140 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07914-4 - The Self in Understanding and Treating Psychological Disorders Edited by Michael Kyrios, Richard Moulding, Guy Doron, Sunil S. Bhar,Maja Nedeljkovic and Mario Mikulincer Index More information

Index

aberrant salience, 163 anxiety disorders, 4 , 15 Beck, Aaron T., 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 59 , 60 abstinence violation eff ect (AVE), 140 perception of vulnerability, 12 Beck’s cognitive theory of Acceptance and Commitment Th erapy SAD, 91 – 98 depression, 84 (ACT), 4 , 50 – 57 Asperger’s syndrome, 151 behavioral activation, 33 and Obsessive–Compulsive attachment anxiety, 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 behavioral states, 60 Personality Disorder and maladaptive perfectionism, 25 binge-eating disorder see e a t i n g (OCPD), 185 and self-esteem, 22 disorders and schizophrenia, 165 chronic fatigue syndrome, 194 – 195 bipolar disorder, 4 , 82 – 87 conceptualized self, 52 – 54 attachment behavioral system, 19 development of self, 82 functional contextualism, 50 – 51 attachment disorganization, 169 embodied self, 85 – 86 knowing self, 54 – 55 developmental sequelae, 172 hyper-positive self, 84 observing self, 55 – 56 dissociative processes, 170 – 172 organization of self, 82 – 83 psychological fl exibility, 52 in infants, 169 – 170 self-depressive associations, 13 relational frame theory, 51 – 52 attachment fi gures, 19 , 20 self-discrepancy, 84 senses of self, 52 negative interactions with, 21 self-esteem in, 85 A C T see Acceptance and Commitment as source of fear, 170 self-referent processing, 84 – 85 Th erapy unresponsiveness of, 20 self-stigma, 85 action-proneness, 193 a t t a c h m e n t l i n e , 7 3 treatment, 86 – 87 active vulnerability, 31 attachment orientations, 19 Blatt, Sidney, 191 activity scheduling, 185 a t t a c h m e n t s e c u r i t y , 2 1 body dissatisfaction, 203 – 204 addictive behaviors, 4 , 134 , 138 attachment theory, 3 , 19 – 26 body dysmorphic disorder, 4 , 125 – 127 clinical approaches, 139 – 140 basic concepts, 19 – 20 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), relapse prevention, 140 defensive self-enhancement, 22 – 23 5 , 15 , 60 , 169 – 175 transtheoretical model, 138 OCPD, 181 – 182 attachment disorganization, 169 see also gambling disorder secondary attachment developmental sequelae, 172 adolescents, gender identity, 224 – 225 strategies, 19 , 20 dissociative processes, 170 – 172 identity diff usion, 229 self-esteem and self-competence, 22 infants, 169 – 170 sexual orientation, 228 self-representation, 20 – 22 developmental psychopathology, Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), autism, 5 , 144 – 152 172 – 173 170 , 175 agency and perspective taking, psychotherapy, 30 a ff ect regulation, 31 , 170 147 – 148 treatment, 173 – 174 depression, 32 autobiographical memory, 150 – 151 multi-setting integrated therapies, agency, 147 – 148 gender dysphoria in, 216 174 – 175 “Agent-In-Relationships” (AIR), 31 personality traits, 148 – 150 Bowlby, John, 19 , 21 agoraphobia, 12 self-face recognition, 145 – 147 Buber, Martin, 175 alcohol abuse, 134 temporally extended self, 150 – 151 bulimia nervosa see eating disorders self-monitoring, 136 autoandrophilia, 229 bully/attack mode, 62 standards and goals, 135 autobiographical memory, 150 – 151 B P D see Borderline Personality Disorder alcohol eff ects on self-control, 138 autogynephilia, 226 Alcoholics Anonymous, 136 autonomy, 73 , 74 , 182 C B T see Cognitive Behavior Th erapy alexithymia, 150 , 193 a v o i d a n c e , 6 2 Cognitive Behavior Th erapy (CBT), 1 , allostatic load, 191 , 195 avoidant attachment, 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 2 , 3 , 40 – 48 , 77 Alzheimer’s disease, 213 and maladaptive perfectionism, 25 addictive behaviors, 139 see also dementia f e a r f u l a v o i d a n c e , 2 0 bipolar disorder, 86 American Psychological Association, 50 clinical application, 47 – 48 anaclitic line, 73 Beck and Emery Cognitive Model of core beliefs about self, 2 anankastic personality disorder, 180 Anxiety, 92 eating disorders, 206 , 209 anorexia nervosa see eating disorders Beck Self-Concept Test (BCST), 43 elaborated cognitive theory, 43 – 44 237

