Schwartz, Jason U 555452 King, Amanda L SLSLLS Schwartz, Jason C 7337 Peck, Robert H C 46 Rufus King HS Peck, Robert H U 553441 Bailey, Kevin L C 1145 Rock Springs HS Bailey, Kevin L F 321333 Fahlsing, Anna F 445554 Bailey, Kevin L E 54 Sheridan HS Sheboygan South HS Beagle, Sarah I 6 Benz, Cyndi U 314541 Bear, Samuel Wyatt Y 431533 Harms, Melissa Y 643336 Bear, Samuel Wyatt B 635 Stevens Point HS Bear, Samuel Wyatt E 77 154Iyengar, Navneeth X LWSWWS LL WYOMING Coonis, Brad E 245 Coonis, Brad B 3155 Coonis, Brad Y 532446 Coonis, Brad T Q Shoshoni HS Fross, Zeb F 141421 Wheatland HS Allbright, Taylor E 527 Worland HS Bryngelson, Brian X SLSLLL Waterworth, Ryan X SLSLLL “What Happens in Vegas Goes in the Rostrum” (Quote from Desert Lights bumper sticker) A special “thank you” to Mr. William Hicks from Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School, IN. Each year Mr. Hicks takes several photos at the national tournament for the Rostrum. This year Mr. Hicks took 1000+ photos. Thank you for providing photos for the 2008 September Rostrum. 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Grand National Sponsor Lincoln Financial Group The Schwan Food Company H. B. Mitchell Memorial Fund John C. Stennis Center for Public Services Phyllis Flory Barton Memorial Fund Colorado College Wayne E. Brown Memorial George Mason University A.C. Eley Memorial Western Kentucky University Lanny Naegelin Memorial The University of Alabama Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation Auxiliary IDEA Dr. Paul Lorentzen Carmendale Fernandes Jason Mehta & Family United Nations Foundation Julia Burke Foundation Stronger Together THANK YOU SPONSORS! ��������� ��������� ��� �� � Ro s t r u m 163 CHECK OUT THE NEW NFL MERCHANDISE ONLINE! surf the store at www.nflonline.org Ro s t r u m 165 SQUIRREL-KILLERS 2008-2009 ORDER FORM PRINTED COPY CD E-MAIL PRINT/CD PRINT/E-MAIL POLICY DEBATE (CROSS-X): ($first copy/extra copies) COMBO COMBO Choose one of three subscriptions: (on printed copies of 4 or more of the same item, all copies are at lower price) Basic Subscription ___ copies ($90/$45) ___ $82 ___ $74 ___ $127 ___ $119 $______OR Basic + 6-mo. Updates ___ copies ($138/$69) ___ $124 ___ $110 ___ $193 ___ $179 $______OR Basic + 4-mo. Updates ___ copies ($122/$61) ___ $110 ___ $98 ___ $171 ___ $159 $______NOTE: same items available individually: Aff. 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Credit extended to schools/ coaches only. ___ Charge to Visa/MasterCard # ______Exp Date ______ PHONE 316-685-3201 S-K PUBLICATIONS FAX 316-685-6650 PO Box 8173 [email protected] Wichita KS 67208-0173 http://www.squirrelkillers.com 166 Vo l 83, N o . 1 New Meet NFL Staff A native Wisconsinite, Bethany is Adam directed the speech and debate familiar with the Ripon community program at his alma mater, Rufus from her work with the Ripon United King International Baccalaureate Way and her active role on the Fond High School in Milwaukee, du Lac County Comprehensive Wisconsin, from 1997-2008. Community Diversity Initiative. Winner of the Wisconsin Forensic Coaches’ Association (WFCA) 2006 The mission of the National Coaching Excellence Award, he sat Forensic League is what drew on the executive committees of the Rusch to the organization, given its WFCA, Wisconsin Debate Coaches’ commitment to embracing diversity, Association (president, 2006-2007), interconnection, and visionary Southern Wisconsin NFL District, leadership. Rusch explains, “The and for Congress at the National mission of the NFL mirrors my own Debate Tournament of Champions core values. I am thrilled to be a part (TOC). Jacobi has directed the TOC of an organization that empowers Congress and served as a tournament The National Forensic League youth to develop tangible, life-long official at the NFL national welcomes its new Director of communication skills.” tournament. He wrote the textbook, Development, Bethany Rusch. Student Congress Debate, and has Bethany earned her Bachelor’s been published in NFL’s Rostrum degree in Social Work in 2001, magazine. Jacobi was a consulting graduating Summa Cum Laude from educator for the NFL/US State Marian College of Fond du Lac. Department’s International Debate She will graduate with her Masters Exchange Program and has taught of Social Work in Spring of 2009 Congress at the Florida Forensic with an Administration/Management Institute. concentrate. When he is not involved in Bethany brings eight years of forensics, Adam enjoys