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Productive Uses of Energy and Gender in the Street Food Sector in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa

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Productive Uses of Energy and Gender in the Street Food Sector in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa Productive Uses of Energy and Gender in the Street Food Sector in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa Page 1 of 165 29 January 2019 This publication has been realized within the scope of ENERGIA’s Gender and Energy Research Programme, funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy is hosted by Hivos, an international organisation that seeks new solutions to persistent issues. The views and opinions expressed in the publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect ENERGIA’s, Hivos’ or UK government’s views and/or official policies. Citation: University of Twente, University of Cape Town, MARGE and ENDA Energie (2019). Productive Uses of Energy and Gender in the Street Food Sector in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa. Research report RA2, ENERGIA Co ver photo: Sven Torfinn/ENERGIA. Rwanda, Kigali, May 2018. Angelique, works in central vegetable market of Kigali, where she operates a locally manufactured cutting machine, powered by an electric motor. Her enterprise is doing very well since it saves women a lot of time. Before vegetables likespinach, garlic or cassava leaves had to be cut and pounded manually. A third of her turnover goes back to pay for electricity. Together with other women she has invested in this food processing machine. Page 2 of 165 Productive Uses of Energy and Gender in the Street Food Sector in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa Mohlakoana, N., Knox, A., Ranzanici, A., Diouf, M., Bressers, H., de Groot, J., Pailman, W. and Sanfelice, V Page 3 of 165 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 20 1.1. Report outline 22 2. BACKGROUND 23 2.1. Scoping Phase 23 2.2. Second Phase 24 2.3. Lessons from methodology 27 3. USE OF ENERGY 28 3.1. Types of energy sources used and food products, by country, level of formality and gender 28 3.2. Location, gender and energy use 32 3.3. Multiple energy use 34 3.4. Reasons for the most used energy sources, by country, level of formality and gender 34 3.5. Reasons behind the use of electricity and gas, by country, level of formality and gender 40 3.6. Electricity for Lighting 42 3.7. Type of appliances used and desired, by gender 44 3.8. Conclusion/Summary 47 4. HOME ENERGY 49 4.1. Background - Free Basic Electricity policy 49 4.2. Data analysis 51 4.3. Country and energy use at home 53 4.4. Discussion and conclusion 55 5. WHY WOMEN DOMINATE THIS SECTOR 56 5.1. Literature 56 5.2. Survey Data findings 57 5.3. Gender observations by respondents: 63 5.4. Conclusion 65 6. EMPOWERMENT, ENTERPRISE AND GENDER 66 6.1. Introduction and conceptual background 66 6.2. Gender equality and empowerment – a conceptual model for empowerment analysis 66 6.3. Findings 68 6.4. Discussion and conclusions 87 Page 4 of 165 7. GENDER OF OWNERSHIP IN THE STREET FOOD SECTOR IN AFRICA 89 7.1. Introduction 89 7.2. Ownership by gender 89 7.3. Age of enterprises by gender 90 7.4. Size of businesses by gender 91 7.5. Age of business by gender 92 7.6. Level of education by gender 95 7.7. Marital status by gender 95 7.8. Location of business by gender 96 7.9. Development of business by gender 96 7.10. Gender shift in ownership and degree of development of enterprises by gender 98 7.11. Discussion and conclusion 100 8. URBAN GOVERNANCE AND ENABLING REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE STREET FOOD SECTOR 101 8.1. Senegalese Regulatory Environment 101 8.2. Rwandan Regulatory Environment 103 8.3. South African Regulatory Environment 104 8.4. Regulation, formalisation and the viability of informal enterprises.107 8.5. Conclusion 110 9. POLICY IMPLICATIONS – MESSAGES FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE111 9.1. Re-evaluation of the current regulatory paradigm 112 9.2. A need for integrated and innovative urban design, infrastructure and spatial planning for street food trading hubs 113 9.3. Promoting appropriate clean energy technologies and fuels through pilot projects and investment 113 9.4. Creation of platforms for information dissemination and sharing of best practice 114 9.5. Quantification of energy costs, sources and uses 114 9.6. Appropriate energy subsidies and incentives 114 9.7. Leverage on health and safety good practices 115 9.8. Set-up appropriate financing mechanisms 115 9.9. Promote bottom-up initiatives 115 9.10. Train and educate 116 9.11. Policy implications and recommendations 116 10. CONCLUSION 120 Annex 1 : REFERENCES 124 Annex 2 : COUNTRY CASE STUDIES AND WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 128 11.1. Country Case Studies 128 Page 5 of 165 11.2. RWANDA Case Study 128 11.3. SOUTH AFRICA Case Study 133 11.4. SENEGAL Case