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07914-4 - The Self in Understanding and Treating Psychological Disorders Edited by Michael Kyrios, Richard Moulding, Guy Doron, Sunil S. Bhar,Maja Nedeljkovic and Mario Mikulincer Index More information

Index

Cognitive Behavior Th erapy (cont.) m a l a d a p t i v e , 3 2 information processing errors, OCD, 118 coping styles, 60 204 – 205 SAD, 94 core beliefs, 12 internalization of thin-ideal, schizophrenia, 164 corporeality, 160 203 – 204 self in corporealization, 86 neurocognitive changes, 204 current CBT, 42 cortisol, 191 reinforcement, 205 – 206 early CBT, 41 – 42 counter-dependency, 192 , 194 self-discrepancy, 204 self-complexity, 45 – 46 covert narcissisim, 23 weight and shape, 203 self-incongruence, 46 – 47 cyclical psychodynamics, 33 integrated theoretical model, self-schemas, 45 206 – 207 third wave, 165 default mode network (DMN), 150 psychodynamic theories, 201 – 203 see also ACT defense mechanisms, 31 treatment, 207 – 209 cenesthesia, 160 m a l a d a p t i v e , 3 2 CBT, 209 child modes, 61 – 62 defensive self-enhancement, 22 – 23 egosyntonicity, 207 – 208 h a p p y , 6 1 , 6 3 defensive self-handicapping, 23 neurocognitive style, 208 impulsive/undisciplined, 61 deictic framing, 52 non-negotiables, 208 r e p a r e n t i n g , 6 7 – 6 8 demanding parent (DP) mode, 63 parallel-track approach, 208 vulnerable, 61 , 62 dementia, 5 , 213 – 219 working deeply, 208 childhood adversity, 194 – 195 conceptualization of self, 214 – 215 egosyntonicity in eating disorders, children importance of self, 213 – 214 207 – 208 a t t a c h m e n t s e c u r i t y , 2 1 persistence of self, 215 elaborated cognitive theory, 43 – 44 gender identity, 224 supportive interventions, 77 – 78 embodied mentalization, 194 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 5 , dependency, 73 , 74 embodied self, 85 – 86 190 – 196 depersonalization, 171 empathic confrontation, 62 , 66 attachment anxiety in, 194 – 195 depression, 71 – 78 empirically grounded clinical case example, 191 Beck’s cognitive theory, 84 interventions, 1 childhood adversity in, 194 – 195 capacity for self-refl ection, 75 – 77 empty chair technique, 67 etiology, 190 cognitive model, 43 event-related potentials (ERPs), 146 overload, 191 – 194 defi nition of self, 72 – 73 evidence-based practice, 1 , 234 self-critical perfectionism, 191 – 194 