the theatre non-profit management and fund and serves on the Board of Directors development experience to her new for the Milwaukee Shakespeare role as Director of Development, company. He loves the outdoors, having served as Executive Director being active, and food, explaining of the Family Resource Center of that he will try anything once. Fond du Lac County, Inc. Rusch Transitioning seamlessly back to also served as Chair of the Fond education, he muses that this is du Lac County Hispanic/Latino analogous to “what being an educator Leadership Group during her tenure NFL welcomes its new Coordinator is about -- taking risks. You can’t at the Family Resource Center, in of Programs and Coach Education, know if you are capable of doing addition to designing several new Adam Jacobi. He replaces Tyler something unless you give it a try.” programs and grant partnerships for Billman, who is returning to the organization. coaching at the collegiate level. Ro s t r u m 167 In Memoriam Dr. Francine Blake Berger Fran Berger and I once had a conversation about death and belief in the afterlife. Frannie said that she couldn’t believe that all the learning we derive from living is purposeless, just lost when we die. Of course, this conversation occurred as she was driving, and if you knew Fran, then you know we were probably lost already. But Fran was never lost in her true goal; Fran Berger’s life was about learning- hers and every student and young coach she met. She was one of the most generous people, never failing to offer to help anyone’s students, sending cuttings, reading cases, offering advice. At the same time she was a fierce competitor- I have never known anyone who worked harder for her children. Fran got up hours before Miami Palmetto started to coach at two middle schools, and then stayed late with her team. When people wondered how Miami Palmetto dominated tournaments, I would always tell them, “Just work as hard as Fran does.” Fran was the coach few of us can be: the person who can coach brilliantly in Policy Debate and Humorous Interp, Oratory and L-D; she helped her students master every event. She had over 50 national qualifiers, and top-20 finishers in LD, Policy, Policy Speaks, Poetry, and HI. Her students won every national tournament, including the Tournament of Champions, multiple times. She was a District Chair, coach of one of the largest chapters in the nation, and a Hall of Fame coach. At the same time, the true story of Fran as a teacher is a remedial social studies class at Palmetto. Fran purchased toy soldiers and had students recreate civil war battles on a table in her room. Then, the students who other teachers couldn’t reach passed their tests. But Fran was not loved because she was brilliant; she was, without question, one of the funniest people in our activity, and her humor was usually aimed at herself. She was wise, kind, witty (despite rarely finishing a sentence), the legends of her talking her way out of tickets, singing with her students, getting her hair done in every city on the national circuit, and shopping her way through the circuit abound. I think every one of us who knew her has a “Fran story.” As much as Fran loved this activity and her Palmetto kids, she loved her family: Amy, a champion Lincoln- Douglas debater and now a lawyer and mom; Charlie, a winning Policy Debater and now a businessman; Dad, the always supportive Steven, her husband of forty-two years; and lately, her adored grandchildren. Many coaches in the NFL have successful records, especially in one or two events. Many are careful to avoid controversy, and many put themselves and their teams first. Fran won’t be remembered for any of these things because Fran was…well, Fran. She didn’t worry about what people thought; she said what she believed. She didn’t worry about how helping you might hurt her student down the road; she helped everyone’s kids. She wanted her students to be the best that they could be, but she kept the perspective and fun in the activity. Her magnanimity to her students and other coaches, her incredible talent and brilliance and her unmatched madcap fashion sense and fun will be sorely missed. Forensics will go on, but it will be a less interesting, less charming, less unique place without Francine Berger. by Lisa Miller Nova HS, FL 168 Vo l 83, N o . 1 Powerful InspiringWords by Vice President Garry Spence Lincoln Financial Group Li n c o l n Fi n a n c i a l Gr o u p Na t i o n a l Sp o n s o r