Study 140 11.5. SENEGAL National level indicators 144 11.6. SOUTH AFRICA National Level Indicators 147 11.7. RWANDA National Level Indicators 148 11.8. Workshop Proceedings: 151 Annex 3 : QUESTIONNAIRES 154 Annex 4 : ASPIRATIONS TO GROW 155 Annex 5 : VARIABLES MEASURED FOR THE EMPOWERMENT MODEL 170 Page 6 of 165 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: For their contribution in data collection and analysis efforts, the research consortium organisations would like to thank the following individuals: University of Cape Town: Gamu Mutezo; Ernest Matiwane, Nino, Richard Tsholoba, Lubabalo, Alistair Steward, Mascha Moorlach, Tsitsi Mketwa. MARGE: Anicet Munyehirwe, Jost Uwase, Ange Uwase Marie ENDA Energie: Yacine Gueye Diagne LEAD ORGANIZATION: University of Twente Contacts: Dr Nthabiseng Mohlakoana: [email protected] Prof. Hans Bressers: [email protected] PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS: University of Cape Town Contact: Dr Jiska de Groot: [email protected] ENDA ENERGIE Contact: Maimouna Diouf: [email protected]; Secou Sarr: [email protected] MARGE-NL Contact: Robert J van der Plas: [email protected] Page 7 of 165 List of figures Figure 2.1: Analytical framework based on the Theory of Change framework ....................................................... 23 Figure 3.1: Main type of energy used by country ...................................................................................................... 28 Figure 3.2 Main type of energy use by gender, Rwanda ........................................................................................... 29 Figure 3.3: Main type of energy use by gender, Senegal .......................................................................................... 30 Figure 3.4: Sold products and energy used ................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 3.5: Main type of energy use by gender, South Africa ................................................................................... 31 Figure 3.6: Product sold and gender ........................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3.7 : Type of cooking energy service by type of structure in Rwanda .......................................................... 33 Figure 3.8 Type of cooking energy service by type of structure in Senegal ............................................................. 33 Figure 3.9 Type of cooking energy service by type of structure in South Africa ..................................................... 34 Figure 3.10: Reasons for type of energy by gender, informal, Rwanda ................................................................... 35 Figure 3.11: Reasons for energy type by gender, formal, Rwanda........................................................................... 35 Figure 3.12: Reasons for type of energy by gender, semi-formal, Rwanda ............................................................. 36 Figure 3.13: Reasons for type of energy by gender, informal, Senegal.................................................................... 36 Figure 3.14: Reasons for energy type by gender, formal, Senegal ........................................................................... 37 Figure 3.15: Reasons for energy type by gender, informal, South Africa ................................................................ 38 Figure 3.16: Reasons for energy type by gender, semi-formal, South Africa .......................................................... 38 Figure 3.17: Reasons for type of energy by gender, formal, South Africa ............................................................... 39 Figure 3.18: Reasons for wood, South Africa ............................................................................................................. 39 Figure 3.19: Reasons for gas and electricity, women, Rwanda................................................................................. 40 Figure 3.20: Reasons for gas and electricity, Senegal ................................................................................................ 40 Figure 3.21: Reasons for gas and electricity, women, South Africa.......................................................................... 41 Figure 3.22: Reasons for gas and electricity, men, South Africa............................................................................... 41 Figure 3.23: Importance of electricity for lighting by country .................................................................................. 42 Figure 3.24: Feelings of safety when working at night .............................................................................................. 43 Figure 3.25: Reason of new appliances by country ................................................................................................... 44 Figure 3.26: Most desired appliances by gender, Rwanda.......................................................................................
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