ANNALES ANNALES TURKUENSIS UNIVERSITATIS B 518 B Nada Kujundžić NARRATIVE SPACE AND SPATIAL TRANSFERENCE IN JACOB AND WILHELM GRIMM’S FAIRY TALES Nada Kujundžić Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2020 Finland Turku, Oy, Painosalama – ISBN 978-951-29-8144-1 (Online) TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS ISSN 2343-3191 (Online) SARJA - SER. B OSA - TOM. 518 | HUMANIORA | TURKU 2020 International dual doctorate NARRATIVE SPACE AND SPATIAL TRANSFERENCE IN JACOB AND WILHELM GRIMMʼS FAIRY TALES Nada Kujundžić TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA – ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS SARJA – SER. B OSA – TOM. 518 | HUMANIORA | TURKU 2020 University of Turku Faculty of Humanities School of History, Culture and Art Studies Department of Folkloristics Doctoral Programme Juno University of Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Comparative Literature Doctoral Programme in Literature, Theatre and Performing Arts, Film, and Culture Supervised by Professor Emeritus Pekka Hakamies Associate Professor Marijana Hameršak University of Turku, Turku, Finland Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Co-supervised by Professor Karin Kukkonen Professor Emerita Liisa Steinby University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway University of Turku, Turku, Finland Reviewed by Professor Lana Molvarec Professor Daniel Sävborg University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Professor Emeritus Ulf Palmenfelt Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Opponent Professor Daniel Sävborg University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia The originality of this publication has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. Cover Image: Matúš Mišík ISBN 978-951-29-8144-1 (Online) ISSN 2343-3191 (Online) Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2020 Za mamu i tatu, Matúša i Matildu 3 UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Humanities School of History, Culture and Art Studies Department of Folkloristics NADA KUJUNDŽIĆ: Narrative Space and Spatial Transference in Jacob and Wilhelm Grimmʼs Fairy Tales Doctoral Dissertation, 270 pp. Doctoral Programme Juno September 2020 ABSTRACT Owing to the lack of concrete information provided by the narratives and the genreʼs unspecified setting, narrative space in fairy tales has been largely overlooked or dismissed as an inactive background for the action. Research which has considered this topic typically views it in terms of its symbolic potential, studying space in order to learn about other narrative elements (e.g. characters) or the implied meanings of the texts. This dissertation views narrative space as a concrete, material aspect of the narrative which is significant in itself. The main research question posed in the dissertation is: what do fairy tales tell us about narrative space and what does narrative space tell us about fairy tales? The main aim of the dissertation is therefore twofold: first, it examines how narrative space is structured in fairy tales and how the fairy tale conveys space-related information; second, it asks whether there is anything about the traits and structure of fairy-tale space that can be seen as genre-specific, i.e. that sets the fairy tale apart from other short prose narrative genres. The research is based on a textual analysis of the English translation of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimmʼs collection Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Childrenʼs and Household Tales, 1857). While its primary focus is on fairy tales, the dissertation also considers other genres included in the collection (animal tales, legends, religious tales, etc.). The research combines the knowledge produced within fairy-tale scholarship (folklore and literature studies) with the methodological tools of narratology. By considering narrative space and spatial transference, the dissertation aims to prompt a reconsideration of the fairy-tale genre and its definitions. One of its key findings is therefore a revised definition of the fairy tale as a genre which encompasses two domains – the magical and the non-magical – separated by a firm boundary, which must be crossed in the course of the story. What sets this interdomain boundary apart is the fact that it can be crossed from both sides, but only temporarily and only if certain conditions are met. The examination of genres through the prism of the domain has led to a reconsideration of our initial genre classification and prompted the conclusion that aetiological tales, Schwank tales, and didactic tales, which were initially listed as independent genres, are modes (subgenres) rather than genres. The thesis also shows that fairy-tale space is dynamic and relational, and that the lack of explicit