intervention, 77 – 78 Examination of Anomalous c l a r i fi cation-oriented psychotherapy and low self-esteem, 12 Self-Experience (EASE) (COP), 64 mental representations of, 73 – 75 instrument, 159 Clark and Wells Cognitive Model mentalizing models, 75 – 77 executive function, 11 of Social Anxiety Disorder neurobiology of self, 78 existential reorientation, 160 (SAD), 92 phenomenology, 72 , 73 Experiences in Close Relationships cognitive appraisal, 164 psychodynamic scale (ECR), 20 cognitive defusion, 127 psychotherapy, 31 – 33 external validity, 29 cognitive models of self-concept, 10 self-experience in, 73 extreme pretend mode, 75 , 76 cognitive neuroscience, 145 depressive psychodynamics, 32 cognitive remediation therapy depressive realism, 76 facial recognition, 145 – 147 (CRT), 209 derefl ection, 33 false self, 71 , 74 , 202 , 228 cognitive restructuring, 33 Descartes, René, 9 Fear of Self Questionnaire, 47 cognitive triad, 41 Detached Protector mode, 62 f e a r f u l a v o i d a n c e , 2 0 combinatorial entailment, 51 developmental pathways in feedback seeking, patterns of, 24 Common Language for Psychotherapy schizophrenia, 163 – 164 felt impression, 126 initiative, 234 dialectical behavior therapy, 50 fi bromyalgia syndrome, 190 , 192 , 194 c o m m o n a l i t y , 9 dissociation, 105 see also chronic fatigue syndrome compartmentalized self, 83 and attachment disorganization, fi ght-fl ight response, 193 compliant surrenderer mode, 62 170 – 172 fMRI see functional Magnetic conceptualized self, 52 – 54 DSM-3, 91 , 222 Resonance Imaging research, 54 DSM-4, 134 , 222 fragile self, 72 weakening of, 53 – 54 DSM-5, 40 , 134 , 144 , 179 , 201 Freud, Sigmund, 9 , 30 construct validity of cause (CVC), 29 , 35 dynamic interpersonal therapy fright without solution, 170 construct validity of eff ect (CVE), 29 (DIT), 77 functional contextualism, 50 – 51 controlling–caregiving strategy, 172 Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), 43 functional Magnetic Resonance controlling–punitive strategy, 172 d y s p h o r i a , 4 6 Imaging (fMRI), 146 coping modes, 62 fusiform gyrus, 145 , 147 bypassing/overcoming, 65 – 66 early gender-transition movement, 226 future representations, 31 , 33 – 35 see also specifi c coping modes eating disorders, 5 , 20 , 201 – 209 depression, 32 coping strategies, 31 cognitive model, 203 – 206 explication, 34 – 35 238

