Draft Initial Environmental Examination

November 2011

IND: Infrastructure Development Investment Program for Tourism — Project 2: Tamil Nadu

Prepared by the Government of Tamil Nadu for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 September 2011) Currency unit – Rupee (INR) INR1.00 = $0.02098 $1.00 = INR 47.65

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CRZ - Coastal Regulation Zone DoT - Department of Tourism DSC - Design and Supervision Consultants EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan IEE - Initial Environmental Examination PIU - Project Implementation Unit PMU - Project Management Unit RCC - Reinforced cement concrete ROW - Right-of-way SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement TA - Technical Assistance TTDC - Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

ha – hectare km – kilometer m – meter mm – millimeter

NOTES

(i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) ―INR‖ and ―Rs‖ refer to Indian rupees

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background 1 B. Purpose of the IEE 1 C. Environmental Regulatory Compliance 2 D. Report Structure 5 II. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS 5 A. Components of the Subproject 5 B. Implementation Schedule 8 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 8 A. Environmental Profile – Tamil Nadu 8 B. Environmental Profile – Component Specific 13 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 19 A. Location Impacts 19 B. Design Impacts and Pre-Construction Impacts 20 C. Construction Impacts 20 D. Operation and Maintenance Impacts 20 E. Cumulative Impact Assessment 21 F. Package Specific EMPs 22 V. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 40 A. Institutional Arrangements 40 B. Environmental Monitoring Plan 43 C. Capacity Building 44 D. Environmental Budget 46 E. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting 47 VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 48 A. Process for Consultation followed 48 B. Plan for Continued Public Participation 49 C. Grievance Redress Mechanism 49 VII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 50 VIII. CONCLUSIONS 51

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APPENDIXES: 1. Contract Clauses to be Integrated into Bid Documents 53 2. Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist 57 3. Environmental Management Plan Template 60 4. Environmental Monitoring Format 79 5. Sample Grievance Registration Form 80

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The India Infrastructure Development Investment Program for Tourism (the Investment Program) envisages environmentally and culturally sustainable and socially inclusive tourism development in the project states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand, delivered through a multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) modality. Project 2 includes the states of Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu.

2. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) assesses Project 2 subprojects for the state of Tamil Nadu. The IEE was based on a careful review of subproject site plans and reports; defined management plans (e.g., coastal regulation zones notified areas temple development plans); field visits, and secondary data to characterize the environment and identify potential impacts; and interviews and discussions with stakeholders. An environmental management plan (EMP) outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the subproject has been prepared. Subprojects will provide needed environmental and tourist infrastructure to improve the environmental management and quality of the sites towards preserving their ecological and cultural integrity. The subproject will conform to all Government regulations, policies, and standards, as well as Asian Development Bank‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).

3. The selection of components are consistent with the subproject selection criteria outlined in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) aimed at enhancing protection of these sites and enhancing their environmental quality. Subprojects are consistent with defined management plans designed to protect environmentally sensitive and cultural locations. Management plans guided subproject design and location, therefore, all proposed facilities in natural areas are located outside sensitive areas and sited in designated tourist development zones (as per Pichavaram mangrove management plan prepared by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department) and located away from sensitive habitats.

4. The project design incorporates the views of primary and secondary stakeholders including local communities and local officials who were all meaningfully consulted during IEE and project preparation.

5. The Project 2 includes additional environmental awareness-building to raise conservation values consistent with management plans and Tamil Nadu‘s environmental and tourism policies (which emphasize ecotourism) amongst local communities and local governments in order to ensure future sustainable development in and around these locations.

6. The environmental impacts of the project are therefore not significant and at Category B level, as per ADB's Safeguards Policy Statement. The specific measures stated in the EMP will address all adverse environmental impacts due to the subproject. Impacts are readily mitigated through careful siting, specific selection criteria for procuring contractors with demonstrated experience; execution of proven mitigation measures during the design; and adoption of good engineering practices during construction and implementation. A detailed monitoring plan prepared as part of this IEE will further mitigate negative environmental impacts during implementation.

7. Potential induced impacts are addressed through the following: (i) awareness-building of local management plans at proposed sites specifically addressing the need to regulate tourism related development and planning in the area through coordination with related government departments and local land use committees; and (ii) project-supported environmental

ii awareness campaigns in surrounding communities to encourage participatory sustainable development consistent with eco-tourism principles and in compliance with the state's tourism policy ecotourism aspects.

8. The Investment Program includes upfront and ongoing supervision and training assistance for environmental monitoring reporting in project management structures. The effective implementation of the measures proposed will be ensured through the building up of capacity towards environmental management within the project management unit (PMU) supplemented with the technical expertise of a Safeguards Specialist as part of the Design Supervision Consultants (DSC) and Project Management Consultants (PMC). Further, the environmental monitoring plans provide adequate opportunities towards course correction to address any residual impacts during construction or operation stages.

9. Category B is proposed for this subproject for the following reasons:

(i) No significant impacts are expected as subprojects are characterized by small- scale improvements (e.g., picnic areas, toilet facilities, rehabilitation of tourist welcome/info centers, etc.) which will improve environmental management and quality of infrastructure at tourist destinations. (ii) No natural or critical habitats or sensitive ecological areas will be impacted. (iii) Subprojects do not endanger heritage or archaeological resources, and further precautions taken under the Project include: (i) State Archaeological Department to review/clear all designs and supervise all works for the one state-level heritage site; (ii) heritage and conservation specialists of the consultant teams to do the same; (iii) State Archaeological Department-certified contractors with proven track record for working in heritage sites to be selected; and (iv) chance find procedures incorporated into the EMP further ensure that impacts are avoided. (iv) All subprojects were prepared in consultation with primary and secondary stakeholders where no objections were raised and inputs were incorporated into project designs. (v) The Project makes special provisions for environmental training and education to promote biodiversity conservation through participatory approaches with local communities. (vi) Induced impacts are addressed through the Project by supporting the implementation of management plans and state eco-tourism policies which support low- impact site and regional development. The state Forest Departments and Tourism Departments oversee these plans and policies. The Project‘s capacity building component works at two levels: (i) strengthening the capacity of state government implementing agencies at both their headquarters and branch divisions to implement these plans; and (ii) raising awareness and capacity to implement these plans at the community level targeting NGOs, community based organizations, and local government bodies. Capacity building will emphasize coordinated efforts amongst these different level stakeholders and will include joint activities to build partnerships. (vii) Induced impacts are also addressed through loan covenants that ensure implementation of relevant protected area management plans, government policies, and regulatory controls (such as waste management, etc.). (viii) Monitoring of civil works will be done by specialists on the supervision consultant team and relevant state and central government agencies.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

1. The proposed Project 2 (the Project) targets enhanced economic growth and provision of livelihood opportunities for local communities through tourism infrastructure development with a focus on preservation and development of natural and cultural heritage and incidental services. The Project supports the states of Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu to develop the tourism sector as a key driver for economic growth.

2. The Project aims to enhance contribution of the tourism industry to sustainable and inclusive economic growth for each participating state. Increased visits of domestic and international tourists to tourist destinations within each participating state would be the outcome of the Project.

3. The outputs of the Project are:

Component 1: Urban Infrastructure and Service Improvement (i) Ecotourism facilities at Pichavaram developed; (ii) Muttukadu and Mudhaliyarkuppam boat house areas improved; (iii) Tourist support infrastructure developed at 6 temples in the Navagraha Temple Circuit, Thanjavur; (iv) Tourist support infrastructure developed at 4 temples in the Navagraha Temple Circuit and 1 church, Nagapattinam; (v) Tourist support infrastructure developed at Alangudi Temple Area, Thiruvarur (vi) Poompuhar Tourist area, Nagapattinam, improved; and (vii) Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC) Beach Resort Complex at Mamallapuram, Kancheepuram, improved. Component 2: Improved connectivity (i) Tourist support infrastructure developed in gateway town of Thanjavur. Component 3: Quality Enhancement of Natural and Cultural Attractions (i) Important monuments such as Dansborg Museum at Tranquabar, Nagapattinam, restored and conserved. Component 4: Greater participation by local communities Component 5: Capacity Development, Community Participation and Project Management

B. Purpose of the IEE

4. This IEE assesses the environmental impacts due to the proposed subprojects in Tamil Nadu and specifies measures towards addressing the impacts. The IEE was based on a review of subproject site plans and reports; field visits, and secondary data to characterize the environment and identify potential impacts; and interviews and discussions with stakeholders. An EMP outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the subproject has been prepared. During the detailed design stage, the IEE/EMP will be further updated and stand-alone EMPs for each of the procurement packages prepared. These EMPs will be appended to the respective contract documents to enable integration of

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environmental provisions in the contract. The IEE goes further and provides sample contract clauses (Appendix 1) to be added to contract documents.

5. In accordance with ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), the project is Category B as no significant impacts are anticipated.

C. Environmental Regulatory Compliance

6. The realm of environmental regulations and mandatory requirements for the proposed subproject is shown in Table 1.The EIA Notification (2006) by the Government of India Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) specifies the mandatory environmental clearance requirements. Accordingly, all projects and activities are broadly categorized in to two categories1 - Category A and Category B, based on the spatial extent of potential impacts and potential impacts on human health and natural and man-made resources.

Table 1: Environmental Regulatory Compliance Subproject Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria i. Development of ecotourism facilities The EIA Notification (2006 and its  These subprojects are not at Pichavaram in Cuddalore District; subsequent amendments in 2009) covered in the ambit of the EIA provides for categorization of notification as they are not covered ii. Conservation and restoration of projects into category A and B, either under Category A or Category B important monuments at Tranquebar based on extent of impacts. of the notification. As a result, the in Nagapattanam District; categorization, and the subsequent environmental assessment and iii. Proposed Tourist support clearance requirements, either from the infrastructure in the gateway town at state or the Government is not Thanjavur District; triggered. Coastal Regulation Zone  Muttukadu, Mudaliarkuppam, iv. Proposed Tourist support Notifications (1991) and its and Mamallapuram are located in infrastructure along the main roads of subsequent amendments in 2011 Kachipuram District. The subprojects Thanjavur District; specify regulated activities on the are within Category III (CRZ -III), that is coastal area. As per notification, defined as areas that are relatively v. Muttukadu and Mudaliarkuppam the coastal land up to 500 meters undisturbed and those which do not Boat Area Improvement in (m) from the High Tide Line (HTL) belong to either Category I or II. These Kachipuram District; and a stage of 100 m along banks will include coastal zone in the areas of creeks, estuaries, backwater and (developed and undeveloped) and also vi. Infrastructure development works rivers subject to tidal fluctuations, is areas within Municipal limits or in other at 6 different temples in Thanjavur called the Coastal Regulation Zone legally designated urban areas which District; (CRZ). The notification imposed are not substantially built up. restriction on the CRZ.  As a result, (i) the existing vii. Infrastructure development works authorized structures shall be subject at Thirvengadu Temple, to the existing local Town and Country Vaitheeswaran and Planning regulations including the

1 All projects or activities included as Category A in the Schedule, including expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities and change in product mix, will require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) on the recommendations of an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) to be constituted by the Central Government for the purposes of this notification. All projects or activities included as Category B in the Schedule, including expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities as specified in sub paragraph (ii) of paragraph 2, or change in product mix as specified in sub paragraph (iii) of paragraph 2, but excluding those which fulfil the General Conditions (GC) stipulated in the Schedule, will require prior environmental clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). The SEIAA will base its decision on the recommendations of a State or Union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) as to be constituted for in this notification. In addition, GC of the notification specifies that any project or activity specified in Category B will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of (i) protected Areas notified under the Wild Life Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) critically polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) notified eco-sensitive areas, and (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries.

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Subproject Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria Keelaperumpallam temples in existing norms of Floor Space Nagapattinam District; Index/Floor Area Ratio (FIS/FAR); (ii) reconstruction of the authorized viii. Infrastructure Development of building to be permitted subject to the Alangudi Temple Area in Thiruvarur existing FSI/FAR norms and without District; change in the existing use; and (iii) the design and construction of buildings ix. Improvement to Poompuhar tourist shall be consistent with the surrounding area in Nagapattinam District; and landscape and architectural style.  Clearance from the Coastal x. Improvement to Tamil Nadu Regulation Management Zone Tourism Development Corporation Authority is required for the proposed (TTDC) Beach Resort Complex, interventions/activities in CRZ-III areas. Mamallapuram in Kanchipuram The Wildlife Conservation Act  All activities adjacent to the District. (1972, amended in 2003 and 2006) Pichavaram Reserve Forest (mangrove provides for protection and area) Pichavaram, Cuddalore. As management of Protected Areas. reserve forests are not considered as protected areas, management plans are not mandatory. Therefore no further clearance from Tamil Nadu Chief is required.  No trees will be cut during preparation of sites. However if tree- cutting is necessary, then a tree cutting permit will be obtained from the State Forest Department prior to construction. Water (Prevention and Control of  Consent for Establishment Pollution) Act (1974) (CFE) and Consent for Operation (CFO) from the Uttarakhand Air (Prevention and Control of Environmental Protection and Pollution Pollution) Act (1981) Control Board (UEPPCB) for all subprojects requiring, setting up of hot mix plants, wet mix plants, stone crushers and diesel generators. To be obtained by the Contractor, prior to construction. The Ancient Monuments and  The Danish Museum and fort Archaeological Sites and Remains in Tranquebar, and Nagapattinam are Act, 1958, and the rules, 1959 state-level archaeological sites. provide guidance for carrying out  Conservation and restoration activities, including conservation, of these important monuments are in construction and reuse in and line with the consultations and around the protected monuments. discussions with Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology.

Archaeological survey of 3

 proposed sites to be carried out to rule out any impacts on archaeological remains, prior to initiation of construction  According to this Act, area within radii of 100m and 300m from the ―protected property‖ are designated as ―protected area‖ and ―controlled area‖ respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the ―protected area‖ and development activities likely to damage the protected property are

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Subproject Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria not permitted in the ―controlled area‖ without prior permission of Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology. A No Objection Certification from the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology is required prior to awards of contract.  Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology will oversee all works on the sites to ensure works meet their standards. Permits for excavation, construction in the proposed subproject locations will be obtained by the executing agency prior to tendering of works.

7. The above table indicates that the proposed subproject will comply with necessary government regulations and ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) stipulates addressing environmental concerns, if any, of a proposed activity in the initial stages of project preparation. For this, the ADB guidelines categorize the proposed components into categories (A, B or C) to determine the level of environmental assessment2 required to address the potential impacts. The subproject has been categorized as B. Accordingly this IEE is prepared to address the potential impacts, in line with the recommended IEE content and structure for Category B projects. The IEE was based mainly on secondary sources of information and field reconnaissance surveys and stakeholder consultations. Stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the IEE. An EMP outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the subproject has been prepared.

8. The subproject is not covered in the ambit of the EIA notification. As a result, the categorization, and the subsequent environmental assessment and clearance requirements, either from the state or the Government is not triggered.

9. CRZ Clearance from the Coastal Regulation Management Zone Authority will be obtained by the executing/implementing agencies for the proposed components in Muttukadu, Mudaliarkuppam, and Mamallapuram prior to loan negotiations,

10. All activities adjacent to the Pichavaran Reserve Forest (mangrove area) Pichavaram, Cuddalore is in line with the management plan approved by the Tamil Nadu Chief Wildlife Warden. No further clearances required.

11. Consent for Establishment (CFE) and Consent for Operation (CFO) from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board for all subprojects requiring, setting up of hot mix plants, wet mix plants, stone crushers and diesel generators. To be obtained by the Contractor, prior to construction.

2 Level of environmental assessment required for each category of Project, as per ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) is as follows: (i) Category A. Subproject components with potential for significant adverse environmental impacts. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts; (ii) Category B. Subproject components judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for Category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE) is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. (iii) Category C. Sub-components unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are still reviewed.

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12. No Objection Certification from the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology will be obtained by the executing/implementing agencies prior to awards of civil works contract for the proposed component in Tranquebar and Nagapattinam.

13. If tree-cutting will be required during preparation of sites, permission will be obtained by the contractors from the State Forest Department prior to commencement of construction works.

D. Report Structure

14. This IEE contains eight sections: (i) introduction; (ii) description of project components; (iii) description of the environment; (iv) environmental impacts and mitigation measures; (v) institutional requirements; (vi) public consultation and information disclosure; (vi) findings and recommendations; and (vii) conclusions.

II. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS

A. Components of the Subproject

15. Table 2 provides a summary of each of the existing condition, need for the project and components proposed under this subproject.

Table 2: Description of the Subproject Components Proposed Subproject Description Need of Project Components i. Development of With the advent of tourist flow, the Currently the site is presented (i) refurbishment of ecotourism facilities Tamil Nadu Tourism Development mainly as a leisure and existing tourist at Pichavaram Corporation (TTDC) has recreation center with minimal center, staging area in announced this place as a tourist interpretation of the values (ii) construction of Cuddalore District; spot and listed it in state‘s tourist and importance of the community map from 1985 onwards. TTDC is mangrove forest and wetland. education centre for maintaining cottages, dormitory and Mangrove Forest restaurant for tourists. About 500 The development done in past Interpretation and tourists visit Pichavaram every day. are not up to the standard, not Education, and, This number increases to 1,000 per matching with the (iii) repairs / day during the rainy season. It is surroundings/context and reconstruction of estimated that 200,000 tourists visit done in haphazard manner. parking lot, the site annually. walkway, signage, The access to the premises landscaping, , and The site comprises of 5 acre and the parking facility are not (iv) procurement of staging area on the mainland for appropriate. There is no 10 motorized boat trips into the forest area as proper road/pathway inside vessels.

