THE LARVAE OF LATREILLE (: )'

R. DUNCAN CUYLER

ABSTRACT Larvae of Chauliodes differ from those of other North of inequality and the length of the tubules, and by the American genera of Megaloptera hy having the spiracles color of the prothoracic and atjdominal dorsum. Larvae of the 8th abdominal segment at the ends of two unequal, of Chauliodinae and of Coiydalis are compared, generic elorgated tubules. The larvae of the two Nearctic larval characters of Chn~~liodesare given, and larvae of , C. mst~icornisand C. pectinicounis, have been the two species are described from material collected confused in the past but can he separated 5y the degree in North Carolina.

The family Corydalidae is divided into the insure against disfiguration when subsequently subfamilies Corydalinae and Chauliodinae. Prior placed in alcohol. to 1908, all species of Chauliodinae were included The initial identification of the Chauliodes in the Chauliodes Latreille 1807. The five larvae collected by the writer was based on the genera of Chauliodinae now recognized in the following circumstances. Certain larvae pos- Nearctic region are Chauliodes, Dismycohermes sessed markings on the prothorax and abdomen Munroe 1953, Van der Weele 1909, which were identical with markings on those Banks 1908, and Banks 1908. body parts of adults. Chauliodes contains two North American species, This finding indicated that these larvae also were C. rastricornis Rambur and C. pectinicornis pectinicornis, and that the of this species (Linnaeus), both of which are largely restricted can be identified by means of a yellow stripe on to the eastern United States. As a result of a the middorsum of the prothorax and abdomen. number of inconsistencies found in the literature, It was noted also that other chauliodine larvae, the true identities of the larvae of these two collected prior to the pectinicor-rzis larvae, pos- species have not been established heretofore. sessed a black middorsal stripe on the thorax and

Table 1.-Differences between larvae of Corydnlis and of Chauliodinae -- I Structure 1 Corydalis 1 Chauliodinae Labrum ...... elongate (fig 4) transverse (fig. 7) Lateral margin of gena . strongly angulate (fig 4) ! convex or ireakly angulaie ( (fig. 7), except in Dis- mycohe~jnzes Mandibles...... symmetrical (fig. 4) asymmetrical (fig. i) Antennae ...... 5-segmented 4-segmented Lateral filaments...... carinate; tufted with hairs not carinate: not tufted with on abdominal segments hairs on abdominal seg- 1-8 (fig. 6) ments 1-8 (fig. 8) Spiracles...... ~ cribriform annular Tufts of tracheal gills on abdominal venter...... I present (fig. 6) absent (fig. 8) Spiracles of 8th abdominal I segment ...... I near base of lateral filament at posterior margin of segment (fig. 8) (fig. lo), or at end of respira- tory tube (Chnulzoder, fig. 9) Hydrofuge hairs on 9th ad- dominal ventrite...... present absent Clarate macro- and microsetae present absent I

Larvae and pupae of various Chauliodinae, abdomen. Subsequently, when the first of the including both species of Chauliodes, were col- pectinicornis larvae was collected, it was apparent lected by the writer in east-central North Caro- that a different species of larva had been taken. lina, chiefly in Durham, Wake, and Orange When it was determined that this second larva Counties. Attempts were made on a number of belonged to pectinicornis, it was suspected that occasions to rear the immature forms. No larvae specimens of the other species belonged to were reared from ova, but several of the larvae rastricor~zis.Both species possessed caudal respira- and pupae completed their development to the tory tubes (tubes subtending the spiracles of the adult stage. Other larvae were placed in KAAD eighth abdominal segment), indicating that they solution or boiled to coagulate the proteins and were congeneric. Later, a preserved pupa of rastricornis was 'Accepted for publication April 28, 1958. examined. It possessed a dark middorsal stripe e 19581 Cuyler : Larvae of Chauliodes 583 on the abdomen, as do larvae of this species. larvae of this subfamily and those of the Coryd- Still later, a large number of pupae of this species, alinae, as represented by the very well-known as well as larvae preparing to pupate, were col- Corydalis corlzuta (figs. 1, 4, 5, 6). In the lected. Two adults, a male and a female, were Chauliodinae the left mandible bears an addi- reared from pupae; and three males and three tional tooth apical to the three regular teeth. females were reared from larvae. All of these Larvae of the genus Dismycohermes are excep- adults, and a number of adults subsequentlv tional in the Chauliodinae in that the gena is collected, possessed abdominal markings like strongly angulate, as it is in Corydalis. those of the larvae and pupae. Genus Chauliodes DESCRIPTIONS Larvae of this genus may be recognized im- The descriptions presented here are based mediately by the presence of a pair of long, chiefly upon larvae more than 25 millimeters in unequal tubules bearing the spiracles of the length. It happens that some specimens may be eighth abdominal segment. stretched more than others by the KAAD Prothorax quadrangular, approximately 1M solution. Consequently, two preserved speci- times broader than long; lateral filaments narrow, mens which are apparently of the same length nearly threadlike in appearance; spiracles of may not have been of the same size originally. abdominal segments 1 to 7 located slightly anterior to level of bases of lateral filaments, SUBFAMILYCHAULIODJNAE nearly sessile; spiracles of segment 8 located at Table I sets forth the major differences between ends of long respiratory tubes arising close to-