Index

fi g h t i n g f o r , 3 4 identity impairment, 202 child modes, 61 – 62 playing with, 35 imagery, 66 , 67 health adult mode, 63 self-critical, 32 imagery rescripting, 95 – 96 maladaptive coping modes, 62 implicit association tasks, 13 parental modes, 63 gambling disorder, 134 – 140 Implicit Association Test (IAT), 22 defense mechanisms, 32 motivation, 138 – 139 implicit self in OCD, 117 SAD, 97 self-control strength, 137 – 138 impulsive/undisciplined child maladaptive coping modes, 62 self-monitoring, 136 – 137 mode, 61 malevolent introjects, 63 self-regulation, 135 infants, attachment disorganization, mania, 84 , 86 standards and goals, 135 – 136 169 – 170 manic defense hypothesis, 84 Gender Constancy Interview, 224 developmental sequelae, 172 Markus, Hazel Rose, 42 , 45 gender dysphoria, 6 , 222 – 229 dissociative processes, 170 – 172 mattering, 161 cognitive representations of gender, inferior parietal lobes, 149 MBCT see Mindfulness-Based 227 – 228 information processing errors in eating Cognitive Th erapy phenomenology, 223 – 224 disorders, 204 – 205 Mead, George Herbert, 175 stability of, 225 – 226 insular cortex, 149 medial prefrontal cortex, 149 treatment, 226 intentional binding, 148 medial temporal lobes, 149 gender identity intermodal integration, 163 memory, 9 , 10 adolescents and adults, 224 – 225 internal critics, 63 autobiographical, 150 – 151 children, 224 internal validity, 29 mental representations in and gendered self, 228 internal working model (IWM), 170 , depression, 73 – 75 self-labeling, 226 – 227 171 , 172 , 173 , 195 mentalization, 109 , 150 , 170 , 171 , 175 , Gender Identity Disorder see gender internalized bad objects, 63 194 , 235 dysphoria internalized dysfunctional parental embodied, 194 Gender Identity Interview for modes, 63 impaired, 194 Children, 224 interpersonal aff ective focus, 77 mentalization-based therapy (MBT), 30 Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria interpersonal emotions, 32 m e - s e l f , 4 1 Questionnaire for Adolescents interpersonal therapy, 2 , 77 metacognition, 75 and Adults, 224 eating disorders, 206 metacognitive monitoring, 170 gendered self, 222 – 223 , 228 introjective line, 73 mindfulness, 33 , 55 , 76 and identity diff usion, 229 ipseity-disturbance model (IDM) of third-wave, 86 and sexual identity self, 228 schizophrenia, 159 , 160 , 233 Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Th erapy Gestalt techniques, 185 irrational beliefs, 41 (MBCT), 50 , 55 goals, 135 – 136 I - s e l f , 4 1 mindfulness based relapse prevention grandiosity, 62 , 71 (MBRP), 140 see also narcissism James, William, 59 , 123 , 145 mindfulness therapies Guidano-Liotti theory of “just noticing” exercise, 56 in bipolar disorder, 86 self-ambivalence, 113 – 114 in OCPD, 185 Kant, Immanuel, 59 minimal self, 158 hair pulling disorder see trichotillomania Kelly, George, 235 mirror neuron system (MNS), 144 , happy child mode, 61 , 63 Klein, Melanie, 30 , 31 146 , 148 healthy adult mode, 63 knowing self, 54 – 55 Mitchell, Stephen, 175 empowerment of, 68 research, 55 mode model in schema therapy, 59 – 60 healthy narcissism, 21 strengthening, 55 modes hoarding disorder, 4 , 123 – 127 Kohut, Heinz, 30 , 33 , 202 as self-states, 60 – 61 Hofmann’s Cognitive Model of c h i l d , 6 1 – 6 2 SAD, 93 Lacan, Jacques, 30 h a p p y , 6 1 hopeless cognitive style, 24 l a n g u a g e , 1 1 impulsive/undisciplined, 61 H u m e , D a v i d , 9 , 1 0 Level of Personality Functioning Scale vulnerable, 61 hyperembodiment, 76 (LPFS), 109 coping, 62 hypermentalizing mode, 76 limited re-parenting, 61 healthy adult, 63 hyper-positive self, 84 Linville, Patricia W., 42 p a r e n t a l , 6 3 h y p e r - r e fl exivity, 161 , 162 Locke, John, 9 , 10 moral self in OCD, 115 – 117 hypomania, 84 , 86 loneliness, 13 morality, 184 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) loss mode, 43 Moscovitch’s Cognitive Model of axis, 190 , 193 SAD, 93 – 94 M a h o n e y , M i c h a e l , 4 1 motivation, 138 – 139 ICD-10, 40 , 180 maladaption, 2 , 5 , 13 motivational enhancement therapies identity confusion, 202 chronic fatigue syndrome, 191 (MET), 139 identity diff usion, 74 coping strategies, 32 motivational interviewing, 139 , 207 239