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well as three bungalows on a small the premises. The existing area an island about 200 m toilet block is inadequate. opposite the staging area. Ticket booth is small in size. The waiting hall and existing information centre are not in harmony with the surroundings. Garbage bins are improper and lacking in quantity. ii. Conservation and Tranquebar was founded by the The site is presented mainly (i) restoration of fort restoration of Danish East India Company in as a center with minimal ramparts and important 1620, when a factory (commercial interpretation of the values development of an monuments at settlement) was opened and a fort, and importance and in need of open air theatre Tranquebar in known as Fort Dansborg. It is now proper restoration and within the fort;

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Proposed Subproject Description Need of Project Components Nagapattanam a museum maintained by the Tamil adaptive reuse. (ii) upgrading of District; Nadu Archaeological Department. museum and visitor The repairs/restoration done in amenities; and past are not up to standards (iii) provision of bins, and not as per conservation signage and guidelines. Incongruent landscaping, materials have been used for development of repair works. The fort stone pitched premises require overall walkway and development, landscaping, restoration of water improved access, public tank. facilities, tourist interpretation centre, souvenir shops etc. The museum has very less number of exhibits thus do not create much interest to the visitors. iii. Proposed Tourist Thanjavur is an important center of Assessment show lack in (i) Overhead support infrastructure South Indian art and architecture overhead signages showing signages (5 in the gateway town and a gateway to the Great Living tourist information at the entry numbers)at entry at Thanjavur District; Chola Temples which are UNESCO points to Thanjavur. point to Thanjavur World Heritage Monuments. town; Thanjavur has few recreation spots At the Palace complex, there (ii) upgrade of tourist namely, Sivaganga Park, Rajarajan is lack of tourist interpretation information centre at Manimandapam and Tamil centre. Most of the time the Thanjavur Palace Conference Memorial Tower at the location of the existing complex; Tholkaappiar Square. The State interpretation centre or (iii) refurbishment of and Central Governments are trying information centre is not the existing to promote infrastructure and known to the visitors. There is information centre; tourism standards focusing on a need to upgrade the existing and Thanjavur. information centre. (iv) interpretative material. During the peak time access, parking, basic environmental infrastructure is felt inadequate. iv. Muttukadu and Muttukadu is famous for its The two boat houses are (i) construction of Mudaliarkuppam backwater sports activities like being operated and entrance arch with Boat Area boating and windsurfing (during the maintained by TTDC. security cabin, road, Improvement in month of February). The Muttukadu Improvements in the boat parking lot, office, Kachipuram District; Boat House comes up with various houses are necessary to toilets and reverse training camps and competitions for attract more tourists and osmosis drinking water sport lovers. It is also an ideal generate more revenue. water plant; picnic spot for all age groups. (ii) repair/renovation It is learnt that there are to existing buildings, Mudaliar Kuppam is a small village inadequate tourist support signage and known for its calm and picturesque infrastructure facilities and landscaping; and surroundings with backwaters and lacking in additional physical (iii) procurement of sand dunes. Boating, fishing and infrastructure facilities like boats and other water sports are some of the motor boats, waiting room, equipment major activities around the area. jetties, restaurants etc in the . There is a boat festival conducted boat house areas. TTDC is by the TTDC to promote water facing difficult to handle large sports in the state. There is also a number of tourists during beach island which can be reached weekends and during festival after a 15 to 20 minute boat ride seasons. from Mudaliar Kuppam Boat House. v. Infrastructure A cluster of nine temples, referred There is a demand from (i) construction of development works to as the Navagraha temples, bear temple administrators to add parking lots and at 6 different temples the common thread of their tourist support infrastructure accommodation

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Proposed Subproject Description Need of Project Components in Thanjavur District; association with the nine celestial facilities such as clean facilities; bodies referred to in Indian drinking water supply, public (ii) improvement of astrological beliefs. All of them are toilets, parking and bins for temple bathing located within a 60-kilometre radius solid wastes. tanks and existing around Kumbakonam in Thanjavur facilities; district. (iii) provision of drinking water, These temples have high potential toilets, waste bins, to attract pilgrim tourists across compost pits, lights, India and also international tourists electrical wiring, for its Cultural Heritage. signage, landscaping, solar systems, an escalator (at Swamimalai temple only); and (iv) construction of pilgrims‘ rest sheds, information centres and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) / stone / corrugated sheets covered pilgrim pathways. vi. Infrastructure Swetharanyeswarar Temple There is a demand from (i) construction of development works located in the town of Thiruvenkadu temple administrators to add rest sheds, at Thirvengadu The temple is quite large and tourist support infrastructure accommodation Temple, especially known for its unique facilities such as clean facilities and Vaitheeswaran and incarnate of Lord Shiva called drinking water supply, public reinforced cement Keelaperumpallam "Agora Murthi". Thiruvengadu toilets, parking and bins for concrete (RCC) temples in village is also famous for its unique solid wastes. covered pathways, Nagapattinam structure of pools in temples. (ii) provision of high District; mast lights, electrical wiring, signage, solar systems, bins, landscaping, toilets and drinking water facilities; and (iii) improvement of temple bathing tanks and facilities. vii. Infrastructure Abadhsagayeswaraswamy Temple There is a demand from (i) construction of Development of is one of the Navagraha temples. temple administrators to add parking lot, Alangudi Temple This is regarded as a 'Gurustalam' tourist support infrastructure dormitory block,

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Area in Thiruvarur where Dakshinamurthy is held in facilities such as clean toilets and District; great reverence, attracting huge drinking water supply, public bathrooms, rest crowds, particularly on the day of toilets, parking and bins for sheds; Jupiter‘s transit to the next sign, to solid wastes. (ii) Improvements to solicit Jupiter‘s protection from the moat around the afflictions. temple complex, including development of retaining walls, on three sides; strengthening of existing road; and (iii) provision of lights, signage and

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Proposed Subproject Description Need of Project Components bins. viii. Improvement to Poompuhar, also called The site is presented mainly (i) construction of Poompuhar tourist "Kaveripoompattinam" is an ancient as a leisure and recreation parking lot and area in Nagapattinam historic town situated in Sirkali center with minimal walkway, theatre, District; and Taluk (also spelt as Taluka) of interpretation of the values. water tank, 1 deep Nagapattinam District, It was once tubewell, pump a major port during the reign of The development done in past rooms and pipeline, Cholas. A beach and calm water are not up to the standard and and offer good bathing. TTDC offers not matching with the (ii) lighting, signage, shell-shaped cottages to tourists at surroundings/context. Also the landscaping, a moderate tariff. development works are done fencing, handrails. in haphazard manner. The site has lot of potential for development, it is still underdeveloped. The basic infrastructural facilities are lacking. The site requires landscaping, improved access, parking, lighting, walkways, drinking water facilities, development works at Kalaikoodam. Development of Ilanji Mandram with landscaping is required. ix. Improvement to This is a government run hotel and Assessment shows that there (i) upgrade of Tamil Nadu Tourism has one of the better location are (i) inadequate tourist entrance gate with Development among Mamallapuram budget infrastructure facilities such as landscaping and Corporation (TTDC) resorts. The beach adjoining the interpretation centre and (ii) illumination; Beach Resort resort is relatively quiet and calm lacking basic physical (ii) fencing facing Complex, which attracts thousands of tourists infrastructure facilities such as the East Coastal Mamallapuram in all through the year. drinking water supply and Road; and Kanchipuram District. sanitation facilities, parking, (iii) provision of solid waste bins. drinking water (reverse osmosis plant)

B. Implementation Schedule

16. Detailed design will begin by 2012 and is expected to be completed in 9 months. A total of 18 months construction period is being considered.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

A. Environmental Profile – Tamil Nadu

1. Physical Characteristics

17. Administrative Boundaries. Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of the Indian peninsula is, spread over 130,058 square kilometres (sq km). It lies between 80 5" to 13 0 35" N and 76 0 15" to 80 0 20" E and accounts for about 4% of the total area of the country. It is divided into 29 administrative districts, which in turn are further bifurcated into smaller divisions and sub-divisions, including a total of 16,317 villages. The state capital, Madras now renamed, as Chennai is the fourth largest city in the Indian subcontinent and 30th largest city in the world. It extends over an area of 174 sq km.

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18. Topography and Soils. The topography of Tamil Nadu broadly consists of the coastal plains in the east; uplands and hills as one proceeds westwards; the plains account for more than half the area of the state. Soils are classified in to six orders, 12 sub-orders, 20 great groups, 44 subgroups and 94 soil families in the hierarchy. The six orders are Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols, Mollisols, Ultisols, Vertisols. Inceptisols cover about 50% of the state‘s total geographical area followed by Alfisols (30%), Vertisols (7%), Entisols (6%), Ultisols (1%) and negligible area by Mollisols. About 5% of the area are miscellaneous land types, which include rocklands, marshes, urban areas and water bodies.

19. Climate. Barring the hills, the climate of Tamil Nadu can be classified as semi–arid tropic monsoonic. The maximum temperature in the plains is about 45°C in the summer and the minimum goes to about 10°C during the winter; the normal rainfall in the state is about 950 mm with an average number of 50 rainy days. The relative humidity is quite high for most part of the year especially from June to December. The maximum humidity recorded is during northeast monsoons. The minimum humidity occurs during the summer months. Between October and December, when north - east monsoon sets in, winds blow from north and northwest towards the east. In January and February, winds blow steadily from northeast, occasionally from the north and northwest. Between June and September, the winds reverse their direction and blow mostly from southwest. The maximum monthly wind speeds vary from 7 to 19 km/hour.

20. Hydrogeology. Tamil Nadu is water deficient state despite receiving approximately 950 mm of rainfall per year. Tamil Nadu has number of seasonal rivers; the, surface water resources are almost fully harnessed by impounding the available water in 61 major reservoirs and also in 39,202 big and small tanks. As per the estimates, 60% of the ground water resources have also been utilized. The groundwater tends to be brackish due to seawater intrusion.

21. River Cauvery is a major river in Tamil Nadu, which drains more than one third of the State. The quality of water is monitored by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board in 16 places along the river. The overall analysis of the data reveals that the faecal contamination all along the course of the river basin due to unhygienic anthropogenic activities and disposal of either untreated or partially treated municipal waste water into the river system directly or indirectly. It is observed that the water quality of River Cauvery meet the standards prescribed for surface water criteria under class ‗C‘ for all parameters except the parameters of total coliform.

2. Ecological Resources

22. The Forest department in Tamil Nadu is custodian of 22,845 sq km of forest land, which constitute 17.56% of the geographical area as against 33% targeted under the National Forest

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Policy, 1988. Nearly half of the forest area is subjected to heavy degradation on account of biotic pressure. The Nilgiris district has about 56.3% of the total area as forests followed by Dharmapuri with 38.0%. Dharmapuri, Erode, Vellore, Coimbatore, Thiruvannamalai, The Nilgiris, Dindigul, Salem, Thirunelveli and Theni Districts account for 79.8% of the total forest area of the state. Tamil Nadu is extremely rich in biodiversity but adequate attention has not been paid in the past to assess it effectively; as a result many species have become endangered.

23. Tamil Nadu has the distinction of a wide range of habitats in different sanctuaries, national parks and tiger reserves. The habitats extend all over the state. Most of the important mammals of india are found here. Among the rare and endangered animal species are the elephant, tiger, leopard, wilddog, striped hyena, jungle cats, jackals, indian pengolin, slender

10 lories, lion tailed macaque, sloth bear, bison or gaur, blackbuck, nilgiris taur, grizzled giant squirrel dugong and mouse deer.

24. Tamil Nadu has also the unique distinction of having a marine biosphere reserve viz., the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and also a hill biosphere reserve, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is noteworthy that the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is not only the first to be set up in India under the Man and Biosphere Programme, but also the only Indian biosphere reserve that has been included in UNESCO‘s global network of biosphere reserves. Table 3 provides a summary of protected areas in Tamil Nadu.

Table 3: List of Protected Areas in Tamil Nadu Wildlife Sanctuary Bird Sanctuary National Park Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Vedanthangal Birds Sanctuary Mudumalai National Park Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Karikili Birds Sanctuary Indira Gandhi National Park Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary Pulicat Lake Birds Sanctuary Mukurthi National Park Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary Vettangudi birds Sanctuary Guindy National Park Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Kanjirankulam Birds Sanctuary Gulf of Mannar Marine Park (21 Islands) Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Chitrangudi Birds Sanctuary Vallanadu Black Buck Sanctuary Udayamarthandpuram Birds Sanctuary Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary Vaduvoor birds Sanctuary Kunthankulam-Kadankulam Birds Sanctuary Karaivetti Birds Sanctuary Vellode Birds Sanctuary Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur Birds Sanctuary

25. The long coastline of over 1,000 kilometers forms a major natural resource with immense value for commercial, recreational and aesthetic purposes. The coastal stretch contains part of Chennai Metropolitan area, four municipal towns of Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Thoothukudi, Colachel and 21 town Panchayats/Townships. There are 30 village Panchayats and 13 villages along the coast notified by the MoEF, Government of India as Coastal Regulations Zone3. For regulating the development activities, the coastal stretches within 500 m of High Tide Line of the land ward side are classified into four categories of Coastal Regulation Zone. The ecologically sensitive areas along the East Coast are the (i) mangrove forest area of Pichavaram near Parangipettai (Porto Novo), (ii) bird sanctuary and wildlife and forest conservation zone near Point Calimere, (iii) oyster beds near Point Calimere, (iv) coral reef near Mandapam, (v) shell fishing area within Tuticorin harbour, (vi) sanctuary for coastal fauna at Kurusadai island, (vii) sponge beds at Manoli and PuttiIslands, and (viii) windowpane shell fisheries at point Calimere.

26. Wetlands are transitional zones that occupy an intermediate position between dry land and open water in Tamil Nadu. This term encompasses a diverse and heterogeneous assemblage of habitats ranging from rivers, flood plains and rainfed lakes to mangrove swamps,

3 MoEF has constituted the Tamil Nadu Coastal Zone Management Authority (TNCZMA), the Chennai Metropolitan Coastal Zone Authority (CMCZA), and District Coastal Zone Management Committee (DCZMC). The TNCZMA meets regularly to discuss the measures to be taken in the coastal area, for protecting and improving the quality of the coastal environmental and preventing and abating and controlling environmental pollution in the coastal area of Tamil Nadu. The chairman of the authority is the Secretary to Government, MoEF and the Member Secretary is the Director, Department of Environment.

11 estuaries and salt marshes. Important wetlands in Tamil Nadu include Kazhuveli tank and Pulicat lake.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

27. Land Use. The geographical area of Tamil Nadu is 13 million ha. According to professional survey and also village records, the land use pattern during 2000-2001 is indicated in Table 3. Analyzing the land use pattern of the state, it is found that 43% of Tamil Nadu‘s geographical area is under agriculture with a per capita figure of 0.0982 hectare (ha) of agricultural land. While agriculture and allied sectors account for nearly 62% of the total employment of the state, their contribution to economy is only 22%. The horticulture and plantation crops occupy a total of 753,985 ha of area.

Table 4: Land Use Pattern in Tamil Nadu (2000 to 2001) 1. Forests 2,133,654 2. Barren and Unculturable lands 475,850 3. Land put to Non-agricultural uses 1,978,320 4. Culturable Waste 348,640 5. Permanent Pastures and other grazing lands 122,585 6. Land under Misc. tree crops and groves not included in the Net area 242,990 7. Current fallow lands 1,085,385 8. Other fallow lands 1,139,522 9. Net area sown 5,464,376

28. Population. The total population of Tamil Nadu is 62,110,839 as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2001. In terms of population, it holds the sixth position among the States and Union territories in the country. Tamil Nadu is not only one of the most populous states of India but also densely populated. Density of population in Tamil Nadu is 478 persons per sq km whereas the national average is 324 persons per sq km.

29. The sex ratio (i.e., the number of females per thousand males) of population in the State has improved from 974 in the previous census to 986 in the present census. The literacy rate in the State has shown remarkable improvement. This has increased to 73.47% (40,624,398 persons) when compared to 62.66% ten years back during 1991 Census.

30. Agriculture. Tamil Nadu is gifted with 33 river basins, the largest one‘s being, Cauvery, Pennaiaru, Vaigai and Tamaraparani. Of the total area in the state, 59.2% is under cultivation (not including forestlands). Rice and various pulses are grown extensively here. The annual food grain production exceeds 10 million tonnes, with rice alone contributing average 8 million tonnes. The main cash crops grown in the state are sugarcane, tobacco, chillies, and cotton, giving rich scope for the growth and development of the sugar, alcohol-based and textile 11 industries. Other state-sponsored schemes include the large-scale cultivation of spices and oil seeds particularly groundnut, seasmum, castor and coconut. Sunflower has become increasingly popular in recent times. The diverse agro-ecological conditions also make this land ideal for growing fruits and vegetables. The state ranks first in the yield of mangoes and fourth in bananas and grapes.

31. Maritime Resources. Tamil Nadu has a long and glorious tradition of maritime activities. The tropical climate is conducive for the breeding varieties of fishes throughout the year. The total fish production in the inland fishing was 1.01 lakh tonnes during 1996-97. However the marine fish products were in the order of 3.56 lakh tonnes. Moreover, the potential for inland

12 fishing has not been utilized completely; pollution of coastal water is resulting in decreased catch per unit effort.

32. Mineral Resources. Minerals like limestone, lignite, granite, clay, gypsum, feldspar and graphite found abundantly in Tamil Nadu. Besides these, small quantities of gold, copper, magnesite, kaolin, bauxite, asbestos, etc. are also found here. Many industrial units have been set up for optimum utilisation of these mineral resources.

33. Industries. Being one of the most industrialised states of the country, the growth of factories and the number of persons employed in the industrial sector is quite high. The government of tamil nadu has promoted more than 120 industrial parks/estates all over the state. Developed industrial plots endowed with sound infrastructure support like, water supply, electricity, road link, communication facilities etc. Besides social amenities are available to investors. Further, the state government provides an attractive package of incentives to investors locating their projects in these industrial estates/parks.

34. Infrastructure. Tamil Nadu is ranked third in terms of infrastructure development among Indian states. Fairly well developed infrastructure and comfortable power situation offer a significant competitive advantage to Tamil Nadu in attracting investments. In terms of power availability, Tamil Nadu is one of the few states which is fairly comfortably placed in the power availability front. The gap between energy demand - supply is lower than all India averages. It is worthwhile mentioning that the state has also made pioneering attempts to harness non- conventional sources of energy especially wind power. In terms of water availability, the totally dynamic ground water resource in Tamil Nadu is estimated to be around 27,346 million cubic meters per year. The government has recommended that 15% of this should be reserved for domestic user and a similar quantum for industrial use - leaving enough ground water reserves to meet any additional new demands.

35. Tamil Nadu ranks second in terms of transport network. Roads and rail account for the maximum percentage of carrying goods. The state has a high percentage of surfaced roads spanning more than 138,500 km (as high as 64%). National Highways of length of about 2,000 km run through the state ensuring easy, uninterrupted movement of goods and passengers. The efficient railway network accounts for a large share in movement of bulk cargo such as well as finished goods. At present, the railway route length in the state spans more than 41,000 km, the rail length per 1,000 sq km area is 30.91 as against all India average of 19.01 km.

36. Colleges and Institutions. There has been a rapid growth in the number of institutions imparting education at the college level. There are 19 universities; in addition, there are 102 engineering colleges, 135 polytechnics, 526 industrial institutes, 244 arts and science colleges, 27 colleges of education, 15 oriental colleges, 5 physical education colleges and 2 schools of social work. Of late, all universities offer courses in management science. Besides a host of other educational institutions. The total number of engineering graduates produced every year in different disciplines is well over 23,000. Apart from this, skilled labour produced is 65,000 every year. Hence, there is no shortage of skilled manpower.

37. Languages. The official languages spoken in the state is Tamil one of the oldest languages greatly influenced by its rich and colourful past. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade or so to preserve the purity and identity of the Tamil language. Today, one can hear several languages such as Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and other Indian languages being spoken in the state. English is spoken with considerable fluency in most parts of the state.

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38. Culture and Tradition. Tamil Nadu has a legacy of ancient tradition and rich cultural heritage. Dance forms like Bharathanatyam and various forms of music, including carnatic music, have flourished here for centuries. The awe-inspiring sculptures at the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram and other similar art forms and sculptors found in the state date as far back as the 7th century AD famous temples, which still stand in all their pristine glory in several parts of this land, speak for themselves of the rich heritage of the Tamil people. Handicrafts include the most intricately carved designs in wood, stone and metal. The exquisitely carved Bronze and Tanjore plates deserve special mention.