FIG. 1.-Corydalis coinuta (Linnaeus). Preserved specimen from Little Creek, Orange County, North Carolina, March 10, 1956. Natural size. FIG. 2.-Clzauliodes rastricoinis Rambur. Living specimen from Anerican Legion Pond, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, March 29, 1956. Enlarged x1.5. FIG.3.-Chaw liodes peciinicoinis (Linnaeus). Preserved specimen from swamp, Durham County, North Carolina, August 16, 1953. Enlarged x2.3. 5 84 Annals Entomological ' Society of America lITol.51 gether from posterior margin (fig. 9) ; respiratory dorsal stripes, submedian vertical streaks, and tubes unequal, the longer one on either left or irregular brown lateral areas ; legs yellowish ; right; hairs longest on abdomen, irregular in abdomen yellowish gray mottled with brown, with length on lateral margin of head; abdomen and middorsal brom71l streak 0.5 mm, wide and with a lateral filaments with small papillae scattered thinly over surface; legs with spines. Habitat.-Lenitic bodies of water, including lakes, ponds, and swamps; pupation chiefly in decaying logs or stumps above water level or on adjacent land. Epis fomal Suture ------~ntenniferou5Tubercle KEY TO LARVAE OF CH.4ULIODES F~~~~ --- Pleurostomal Suture Fronta/ Longer respiratory tube as long as combined length of Suture abdominal segments 6 to 8 or 5 to 8. shorter tube Gens ------I Sio to $6 as long as longer one; abdomen with black mid- dorsal stripe...... C. rastricornis Longer respiratory tube as long as combined length of abdominal segments 7 and 8, shorter tube ?$ to 45 as long as longer one; abdomen with yellow middorsal stripe...... C. pectinicornis

Chauliodes rastricornis Rambur Flgure 2 , I cm. , Lafera/ FjIarnen+ Length 34.0 mm. ; head 5.5 mm. wide; occipital suture convex, sinuate, not concave middorsally; pronotum 4.3 mm. long, 5.73 mm. wide; first abdominal segment slightly more than twice as wide as long; proleg 1.15 mm. long, claws 0.35 mm. ; lateral filament of first abdominal segment as long as width of segment, filament of eighth segment 2% times longer than width of segment, filament of proleg surpassing claws by length of claws; spiracles 0.15 mm. in diameter; longer respiratory tube as long as combined length of segments 5 to 8 or G to 8 (8.0 mm.); shorter L----~rocheal respiratory tube 0.3 to 0 67 length of longer I cm. tube; hairs longer than those of C. pectinicornis, 1 Gill5 those of lateral filaments distinctly longer than 6 basal diameter of filament. Labrum reddish brown; clypeus yellow; frons and vertex brown, obscurely phalerate with reddish and with tawny streaks immediately mesad of lateral margin; occiput reddish brown with minute dorsolateral black streak; prothorax tawny, mottled with black and brown and with dark brown middorsal stripe 0.2 mm. wide at top and abruptly narrowing to 0.1 mm.; meso- and metathorax tawny, with dark brown mid-