Index

MSA/PPA see multiple selves analysis/ O C D see obsessive-compulsive P T S D see Posttraumatic Stress personal project analysis disorder Disorder multiple selves analysis/personal O C P D see Obsessive–Compulsive punitive parent (PP) mode, 63 project analysis (MSA/PPA), Personality Disorder punitive super-egos, 63 33 , 34 – 35 , 36 overcompensation, 62 mutual entailment, 51 radical behaviorism, 50 panic disorder, 12 Rapee and Heimberg Cognitive Model narcissism, 60 , 71 parental modes, 63 of SAD, 93 covert, 23 confronting, 66 – 67 rational-emotive therapy (RET), 41 h e a l t h y , 2 1 peer support interventions, 86 real self, 21 pathological forms, 23 pensée opératoire , 193 relatedness, 73 narrative identity, 11 perfectionism, 13 , 22 , 25 , 183 , relational frame theory (RFT), narrative self, 158 191 – 194 50 , 51 – 52 near-infrared spectroscopy perpetrator parts, 63 combinatorial entailment, 51 (NIRS), 146 person schema theory, 4 , 102 – 103 defi ning properties, 51 negative introjects, 192 personal identity, 42 deictic framing, 52 Negative Self-Portrayal Scale, 94 personal scientist paradigm, 41 mutual entailment, 51 neurobiology personality disorders, 15 transformation of stimulus depression, 78 personality traits, 1 – 2 , 148 – 150 functions, 51 eating disorders, 204 personalized interventions, 1 relational techniques, 67 PTSD, 105 – 106 perspective taking, 147 – 148 r e p a r e n t i n g , 6 7 – 6 8 schizophrenia, 162 – 163 pervasive developmental disorder r e s c r i p t i n g , 6 7 NICE guidelines for dementia, 213 (PDD), 146 role relationship models (RRMs), 103 positions, Kleinian, 31 , 35 rumination, 77 object representations, 32 posterior cingulate cortex, 149 “observer exercise”, 56 post-traumatic désagrégation, 170 SAD see Social Anxiety Disorder observing self, 55 – 56 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Savings Cognitions Inventory, 124 research, 56 (PTSD), 4 , 15 , 20 , schema therapy, 4 , 59 – 68 strengthening, 56 102 – 109 a s s e s s m e n t p h a s e , 6 4 – 6 5 obsessive compulsive-related disorders case examples, 103 , 108 – 109 empirical evidence, 63 – 64 see body dysmorphic disorder, impact on personal relationships, intervention phase, 65 – 68 hoarding disorder , OCD , 106 – 107 bypassing/overcoming coping trichotillomania neurobiology, 105 – 106 modes, 65 – 66 obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), person schema theory, 102 – 103 confronting parental 2 , 3 , 4 , 42 , 112 – 119 r e fl ective functioning and modes, 66 – 67 and self-ambivalence, 14 dissociation, 105 empowerment of healthy adult, 68 Guidano-Liotti theory of self-experiences aft er, 107 overview, 65 self-ambivalence, 113 – 114 trauma impact, 103 – 105 reparenting child modes, 67 – 68 implicit self, 117 prementalizing modes, 76 modes, 59 – 60 phenomenology, 112 p r o j e c t u a l i t y , 3 1 as self-states, 60 – 61 self-ambivalence, 114 – 115 p s y c h e , 3 0 c h i l d , 6 1 – 6 2 self-concept, 115 – 117 psychic equivalence mode, 75 , 76 coping, 62 moral self, 115 – 117 psychoanalysis, 30 healthy adult, 63 obsessions as ego-dystonic, 115 psychodynamics, 32 – 34 p a r e n t a l , 6 3 self-discrepancy, 117 – 118 cyclical, 33 schizophrenia, 3 , 5 , 158 – 165 self-domains in, 14 self-esteem, 114 defi nition of, 30 corporeality, 160 self-incongruence, 46 – 47 d e p r e s s i v e , 3 2 developmental pathways, 163 – 164 self-processes in, 112 – 113 psychodynamic models of empirical studies, 161 – 162 treatment, 118 – 119 self-concept, 9 – 10 existential reorientation, 160 Obsessive–Compulsive Personality psychodynamic psychotherapy, ipseity-disturbance model, 159 , Disorder (OCPD), 5 , 179 – 187 3 , 29 – 36 160 , 233 attachment theory, 181 – 182 depression, 31 – 33 neurocognitive correlates, 162 – 163 cognitive perspectives, 182 – 183 distinguishing features, 30 self-demarcation, 160 etiology, 181 future representations, 33 – 35 self-disturbance, 158 – 159 , 161 – 162 evolutionary perspective, 181 – 182 types of validity, 29 self-presence, 159 integrative perspective, 183 – 184 Psychological Distance Scaling Task stream of consciousness, 159 phenomenology, 179 – 181 (PDST), 44 treatment, 164 – 165 post-rationalist perspective, 181 – 182 psychological fl exibility, 52 secondary attachment strategies, 19 , 20 subtypes, 181 psychopathology, 33 , 45 self, 2 , 8 treatment, 185 – 186 see also specifi c conditions characterization, 233 240