39. Tourism. Growth in population has led to the enhanced growth in tourism. It is now considered to be one of the fastest growing industries in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu is especially fortunate in having its ancient and rich heritage preserved, which serves as a main tourist attraction throughout the state. For centuries, pilgrims have traveled the roads of Tamil Nadu to visit famous shrines of saints. This tradition applies to all the religions in the state - Saivism, Vaisnavism, Christianity, Islam, and Jainism.

B. Environmental Profile – Component Specific

40. Table 5 provides the environmental profile of the subproject sites.

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Table 5: Environmental Profile of the Tamil Nadu Subproject Sites Protected Area (Yes/No); Archaeological Site (Yes/No); Forest Area (Yes/No); Subproject Description Proposed Components Environmental Profile Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Area (Yes/No); If Yes, Provide Information (i) Development of With the advent of tourist flow, (i) refurbishment of existing Protected Area - No The subproject site is located ecotourism facilities at the Tamil Nadu Tourism tourist center, 3-5 km away from the Pichavaram staging area in Development Corporation (ii) construction of community Archaeological Site - No Pichavaram Mangrove Forest Cuddalore District; (TTDC) has announced this education centre for The site is located on the area place as a tourist spot and Mangrove Forest Forest Area – No already developed by the listed it in state‘s tourist map Interpretation and Education, TTDC and allocated by the from 1985 onwards. TTDC is and, CRZ Area - No Tamil Nadu Forest maintaining cottages, (iii) repairs / reconstruction of Department as part of tourist dormitory and restaurant for parking lot, walkway, signage, attractions. No activities will tourists. About 500 tourists landscaping, , and be carried out near or visit Pichavaram every day. (iv) procurement of 10 adjacent to the Pichavaram This number increases to motorized vessels. mangrove forest. Flora and 1,000 per day during the rainy fauna in the site are those season. It is estimated that commonly found in 200,000 tourists visit the site developed/built-up areas. No annually. protected species have been recorded in this site. No The site comprises of 5 acre natural or critical habitats staging area on the mainland being impacted by the for boat trips into the forest subproject and no loss of area as well as three biodiversity. Sites are located bungalows on a small area an in or immediately adjacent to island about 200 m opposite habitats altered for human the staging area. use (open yards, existing facilities, roadsides, pathways, etc.). (ii) Conservation and Tranquebar was founded by (i) restoration of fort ramparts Protected Area – No No activities will be carried restoration of important the Danish East India and development of an open out near or adjacent to the monuments at Tranquebar in Company in 1620, when a air theatre within the fort; Archaeological Site – Yes, nearest body of water (Bay of Nagapattanam District; factory (commercial (ii) upgrading of museum and state-level archaeological site Bengal). Flora and fauna in settlement) was opened and a visitor amenities; and the site are those commonly fort, known as Fort Dansborg. (iii) provision of bins, signage Forest Area – No found in developed/built-up It is now a museum and landscaping, areas. No protected species maintained by the Tamil Nadu development of stone pitched CRZ Area - No have been recorded in this Archaeological Department. walkway and restoration of site. No natural or critical water tank. habitats being impacted by

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Protected Area (Yes/No); Archaeological Site (Yes/No); Forest Area (Yes/No); Subproject Description Proposed Components Environmental Profile Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Area (Yes/No); If Yes, Provide Information the subproject and no loss of biodiversity.

Improvements are designed to be consistent with state archaeological regulation. All construction work will be overseen by Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department to ensure high-quality work. The department was consulted throughout preparation of the subprojects and their view from the basis for all improvements. (iii) Proposed Tourist Thanjavur is an important (i) Overhead signages (5 Protected Area – No The works are small-scale support infrastructure in the center of South Indian art and numbers)at entry point to and located away from gateway town at Thanjavur architecture and a gateway to Thanjavur town; Archaeological Site – No sensitive buildings and sites. District; the Great Living Chola (ii) upgrade of tourist The site is about 1-2 km away Temples which are UNESCO information centre at Forest Area – No from UNESCO area. Flora World Heritage Monuments. Thanjavur Palace complex; and fauna in the site are Thanjavur has few recreation (iii) refurbishment of the CRZ Area – No those commonly found in spots namely, Sivaganga existing information centre; developed/built-up areas. No Park, Rajarajan and protected species have been Manimandapam and Tamil (iv) interpretative material. recorded in this site. No Conference Memorial Tower natural or critical habitats at the Tholkaappiar Square. being impacted by the The State and Central subproject and no loss of Governments are trying to biodiversity. No works will be promote infrastructure and conducted near UNESCO tourism standards focusing on sites. Thanjavur. (iv) Muttukadu and Muttukadu is famous for its (i) construction of entrance Protected Area – No The subproject sites are Mudaliarkuppam Boat Area backwater sports activities arch with security cabin, road, existing TTDC facilities thus Improvement in Kachipuram like boating and windsurfing parking lot, office, toilets and Archaeological Site – No the site is already a District; (during the month of reverse osmosis drinking developed area with no land February). The Muttukadu water plant; Forest Area – No acquisition is required. Flora Boat House comes up with (ii) repair/renovation to and fauna in the site are various training camps and existing buildings, signage CRZ Area – Yes; categorized those commonly found in

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Protected Area (Yes/No); Archaeological Site (Yes/No); Forest Area (Yes/No); Subproject Description Proposed Components Environmental Profile Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Area (Yes/No); If Yes, Provide Information competitions for water sport and landscaping; and as CRZ III (areas that are developed/built-up areas. No lovers. It is also an ideal (iii) procurement of boats and relatively undisturbed and protected species have been picnic spot for all age groups. equipment those which do not belong to recorded in this site. No . either Category I or II. These natural or critical habitats Mudaliar Kuppam is a small will include coastal zone in being impacted by the village known for its calm and the areas (developed and subproject and no loss of picturesque surroundings with undeveloped) and also areas biodiversity. Sites are located backwaters and sand dunes. within Municipal limits or in in or immediately adjacent to Boating, fishing and other other legally designated urban habitats altered for human water sports are some of the areas which are not use (open yards, existing major activities around the substantially built up.) facilities, roadsides, area. There is a boat festival pathways, etc.). conducted by the TTDC to promote water sports in the Civil works are limited on state. There is also a beach existing structures and boat island which can be reached houses. No new after a 15 to 20 minute boat facilities/infrastructure will be ride from Mudaliar Kuppam constructed on waterbodies. Boat House. (v) Infrastructure A cluster of nine temples, (i) construction of parking lots Protected Area – No Flora and fauna in the sites development works at 6 referred to as the Navagraha and accommodation facilities; are those commonly found in different temples in Thanjavur temples, bear the common (ii) improvement of temple Archaeological Site – No developed/built-up areas. No District; thread of their association bathing tanks and existing protected species have been with the nine celestial bodies facilities; Forest Area – No recorded in this site. No referred to in Indian (iii) provision of drinking natural or critical habitats astrological beliefs. All of water, toilets, waste bins, CRZ Area – No being impacted by the them are located within a 60- compost pits, lights, electrical subproject and no loss of kilometre radius around wiring, signage, landscaping, biodiversity. Sites are located Kumbakonam in Thanjavur solar systems, an escalator in or immediately adjacent to district. (at Swamimalai temple only); habitats altered for human and use (open yards, existing These temples have high (iv) construction of pilgrims‘ facilities, roadsides, potential to attract pilgrim rest sheds, information pathways, etc.). tourists across India and also centres and reinforced international tourists for its cement concrete (RCC) / Cultural Heritage. stone / corrugated sheets covered pilgrim pathways. (vi) Infrastructure Swetharanyeswarar Temple (i) construction of rest sheds, Protected Area – No The components are development works at located in the town of accommodation facilities and proposed in the surrounding

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Protected Area (Yes/No); Archaeological Site (Yes/No); Forest Area (Yes/No); Subproject Description Proposed Components Environmental Profile Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Area (Yes/No); If Yes, Provide Information Thirvengadu Temple, Thiruvenkadu The temple is reinforced cement concrete Archaeological Site – No areas of the temples and not Vaitheeswaran and quite large and especially (RCC) covered pathways, located in or adjacent to Keelaperumpallam temples in known for its unique incarnate (ii) provision of high mast Forest Area – No structures. Flora and fauna in Nagapattinam District; of Lord Shiva called "Agora lights, electrical wiring, the site are those commonly Murthi". Thiruvengadu village signage, solar systems, bins, CRZ Area - No found in developed/built-up is also famous for its unique landscaping, toilets and areas. No protected species structure of pools in temples. drinking water facilities; and have been recorded in this (iii) improvement of temple site. No natural or critical bathing tanks and facilities. habitats being impacted by the subproject and no loss of biodiversity. Sites are located in or immediately adjacent to habitats altered for human use (open yards, existing facilities, roadsides, pathways, etc.). (vii) Infrastructure Abadhsagayeswaraswamy (i) construction of parking lot, Protected Area – No Works are not proposed on Development of Alangudi Temple is one of the dormitory block, toilets and the temple structure. Flora Temple Area in Thiruvarur Navagraha temples. This is bathrooms, rest sheds; Archaeological Site – No and fauna in the site are District; regarded as a 'Gurustalam' (ii) Improvements to the moat those commonly found in where Dakshinamurthy is held around the temple complex, Forest Area – No developed/built-up areas. No in great reverence, attracting including development of protected species have been huge crowds, particularly on retaining walls, on three CRZ Area – No recorded in this site. No the day of Jupiter‘s transit to sides; natural or critical habitats the next sign, to solicit strengthening of existing road; being impacted by the Jupiter‘s protection from and subproject and no loss of afflictions. (iii) provision of lights, signage biodiversity. Sites are located and bins. in or immediately adjacent to habitats altered for human use (open yards, existing facilities, roadsides, pathways, etc.). (viii) Improvement to Poompuhar, also called (i) construction of parking lot Protected Area – No The works are not proposed Poompuhar tourist area in "Kaveripoompattinam" is an and walkway, theatre, water on any sensitive structures or Nagapattinam District; and ancient historic town situated tank, 1 deep tubewell, pump Archaeological Site – No sites and are located in in Sirkali Taluk (also spelt as rooms and pipeline, and surrounding urban area. The Taluka) of Nagapattinam (ii) lighting, signage, Forest Area – No subproject sites will be on District, It was once a major landscaping, fencing, built up area with existing port during the reign of handrails. CRZ Area – Yes infrastructure and

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Protected Area (Yes/No); Archaeological Site (Yes/No); Forest Area (Yes/No); Subproject Description Proposed Components Environmental Profile Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Area (Yes/No); If Yes, Provide Information Cholas. A beach and calm Categorized as CRZ-III government-owned land. No water offer good bathing. land acquisition is required. TTDC offers shell-shaped Flora and fauna in the site are cottages to tourists at a those commonly found in moderate tariff. developed/built-up areas. No protected species have been recorded in this site. No activities will be carried out near or adjacent to the nearest body of water (Bay of Bengal). The project is consistent with the CRZ rules. (ix) Improvement to This is a government run (i) upgrade of entrance gate Protected Area – No The subproject sites will be on Tamil Nadu Tourism hotel and has one of the with landscaping and built up area with existing Development Corporation better location among illumination; Archaeological Site – No infrastructure and (TTDC) Beach Resort Mamallapuram budget (ii) fencing facing the East government-owned land. No Complex, Mamallapuram in resorts. The beach adjoining Coastal Road; and Forest Area – No land acquisition is required. Kanchipuram District. the resort is relatively quiet (iii) provision of drinking water Flora and fauna in the site are and calm which attracts (reverse osmosis plant) CRZ Area – Yes; categorized those commonly found in thousands of tourists all as CRZ III developed/built-up areas. No through the year. protected species have been recorded in this site. No activities will be carried out near or adjacent to the nearest body of water (Bay of Bengal). Notes: Protected Area includes wildlife sanctuary, bird sanctuary, or national park; CRZ = Coastal Regulation Zone; TTDC = Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation

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IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

41. The assessment for each of the subprojects has been carried out for potential impacts during the following stages of the project planning and implementation:

(i) Location impacts. Impacts associated with site selection, including impacts on environment and resettlement or livelihood related impacts on communities; (ii) Design impacts. Impacts arising from project design, including the technology used, scale of operations, discharge standards, etc.; (iii) Construction impacts. Impacts resulting from construction activities including site clearance, earthworks, civil works, etc.; and (iv) O&M impacts. Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure built in the project.

42. The ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for Urban Development was used during preparation of this IEE to screen the subproject for environmental impacts and categorization of the project (Appendix 2). Table 6 provides the potential environmental impacts and the mitigation measures including the responsibilities for implementing the same. Subproject components assessed to have similar impacts (e.g. intervention in temple complexes) are grouped together.

A. Location Impacts

43. Land Acquisition and Resettlement. The proposed subproject locations are within the lands available with the government. There are no impacts envisaged on land acquisition or resettlement due to the proposed subproject components.

44. Site Selection. The locations considered for the subproject are within the areas designated for eco-tourism as part of developing Tamil Nadu‘s conservation, heritage, natural and cultural attractions, and are outside areas demarcated for habitat protection and conservation. The proposed infrastructures will not impact any environmentally-sensitive or protected areas however will require adequate provisions to minimize falling of trees and minimize cutting of slopes. The proposed development in temple complexes will be on the existing infrastructures that been developed and used already. Parking and connectivity improvements are proposed within available government lands and right-of-ways. No structural modifications are proposed in state-protected archaeological sites; to ensure that any location impacts due to the siting of the proposed tourist infrastructures in the periphery of the forts, an archaeological survey will be carried out prior to finalization of the detailed designs for the parking and interpretation facility. All designs will be reviewed by Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology and contractors will be selected from the approved Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology certified contractor list indicating those firms with proven track records on previous archaeological sites.

45. Priority is to locate construction work camps, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas near the subproject sites. However, if it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, sites to be considered will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Residential areas will not be considered to protect the human environment (i.e., to curb accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution and dust, and noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and crime). Extreme care will be taken to avoid disposals near the sensitive area like the

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Pichavaram mangrove forest. All locations will be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings.

B. Design Impacts and Pre-Construction Impacts

46. Impacts arising from the inappropriate designs of proposed facilities would in general include the inadequate drainage provisions, contemporary designs for the traditional and cultural environment, etc. Selection of materials, if not carefully chosen, will adversely impact the aesthetic appeal of the surroundings. The results of interventions are unobtrusive and will be integral part of the overall ambience so as to avoid impacts on the aesthetics of the site. Structural designs to be worked out in such a manner that exposed steel and concrete structures are avoided. All detailed designs for the ancient temples will be reviewed by Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology and contractors will be selected from the approved Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology certified contractor list indicating those firms with proven track records on previous Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology sites.

47. All component designs will be worked out to minimize any impacts on the adjoining properties, and considering the drainage and sewerage connections on the road. Given that the there is a need for disposal of construction wastes, the contractors will be required to consult with the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Panchayat offices, and Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board for safe disposal sites.

48. Telephone lines, electric poles and wires, water and sewer lines within the existing right- of-way (ROW) may be damaged. The mitigate the adverse impacts due to relocation of the utilities, the Design and Supervision Consultants (DSC) and PIU will:

(i) Identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of services during construction phase; and (ii) Require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services.

C. Construction Impacts

49. The impacts are generic to the construction activities in all subproject locations. All construction activities to be undertaken at the site will be approved by competent authority before start of any such activity in the vicinity of the site so that the history and sanctity as well as the usability of the site by the projected number of tourists are not hampered. Hence, the EMP emphasizes on the construction impacts and necessary mitigation measures to be strictly followed by the contractor and supervised by the DSC. Key impacts during construction, in addition to those pertaining to the direct impacts on the archaeological monument are envisaged on the following aspects: (i) drainage, (ii) quarry/borrow pit operations, (iii) water bodies and drainage courses (iv) dust generation, air and noise from construction activities, (v) handling of construction materials at site, (vi) adoption of safety measures during construction; and (vii) community health and safety.

D. Operation and Maintenance Impacts

50. The impacts pertaining to regulation of tourist movements, etc. will be addressed through an assessment of potential for sustainable ecotourism development. Planning of the extent of facilities and infrastructure in line with the carrying capacity as well as the involvement

21 of the local communities in the operation and management of the tourism facilities created in the project will address the operation stage impacts. Other impacts during operation of the tourism assets created in the project will be due to lack of appropriate maintenance of various tourist facilities created including toilets, parking facilities, and solid waste management of the tourist destinations. These impacts are proposed to be addressed through participation of the communities in management and operation of such facilities. The participation of the local communities will include but not limited to management of operation of boating and recreational facilities, parking areas, collection of wastes, operation of toilet facilities, timely clean up of waste disposed by the tourists and aesthetics through appropriate maintenance of landscaping.

51. The improved tourist facilities will greatly improve the environmental quality in and around the destinations and enhance the attractiveness of these destinations, While the enhanced tourist generation due to these improvements may not be significant, the facilities will enhance the site experience of tourists and pilgrims. The project will facilitate environmental improvements through the provision of training to operators for all sanitation and solid waste facilities provided by the Project, in order to sustain any improvements made.

E. Cumulative Impact Assessment

52. The cumulative impact assessment (CIA) examined the interaction between the subproject‘s residual effects (i.e., those effects that remain after mitigation measures have been applied) and those associated with other past, existing and reasonably foreseeable future projects or activities.

53. Two boundaries, spatial and temporal, were used. Spatial boundary refers to the area immediately surrounding the subproject location; while the temporal area considers the potential cumulative effects associated with subproject construction, and operation and maintenance, and those associated with other past, existing and reasonably foreseeable projects in the vicinity of the subproject. For the subproject, the spatial boundary is the area of the subprojects including existing ROWs. The temporal boundary can be considered as the districts where the subproject sites are located.

54. The subproject‘s potential cumulative effects were considered with respect to valued components (VCs), identified in the IEE as air quality, noise, surface water quality, geophysical (hydrogeological), traffic management, social-economic and socio-community, and human health. The cumulative impacts were assessed in four areas:

(i) Of any potential residual project effects that may occur incrementally over time;

(ii) Consideration of other known relevant projects or activities within the specified 21

study area boundaries, even if not directly related to the subproject; (iii) Potential overlapping impacts that may occur due to other developments, even if not directly related to the proposed project; and (iv) Future developments that is reasonably foreseeable and sufficiently certain to proceed.

55. Air quality effects will occur during construction. Consequently, although emissions of common air contaminants (CAC) and fugitive dust may be elevated in proximity to active work sites, this impact will be short-term and localized to the immediate vicinity of the alignment. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions may increase as a result of project activities (i.e., vehicle and equipment operation, concrete production, disposal of excavated material, land filling of residual wastes). Given the subproject‘s relatively minor contribution to CAC and GHG

22 emissions during construction, the overall significance rating of both these potential residual effects is considered to be negligible during construction.