FIG. 4.-Corydalis cornuta. Dorsal viem- of head. (Line draxving by Louise Horne, Mt. Zion Hospital, San Francisco, California.) FIG. 5.-Corydalis covnuta. Caudal end of abdomen, dorsal view. (Line drawing by Louise Horne.) FIG. 6.--Co~ydalis cornuta. \-enter of first and second abdominal somites. (Line drawing bv- 1,ouise Horne.) FIG. 7.-Chauliodes pectinicounis. Dorsal view of head. (Line draw-ing by Department of Medical Art and Illustration, Duke Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.) FIG.8.-Chazrliodes pectinzcoun,is. Venter of first and secona abdominal somites. (Line drawing by Depart- ment of Medical Art and Illustration, Duke Hospital.) 19.581 Cuyler: Larvae of Chauliodes 585 somewhat narrower line one-third the distance rastricorlzis. His description was more detailed from middorsum to lateral margin, also with than that of Walsh (1863), and was accompanied oblique, divergent, dorsolateral and lateral brown by figures of a larva, a pupa, an adult male, stripes; venter yellowish brown with black spots and an adult female. He mentioned a dark on centers of segments; lateral filaments yellowish. middorsal stripe on the thorax. The caudal repiratory tubes are not mentioned in the descrip- Chauliodes pectinicornis (Linnaeus) tion, but the illustration shows them as equal in I'lqures 3, '7, 8,9 length-unlike the tubes of the specimens col- Length 38.0 mm.; head 5.5 mm. wide; occipital lected by Walsh, by Brimley (1908), and by the suture sinuous, concave at middorsum; pronotum present writer. The length of the tubes appears 3.0 mm. long, 6.3 mm. wide; abdomen 6.0 mm. to be equivalent to the combined length of wide; first abdominal segment slightly more than 3 times wider than long; proleg 1.25 mm. long, claws 0.3 mm.; lateral filament of first abdominal segment four-fifths as long as width of segment, filament of eighth segment twice as long as width of segment, filament of proleg surpassing claws by 1% times length of claws; spiracles 0.23 mm. in diameter; longer respiratory tube as long as combined length of segments 7 and 8 (5.0 mm.), shorter tube 0.3 to 0.8 length of Tube longer tube; hairs shorter than those of C. rastricorfzis, those of lateral filaments but little longer than basal diameter of filament. Labrum tawny; clypeus whitish; frons, vertex, and occiput dark brown, mottled with yellowish; pronotum brown, mottled and figured with yellow, including a Capital-I-shaped middorsal band on basal two-fifths and a figure "2" near base dorsolaterally; scuta of meso- and metathorax brown with irregular yellow longitudinal, dor- hnsverse solateral and lateral markings; legs yellow; Furrow abdomen brown or purplish brown (sometimes Vertical pink in boiled specimens) with middorsal, dor- Furrow solateral, and lateral yellow stripes; venter yellowish with light brown spot posterior to suture; lateral filaments whitish.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE Larvae of Chauliodes were collected and de- scribed for the first time by Walsh (1863), who reared an unstated number of C, rastricornis from the Mississippi River at Rock Island, Illinois. Although he described the larvae in con- siderable detail, the characters which distinguish larvae of rastricornis from those of pectinicornis were not mentioned. Moody (1877) described two Chauliodes larvae, stating that they possessed a "black, interrupted, mediodorsal line, and a narrower, more obscure, FIG. 9.-Chaulzodes prctiniconzis. Caudal end ot similar line each side.' It is clear, therefore, abdomen, dorsal view. (Line drawing by Louise Horne.) that these larvae were C. rastricornis. Moody FIG.10.-Neohermcs californicus (Walker). Caudal determined an adult reared from one of these end of abdomen, dorsal view. (Line drawing by Louise larvae as C. pecti?zicor?zis This was evidently a Horne.) misidentification on the basis of the antenna1 structure. Formerly specimens possessing pecti- abdominal segments 3 through 8, as is true of the nate antennae were classified as C. pectinicorfzis, longer tube in larvae collected by the writer. those with serrate antennae as C. rastricornis. Riley (1879) compared larvae of Chauliodes However, it was noted by Weed (1889) and by with those of Corydalis cornuta. Needham and Betten (1901) that the males of Lintner (1892), like Moody, identified a larva rastricornis also possess pectinate antennae. of Chauliodes rastricorlzis as C. pectilzicornis. Weed (1889) redescribed