Index

conceptualized, 52 – 54 bases of, 24 – 25 social models of self-concept, 10 – 11 defi nition of, 72 – 73 , 234 bipolar disorder, 85 sociotropy, 73 , 74 k n o w i n g , 5 4 – 5 5 OCD, 114 “soldiers in the parade” exercise, 55 o b s e r v i n g , 5 5 – 5 6 self-experience standards, 135 – 136 physical, 145 depression, 73 states-of-mind, 60 psychological, 145 PTSD, 107 statistical conclusion validity, 29 schema therapy, 59 – 68 self-face recognition, 145 – 147 Stern, Daniel, 175 senses of, 52 self-focused attention, 4 , 71 , 92 , 97 Stopa’s Model of SAD, 94 see also specifi c conditions self-identity, 42 , 47 stream of consciousness, 159 Self-Aggrandizer mode, 62 see also self-concept stress, 193 , 195 self-ambivalence, 2 , 4 , 14 Self-Identity in Dementia substance use disorders, 134 Guidano-Liotti theory of, 113 – 114 Questionnaire (SID), 217 suicidal ideation, 13 , 20 OCD, 114 – 115 self-image, 4 , 92 , 95 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 175 Self-Ambivalence Measure r e s c r i p t i n g , 9 5 – 9 6 surrender, 62 (SAM), 114 self-incongruence, 46 – 47 self-aspects, 45 , 83 self-knowledge, 4 task concentration training (TCT), 97 self-awareness, 86 self-maintenance therapy, 228 teleological mode, 75 , 76 self-beliefs, 4 , 13 self-monitoring, 136 – 137 temporally extended self, 150 – 151 Self-Beliefs Related to Social Anxiety self-organization threat mode, 43 Scale (SBSA), 96 bipolar disorder, 82 – 83 transference focused psychotherapy self-clarity, 15 PTSD, 108 – 109 (TFP), 30 , 63 self-compartmentalization, 83 self-other schematization, 104 transitivism, 160 self-competence, 22 self-presence, 159 transtheoretical model of addictive self-complexity, 13 , 42 , 45 – 46 , 83 Self-Psychologists, 30 behaviors (TTM), 138 and psychological adjustment, 45 self-psychology, 202 clinical applications, 139 – 140 self-concept, 8 – 15 , 40 , 234 Self-Referent Encoding Task, 44 t r a u m a cognitive models, 10 self-referent processing, 84 – 85 , 147 impact of, 103 content, 12 – 13 self-refl ection see also P T S D early Western models, 9 depression, 75 – 77 treatment-as-usual (TAU), 64 narrative theory, 11 – 12 in PTSD, 105 trichotillomania, 4 , 127 – 129 OCD, 115 – 117 self-regulation, 135 Trier Social Stress Test, 193 moral self, 115 – 117 disruption of, 106 – 107 obsessions as ego-dystonic, 115 self-representation, 20 – 22 valence, 45 psychodynamic models, 9 – 10 self-schemas, 12 , 42 , 45 , 102 – 103 validity, 29 research, 12 depression, 32 construct validity of cause, 29 , 35 social models, 10 – 11 see also s c h e m a t h e r a p y construct validity of eff ect, 29 s t r u c t u r e , 1 3 – 1 5 self-sensitivity, 14 external, 29 self-consistency, 71 self-silencing, 71 , 74 internal, 29 self-constructs, 3 , 4 , 5 self-standards, 25 statistical conclusion, 29 self-control strength, 137 – 138 self-stigma, 85 vasovagal syncope, 171 self-critical perfectionism, 71 , 73 , 74 , peer support, 86 ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 149 191 – 194 senses of self, 52 vulnerability self-criticism, 25 , 32 , 71 social anxiety, 4 , 12 , 15 psychological processes emotional style, 32 Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), 91 – 98 sustaining, 24 – 25 MSA/PPA, 34 – 35 characteristics, 91 bases of self-esteem, 24 – 25 self-defi nitional line, 73 cognitive models, 91 – 94 hopeless cognitive style, 24 self-demarcation, 160 Beck and Emery, 92 patterns of feedback seeking, 24 self-derogation, 71 Clark and Wells, 92 self-standards, self-criticism, and self-discrepancy, 84 Hofmann, 93 perfectionism, 25 eating disorders, 204 Moscovitch, 93 – 94 vulnerable child mode, 61 , 62 OCD, 117 – 118 Rapee and Heimberg, 93 t h e o r y , 4 2 S t o p a , 9 4 Winnicott, Donald, 33 , 35 self-disturbance in schizophrenia, treatment, 94 – 97 working models, 19 158 – 159 , 161 – 162 maladaptive self-beliefs, 97 self-doubt, 47 self-focused attention, 97 Young Schema Questionnaire, 64 , 96 self-effi cacy, 21 , 22 , 71 self-imagery and imagery Young, Jeff r e y , 5 9 , 6 0 self-esteem, 12 , 14 , 21 , 42 , 71 r e s c r i p t i n g , 9 5 – 9 6 and attachment, 22 social desirability bias, 13 Z e t t l e , R o b e r t , 8 6

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