56. Noise levels in the immediate proximity of most work sites are expected to increase during construction. The duration of this exposure will be relatively brief. This exposure represents temporary, localized, adverse residual effect of low to moderate significance for affected receptors. While building damage due to ground vibrations is unlikely, there may annoyance to spatially located receptors during construction. Noise levels associated with the subproject operations will be largely imperceptible as civil works will be confined in relatively small sites within the district proper.

57. Since the subprojects will be built in existing infrastructures, it will not conflict with existing or planned land use. However, traffic management concerns will occur spatially during construction. Site-specific mitigation measures will be implemented during construction to address temporary disruptions to land use, limitations on access to roads, sidewalk closures, traffic delays and detours, parking modifications, and increased volumes of construction–related traffic. There should be improved traffic movement along the alignment once construction is completed. During operations of the improved infrastructures and services, added residential developments, commercial and business facilities and increased densities are expected to develop and enhance the subproject area. This can be considered a long-term cumulative benefit of the subproject.

58. Adverse impacts such as localized disruption of vehicle traffic and pedestrian movements in areas along the alignment, and elevated CAC and fugitive dust emissions in proximity to work sites, elevated noise and vibration levels and visual impacts will occur during construction. These short-term effects will be mitigated by providing alternate travel routes or alternating traffic movements and, where possible, access to businesses, schools and residences. However, upon completion of construction the socio-community will benefit from improved tourism infrastructure. This is considered a long-term cumulative benefit.

59. No adverse residual effects to human health will occur as a result of subproject construction or operation. While exposure to elevated noise levels and fugitive dust and CAC emissions will occur in proximity to subproject work sites during construction, due to their short- term, localized nature, these effects are expected to be minor and insignificant with no measurable effects on human health. The subproject operations will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of tourism in Tamil Nadu.

F. Package Specific EMPs

60. The specific measures stated in the EMP will address all adverse environmental impacts due to the subproject. A detailed monitoring plan prepared as part of this IEE will ensure negative environmental impacts during implementation are mitigated. During the detailed design stage, the IEE/EMP will be further updated and stand-alone EMPs for each of the procurement packages will be prepared. These EMPs will be appended to the respective contract documents to enable integration of environmental provisions in the contract. A template has been attached as Appendix 3.

23

Table 5: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu

Location Impacts

1.1 Location impacts pertain Permanent Moderate        Location of the subprojects within coastal PIU/DSC to siting of facilities and areas will be finalized in conformity to the improvements within the provisions in the Coastal Regulation boundaries of the coastal Zone Notification. The proposed regulated zones and interventions will be mapped onto the temple monument CRZ zones, to ensure that there is complex and other conformity with the notification. Siting of cultural heritage the components and planning of destinations construction activities will be worked out to avoid sensitive ecological and cultural resource areas. Within radii of 100m and 300m from the ―protected property‖ are designated as ―protected area‖ and ―controlled area‖ respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the ―protected area‖ and development activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the ―controlled area‖ without prior permission of the (Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology. Along other significant tourist destinations, the siting of components will be in line with the master plan for the respective destination. All construction activities will minimize the clearance of trees wherever practicable. 1.2 Impacts on Permanent Major  An archaeological survey by the Tamil PIU/DSC

24

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu archaeological remains, if Nadu Department of Archaeology will be any, due to siting of carried out at the proposed site, to project components in confirm non-existence of any remains, in and around the protected the proposed site. In the event of the monuments. survey indicating any presence of archaeological remains, an alternative location will be identified in the vicinity, or the design of the proposed facility be modified to ensure no impact on the archaeological remains. Construction and excavation activities in prohibited and protected areas around the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology monument will be undertaken only after obtaining the necessary permits and clearances in accordance with the terms and conditions of a license granted under rule 13 of the Archaeological rules. 1.3 Lack of sufficient planning Permanent Major        In accordance with the provisions in the PIU/DSC to assure long term subproject selection criteria, the sustainability of the subproject design will include adequate improvements and provisions for ensuring effective ensure protection of the maintenance and protection of the assets assets created and the created so as to ensure the long term architectural character of sustainability of the sites. the surroundings. The designs will be worked out and implemented in accordance with the provisions. Further, the design guidelines for the project components will strictly conform to Tamil Nadu architecture.

2. Design and pre-

25

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu construction Impacts 2.1 Layout of components to Permanent Major        The project components (location of PIU/DSC/ avoid impacts on tourist information centre, parking, road Contractor sensitive areas alignment, locations where the toilet blocks, provision of water supply to tourists, parking, footpaths, signage, etc.) siting will avoid impacts on the coastal areas, mangrove areas, and temples/monument. Access roads to the construction sites will be worked out to ensure minimal impacts. 2.2 Increased storm water Moderate        Design of proposed components will PIU/DSC runoff from alterations of Permanent enable efficient drainage of the sites and the site‘s natural drainage maintain natural drainage patterns. patterns due to landscaping, excavation works in the periphery of the mangrove forest, boat areas, construction of parking lots, and addition of paved surfaces. 2.3 In areas of shallow water Permanent Moderate        At locations with shallow water table, the PIU/DSC table, ensure that the design of the septic tanks will be done to septic tanks developed, ensure that there is a difference of at do not impact the ground least 1.5m between the bottom bed of the water quality septic tank and the maximum ground water level, to avoid any contamination of ground water. 2.4 Selection of materials and Permanent Moderate        Designs to be worked out in such a PIU/DSC construction manner that exposed steel and concrete technologies, if not structures are avoided. The design brief

26

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu carefully chosen, will for all components proposed will strictly adversely impact the conform to the Tamil Nadu architecture. aesthetic appeal of the The usage of heavy construction destinations machinery within the existing premises will be disallowed, except for handheld equipments, if necessary. Any new landscaping elements will only utilize native species to protect local biodiversity 2.5 Integration of energy Permanent Low        The detailed designs for the subproject PIU/DSC efficiency and energy components will ensure that energy conservation programs in efficiency design of subproject components 3 Pre-construction Activities by Contractor 3.1 Construction Camps – Temporary Moderate        The construction camps will be located at Contractor/ DSC Location, Selection, least 1,000 m (1 km) away from eco- Design and Layout sensitive zones (Pichavaram mangrove forest and Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology temples) and 500 m away from settlements. The construction camps including sanitation facilities, shelter, canteen, first aid, health care, day crèche facilities must be adequately drained, and must not be subject to periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of swamps, pools, sink holes or other surface collections of water unless such water surface can be subjected to mosquito control measures. The camps must be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will

27

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu not endanger any domestic or public water supply. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water is adequately drained and stagnation is avoided from becoming a nuisance. 3.2 Defining of Temporary Moderate       Construction work area will be Contractor/ construction/work areas demarcated on ground. Free-standing DSC on ground, for activities fencing will be erected in advance of within 200m to 500m of construction works to protect the the High Tide Line in Monuments and known archaeological CRZ-III areas and features near to the construction footprint archaeological and any working areas. monuments No construction works, storage of materials be allowed within 100 m of the boundaries of such protected/sensitive areas. Planning of works to ensure that no entry will be allowed by employees/construction/site workers to the protected areas during the construction period to limit disturbance impacts on the associated habitats and fauna. Monuments /archaeological remains will be avoided during construction works by marking out the areas on ground. 3.3 Circulation plan during Temporary Moderate        Prior to commencement of site activities Contractor/ construction in the tourist and mobilization on ground, the DSC/PIU destinations and temples Contractor will prepare and get approved by the Engineer, circulation plan during construction for safe passage of

28

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu tourists/pilgrims during construction stage, including development of alternative access routes, traffic regulations, signages, etc., during construction. The Contractor with support of the PIU will carry out dissemination of these information and circulation plan at key entry points to the respective destinations. 3.4 Site clearance activities, Temporary Moderate        The commencement of site clearance Contractor/ including delineation of activities will be undertaken with due DSC construction areas permission from the Environment Specialist of the DSC consultant to minimize environmental impacts. All areas used for temporary construction operations will be subject to complete restoration to their former condition with appropriate rehabilitation procedures. 3.5 Drinking water availability Temporary Major        The contractor will be responsible for Contractor/ DSC and water arrangement arrangement of water in every workplace at suitable and easily accessible place for the whole construction period. Sufficient supply of cold potable water to be provided and maintained. If the drinking water is obtained from an intermittent public water supply then, storage tanks will be provided. 3.6 Identification of disposal Permanent Major        Location of disposal sites will be finalized Contractor/ DSC sites by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC and he/she will confirm that: disposal of the material does not impact

29

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu natural drainage courses or surface water bodies or low lying areas and that no endangered / rare flora is impacted by such materials 3.7 Ensure waste Temporary Major        Environmental specialist to work with management is local body to design improved waste addressed in design management plan for site. 4 Construction Impacts 4.1 Improper stockpiling of Temporary Moderate        Due consideration will be given for Contractor/ DSC construction materials material storage and construction sites cause impacts starting such that it doesn‘t cause any hindrance from obstruction of to tourists movement within the site. drainage, disturbance/ Stockpiles will be covered to protect from safety hazard to tourists, dust and erosion. etc. 4.2 Quarry / Borrow pits Permanent Moderate        Adequate safety precautions will be Contractor/ DSC Operations ensured during transportation of quarry material from quarries to the construction site. Vehicles transporting the material will be covered to prevent spillage. Operations to be undertaken by the contractor as per the direction and satisfaction of the Engineer. 4.3 Stripping, stocking and Permanent Moderate        The topsoil from borrow areas, areas of Contractor/ DSC preservation of top soil cutting and areas to be permanently covered (proposed site for information centre and other tourism infrastructure and from the road alignment) will be stripped to a specified depth of 150mm, translocated and stored in stockpiles. The stockpile will be designed such that the slope does not exceed 1:2 (vertical to

30

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu horizontal). Stockpiles will not be surcharged or otherwise loaded and multiple handling will be kept to a minimum to ensure that no compaction will occur. The stockpiles will be covered with gunny bags or tarpaulin. It will be ensured by the contractor that the topsoil will not be unnecessarily trafficked either before stripping or when in stockpiles. Such stockpiled topsoil will be returned to cover the disturbed area and cut slopes. 4.4 Soil Erosion Temporary Moderate        The work will consist of measures as per Contractor/ DSC design, or as directed by the Engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution. 4.5 Soil and Water Pollution Temporary Moderate        The fuel storage and vehicle cleaning Contractor/ DSC due to fuel and lubricants, area will be stationed such that water construction waste discharge does not drain into the water body. Soil and water pollution parameters will be monitored as per monitoring plan. 4.6 Siltation of water bodies Temporary Moderate        Silt fencing to be provided at all water Contractor/ DSC due to spillage of bodies near construction sites to prevent construction wastes sediments from the construction site to enter into the watercourses. The number of units of silt fencing to be installed is to be decided by the engineer. Haul roads on the site and approaches to the watercourse (or drains leading to watercourses) will be regularly cleaned to prevent the buildup of mud; areas of bare soil will be kept to a practical minimum to reduce silt runoff. No disposal of

31

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu construction wastes will be carried out into the river. Extraneous construction wastes will be transported to the pre- identified disposal site for safe disposal. 4.7 Generation of Dust Temporary Moderate        The contractor will take every precaution Contractor/ DSC to reduce the levels of dust at construction sites to the satisfaction of the Engineer. All earthwork to be protected/covered in a manner acceptable to the satisfaction of the engineer to minimize dust generation. Clearance will be affected immediately by manual sweeping and removal of debris, or if so directed by the Engineer, the road surfaces will be hosed or watered using necessary equipment. 4.8 Emission from Temporary Moderate        The discharge standards promulgated Contractor/ DSC Construction Vehicles, under the Environmental Protection Act, Equipment and will be strictly adhered to. All vehicles, Machinery equipment and machinery used for construction will conform to the relevant Standard. All vehicles, equipments and machinery used for construction will be regularly maintained to ensure that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant requirements. 4.9 Noise from construction Temporary Moderate        Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and Contractor/ DSC Equipments machinery will be regular and to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a minimum. All vehicles and equipment used for

32

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu construction will be fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found to be defective will be replaced. Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project (measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws will not exceed 75 dB (A). Notwithstanding any other conditions of contract, noise level from any item of plant(s) will comply with the relevant legislation for levels of noise emission. 4.10 Material Handling at Site Temporary Minor        All workers employed on mixing asphaltic Contractor/ DSC material, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works, will be provided with welder‘s protective eye-shields. Workers engaged in stone breaking activities will be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals. The use of any toxic chemical will be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer‘s instructions. The Engineer will be given at least 6 working days notice of the proposed use of any

33

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu chemical. A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site will be kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register will include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product. 4.11 Disposal of Construction Temporary Moderate        Safe disposal of the bituminous wastes, Contractor/ DSC Waste / Debris / Cut extraneous material will be ensured in Material the pre-identified disposal locations. In no case, any construction waste will be disposed around the project road indiscriminately. 4.12 Safety Measures During Temporary Moderate        Personal Protective Equipment for Contractor/ DSC Construction workers on the project and adequate safety measures for workers during handling of materials at site will be taken up. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. 4.13 Risk caused by Force Temporary Minor        All reasonable precaution will be taken to Contractor/ DSC Majure prevent danger of the workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. 4.14 Malaria Risk Temporary Minor        The Contractor will, at his own expense, Contractor/ DSC

34

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu conform to all anti-malaria instructions given to him by the Engineer. 4.15 Religious Structures Temporary Major        All necessary and adequate care will be Contractor/ DSC taken to minimize impact on cultural properties. No work will spill over to these properties, premises and precincts. Access to such properties from the road will be maintained clear and clean. Contractors will be required to coordinates with the temples management for traffic and mobility plan during construction works. Activities will be kept to minimum during peak pilgrimage seasons. Directional signage and billboards specifying the on-going activities and schedules will be posted in conspicuous areas. 4.16 Chance finds of Temporary Moderate     The contractor will take reasonable Contractor/ DSC archaeological Property / precaution to prevent his workmen or any remains other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and will, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer‘s instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which all work will be stopped 100 m all directions from the site of discovery. The Engineer will seek direction from Archaeologist at the Department of Archaeology before instructing the contractor to recommence work on the

35

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu site. 4.17 Clearing of Construction Temporary Major        Contractor to prepare site restoration Contractor/ DSC of Camps & Restoration plans for approval by the Engineer. The plan is to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, all rubbish burnt, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the Contractor‘s expense, to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer. 5 O&M Impacts 5.1 Environmental Conditions Temporary Moderate        The tourism department / forest Tourism department will undertake seasonal department monitoring of air, water, noise and soil quality through an approved monitoring agency. The parameters to be monitored, frequency and duration of monitoring as well as the locations to be monitored will be as per the Monitoring Plan prepared. 5.2 Uncontrolled tourism Temporary Major        While the environmental monitoring plan Tourism development can cause actions during the operation stage will department with congestion, increased result in monitoring of the environmental support from pollution, and impacts after project implementation, the HR&CE deterioration of Master Plan will include apart from department destinations. Over- provision of development controls and commercialization of regulations in the zone, measures for cultural traditions may tourism planning for the key destinations. degrade the natural and These plans will be implemented to avoid cultural identity of the site uncontrolled tourism development at

36

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu these locations. 5.3 Management of the toilet Temporary Moderate        The tourism department HR&CE Tourism and blocks departmentwill carry out regular cleaning HR&CE of the septic tanks to prevent any department with impacts, including pollution of ground participation by water and nearby water courses. For communities increased volumes of wastewater generation will ensure proper and adequate treatment and disposal facilities. 5.4 Management of water quality of the tanks 5.5 Unhygienic condition due Temporary Moderate        The Tourism department/ communities Tourism to poor maintenance of will carryout maintenance of the toilets, department sanitation facilities and and carry out the regular collection of irregular solid waste wastes, and will also ensure that: collection in the project Sanitation improvements proposed do site necessitate regular not result in pollution of groundwater. maintenance of Sanitary facilities do not interfere with constructed other utilities and block access to infrastructure. buildings, cause nuisance to neighboring areas. The transfer of waste will also ensure no spillage and all wastes will be transported to a designated solid waste treatment site. 5.6 Increased waste loads Temporary Moderate        In line with the Government targets of Urban onto the existing waste coverage of all urban and rural areas with development disposal facilities (that are environmentally safe solid waste department non conformant to the management systems, the tourist Government destinations will be covered with requirements for SWM) integrated waste management facilities, including treatment and disposal, in line

37

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Thanjavur

Poompuhar

Tourist Infrastructure Tourist

Tranquebar Fort Tranquebar

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Pichavaram

Mamallapuram TTDC Complex TTDC Mamallapuram

Temples Temples Muttukadu and Mudaliar Kuppam Mudaliar and Muttukadu with the SWHR, the Government.

Table 6: Indicators and Targets for Environmental Performance Parameters to be Indicators Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Monitored Construction Stage Ambient air quality RPM, SPM, SO2, NAAQMS (2009) Once in a season Contractor through Stricter implementation of emission NOx, CO (except monsoons) approved Monitoring norms for the entire Agency construction period Dust suppression No. of tankers for No dust rising from Random checks PIU through DSC Increase in frequency of water sprinkling water sprinkling, construction site, No Timing of sprinkling, dust rising from haul Location of sprinkling roads, Twice daily sprinkling Surface and pH, BOD, Faecal Coli Designated best use Twice a year (pre Contractor through Identify source of contamination and ground water form parameters monsoon and post approved Monitoring treat effluent before discharge into quality monsoon) for the Agency receiving waters. Instruct contractor entire period of against violation and in case of construction continued non compliance invoke Silt runoff in water location of silt Locate while working Throughout PIU through DSC penalty clauses bodies fencing close to water bodies construction period Working condition Maintain the geo Throughout PIU through DSC textile free from construction period clogging Effluent discharge TDS, TSS, pH, Discharge standards Twice a year (pre Contractor through from construction Hardness, BOD, of CPCB for receiving monsoon and post approved Monitoring camps Faecal Coli form waters monsoon) for the Agency entire period of construction Ambient noise Equivalent Day & NANQS Once in a season Contractor through Identify noise source and strictly regulate

38

Parameters to be Indicators Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Monitored Night Time Noise during construction approved Monitoring noise emissions. In case of continued Levels stage Agency non-compliance invoke penalty clauses Machinery noise Noise dB(A) <75 dB(A) at 1m free Once in a season Contractor through against contractor field from M/C during construction approved Monitoring stage Agency Noise from Timings of Only day time at Continuous PIU through DSC construction construction settlements activities OHS Management Plan covers all Compliance with Continuous Contractor Identify non-compliance and modify plan Plan activities applicable labour laws Supply of PPE provision of PPE on Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure adequacy as per plan and site, adequacy of instruct contractor to comply. In case of equipment continued non-compliance, invoke Training in H&S No. of sessions Compliance with OHS Continuous penalty clauses conducted, Percent attendance Establishing Installation of Compliance with OHS Start of construction medical facilities equipment specified camp in OHS Plan Safety plan Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and implementation instruct contractor to comply. In case of OHS Site maintenance, Compliance with OHS continued non-compliance, invoke Implementation Medical facilities penalty clauses record maintenance, Training sessions Accident record No. of fatal accidents, Compliance with OHS No. of injuries, No. of disabilities Community Health Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and and Safety plan instruct contractor to comply. In case of Dissemination of No of community Compliance with OHS continued non-compliance, invoke Community health health dissemination penalty clauses issues sessions, dissemination mechanisms Health records No. of recorded Compliance with OHS cases of community health as respiratory illness, HIV/STD, Operation stage Wintering birds Total count Not to be lower than Once in a year (for 3 PIU through Seek inputs of biodiversity experts and baseline days in December) Monitoring Agency undertake necessary measures for

39

Parameters to be Indicators Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Monitored compared with the improving upon the indicators. baseline data Resident and Point counts Not to be lower than Between February breeding birds baseline and may of every population year Habitat quality Shannon-weiner Not to be lower than Once in each season index baseline (sampling for 3 seasons during peak period of the respective season) Fish diversity using Catch per unit effort Not to be lower than Once in each season catch per unit effort baseline method Drainage Time required for Within 30m of rainfall Thrice a year, before, PIU Assess need for drainage improvements, effectiveness draining stopping during and after the and if required provide additional Water logging / No of locations, No waterlogging / monsoons facilities as per design flooding extent of retention flooding recommendations. Survival Rate Percent of No. of Survival rate > 75%, Twice a year for two PIU through Plant more trees to compensate for saplings survived, Normal years Monitoring Agency lower survival rates extent of growth Economic Income levels, Equivalent to baseline Once a year, for five PIU through Initiate detailed socio-economic studies. indicators livelihood options, conditions years from the Monitoring Agency Identify reasons for economic decline especially on tourism completion of the and correlation with study interventions. project Notes: RPM = respirable particulate matter, SPM = suspended particulate matter; SO2 = sulphur dioxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; CO = carbon monoxide; NAAQMS = National Ambient Air Quality Management Standards; PIU = Project Implementation Unit; DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant; BOD = biological oxygen demand; CPCB = Central Pollution Control Board; NANQS = National Ambient Noise Quality Standard; db(A) = decibel; OHS = Occupational Health and Safety; PPE = personal protection equipment; H&S = health and safety;

40

V. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Institutional Arrangements

61. The Government of Tamil Nadu through Department of Tourism and Culture (DOT&C), is the Executing Agency (EA). The EA (i) assumes overall responsibility for the execution of the Project and reporting; (ii) engage adequate permanent or fixed-term staff to implement the Project; (iii) setup a state-level project management unit (PMU) and project implementation units (PIU); (iv) provide overall strategic guidance on technical supervision and project execution; and (v) ensure overall compliance with the loan covenants.