spatial information should not be seen as an indication of the insignificance of space, but rather an expression of the genreʼs stylistic parsimony. Although the findings are based on the study of the Grimmsʼ fairy tales, the dissertation aims to provide an analytical framework that is applicable to other fairy-tale corpora. KEYWORDS: fairy tale, narrative space, spatial transference, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, narratology, genre 4 Acknowledgements Like the fairy-tale protagonist whose success relies on the aid of various magical helpers and donors, I too owe the completion of the long and arduous journey from initial idea to finished dissertation to a number of patient and wonderfully supportive travel companions. I am grateful for this opportunity to acknowledge their contribution to this thesis. First and foremost, my sincerest gratitude goes to my excellent supervisors: Marijana Hameršak (Institute for Ethnology and Folklore Research in Zagreb), Pekka Hakamies (University of Turku), Liisa Steinby (University of Turku), and Karin Kukkonen (University of Oslo). They have been very patient, encouraging and understanding, and most generous with their time and expertise. I can honestly say that I would not be where I am without them. Marijana convinced me that this was an interesting and fruitful research topic, and, with her personal integrity and professionalism, has served as an inspirational role model. I am especially grateful for all the pep talks and her boundless, infectious enthusiasm. Pekka took an interest in my work when I first came to Turku as an exchange student, inspiring me to broaden my research horizons. He has always been an encouraging and stimulating interlocutor, as well as a calming presence. Liisaʼs high professional standards and insistence on excellence continue to be a source of inspiration, as well as a reminder that one can (and should) always do better. Karin gave me a much-needed boost at a time when I was running out of steam and generously shared her extensive knowledge of all things fairy tale. She helped me tune my time management skills and, through her insightful comments, brought out the best in my texts. All of them read more versions of this manuscript than I would care to admit, offering expert advice and helping me make sense of all the ideas brewing in my head. Their support extend beyond the professional as they also provided much guidance and encouragement when I was having doubts about my project. I am grateful and honoured to have had my manuscript pre-examined by three prominent experts in their respective fields: Professor Emeritus Ulf Palmenfelt, Professor Daniel Sävborg, and Professor Lana Molvarec. Their incisive and detailed feedback was essential for the finalisation of the manuscript. I would also like to thank Professor Sävborg for agreeing to serve as my esteemed opponent. 5 For the financial support which enabled me to travel in order to conduct research and write my thesis at the University of Turku and the University of Alberta, I am indebted to the Erasmus Foundation (the Join-EU SEE Program) and the Wirth Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies. In the course of my doctoral studies, I have benefited from the advice and professional support from a number of experts. I am especially indebted to Sapu Ato, who showed enthusiasm for this project when it was little more than a bunch of ideas, Andreas Stuhlmann, Elena Pnevmonidou, and Jack Zipes. Dean Duda and Stipe Grgas, who acted as pre-examiners at the defence of my thesis topic, deserve special mention for their kind guidance and insightful questions which helped me develop my initial ideas in new directions. My sincere gratitude goes to Anne Heimo, whose friendship, understanding, and practical assistance were integral for finalising the manuscript and preparing for the defence. I would also like to thank Clive Tolley and Osmo Pekonen, who provided invaluable assistance with the linguistic aspects of the thesis (proofreading and translating, respectively). Over the years, participation in numerous conferences, workshops, and seminars enabled me to engage in enlightening discussions with fellow researchers. I am indebted to all the organisers and participants in these events who provided insightful feedback on my work. The research seminars at the University of Turkuʼs Department of Folkloristics and the Department of Comparative Literature were especially vital platforms for exchanging ideas and learning from my colleagues. For their support and friendship, I thank Arbnora Dushi, Pasi Enges, Nikica Gilić, Jelena Gligorijević, Kirsi Hänninen, Tuomas Hovi, Kaarina Koski, Jaana Kouri, Merja Leppälahti, Suzana Marjanić, Smiljana Narančić Kovač, Sirpa Ollila, and the lively team from SIEFʼs Young Scholars Working Group (especially