the larvae of Chauliodes He quoted Moody's description, but mentioned 5% Annals Entomological Society of Arnericu [Vol, 51 no particulars in which his larva might have which possessed unequal respiratory tubes, mere differed from one reared by Moody. In the reared to adults. Ten adults were determined by accompanying illustration by Bridgham, the un- Brimley as Chauliodes pecti~zicorfzis,eight as C. equal length and proportions of the caudal rastricornis. Since he based his determinations respiratory tubes appear the same as observed on the antenna1 structure, any number of the by the present writer on rastricornis larvae. adults determined as pecti~zicor~ziscould have Needham and Betten (1901) gave an account been males of rastricor~zis. of their observations on the larvae, pupae, and Parfin (1952) collected prepupae (larvae pre- adults of Chaz~liodes. Their references involving paring to pupate) of C. rastricornis and reared chauliodine larvae are based on misdetermina- them to adults. She did not describe the larvae, tions, or leave doubt as to which species is con- but her determinations of the adults are thought cerned. Larvae of Nigrotzia serricornis (Say) to be reliable. were tentatively identified by these authors as Chauliodes pectinicornis, while larvae of Chauliodes in the modern sense were tentatively identified as ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to thank the following persons, all C. serricornis and C. rastricornis. Their "ser- of North Carolina State College, Raleigh, for many ricornis" identification was based on a comparison worthwhile suggestions pertaining to the manuscript : with larvae possessing unequal respiratory tubes, Dr. C. F.Smith, Dr. 7'. B. Mitchell, Dr. R. I,. Rahb, reared and identified as serricortzis by Henshaw and Dr. D. A. Young, Jr. (see Needham and Betten, 1901, p. 545, footnote I). They noted that these larvae agreed with REFERENCES CITED Lintner's (1892) illustration of "pectinicornis," Brimley, C. S. 1908. Notes on some neuropteroids from which they concluded was a misdetermination. Raleigh, North Carolina. Ent. News 19: 133-34. Their "rastricornis" identification was based on Davis, K. C. 1903. Sialididae of North and South America, in: Aquatic in New York State. Weed's (1889) illustration, and applied to a New York State Mus. Bul!. 68: 442-86, figs. 20-26, species with respiratory tubes of "about equal" pls. 51-52. length. But in true pectinicor~zisthe respiratory Latreille, P. 1807. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorurn, tubes are more nearly equal than in true rastri- vol. 3. 400pp., 16pls. Lintner, J. A. 1892. Chauliodes pectinicornis, vasivi- cornis. It is likely, therefore, that the "rastri- cornis, and serricornis. 8th Ann. Rewt. New York corlzis" larvae of Needham and Betten are the State ~ntom.: 155-59, figs. 13, 15, 16, bl. true pectinicornis. However, Needham and Bet- Moody, H. L. 1877. Habits and transformations of ten actually did not mention the characteristics Chauliodes pectinicornis. Psyche 2: 52-53. Needham, J. G., and C. Betten. 1901. Aquatic insects which separate larvae of these two species, and in the Adirondacks. New York State Mus. Bull. their authentic Chauliodes larvae could have 47: 383-612, 42 figs., 36 pls. belonged to either or both, as far as can be Parfin, Sophy I. 1952. The Megaloptera and Neurop- determined at this time. tera of Minnesota. Amer. Midland Nat. 47:421-34. Riley, C. V. 1879. On the larval characters of Corydalls Davis (1903), in his revision of the Sialidae and Chauliodes and on the development of the (including Corydalidae) of North and South former. Abstract, in: Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. America, referred to larvae with long, unequal, 1878: 285-87; and in Canadian Ent. 11: 96-98. respiratory tubes as Chauliodes serricortzis. Walsh, B. D. 1863. Notes on Neuroptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 15: 182-272. Brimley (1908) collected Chauliodes larvae in Weed, C. M. 1889. Studies in pond life. Ohio Expt. Wake County, North Carolina. These larvae, Sta. Tech. Bull. 1: 4-17, fig. 3, pl. 1.

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Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 2007

Reference Citation: Cuyler, R. D. 1958 [1958.??.??]. The larvae of Chauliodes Latreille (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 51:582-586.

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