62. The implementing agency (IA) is the Tamil Nadu Department of Tourism (DoT). The IA‘s responsibilities include (i) project planning and budgeting; (ii) day-to-day assistance, supervision and guidance for the project implementation units and their consultants; (iii) review subprojects for due diligence requirements and approve subproject proposals; (iv) bidding, evaluation and contract award; (v) managing and disbursing funds; (vi) review compliance with loan covenants, contract specifications, work plans and quality control; and (vii) consolidate and submit progress reports, finance and accounting / audit reports, and matters requiring higher-level decision to state-level empowered committee (SLEC) and ADB.

1. Program Management

63. State Level Project Empowered Committees. An SLEC has been established in Tamil Nadu, chaired by each state‘s Chief Secretary, with Principal Secretary/Secretary of the Department of Tourism as member secretary and comprised of secretaries from relevant line departments.4 The SLEC have been empowered to take all decisions on behalf of the State and will (i) act as a policy making body, (ii) provide overall advice and guidance to the State‘s executing agency and PMU, and (iii) accord all approvals under the Project.

64. Project Management Unit. DoT has established a PMU, headed by a full-time program director (PD), and consisting of personnel drawn from relevant line departments and market. The PMU is the nodal agency for overall management of all program activities and will be responsible for: (i) project planning and budgeting; (ii) providing day-to-day assistance, supervision and guidance for the PIUs and their consultants; (iii) reviewing subprojects to satisfy ADB‘s due diligence requirements and approving subproject proposals submitted by PIU and line departments; (iv) bidding, evaluation and contract award; (v) managing and disbursing funds; (vi) reviewing compliance with loan covenants, contract specifications, work plans and quality control; (vii) consolidating and submitting progress reports, finance and accounting/audit reports, and matters requiring higher-level decision, to the SLEC and ADB. The PMU will be supported by a team of consultants.

65. Project Implementation Unit. The IA will have PIUs for the implementation and monitoring of subprojects, comprising of personnel drawn from relevant line departments and

4 The members of the Tamil Nadu SLEC will be: Chief Secretary, (chair); Principal Secretary/Secretary, Tourism and Culture; Secretary, Department of Finance; Secretary, Planning and Special Initiatives; Secretary, Public Works Department; Secretary, Highways and Minor Ports; Secretary Forests and Environment; Secretary, Housing and Urban Development; Secretary, Municipal Administration, Water and Sanitation; Secretary, Rural Development; Secretary Power; Secretary, Revenue Department; Secretary, Department of Health and family Welfare; Secretary, Agriculture; Secretary, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE), Commissioner, Department of Archaeology; Secretary, Department of Transport; and Commissioner, Department of Tourism.

41 outside of government (market) and each headed by a project manager. The PIUs will be responsible for: (i) prioritizing and preparing subproject proposals; (ii) providing day-to-day assistance, supervision and guidance to the design and supervision consultants; (iii) conducting detailed assessments and surveys including public consultation and input from stakeholders; (iv) preparing detailed designs, specifications, schedule of quantity, bidding documents, and related documentation; (v) implementing civil works and related activities; (vi) reporting to PMU; (vii) preparing regular progress reports for the SLEC, the executing agency and ADB through PMU; and (viii) supervising construction, conducting quality control, approving progress payments to contractors; and (ix) maintaining records and accounts on an up-to-date basis and making these available to ADB, its missions, or auditors for inspection.

66. Project Management Consultants. The Project Management Consultants (PMC) will be engaged to provide support to the PMU in overall planning, risk management, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of projects under the Investment Program. The PMC will also assist the PMU and PIUs in meeting the relevant requirements of ADB, Government of Tamil Nadu, and Government of India for project implementation. The PMC will report to and work under the overall guidance of the PMU. The scope of services of the PMCs will include but not necessarily be limited to: (i) planning, reporting, and communication; (ii) establishment of procedures and systems; (iii) review and preparation of plans, manuals and reports; (iv) overall Investment Program management, monitoring and implementation of PPMS; and (v) social, environmental, archaeological, occupational health and safety, community participation and gender action compliance monitoring.

67. Design and Supervision Consultants. The DSCs will be engaged to provide all necessary support to and coordination with the EA, IAs, PMU and any other consultants engaged by the authorities to achieve the desired outcomes of the Investment Program. For Tamil Nadu, 2 DSC teams will be required. The DSCs will report to and work under the overall guidance of the PIUs. The scope of services of the DSCs will include but not necessarily be limited to: (i) surveys, verification of feasibility studies and base maps; (ii) project planning and management support to the PIU; (iii) finalization of design criteria, preparation of manuals, guidelines and systems; (iv) preparation of detailed design and bid documents; (v) construction management and contract administration; (vi) environmental, social, archaeological, cultural heritage, community participation and gender action compliance monitoring; and (vii) capacity building of the service providers for operational sustainability.

2. Safeguards Management

68. An Environmental Staff is deputized to the PMU, and responsible for implementation of

the environmental safeguard provisions. 41

69. Within the PMC team, a Safeguards Specialist provides overall direction for management of environmental and social issues, and provides technical support to the PMU including implementation of the environmental requirements, according to ADB requirements, and assists in monitoring impacts and mitigation measures associated with subprojects. The responsibilities of the PMC Safeguards Specialist – Environment include but not limited to: (i) review the updated IEE prepared by the DSCs for Project 2 after the detailed designs, and guide the DSCs/PIUs to address observations from ADB on the IEEs/EMPs; (ii) ensure that the project design and specification adequately reflect the IEEs/EMP; (iii) support PMU in ensuring conformance to the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 on environmental safeguards and the provisions of the EARF; (iv) prepare IEEs and other safeguards reports for subsequent projects under the Investment Program; (v) assist PMU in establishing grievance

42 redress mechanism under the Investment Program; (vi) guide and monitor DSC safeguard specialists‘ works on environmental safeguards; (vii) based on the project requirements, carry out site visits along with the PMU to address issues if any, with respect to EMP implementation; (viii) carry out capacity building of the PMU/PIU environmental safeguards personnel; (ix) assist PMU in review of the monthly monitoring reports from PIU of EMP implementation, and in reparation and submission of semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB; (x) coordinate in obtaining of requisite clearances, permits, and approvals for the project; (xi) monitor construction activities to ensure in compliance with the IEE/EMP and advise DSCs/PIUs for compliance with statutory requirements; (xii) review and approve the Contractor‘s Implementation Plan for the environmental measures as per IEE/EMP; (xiii) establish dialogue with affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project; (xiv) review environmental performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports submitted by the DSC, and initiate necessary follow-up actions; (xv) provide support and assistance to government agencies and ADB to supervise the implementation of the IEE/EMP during the construction as well as operation stage of the project; (xvi) assist the PMU/PIUs in disclosure of the safeguards documents in accordance with the EARF requirements; and (xvii) ensure IEEs/EMPs are reviewed and approved by ADB prior to contract award.

70. The Environmental Specialist of the DSC team will: (i) assist in preparing and update subproject IEEs in respect to environmental management plans (EMPs) in compliance with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, national- and state-level environmental policies, rules, and regulations; (ii) interact on a regular basis with the sector specialists of the DSC and integrate environmentally sound practices into the detailed design of project components. Include mitigation measures in designs where appropriate, and to specify other measures in construction contracts; (iii) assist the PIU in monitoring impacts and mitigation measures associated with subprojects in accordance with the IEEs, EMPs, and/or environmental mitigation action plan as well as any other environmental issues and take corrective actions where needed; (iv) assist in the review and approval of site specific environmental enhancement/mitigation designs worked out by the Contractor to ensure compliance with the IEE and EMP; (v) assist the PIU in preparing monthly and annual environmental compliance reports for all works in accordance with the EMP for each of the subprojects and the overall Project; (vi) develop, organise and deliver environmental training programs and workshops for the staff of the PIU and Contractors and in accordance to the Capacity Building Program as specified in the IEE. Provide training to the PIU for environmental management and monitoring during construction and operation; (vii) advise PMU/PIU for compliance with statutory clearances; (viii) develop good practice construction guidelines to assist the contractors in implementing the provisions of IEE; (ix) work with local NGOs to conduct environmental awareness events which highlight conservation and benefits of eco-tourism principles; and (x) assist Environmental Specialist of the PMU to prepare good practice dissemination notes based on the experience gained from site supervision.

71. Contractors will be required by their contracts to implement all specified mitigation, monitoring, and reporting assigned to contractors as presented in subproject IEE. Environmental monitoring will be undertaken by the PMU supported by the PMC Environmental Specialist.

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72. The project includes upfront5 and ongoing supervision and training assistance for environmental monitoring reporting in project management structures. The effective implementation of the measures proposed will be ensured through the building up of capacity towards environmental management within the PMU supplemented with the technical expertise of a Safeguards Specialist as part of the DSC Consultants.

B. Environmental Monitoring Plan

73. Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely monitoring development of project performance indicators done by the DSC Environmental Specialist, monitoring implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by the PMU Environmental Specialist. The environmental monitoring plan for the project is presented in Table 6. The proposed monitoring of all relevant environmental parameters, with a description of the sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards and responsible agencies are presented.

Table 7: Monitoring Plan for the Tamil Nadu Subproject Sl. Parameters to be Attributes Stage Location Frequency Responsibility No. Monitored 1 Air Quality Construction RPM, SPM, SO2, All construction sites Once in a Contractor, to be Stage NOx, CO season (except monitored through monsoons) for approved Monitoring the entire Agency construction period 2 Water quality Construction TDS, TSS, pH, All construction sites Twice a year Contractor, to be Hardness, BOD, (pre monsoon monitored through Faecal Coli form and post approved Monitoring monsoon) for the Agency entire period of construction 3 Mangrove Construction ,Physico-chemical All construction sites Continuous Department of health quality stage, to be characteristics, Science and monitoring followed up Technology through during project the regional centre operation to be developed Construction Water quality of the All construction sites Three times a Forest Department stage, to be mangrove area for year (peak of followed up pesticides, hardness summer, winter during project and heavy metals and monsoon) operation

4 Biodiversity Operation stage Habitat quality (using Pichavaraaram Once in a year Forest department 43

standard vegetation Mangrove Forest (for 3 days in with support from analysis techniques) December) NGOs/ communities by permanent compared with vegetation plots in the baseline data each habitat Heritage Construction Visual inspection of Tranquebar Fort Continuous DSC/ Tamil Nadu protection stage, works at heritage Area Department of buildings Archaeology/ PIU 4 Noise Levels Construction Equivalent Day & All construction sites Once in a Contractor, to be – silence Stage Night Time Noise season during monitored through

5 Upfront capacity for environmental safeguards is ensured through bridging TA consultants hired to train and familiarize safeguards staff on the ADB SPS and other implementation requirements.

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Sl. Parameters to be Attributes Stage Location Frequency Responsibility No. Monitored zones Levels construction approved Monitoring stage Agency 5 Survival Rate Operation Survival Rate In the landscaped Twice a year for Forest Department of Stage portions two years landscaping 6 Socio- Operation stage Income levels, The surrounding Once a year, for Tourism department, economic livelihood options, villages to ensure five years from along with the village monitoring especially on tourism equitable distribution the completion of eco development of economic benefits the project committees and to local communities forest department Notes: RPM = respirable particulate matter, SPM = suspended particulate matter; SO2 = sulphur dioxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; CO = carbon monoxide; TDS = total dissolved solids; TSS = total suspended solids; BOD = biological oxygen demand

C. Capacity Building

1. Target Audience

74. The Environmental Specialist of the DSC will provide the basic training required for environmental awareness followed by specific aspects of infrastructure improvement Projects along with Environmental implications for projects located within / in the vicinity of natural and cultural heritage sites. Specific modules customized for the available skill set will be devised after assessing the capabilities of the members of the Training Programme and the requirements of the project. The entire training would cover basic principles of environmental assessment and management; mitigation plans and programmes, implementation techniques, monitoring methods and tools. The proposed training program along with the frequency of sessions is presented in Table 7 below.

Table 7: Training Modules for Environmental Management Training Form of Duration/ Program Description Participants Conducting Training Location Agency A. Pre-Construction Stage Sensitization Introduction to Tourism / Forest / Workshop ½ Environmental Workshop Environment: Roads / Culture Working Specialist of the Basic Concept of Department Officials, Day DSC environment Project Director (PD) Environmental and Environmental Regulations and Specialist (ES) of the Statutory requirements PMU/PIU as per Government of India and ADB Session I Module I Introduction to PMU/PIU (including Lecture 1Working Safeguards Environment: the ES) and Day Specialist of the Basic Concept of Engineering staff of DSC environment the implementing Safeguards agencies Regulations and Statutory requirements as per Govt of India and ADB Guidelines on cultural resources, Environmental considerations in

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Training Form of Duration/ Program Description Participants Conducting Training Location Agency planning, design and implementing projects Module II Environmental PMU/PIU (including Workshop ¼ Safeguards components impacted the ES) and Working Specialist of the in construction and Engineering staff of Day DSC operation stages Tourism dept Activities causing pollution during construction and operation stages Environmental Management Environmental Provisions Implementation Arrangements Methodology of Assessment Good engineering practices to be integrated into contract documents Module III Environmental PMU/PIU (including Lecture / 2 working Safeguards considerations in the ES) and Interactive days specialist of the planning, designing Engineering staff of Sessions PMC with support and implementing Tourism dept and site from the heritage buildings and visits Conservation conservation projects specialist of the PMC Module IV Improved Co- PMU/PIU (including Lecture / 1Working Safeguards ordination with other the ES) and Interactive Day Specialist of the Departments: Engineering staff of Sessions DSC Statutory Permissions Tourism dept – Procedural Requirements Co-operation & Co- ordination with other Departments. Module V Environmental Local Community Lecture / ½ Institutes as the principles of eco- Groups, NGOs Interactive Working Wildlife institute of tourism and training Sessions Day India and awareness building B. Construction Stage Session II

45 Module VI Role during Engineers and staff of Lecture / ½ Safeguards Construction line departments of the Interactive Working Specialist of the Roles and Government of Tamil Sessions Day DSC Responsibilities of Nadu, and PMU/PIU officials / contractors / (including the ES) consultants towards protection of environment Implementation Arrangements Monitoring mechanisms Module VII Monitoring and Engineers and staff of Lecture / ½ Safeguards Reporting System implementing Interactive Working Specialist of the agencies, and Sessions Day DSC

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Training Form of Duration/ Program Description Participants Conducting Training Location Agency PMU/PIU (including the ES) Session III Module VI Identification of bird Staff of forest Site visits, 5-7 Institutes as the species in Pong department, youth in interactive working Wildlife institute of Wetland, habits of the villages in sessions days India species, biology and periphery of the ecology of important wetland, and other species NGOs in the district Basic knowledge of reptiles, amphibians and fauna Identification of plants, including medicinal plants Orientation on wetland ecology, monitoring methods, use of instruments as binoculars, digital camera, GPS, etc. Module VII Skill upgrade on youth in the villages in Site visits, 5-7 Tourism ecotourism and nature the periphery, and interactive working department, and guides other NGOs in the sessions days Institutes as the Dealing with tourists, district Wildlife institute of Interpretational skills, India micro-planning, natural resources, management of self- help groups, etc. Notes: PMU = Project Management Unit; PIU = Project Implementation Unit; PMC = Project Management Consultant; DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant; ES = Environment Specialist; NGO – non-government organization;

D. Environmental Budget

75. As part of good engineering practices in the project, there have been several measures as erosion prevention, rehabilitation of borrow areas, safety, signage, provision of temporary drains, etc., the costs for which will be included in the design costs of specific subprojects. Therefore, these items of costs have not been included in the IEE budget. Only those items not covered under budgets for construction and RP are costed in the IEE budget. The IEE costs include mitigation, monitoring and capacity building costs. The summary budget for the environmental management costs for the subproject is presented in Table 8.

Table 8: Environmental Budget Item Quantity Unit Cost (US$) Sub-total Source of Funds Cost (US$) Environmental Monitoring (a) Design Stage to establish Lump $2,000 per $18,000 DSC Cost baseline environmental data sum component (b) Construction Phase $ 5,000 per $45,000 Construction component Contractor‘s costs (c) O&M - - Implementing

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Item Quantity Unit Cost (US$) Sub-total Source of Funds Cost (US$) agency‘s cost Capacity Building Expenses $25,000 $25,000 PMC/DSC Cost DSC= design and supervision consultant, PMC= project monitoring consultant.

E. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting

76. The PMU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the project‘s risks and impacts and will be identified in the EIAs/IEEs for the subprojects. In addition to recording information of the work, deviation of work components from original scope, the PMU and PIU will undertake site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress toward the final outcome.

