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WOMEN LEADING PEACE LEADING WOMEN Leading Peace Women WOMEN LEADING PEACE Leading Peace A close examination of women’s political participation in peace processes in Northern Ireland, Guatemala, Kenya, and the Philippines To learn more about the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security, visit giwps.georgetown.edu. Published by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security Funded by e Ford Foundation Authors Patty Chang, Ph.D. (Senior Research Consultant and co-Principal Investigator) Mayesha Alam (Associate Director, GIWPS and co-Principal Investigator) Roslyn Warren (Research Associate, GIWPS) Rukmani Bhatia (Hillary R. Clinton Research Fellow, GIWPS) Rebecca Turkington (Program Associate, GIWPS) Expert Adviser Ambassador Melanne Verveer (Executive Director, GIWPS) Acknowledgements The Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security (GIWPS) is deeply grateful to the Ford Founda- tion for making this study possible. In addition, the authors of this report would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for their advice and support: Mara D’Amico, Ashley Binetti, Hannah Beswick, Ségolene Dufour-Genneson, Kelsey Larsen, Ryan Nichols, Erica Vásquez, Anna Newby, Annabelle Timsit, Helen Moser, Amanda Jessen, Sarah Radomsky, Anna Applebaum, Maya Harris, LaShawn Jefferson, Lorna McCaugherty, Amanda Majisu, Miriam Coronel Ferrer, Violeta Ramírez, Claudia Paz y Paz, Kristin Haffert, The Institute for Inclusive Security, and The National Democratic Institute. The authors would also like to express their profound gratitude to Robert Egnell, Anne Marie Goetz, and Jamille Bigio for serving as external reviewers of this report. © Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security 2015 To contact the Institute or the authors of this study, email: [email protected]. Printed on recycled paper using 100% wind power. WOMEN LEADING PEACE 3 A close examination of women’s political participation in peace processes in Peace Leading Women Northern Ireland, Guatemala, Kenya, and the Philippines Published by the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security Funded by the Ford Foundation 4 Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security Peace Georgetown Institute for Women, Table of Contents FOREWORD BY AMBASSADOR MELANNE VERVEER .......................................................................7 LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................8 ACRONYMS .........................................................................................................................................9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................11 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................13 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................17 Peace Leading Women NORTHERN IRELAND ......................................................................................................................31 GUATEMALA .....................................................................................................................................51 KENYA ...............................................................................................................................................71 THE PHILIPPINES .............................................................................................................................97 REVIEW OF KEY FINDINGS AND LESSONS LEARNED ..................................................................119 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................123 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................................129 APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................141 APPENDIX B: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES ..........................................................................................149 APPENDIX C: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .........................................................................................152 APPENDIX D: TIMELINES ..............................................................................................................153 APPENDIX E: DIAGRAMS ...............................................................................................................157 6 Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security Peace Georgetown Institute for Women, FOREWORD As we mark the fifteenth anniversary of the adoption of historic UN Security Council Resolution 1325, which affirmed the representation and participation of women in building peace and enhancing security, as well as the protection of women from the severe impacts of violent conflict, it is important to reflect on the progress made and the challenges that remain. One critical element of the 1325 framework is women’s political participation in peacebuilding. This study was undertaken to investigate the link between women’s political participation in peace processes and the outcomes of negotiations. Women around the globe continue to face significant cultural, institutional, and structural barriers to meaningful political participation. In countries mired in conflict or undergoing major political transfor- mations, the obstacles are even greater. When women’s perspectives and potential contributions are left untapped, not only are their voices silenced, but so too are their societies shortchanged, especially in pur- suing sustained peace and prosperity. Although women’s leadership and contributions tend to be written out of history, especially on peacebuilding, there are countless examples of women in civil society who have organized and mobilized in the pursuit of peace. While they rarely hold a seat at the formal peace table, their engagement is persistent and profound. This study, made possible through the generosity of the Ford Foundation, was conducted between 2013 and 7 2015 and provides an historical record of how women influenced peace processes in four distinct cases. In addition to providing a thorough literature review, this report draws upon extensive fieldwork in Northern Ireland, Guatemala, Kenya, and the Philippines. Rich and insightful interviews with women and men from Peace Leading Women civil society organizations (CSOs), government institutions, rebel or opposition groups, and subject mat- ter experts provide the basis for many of the findings in this report, which is a unique resource for those interested in learning about how women accessed formal peace processes in these four countries and how they shaped and influenced the progress of negotiations and the content of resulting peace agreements. A rigorous research methodology, combined with extensive mapping of stakeholders in each country, enabled the authors of this report to engage directly with dozens of women peacebuilders and to learn first-hand how they accomplished what they did, where their strategies and efforts fell short, and what they would advise others to do differently. Policymakers and practitioners need a clearer understanding about the impact of women’s political partic- ipation in volatile political settings and conflict areas. At the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security, we recognize that, in order to craft well-informed policies, data and analysis are critical to decision makers. One of our primary goals is to equip practitioners and policymakers with evidence-based research. At the same time, women peacebuilders – who are often on the frontlines of change but feel marginalized – need recognition, support, and access to best practices. The lessons learned in each case study, as well as the overall conclusions, represent a seminal contribution to the knowledge base in the field of women, peace and security. We know from the findings of this report that women can, do, and continue to make important contributions to the attainment of peace. Their goals and motivations may vary, as do their approaches and tactics, but their agency is universal. What women do with their agency and whether they are able to chart a course through myriad obstacles ultimately deter- mines the kind of difference they make in moving societies from conflict to peace. Ambassador Melanne Verveer Executive Director Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Gender Breakdown of the Northern Ireland Forum for Political Dialogue, 1996 ........................................................................................ 38 Table 2: Gender Breakdown in Guatemala Formal Peace Negotiations, 1991-1996 ..................................................................... 57 Table 3: Gender Breakdown of the National Dialogue and Reconciliation Mediation Process in Kenya, 2008 ........................................ 77 Table 4: Women Participating in Formal Peace Negotiating Teams 8 and Technical Working Groups in the Philippines, 2013-2014 ........................105 Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security Peace Georgetown Institute for Women, ACRONYMS AFP – Armed Forces of the Philippines AfriCog – Africa Centre for Open Governance ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ASC – Asamblea de la Sociedad Civil, Civil
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