77. DSC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to PIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. PIU will submit the quarterly monitoring and implementation reports to PMU who will then submit to the PD. The PMU will submit semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB. The suggested monitoring report format is in Appendix 4. Project budgets will reflect the costs of monitoring and reporting requirements. For subprojects likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts during operation, reporting will continue at the minimum on an annual basis. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the public.

78. For projects likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts, the EA will retain qualified and experienced external experts to verify its monitoring information. The EA will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. The EA, in each quarter, will study the compliance with the action plan developed in the previous quarter. Compliance with loan covenants will be screened by the EA.

79. ADB will review project performance against the EA‘s commitments as agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will be commensurate with the Project‘s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of social and environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project implementation:

(i) conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental or social impacts;

(ii) conduct supervision missions with detailed review by ADB‘s safeguard 47

specialists/officers or consultants for projects with significant adverse social or environmental impacts; (iii) review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by EA to ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed with ADB; (iv) work with EA to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and (v) prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.

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VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Process for Consultation followed

80. During Project preparation, consultations have been held with the Tamil Nadu Department of Tourism (TTDC), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE) Department, other religious institutions, Panchayat councils, Highways Department, Forest Department and Environment Department on selection of subprojects and identification of key issues including addressing the current gaps in provision of basic services and improvement of tourist infrastructure. Table 9 provides the list of stakeholders consulted during the preparation of this IEE.

Table 9: Consultations with Stakeholders Hindu Religious and Religious Tourism Department Charitable Endowments institutions Panchayats Others (HR&CE) Department Mr. V. K. Jeyakodi - Principal Mr. Thenarasu - Asst. Representative Ms. Julied Highways Secretary, Tourism Commissioner, HR&CE, of Thiru Arputharaj, Department Swamimalai Aadhinam, Chairman, Mr. Santhosh Dr. A. C. Mohandoss, - Vaitheeswaran Velankanni Kumar, Asst Commissioner for Tourism & Mr. Rajasaravana Kumar – Kovil Town Engineer, Managing Director for TTDC Executive Officer, HR&CE, Panchayat Highways Dept, Thiruvenkadu & Very Rev. Fr. Chidambaram Dr. Bhaktavatchalam - Joint Kelaperumpallam A. Michael, Ms. Margret Director, Tourism Rector Susila, Department of Mr. Thiravium – Velankanni Executive Environment Mr. Venugopal - Assistant Administrative Officer, Church Officer, T.S. Director, Tourism HR&CE, Alangudi Velankanni Srinivasamurthy, Very Rev. Fr. Town I.F.S, Director of Mr. Gunasekaran - Tourist Mr. Krishnakumar – B. Arokiadoss, Panchayat Environment Officer , Mamallapuram Executive Officer, HR&CE, Parish Priest Sarangapani temple and Velankanni The Ms. Tamilarasi - Tourist Kanchanur Temple Church President, Officer, Chidambaram Thirukadaiyur Mr. Kannan - Inspector, Panchayat Mr. G. Ramamoorthy - Tourist HR&CE, Thiruvedimaruthur Officer, Chidambaram Mr. Mohanasundaram - Mr. Rajasekar - Tourist Asst. Commissioner, Officer, Poompukar HR&CE, Thirunageswaram

Mr. Ramamurthy - Tourist Officer, Thanjavur

Mr. Ramadoss - Asst. Tourist Officer, Mamallapuram

Mr. Srinivasan - Asst. Engineer, TTDC, Chennai

Mr. Samson Kanakaraj – Manager, Muttukadu Boat House

Mr. K. Ravendran - TTDC Beach Resort Manager

Mr. C. Krishnamoorthy -

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Hindu Religious and Religious Tourism Department Charitable Endowments institutions Panchayats Others (HR&CE) Department Manager, Boat House, Mudhaliyarkuppam Boat House

Mr. Raman - Superintendent, TTDC, Poompuhar

B. Plan for Continued Public Participation

81. To ensure continued public participation, provisions to ensure regular and continued stakeholder participation, at all stages during the project design and implementation is proposed. A grievance redressal cell will be set up within the PIU to register grievances of the people regarding technical, social and environmental aspects. This participatory process will ensure that all views of the people are adequately reviewed and suitably incorporated in the design and implementation process. Further, to ensure an effective disclosure of the project proposals to the stakeholders and the communities in the vicinity of the subproject locations, an extensive project awareness campaigns will be carried out.

82. The implementing agency will submit to ADB the following documents for disclosure on ADB‘s website: (i) the final IEE; (ii) a new or updated IEE and corrective action plan prepared during project implementation, if any; and (iii) the environmental monitoring reports.

83. For the benefit of the community the Summary IEE will be translated in the local language (Tamil) and made available at: (i) Office of the PMU; and, (ii) Office of the District Collectors at Kancheepuram, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tanjavur and Tiruvarur districts. These copies will be made available free of cost to any person seeking information on the same. Hard copies of the IEE will be available in the PMU/PIU as well as the district library at Kancheepuram, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tanjavur and Tiruvarur districts , and accessible to citizens as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. On demand, the person seeking information can obtain a hard copy of the complete IEE document at the cost of photocopy from the office of the PMU/PIU, on a written request and payment for the same to the Project Director. Electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of the Tourism Department and the website of ADB after approval of the documents by Government and ADB. The PMU will issue notification on the disclosure mechanism in local newspapers, ahead of the initiation of implementation of the project, providing information on the project, as well as the start dates, etc. The notice will be issued by the PMU in local newspapers one month ahead of the implementation works. This will create 49 awareness of the project implementation among the public. Posters designed to mass campaign the basic tenets of the IEE will be distributed to libraries in different localities that will be generating mass awareness.

C. Grievance Redress Mechanism

84. The Executing Agency will establish a mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples‘ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the Project‘s environmental performance. The project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is not intended to bypass the government‘s own redress process; rather it is intended to address affected people's

50 concerns and complaints promptly, making it readily accessible to all segments of the affected people and is scaled to the risks and impacts of the Project.

85. The PMU and PIUs will make the public aware of the GRM through public awareness campaigns. Grievances can be filed in writing using the Complaint Register and Complaint Forms (Appendix 5) or by phone with any member of the PMU or PIU. The contact phone number of the PIUs and the PMU will serve as a hotline for complaints and will be publicized through the media and placed on notice boards outside their offices and at construction sites. The safeguard documents made available to the public in an accessible version will include information on the GRM and will be widely disseminated throughout the corridor by the safeguards officers in the PMU and PIUs with support from the NGO engaged to implement the Community Awareness Program.

86. The PIUs will convene Grievance Redress Committees (GRC) within one week of the voiced grievance at the project level consisting of members of local government, NGOs, project staff, and representatives of the affected people. Decisions on the grievance are to be made within 15 days voiced grievances. If the grievance cannot be solved, the PMU is notified to further advise on the situation with higher government and legal bodies.

87. The GRC will ensure rights of vulnerable and poor are included. The grievance mechanism will be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the Project. It will address affected people's concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. The mechanism developed will be in a manner that it shall not impede access to the existing judicial or administrative remedies. The affected people will be appropriately informed about the mechanism.

88. The PMU officers will be responsible for processing and placing all papers before the GRC, maintaining database of complaints, recording decisions, issuing minutes of the meetings and monitoring to see that formal orders are issued and the decisions carried out. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the PMU.

89. The safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first, second and third tiers), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared with details such as Name, ID with unique serial number, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing, decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e., open, closed, pending).

VII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

90. The proposed subproject components involve various interventions in and around the natural and cultural heritage destinations. However, the selection of components in line with the subproject selection criteria, and ensuring that the components are in line with the management plan for the national park avoids any significant encroachment / direct impact onto environmentally sensitive locations or protected area networks. Further, the siting of the locations for the components has been based on appropriate considerations to minimize environmental impacts. The subproject will conform to all Government and ADB regulations, policies, and standards including all necessary government permits and clearances.

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91. The significance of the environmental impacts will be more due to the construction related impacts. It is to be noted that the resultant potential impacts from these proposals can be offset through provision of proven mitigation measures during the design and adoption of good engineering practices during construction and implementation. Further, the provision of environmental infrastructure, including access to sanitation and waste management facilities within the tourist areas, will better the environmental conditions and minimize the pollution related and aesthetic quality near the tourist areas and the other destinations.

92. The specific management measures laid down in the IEE will effectively address any adverse environmental impacts due to the subproject. The effective implementation of the measures proposed will be ensured through the building up of capacity towards environmental management within the PMU supplemented with the technical expertise of a Safeguards Specialist as part of the DSC Consultants. Further, the environmental monitoring plans provide adequate opportunities towards course correction to address any residual impacts during construction or operation stages.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

93. The IEE carried out for the subproject show that the proposed sub-components will result in net environmental benefits, and that any adverse environmental impact can be addressed through proper location, planning, and design of the proposed subproject; control of construction activity and mitigation measures. The EMP provides for mitigation of all identified impacts and the contract clauses for the environmental provisions will be part of the civil works contracts. Further, the proposed subproject elements have been consulted with the stakeholders and no significant issues requiring redressal in terms of environmental safeguards exist.

94. Based on the findings of the IEE, the classification of the subproject as Category ―B‖ is confirmed, and no further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS (2009) for the following reasons:

(i) No significant impacts are expected as subprojects are characterized by small- scale improvements (e.g., picnic areas, toilet facilities, rehabilitation of tourist welcome/info centers, etc.) which will improve environmental management and quality of infrastructure at tourist destinations. (ii) No natural or critical habitats or sensitive ecological areas will be impacted. (iii) Subprojects do not endanger heritage or archaeological resources, and further

precautions taken under the Project include: (i) State Archaeological Department to 51

review/clear all designs and supervise all works for the one state-level heritage site; (ii) heritage and conservation specialists of the consultant teams to do the same; (iii) State Archaeological Department-certified contractors with proven track record for working in heritage sites to be selected; and (iv) chance find procedures incorporated into the EMP further ensure that impacts are avoided. (iv) All subprojects were prepared in consultation with primary and secondary stakeholders where no objections were raised and inputs were incorporated into project designs. (v) The Project makes special provisions for environmental training and education to promote biodiversity conservation through participatory approaches with local communities. (vi) Induced impacts are addressed through the Project by supporting the

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implementation of management plans and state eco-tourism policies which support low- impact site and regional development. The state Forest Departments and Tourism Departments oversee these plans and policies. The Project‘s capacity building component works at two levels: (i) strengthening the capacity of state government implementing agencies at both their headquarters and branch divisions to implement these plans; and (ii) raising awareness and capacity to implement these plans at the community level targeting NGOs, community based organizations, and local government bodies. Capacity building will emphasize coordinated efforts amongst these different level stakeholders and will include joint activities to build partnerships. (vii) Induced impacts are also addressed through loan covenants that ensure implementation of relevant protected area management plans, government policies, and regulatory controls (such as waste management, etc.). (viii) Monitoring of civil works will be done by specialists on the supervision consultant team and relevant state and central government agencies.

Appendix 1 53

APPENDIX 1: CONTRACT CLAUSES TO BE INTEGRATED INTO BID DOCUMENTS

1.0 GENERAL

1.1 The Contractor will be responsible for implementation of environmental provisions outlined in the EMP, in addition to adhering to all environmental provisions in the applicable specifications for the works will be adhered to as part of good engineering practices.

1.2 All works undertaken towards protection of environmental resources as part of the EMP and as part of good engineering practices while adhering to relevant specifications will be deemed to be incidental to works being carried out and no separate payment will be made unless otherwise specified explicitly. The costs towards environmental management as per EMP unless otherwise provided as a separate head, will be deemed to be part of the BoQ of the project. The scope of works of the contractor towards the implementation of the environmental provisions will be as follows:

(i) Abide by all existing Environmental regulations and requirements of the Government of India , during implementation, (ii) Compliance with all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements set out in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (iii) Submission of a method statement detailing how the subproject EMP will be complied with. This will include methods and schedule of monitoring. (iv) Monitoring of project environmental performance and periodic submission of monitoring reports. (v) Compliance with all measures required for construction activities in sensitive areas, including Protected areas (natural tourism assets) and heritage monuments, in line with the regulatory requirements of these Protected / Heritage areas, and the guidelines set forth in the management plans for these areas, including the necessary archaeological surveys prior to commencement of works, obtaining clearances/permits to excavate & construct in protected areas around Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology sites. (vi) Compliance of all safety rules at work, and Provision of adequate health and safety measures such as water, food, sanitation, personal protective equipment, workers insurance, and medical facilities.

1.3 The detailed provisions for specific environmental issues will be as outlined in the EMP table on impacts and mitigation measures. Key clauses are outlined in the following sections.

2.0 MOVEMENT / CIRCULATION PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION

2.1 For all construction activities in active tourist destinations, the Contractor will prior to initiation of construction activities, prepare and get approved by the Engineer, a construction plan including the staging, sequencing of construction activities, circulation plans to ensure smooth movement to pilgrims and tourists, including provision of alternative routes, etc. The plans will be disseminated at key entry points to these tourist locations.

3.0 QUARRY AND BORROWING

3.1 The contractor will identify and seek prior approval of the engineer for quarrying and borrowing operations. Quarry and borrowing will be carried only from locations approved by the engineer. Quarrying, if required in the project will be only from approved quarries and no new

54 Appendix 1 quarries will be opened for the purposes of the project. Any deviation from the provisions will be immediately notified and approval of the engineer is to be sought.

3.2. The Contractor will maintain all borrow sites, stockpiles, and spoil disposal areas so as to assure the stability and safety of the works and that any adjacent feature is not endangered, and to assure free and efficient natural and artificial drainage, and to prevent erosion. Stockpiling of materials (topsoil, fill material, gravel, aggregates, and other construction materials) will not be allowed during rainy season unless covered by a suitable material. Storage on private property will be allowed if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee.

3.3. Borrow areas and quarries will be sited, worked, and restored in accordance with the specifications. Spoils will be disposed of at approved disposal sites prepared, filled, and restored in accordance with the related specification requirements.

3.4. Following excavation for the works, the Contractor will take all steps necessary to complete drainage and slope protection works in advance of each mining season. Erosion or instability or sediment deposition arising from operations not in accordance with specifications will be made good immediately by the Contractor at the Contractor‘s expense. The Contractor will take all steps necessary to complete drainage in advance of each rainy season in the areas excavated for borrow materials.

3.5. For excavation activities in and around the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology or state protected monuments, the Contractor will carry out the same only after duly obtaining permits/licences for the same in line with the provisions of the legislations governing these activities in monuments.

4.0 DEBRIS DISPOSAL

4.1 The contractor will prior to start of construction and dismantling operations identify potential sites for disposal of hazardous construction debris, sites for general construction wastes and domestic wastes from construction camps. The contractor will obtain approval on identified sites from the Engineer of Supervision Consultant and disposal will be only after consent letter from the Engineer.

5.0 PRECAUTIONS FOR PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES

5.1 The Contractor will ensure that construction activities do not result in any contamination of land or water by polluting substances.

5.2 Unless otherwise provided in the specifications, the Contractor will ensure that no trees or shrubs or waterside vegetation are felled or harmed except those required to be cleared for execution of the works. The Contractor will protect trees and vegetation from damage to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

5.3 The Contractor will not use or permit the use of wood as a fuel for the execution of any part of the works and to the extent practicable, will ensure that fuels other than wood are used for cooking and heating in all camps and living accommodations. Any wood so used must be harvested legally, and the Contractor will provide the Engineer with copies of the relevant permits, if required.

Appendix 1 55

5.4 The Contractor will take all precautions necessary to ensure that vegetation existing adjacent to the project site is not affected by fires arising from the execution of the contract. Should a fire occur in the natural vegetation or plantation adjacent to the project site for any reason, the Contractor will immediately suppress it. Areas of forest, shrub, or plantation damaged by fire considered by the Engineer to have been initiated by the Contractor‘s staff or laborers will be replanted or otherwise restored.

5.5 The Contractor will confine operations to the dry season, use silt traps and dispose spoils in locations approved by the Engineer that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation and water supply. Disposal near wetlands, protected areas, and other areas that will inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood will not be allowed. Acidic and saline spoils will not be spread into agricultural land.

5.6 The Contractor will consult with local residents and local government before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plant. The work camps will not be located near settlements, near drinking water supply intakes, protected areas, or wildlife habitats.

5.7 The Contractor will maintain ecological balance by preventing felling of trees, water pollution and defacing of natural landscape. The Contractor will, so conduct his cleaning operations, as to prevent any avoidable destruction, scarring or defacing of natural surroundings in the vicinity of the archaeological site. In respect of ecological balance, the Contractor will observe the following instructions.

5.8 In the conduct of cleaning activities and operation of equipment, the Contractor will utilize such practicable methods and devices as are reasonably available to control, prevent and otherwise minimize air/noise pollution.

6.0 NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION

6.1 All works will be carried out without unreasonable noise and air pollution. Subject and without prejudice to any other provision of the Contract and the law of the land and its obligation as applicable, the Contractor will take all precautions outlined in the EMP to avoid the air and noise pollution.

6.2 The Contractor will monitor the environmental parameters periodically as specified in the monitoring plan and report to the Engineer.

6.3 The Contractor will indemnify and keep indemnified the Employer from and against any

liability for damages on account of noise or other disturbance created while carrying out the 55

work, and from and against all claims, demands, proceedings, damages, costs, charges, and expenses, whatsoever, in regard or in relation to such liability.

7.0 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION

7.1 The Contractor will, in accordance with the safety and health provisions specified in the EMP, provide workers with a safe and healthy working environment, in the work areas, through application of preventive and protective measures consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group‘s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines. The borrower/client will take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring during the course of work by

56 Appendix 1

(i) Providing preventive and protective measures, including modification, substitution, or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances; (ii) Providing appropriate equipment to minimize risks and requiring and enforcing its use; (iii) Training workers and providing them with appropriate incentives to use and comply with health and safety procedures and protective equipment; (iv) Documenting and reporting occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; and (v) Having emergency prevention, preparedness, and response arrangements in place.

8.0 POST CONSTRUCTION CLEARANCE

8.1 On completion of work, wherever applicable, the Contractor will clear away and remove from the sites all constructional plant, surplus materials, rubbish, scaffoldings, and temporary works of every kind and leave the whole of the sites and works in a clean condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

8.2 Construction camp sites post construction will be cleared as specified in the EMP and handed over to the Owner. It will be ensured by the contractor that the site handed over is in line with the conditions of temporary acquisition signed by both parties.

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APPENDIX 2: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST

Country / Project Title: India Infrastructure Development Sector Investment Program for Tourism- Himalayan Waters Sanctuary Destination subproject

Sector Division: SAUW

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS Project Siting Is the project area…  Densely populated?   Heavy with development activities?  Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?  Cultural heritage site  The subproject site on the Tranquebar fort is a state-level protected archaeological site. Siting and design considerations were discussed with the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology. The subprojects target small-scale improvements to cultural heritage sites for tourism promotion. All subprojects are consistent with state archaeological rules and regulations. The EMP includes measures to avoid and mitigate impacts during design and construction.  Protected Area   Wetland   Mangrove  The subproject site is located 3-5 km away from the Pichavaram Mangrove Forest. The interventions will be on the existing Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC) complex away from mangrove areas. No infrastructure will be constructed on the waterbodies and mangrove areas.  Estuarine   Buffer zone of protected area   Special area for protecting biodiversity   Bay  Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause….  Impacts on the sustainability of associated  On-site improvements to tourism destination sites sanitation and solid waste disposal include toilets with septic tanks. Solid waste to be systems and their interactions with other linked with municipal systems. urban services.  Deterioration of surrounding  Potential induced impacts are addressed through environmental conditions due to rapid the following: (i) local management plans at urban population growth, commercial and proposed sites specifically addressing the need to industrial activity, and increased waste regulate tourism related development and generation to the point that both planning in the area through coordination with manmade and natural systems are related government departments; (ii) project- overloaded and the capacities to manage supported environmental awareness campaigns in these systems are overwhelmed? surrounding communities to encourage eco- tourism related development; and (iii) central government policies automatically require EIA for development activities (≥20,000 sq m and <150,000 sq m of built-up areas) within 10 km of notified protected areas.  Degradation of land and ecosystems (e.g.  All proposed interventions are line with the loss of wetlands and wild lands, coastal provisions of the management plan for the

58 Appendix 2

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS zones, watersheds and forests)? Pichavaram Mangrove Forest, temple complexes, and TTDC boat houses and beach complex. The sites for the proposed project components are within areas already developed. Therefore, no degradation of land and ecosystems anticipated.  Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of  people  Degradation of cultural property, and loss  The project will avoid degradation of cultural of cultural heritage and tourism revenues? properties through strict oversight by relevant archaeological authorities during implementation. Construction works to be timed to avoid peak tourist seasons and done through State Archaeology Department-certified contractors.  Occupation of low-lying lands, floodplains  and steep hillsides by squatters and low- income groups, and their exposure to increased health hazards and risks due to pollutive industries?  Air pollution due to urban emissions?   Social conflicts between construction  workers from other areas and local workers?  Road blocking and temporary flooding due  The temple roads will require temporary disruption to land excavation during rainy season? to the tourist movement. To be addressed through a construction period circulation and movement plan along the roads, along with extensive dissemination of the information through media by the municipal corporations, temple managers, and Panchayat leaders.  Noise and dust from construction  Anticipated during the construction activities. The activities? EMP includes measures to avoid and mitigate impacts during design and construction.  Traffic disturbances due to construction  material transport and wastes?  Temporary silt runoff due to construction?   Hazards to public health due to ambient,  household and occupational pollution, thermal inversion, and smog formation?  Water depletion and/or degradation?  All drinking water schemes are site-specific public taps to be connected to municipal schemes with sustainable supplies. Septic tanks are designed to avoid groundwater pollution.  Overpaying of ground water, leading to  land subsidence, lowered ground water table, and salinization?  Contamination of surface and ground  waters due to improper waste disposal?  Pollution of receiving waters resulting in  amenity losses, fisheries and marine resource depletion, and health problems?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. . Is the Project area subject to hazards  Environmental factors like lithology, regolithic such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical characteristics have very limited or no influence on cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic the foundation, which is already found to be eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)? suitable, and the area is free from landslide

Appendix 2 59

problems. Any proposed facility will require compliance with government rules for seismic design. . Could changes in precipitation,  temperature, salinity, or extreme events over the Project lifespan affect its sustainability or cost? . Are there any demographic or socio-  Proposed project will not impact any marginalized economic aspects of the Project area that are population, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlement already vulnerable (e.g. high incidence of etc. marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? . Could the Project potentially increase the  climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., increasing traffic or housing in areas that will be more prone to flooding, by encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

59

60 Appendix 3

APPENDIX 3: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (TEMPLATE)

Development of Ecotourism Facilities at Pichavaram in Cuddalore District

A. Introduction

1. The specific measures stated in the subproject‘s EMP will address all adverse environmental impacts. A detailed monitoring plan prepared as part of the IEE will ensure negative environmental impacts during implementation are mitigated. During the detailed design stage, the IEE/EMP will be further updated and stand-alone EMPs for each of the procurement packages will be prepared. These EMPs will be appended to the respective contract documents to enable integration of environmental provisions in the contract.

B. Project Background

2. The India Infrastructure Development Investment Program for Tourism (IDIPT) envisages an environmentally and culturally sustainable and socially inclusive tourism development, in the project states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand. The expected Impact of the Project in the four states is sustainable and inclusive tourism development in priority State tourism sub circuits divided into marketable cluster destinations that exhibit enhanced protection and management of key natural and cultural heritage tourism sites, improved market connectivity, enhanced destination and site environment and tourist support infrastructure, and enhanced capacities for sustainable destination and site development with extensive participation by the private sector and local communities.

3. As per the Asian Development Bank‘s (ADB) Environmental Assessment Guidelines, the subproject components have been categorized as ‗B‘ and an IEE carried out. Towards addressal of the construction impacts, this Environmental management plan (EMP) outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the subproject has been prepared. During the detailed design, the IEE / EMP will be further updated and stand- alone EMPs for each of the procurement packages (and appended to the Contract document). This will enable integration of environmental provisions / management measures in the Contract Document.

C. Description of the Subproject Component – provide description of the interventions, implementation schedule, permits/clearance required

4. Components. Proposed tourism infrastructure includes: (Refer to Table 2 of the IEE and DPRs for each component)

5. Implementation Schedule. Implementation will start from (provide month and date) and a total of (provide number of months) months construction period is being considered.

6. Clearances/Approvals/Permits. The subproject is not covered in the ambit of the EIA notification. As a result, the categorization, and the subsequent environmental assessment and clearance requirements, either from the state or the Government is not triggered.

7. CRZ Clearance from the Coastal Regulation Management Zone Authority will be obtained by the executing/implementing agencies for the proposed components in Muttukadu, Mudaliarkuppam, and Mamallapuram prior to loan negotiations,

Appendix 3 61

8. All activities adjacent to the Pichavaran Reserve Forest (mangrove area) Pichavaram, Cuddalore is in line with the management plan approved by the Tamil Nadu Chief Wildlife Warden. No further clearances required.

9. Consent for Establishment (CFE) and Consent for Operation (CFO) from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board for all subprojects requiring, setting up of hot mix plants, wet mix plants, stone crushers and diesel generators. To be obtained by the Contractor, prior to construction.

10. No Objection Certification from the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology will be obtained by the executing/implementing agencies prior to awards of civil works contract for the proposed component in Tranquebar and Nagapattinam.

11. If tree-cutting will be required during preparation of sites, permission will be obtained by the contractors from the State Forest Department prior to commencement of construction works.

12. Telephone lines, electric poles and wires, water and sewer lines within the existing right- of-way (ROW) may be damaged. The mitigate the adverse impacts due to relocation of the utilities, the Design and Supervision Consultants (DSC) and PIU will: (i) identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of services during construction phase; and (ii) require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services.

D. Brief Description of Baseline Environmental Condition (provide information on the primary and secondary impact zones)

E. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

13. The assessment for each of the components has been carried out for potential impacts during the stages of the project planning and implementation. Impacts due to location are associated with site selection, including impacts on environment and resettlement or livelihood related impacts on communities. Impacts arising from project design, including the technology used, scale of operations, discharge standards, etc. Impacts resulting from construction activities including site clearance, earthworks, civil works, etc. Impacts associated with the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure built in the project.

14. Table 1 shows the potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures of the proposed subproject.

F. Environmental Monitoring Plan

15. Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely monitoring development of project performance indicators done by the Environmental Specialist of the Design and Supervision Consultants, monitoring implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by Environmental Specialist of the PMU. The environmental monitoring plan for the project is presented in Table 2. The proposed monitoring of all relevant environmental parameters, with a description of the sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards and responsible agencies are presented.

62 Appendix 3 62

Appendix 3 G. Indicators and Targets for Environmental Performance (provide indicators and targets, with measurable outcomes for the various environmental management provisions set forth in the EMP. See IEE for guidance.)

H. Institutional Arrangements

216. The PMU, oversees the implementation of the environmental provisions related to subproject implementation, its responsibilities include preparation and updating of IEEs consistent with the ADBs SPS and the environmental compliance requirements of the Government of Tamil Nadu and the Government of India.

17. An Environmental Staff is deputized to the PMU, and responsible for implementation of the environmental safeguard provisions. Project Management Consultants (PMC) and Design and Supervision Consultants (DSC) are recruited to provide assistance to the PMU/PIUs in project implementation.

18. Within the PMC team, a Safeguards Specialist provides overall direction for management of environmental and social issues, and provides technical support to the PMU including implementation of the environmental requirements, according to ADB requirements, and assists in monitoring impacts and mitigation measures associated with subprojects.

19. Contractors will be required by their contracts to implement all specified mitigation, monitoring, and reporting assigned to contractors as presented in subproject IEE. Environmental monitoring will be undertaken by the PMU supported by the PMC Environmental Specialist.

20. The project includes upfront6 and ongoing supervision and training assistance for environmental monitoring reporting in project management structures. The effective implementation of the measures proposed will be ensured through the building up of capacity towards environmental management within the PMU supplemented with the technical expertise of a Safeguards Specialist as part of the DSC Consultants.

I. Capacity Building

21. The Environmental Specialist of the DSC will provide the basic training required for environmental awareness followed by specific aspects of infrastructure improvement Projects along with Environmental implications for projects located within / in the vicinity of natural and cultural heritage sites. Specific modules customized for the available skill set will be devised after assessing the capabilities of the members of the Training Programme and the requirements of the project. The entire training would cover basic principles of environmental assessment and management; mitigation plans and programmes, implementation techniques, monitoring methods and tools. The proposed training program along with the frequency of sessions is presented in the main IEE of the subprojects in Tamil Nadu.

J. Environmental Budget

22. The budget for good engineering practices such as erosion prevention, rehabilitation of borrow areas, safety, signage, provision of temporary drains, etc., shall be included in the

6 Upfront capacity for environmental safeguards is ensured through bridging TA consultants hired to train and familiarize safeguards staff on the ADB SPS and other implementation requirements.

Appendix 3 63 design costs of specific subprojects. Costs for mitigation during construction stage shall be included in the civil works contract.

K. Public consultation and information disclosure (provide information on all public consultations held and issues discussed)

23. To ensure continued public participation, provisions to ensure regular and continued stakeholder participation, at all stages during the project design and implementation is proposed. A grievance redressal cell will be set up within the PIU to register grievances of the people regarding technical, social and environmental aspects. This participatory process will ensure that all views of the people are adequately reviewed and suitably incorporated in the design and implementation process. Further, to ensure an effective disclosure of the project proposals to the stakeholders and the communities in the vicinity of the subproject locations, an extensive project awareness campaigns will be carried out.

24. The implementing agency will submit to ADB the following documents for disclosure on ADB‘s website: (i) the final IEE; (ii) a new or updated IEE and corrective action plan prepared during project implementation, if any; and (iii) the environmental monitoring reports.

25. For the benefit of the community the Summary IEE will be translated in the local language and made available at: (i) Office of the PMU; and, (ii) Office of the District Commissioner. These copies will be made available free of cost to any person seeking information on the same. Hard copies of the IEE will be available in the PMU/PIU as well as the district libraries, and accessible to citizens as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. On demand, the person seeking information can obtain a hard copy of the complete IEE document at the cost of photocopy from the office of the PMU/PIU, on a written request and payment for the same to the Project Director. Electronic version of the IEE will be placed in the official website of the Tourism Department and the website of ADB after approval of the documents by Government and ADB. The PMU will issue notification on the disclosure mechanism in local newspapers, ahead of the initiation of implementation of the project, providing information on the project, as well as the start dates, etc. The notice will be issued by the PMU in local newspapers one month ahead of the implementation works. This will create awareness of the project implementation among the public. Posters designed to mass campaign the basic tenets of the IEE will be distributed to libraries in different localities that will be generating mass awareness.

L. Grievance Redress Mechanism

26. The PMU and PIUs will make the public aware of the GRM through public awareness campaigns. Grievances can be filed in writing using the Complaint Register and Complaint Forms or by phone with any member of the PMU or PIU. The contact phone number of the PIUs and the PMU will serve as a hotline for complaints and will be publicized through the media and placed on notice boards outside their offices and at construction sites. The safeguard documents made available to the public in an accessible version will include information on the GRM and will be widely disseminated throughout the corridor by the safeguards officers in the PMU and PIUs with support from the NGO engaged to implement the Community Awareness Program.

64 Appendix 3 64

Appendix 3 M. Environment-Related Clauses to be included in the Construction Contracts

27. Annex 1 provides the clauses to be included in the contracts to ensure environmental mitigation measures are implemented to reduce impacts of the subproject implementation.

Appendix 3 65

Table 1: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC

Location Impacts

1.1 Location impacts pertain to siting of Permanent Moderate  Location of the subprojects within protected areas will be PIU/DSC facilities and improvements within finalized in conformity to the provisions in the management the boundaries of the national park plan. The proposed interventions will be mapped onto the and temple monument complex and plans of the management plan showing the zones, to other cultural heritage destinations ensure that there is conformity with the management plan. Siting of the components and planning of construction activities will be worked out to avoid sensitive ecological and cultural resource areas. Within radii of 100m and 300m from the ―protected property‖ are designated as ―protected area‖ and ―controlled area‖ respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the ―protected area‖ and development activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the ―controlled area‖ without prior permission of the (Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology. Along other significant tourist destinations, the siting of components will be in line with the master plan for the respective destination. All construction activities will minimize the clearance of trees wherever practicable. 1.2 Impacts on archaeological remains, Permanent Major An archaeological survey by the Tamil Nadu Department of PIU/DSC if any, due to siting of project Archaeology will be carried out at the proposed site, to components in and around the confirm non-existence of any remains, in the proposed site. protected monuments. In the event of the survey indicating any presence of archaeological remains, an alternative location will be identified in the vicinity, or the design of the proposed facility be modified to ensure no impact on the archaeological remains. Construction and excavation activities in prohibited and protected areas around the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology monument will be undertaken only after obtaining the necessary permits and clearances in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence granted under rule 13 of the Archaeological rules. 1.3 Lack of sufficient planning to assure Permanent Major  In accordance with the provisions in the subproject PIU/DSC

66 Appendix 3

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC long term sustainability of the selection criteria, the subproject design will include improvements and ensure protection adequate provisions for ensuring effective maintenance of the assets created and the and protection of the assets created so as to ensure the architectural character of the long term sustainability of the sites. surroundings. The designs will be worked out and implemented in accordance with the provisions. Further, the design guidelines for the project components will strictly conform to Tamil Nadu architecture. 2. Design and pre-construction

Impacts

2.1 Layout of components to avoid Permanent Major  The project components (location of tourist information PIU/DSC/ impacts on sensitive areas centre, parking, road alignment, locations where the toilet Contractor blocks, provision of water supply to tourists, parking, footpaths, signage, etc.) siting will avoid impacts on the national park and temples /monument. Access roads to the construction sites will be worked out to ensure minimal impacts. 2.2 Slope stability related issues Moderate  Along areas vulnerable to slope failures and along steep PIU/DSC Permanent stretches, the designs of subproject components will include slope protection measures for uncovered slopes as pitching, vegetation, benching, etc. 2.3 Increased storm water runoff from Moderate  Design of proposed components will enable efficient PIU/DSC alterations of the site‘s natural Permanent drainage of the sites and maintain natural drainage drainage patterns due to patterns. landscaping, excavation works in the periphery of the mangrove forest, boat areas, construction of parking lots, and addition of paved surfaces. 2.4 In areas of shallow water table, Permanent Moderate  At locations with shallow water table, the design of the PIU/DSC ensure that the septic tanks septic tanks will be done to ensure that there is a difference developed, do not impact the ground of at least 1.5m between the bottom bed of the septic tank water quality and the maximum ground water level, to avoid any contamination of ground water. 2.5 Selection of materials and Permanent Moderate  Designs to be worked out in such a manner that exposed PIU/DSC construction technologies, if not steel and concrete structures are avoided. The design brief carefully chosen, will adversely for all components proposed will strictly conform to the

Appendix 3 67

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC impact the aesthetic appeal of the Tamil Nadu architecture. The usage of construction destinations machinery within the existing premises will be disallowed, except for handheld equipments, if necessary. Any new landscaping elements will only utilize native species to protect local biodiversity 2.6 Integration of energy efficiency and Permanent Low  The detailed designs for the subproject components will PIU/DSC energy conservation programs in ensure that energy efficiency design of subproject components 3 Pre-construction Activities by Contractor 3.1 Construction Camps – Location, Temporary Moderate  The construction camps will be located at least 1000m Contractor/ DSC Selection, Design and Layout away from eco-sensitive zones (Pichavaram mangrove forest and Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology temples) and 500m away from settlements. The construction camps including sanitation facilities, shelter, canteen, first aid, health care, day crèche facilities must be adequately drained, and must not be subject to periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of swamps, pools, sink holes or other surface collections of water unless such water surface can be subjected to mosquito control measures. The camps must be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will not endanger any domestic or public water supply. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water is adequately drained and stagnation is avoided from becoming a nuisance. 3.2 Defining of construction/work areas Temporary Moderate  Construction work area will be demarcated on ground. Contractor/ on ground, for activities within 200m Free-standing fencing will be erected in advance of DSC of the boundaries of the protected construction works to protect the Monuments and known areas and archaeological archaeological features near to the construction footprint monuments and any working areas. No construction works, storage of materials be allowed within 100 m of the boundaries of such protected/sensitive areas. Planning of works to ensure that no entry will be allowed by employees/construction/site workers to the protected areas during the construction period to limit disturbance impacts

68 Appendix 3

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC on the associated habitats and fauna. Monuments /archaeological remains will be avoided during construction works by marking out the areas on ground. 3.3 Circulation plan during construction Temporary Moderate  Prior to commencement of site activities and mobilization Contractor/ in the tourist destinations and on ground, the Contractor will prepare and get approved by DSC/PIU temples the Engineer, circulation plan during construction for safe passage of tourists/pilgrims during construction stage, including development of alternative access routes, traffic regulations, signages, etc., during construction. The Contractor with support of the PIU will carry out dissemination of these information and circulation plan at key entry points to the respective destinations. 3.4 Site clearance activities, including Temporary Moderate  The commencement of site clearance activities will be Contractor/ delineation of construction areas undertaken with due permission from the Environment DSC Specialist of the DSC consultant to minimize environmental impacts. All areas used for temporary construction operations will be subject to complete restoration to their former condition with appropriate rehabilitation procedures. 3.5 Drinking water availability and water Temporary Major  The contractor will be responsible for arrangement of water Contractor/ DSC arrangement in every workplace at suitable and easily accessible place for the whole construction period. Sufficient supply of cold potable water to be provided and maintained. If the drinking water is obtained from an intermittent public water supply then, storage tanks will be provided. 3.6 Identification of disposal sites Permanent Major  Location of disposal sites will be finalized by the Contractor/ DSC Environmental Specialist of the DSC and he will confirm that: disposal of the material does not impact natural drainage courses or surface water bodies or low lying areas and that no endangered / rare flora is impacted by such materials 3.7 Ensure waste management is Temporary Major  Environmental specialist to work with local body to design addressed in design improved waste management plan for site. 4 Construction Impacts 4.1 Improper stockpiling of construction Temporary Moderate  Due consideration will be given for material storage and Contractor/ DSC materials cause impacts starting construction sites such that it doesn‘t cause any hindrance from obstruction of drainage, to tourists movement within the site. Stockpiles will be

Appendix 3 69

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC disturbance/ safety hazard to covered to protect from dust and erosion. tourists, etc. 4.2 Quarry / Borrow pits Operations Permanent Moderate  Adequate safety precautions will be ensured during Contractor/ DSC transportation of quarry material from quarries to the construction site. Vehicles transporting the material will be covered to prevent spillage. Operations to be undertaken by the contractor as per the direction and satisfaction of the Engineer. 4.3 Stripping, stocking and preservation Permanent Moderate  The topsoil from borrow areas, areas of cutting and areas Contractor/ DSC of top soil to be permanently covered (proposed site for information centre and other tourism infrastructure and from the road alignment) will be stripped to a specified depth of 150mm, translocated and stored in stockpiles. The stockpile will be designed such that the slope does not exceed 1:2 (vertical to horizontal). Stockpiles will not be surcharged or otherwise loaded and multiple handling will be kept to a minimum to ensure that no compaction will occur. The stockpiles will be covered with gunny bags or tarpaulin. It will be ensured by the contractor that the topsoil will not be unnecessarily trafficked either before stripping or when in stockpiles. Such stockpiled topsoil will be returned to cover the disturbed area and cut slopes. 4.4 Soil Erosion Temporary Moderate  Slope protection measures will be undertaken along slopes Contractor/ DSC of the parking area. The work will consist of measures as per design, or as directed by the Engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution. 4.5 Blasting Permanent Moderate  Except as may be provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor will not use explosives. Where the use of explosives is so provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor will comply with the requirements of the following Sub-Clauses of MoRTH 302 besides the law of the land as applicable. The Contractor will at all times take every possible precaution and will comply with appropriate laws and regulations relating to the import, handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives and will, at all times when engaged in blasting operations, post sufficient warning

70 Appendix 3

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC flagmen, to the full satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor will at all times make full liaison with and inform well in advance and obtain such permission as is required from all Government Authorities, public bodies and private parties whomsoever concerned or affected or likely to be concerned or affected by blasting operations. Blasting will be carried out during fixed hours (preferably during mid-day), as permitted by the Engineer. 4.6 Soil and Water Pollution due to fuel Temporary Moderate  The fuel storage and vehicle cleaning area will be stationed Contractor/ DSC and lubricants, construction waste such that water discharge does not drain into the water body. Soil and water pollution parameters will be monitored as per monitoring plan. 4.7 Siltation of water bodies due to Temporary Moderate  Silt fencing to be provided at all water bodies near Contractor/ DSC spillage of construction wastes construction sites to prevent sediments from the construction site to enter into the watercourses. The number of units of silt fencing to be installed is to be decided by the engineer. Haul roads on the site and approaches to the watercourse (or drains leading to watercourses) will be regularly cleaned to prevent the buildup of mud; areas of bare soil will be kept to a practical minimum to reduce silt runoff. No disposal of construction wastes will be carried out into the river. Extraneous construction wastes will be transported to the pre-identified disposal site for safe disposal. 4.8 Generation of Dust Temporary Moderate  The contractor will take every precaution to reduce the Contractor/ DSC levels of dust at construction sites to the satisfaction of the Engineer. All earthwork to be protected/covered in a manner acceptable to the satisfaction of the engineer to minimize dust generation. Clearance will be affected immediately by manual sweeping and removal of debris, or if so directed by the Engineer, the road surfaces will be hosed or watered using necessary equipment. 4.9 Emission from Construction Temporary Moderate  The discharge standards promulgated under the Contractor/ DSC Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery Environmental Protection Act, will be strictly adhered to. All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction will conform to the relevant Standard. All vehicles, equipments and machinery used for

Appendix 3 71

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC construction will be regularly maintained to ensure that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant requirements. 4.10 Noise from construction Temporary Moderate  Maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery will be Contractor/ DSC Equipments regular and to the satisfaction of the Engineer, to keep noise from these at a minimum. All vehicles and equipment used for construction will be fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found to be defective will be replaced. Noise limits for construction equipment used in this project (measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors, rollers, front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable), vibrators and saws will not exceed 75 dB (A). Notwithstanding any other conditions of contract, noise level from any item of plant(s) will comply with the relevant legislation for levels of noise emission. 4.11 Material Handling at Site Temporary Minor  All workers employed on mixing asphaltic material, cement, Contractor/ DSC lime mortars, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works, will be provided with welder‘s protective eye-shields. Workers engaged in stone breaking activities will be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals. The use of any toxic chemical will be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer‘s instructions. The Engineer will be given at least 6 working days notice of the proposed use of any chemical. A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site will be kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register will include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product. 4.12 Disposal of Construction Waste / Temporary Moderate  Safe disposal of the bituminous wastes, extraneous Contractor/ DSC

72 Appendix 3

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Debris / Cut Material material will be ensured in the pre-identified disposal locations. In no case, any construction waste will be disposed around the project road indiscriminately. Cut material generated because of cutting of hill slopes will be utilized for construction of retaining walls, embankments and as filling material. Remaining material if any will be disposed off safely at the disposal sites. 4.13 Safety Measures During Temporary Moderate  Personal Protective Equipment for workers on the project Contractor/ DSC Construction and adequate safety measures for workers during handling of materials at site will be taken up. The contractor has to comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. 4.14 Risk caused by Force Majure Temporary Minor  All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of Contractor/ DSC the workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. 4.15 Malaria Risk Temporary Minor  The Contractor will, at his own expense, conform to all anti- Contractor/ DSC malaria instructions given to him by the Engineer. 4.16 Religious Structures Temporary Major  All necessary and adequate care will be taken to minimize Contractor/ DSC impact on cultural properties. No work will spill over to these properties, premises and precincts. Access to such properties from the road will be maintained clear and clean. 4.17 Chance finds of archaeological Temporary Moderate The contractor will take reasonable precaution to prevent Contractor/ DSC Property / remains his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and will, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer‘s instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which all work will be stopped 100 m all directions from the site of discovery. The Engineer will seek direction from Archaeologist at the Department of Archaeology before instructing the contractor to recommence work on the site. 4.18 Clearing of Construction of Camps & Temporary Major  Contractor to prepare site restoration plans for approval by Contractor/ DSC

Appendix 3 73

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC Restoration the Engineer. The plan is to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, all rubbish burnt, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the Contractor‘s expense, to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer. 5 O&M Impacts 5.1 Environmental Conditions Temporary Moderate  The tourism department / forest department will undertake Tourism department seasonal monitoring of air, water, noise and soil quality through an approved monitoring agency. The parameters to be monitored, frequency and duration of monitoring as well as the locations to be monitored will be as per the Monitoring Plan prepared. 5.2 Uncontrolled tourism development Temporary Major  While the environmental monitoring plan actions during the Tourism department can cause congestion, increased operation stage will result in monitoring of the with support from pollution, and deterioration of environmental impacts after project implementation, the Culture department destinations. Over- Master Plan will include apart from provision of commercialization of cultural development controls and regulations in the zone, traditions may degrade the natural measures for tourism planning for the key destinations. and cultural identity of the site These plans will be implemented to avoid uncontrolled tourism development at these locations. 5.4 Management of the toilet blocks Temporary Moderate  The tourism department / forest department will carry out Tourism and Forest regular cleaning of the septic tanks to prevent any impacts, department with including pollution of ground water and nearby water participation by courses. For increased volumes of wastewater generation communities will ensure proper and adequate treatment and disposal facilities. 5.5 Adequate drainage of site area Permanent Moderate  The tourism department / forest department to ensure Tourism and Forest efficient flow of surface water and prevent water logging departments along the side of the roads and parking lots. 5.6 Unhygienic condition due to poor Temporary Moderate  The Tourism department/ communities will carryout Tourism department maintenance of sanitation facilities maintenance of the toilets, and carry out the regular and irregular solid waste collection collection of wastes, and will also ensure that: Sanitation in the project site necessitate improvements proposed do not result in pollution of regular maintenance of constructed groundwater. Sanitary facilities do not interfere with other infrastructure. utilities and block access to buildings, cause nuisance to

74 Appendix 3

Duration/ Field Magnitude Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Extent

Pichavaram TTDC Complex TTDC neighboring areas. The transfer of waste will also ensure no spillage and all wastes will be transported to a designated solid waste treatment site. 5.7 Increased waste loads onto the Temporary Moderate  In line with the Government targets of coverage of all urban Urban development existing waste disposal facilities and rural areas with environmentally safe solid waste department (that are non conformant to the management systems, the tourist destinations will be Government requirements for SWM) covered with integrated waste management facilities, including treatment and disposal, in line with the SWHR, the Government.

Table 2: Monitoring Plan for the Pichavaram Subproject Sl. Attributes Stage Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Responsibility No. 1 Air Quality Construction Stage RPM, SPM, SO2, NOx, CO (Complete Once in a season (except Contractor, to be monitored based on the monsoons) for the entire through approved Monitoring DPR) construction period Agency

2 Water quality Construction TDS, TSS, pH, Hardness, BOD, (Complete Twice a year (pre Contractor, to be monitored Faecal Coli form based on the monsoon and post through approved Monitoring DPR) monsoon) for the entire Agency period of construction

3 Wetland health Construction stage, ,Physico-chemical (Complete Continuous Department of Science and quality to be followed up characteristics, based on the Technology through the monitoring during project DPR) regional centre to be operation developed

Construction stage, Water quality of the wetland for (Complete Three times a year (peak Forest Department to be followed up pesticides, hardness and heavy based on the of summer, winter and during project metals DPR) monsoon) operation

Appendix 3 75

Sl. Attributes Stage Parameters to be Monitored Location Frequency Responsibility No. 4 Biodiversity Operation stage Wintering birds using total count (Complete Once in a year (for 3 days Forest department with method (block wise count) based on the in December) compared support from NGOs/ DPR) with the baseline data communities

Heritage Construction stage, Visual inspection of works at (Complete Continuous DSC/ Tamil Nadu Department protection heritage buildings based on the of Archaeology/ PIU DPR) Operation stage Resident and breeding birds (Complete Between February and Forest department, with population using point count based on the may of every year support from NGOs/ method DPR) communities

Operation stage Habitat quality (using standard (Complete Once in each season Forest department, with vegetation analysis techniques) based on the (sampling for 3 seasons support from NGOs/ by permanent vegetation plots in DPR) during peak period of the communities each habitat respective season)

Operation stage Fish diversity using catch per (Complete Once in each season Forest department, with unit effort method based on the support from NGOs/ DPR) communities 4 Noise Levels – Construction Stage Equivalent Day & Night Time (Complete Once in a season during Contractor, to be monitored silence zones Noise Levels based on the construction stage through approved Monitoring DPR) Agency 5 Drainage Operation stage Effectiveness of drainage, water (Complete Thrice a year, before, Forest Department, logging, flooding related issues based on the during and after the DPR) monsoons 6 Survival Rate of Operation Stage Survival Rate (Complete Twice a year for two years Forest Department landscaping based on the DPR) 7 Socio- Operation stage Income levels, livelihood (Complete Once a year, for five years Tourism department, along economic options, especially on tourism based on the from the completion of the with the village eco monitoring DPR) project development committees and forest department DSC= design and supervision consultant, NGO= non-government organization, PIU= project implementation unit.

76 Appendix 3

Table 3: Indicators and Targets for Environmental Performance Parameters to be Indicators Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Monitored Construction Stage Ambient air quality RPM, SPM, SO2, NAAQMS (2009) Once in a season Contractor through Stricter implementation of emission NOx, CO (except monsoons) approved Monitoring norms for the entire Agency construction period Dust suppression No. of tankers for No dust rising from Random checks PIU through DSC Increase in frequency of water water sprinkling, construction site, No sprinkling Timing of sprinkling, dust rising from haul Location of sprinkling roads, Twice daily sprinkling Surface and ground pH, BOD, Faecal Coli Designated best use Twice a year (pre Contractor through Identify source of contamination and water quality form, Free Ammonia, parameters monsoon and post approved Monitoring treat effluent before discharge into EC, SAR, Boron monsoon) for the Agency receiving waters. Instruct contractor entire period of against violation and in case of construction continued non compliance invoke Silt runoff in water location of silt fencing Locate while working Throughout PIU through DSC penalty clauses bodies close to water bodies construction period Working condition Maintain the geo textile Throughout PIU through DSC free from clogging construction period Effluent discharge TDS, TSS, pH, Discharge standards of Twice a year (pre Contractor through from construction Hardness, BOD, CPCB for receiving monsoon and post approved Monitoring camps Faecal Coli form, Free waters monsoon) for the Agency Ammonia, EC, SAR, entire period of Boron construction Ambient noise Equivalent Day & NANQS Once in a season Contractor through Identify noise source and strictly Night Time Noise during construction approved Monitoring regulate noise emissions. In case of Levels stage Agency continued non-compliance invoke Machinery noise Noise dB(A) <75 dB(A) at 1m free Once in a season Contractor through penalty clauses against contractor field from M/C during construction approved Monitoring stage Agency Noise from Timings of Only day time at Continuous PIU through DSC construction activities construction settlements Wetland water quality pH, BOD, Faecal Coli Designated best use Continuous PIU through DSC Identify source of contamination and - Physico-chemical form, Free Ammonia, parameters treat effluent before discharge into characteristics EC, SAR, Boron receiving waters. For continued non compliance invoke penalty clauses Water quality of the Ca, Mg, Hardness, As per IS:10500:1991 Three times a year Contractor through wetland for TDS, TSS, pH, (peak of summer, approved Monitoring pesticides, hardness Hardness, BOD, winter and monsoon) Agency and heavy metals Faecal Coli form, Hg, Cd, Se, Ar, Cr

Appendix 3 77

Parameters to be Indicators Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Monitored OHS Management Plan covers all Compliance with Continuous Contractor Identify non-compliance and modify Plan activities applicable labour laws plan Supply of PPE provision of PPE on Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure adequacy as per plan and site, adequacy of instruct contractor to comply. In case equipment of continued non-compliance, invoke Training in H&S No. of sessions Compliance with OHS Continuous penalty clauses conducted, Percent attendance Establishing Medical Installation of Compliance with OHS Start of construction facilities equipment specified in camp OHS Plan Safety plan Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and implementation instruct contractor to comply. In case OHS Implementation Site maintenance, Compliance with OHS of continued non-compliance, invoke record Medical facilities penalty clauses maintenance, Training sessions Accident record No. of fatal accidents, Compliance with OHS No. of injuries, No. of disabilities Community Health Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and and Safety plan instruct contractor to comply. In case Dissemination of No of community Compliance with OHS of continued non-compliance, invoke Community health health dissemination penalty clauses issues sessions, dissemination mechanisms Health records No. of recorded cases Compliance with OHS of community health as respiratory illness, HIV/STD, Operation stage Physico-chemical pH, BOD, Faecal Coli Designated best use Continuous PIU through Identify source of contamination and characteristics form, Free Ammonia, parameters Monitoring Agency treat effluent before discharge into EC, SAR, Boron receiving waters Water quality of the Ca, Mg, Hardness, As per IS:10500:1991 Three times a year PIU through Identify source of contamination and wetland for TDS, TSS, pH, (peak of summer, Monitoring Agency treat effluent before discharge into pesticides, hardness Hardness, BOD, winter and monsoon) receiving waters and heavy metals Faecal Coli form, Hg, Cd, Se, Ar, Cr Wintering birds Total count Not to be lower than Once in a year (for 3 PIU through Seek inputs of biodiversity experts baseline days in December) Monitoring Agency and undertake necessary measures

78 Appendix 3

Parameters to be Indicators Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Monitored compared with the for improving upon the indicators. baseline data Resident and Point counts Not to be lower than Between February breeding birds baseline and may of every population year Habitat quality Shannon-weiner index Not to be lower than Once in each season baseline (sampling for 3 seasons during peak period of the respective season) Fish diversity using Catch per unit effort Not to be lower than Once in each season catch per unit effort baseline method Drainage Time required for Within 30m of rainfall Thrice a year, PIU Assess need for drainage effectiveness draining stopping before, during and improvements, and if required provide Water logging / No of locations, extent No waterlogging / after the monsoons addl facilities as per design flooding of retention flooding recommendations.

Survival Rate Percent of No. of Survival rate > 75%, Twice a year for two PIU through Plant more trees to compensate for saplings survived, Normal years Monitoring Agency lower survival rates extent of growth Economic indicators Income levels, Equivalent to baseline Once a year, for five PIU through Initiate detailed socio-economic livelihood options, conditions years from the Monitoring Agency studies. Identify reasons for economic especially on tourism completion of the decline and correlation with study project interventions. DSC= design and supervision consultant, OHS= PIU= project implementation unit.

Appendix 4 79

APPENDIX 4: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FORMAT

1. Work Details

Table 1: Work Details and Risks Starting Fulfillment Key Date (land Expected of Sub-projects Name of Listing of What type assumptions clearance) changes objectives- Components the works of works Progress and risks that Locations and from Type of (Package contract under the continued Percentage affect schedule approved remedial No.) or package at present attainment of date of scope measures the objectives completion needed

2. Implementation of Environmental Management Plan

Table 2: Status of Environment, Forest and Other Clearances City/ Work Applicable Legislation/ Type of Clearance given by Subject/ Remarks/ Action Town (Package No.) clearance and date Issue needed

Table 3: Compliance with Environmental Management Plan Monitoring Remarks and Monitoring actions taken Mitigation Detail/ Monitoring Description Implementation methods Remarks to improve measures Remarks on conducted of Impact status and (Excellent/Satisfactory/Partially implementation Proposed Implementation by frequency Satisfactory/Below Satisfaction/Poor/Very Poor) Detailed Design

Pre- Construction

Construction

Table 4: Measurement of Pollutants Base Monitoring result Package/ Period of Components Parameters/Pollutants Standard line during project Remarks Location monitoring status Implementation Noise Air Quality Water Quality Soil Quality

80 Appendix 5

APPENDIX 5: SAMPLE GRIEVANCE REGISTRATION FORM (To be available in Local Language)

The ______Project welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback.

Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name. Thank you.

Date Place of registration

Contact Information/Personal Details Name: Gender: __Male ___ Female Age: Home Address Village / Town District Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where and how) of your grievance below: If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here: ___ How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Registered by: (Name of Official registering grievance)

Verified thru: ___ Note/Letter ___ E-mail ___ Verbal/Telephonic

Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Official(s) reviewing grievance)

Action Taken:

Whether Action Taken Disclosed: ____ Yes ___ No

Means of Disclosure: