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Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities: Copenhagen, Newcastle, Vienna

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Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities: Copenhagen, Newcastle, Vienna January 2014 Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities: Copenhagen, Newcastle, Vienna Umberto Pisano, Katrin Lepuschitz & Gerald Berger ESDN Case Study N°16 European Sustainable Development Network Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities ESDN Case Study No 16 Authors: Umberto Pisano, Katrin Lepuschitz & Gerald Berger Contact: ESDN Office at the Institute for Managing Sustainability Vienna University of Economics and Business Welthandelsplatz 1, Building D1, A-1020 Vienna, Austria Visit www.sd-network.eu for The European Sustainable Development Network (ESDN) is an informal network of Basic information on SD public administrators and other experts who Country profiles deal with sustainable development strategies Quarterly reports and policies. The network covers all 27 EU Member States, plus other European Case studies countries. The ESDN is active in promoting Conference papers sustainable development and facilitating the Workshop papers exchange of good practices in Europe and Getting in touch with us gives advice to policy-makers at the European and national levels. © 2014 European Sustainable Development Network (ESDN) 2 Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities ESDN Case Study No 16 Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 2 Urban Sustainable Development on the ground .................................................................... 4 3 Urban sustainable development in 3 European cities ............................................................ 6 3.1 Copenhagen ............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.1 SD integrated within the Municipal Plan for the city ......................................................... 6 3.1.2 SD in Copenhagen, focus areas and examples ................................................................... 8 3.2 Newcastle Upon Tyne............................................................................................................. 10 3.2.1 Focus areas and examples .............................................................................................. 11 3.3 Vienna.................................................................................................................................... 13 3.3.1 A Strategic Approach to Sustainable Development ......................................................... 13 3.3.2 SD in Vienna, focus areas and examples ......................................................................... 15 3 Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities ESDN Case Study No 16 1 Introduction Between 2011 and 2050, the world population is expected to increase by 2.3 billion, passing from 7.0 billion to 9.3 billion. At the same time, the population living in urban areas is projected to gain 2.6 billion, passing from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion 2050. Thus, the urban areas of the world are expected to absorb all the population growth expected over the next four decades while at the same time drawing in some of the rural population (UNDESA, 2012)1. Cities are generally considered as engines of growth and development (Keivani, 2010) and already contribute up to 55% of gross national product in low-income countries, 73% in middle-income countries and 85% in high-income countries (UN-Habitat 2006). However, cities also consume 75% of the world’s resources and produce 80% of CO2 emissions (UN-Habitat 2005). In 2050, if in a world of 9.3 billion people, two thirds of them will be living in urban areas, we will need to make sure that those cities and urban areas are sustainable and independent from ‘business-as-usual’ paths of development and growth. For what concerns Europe in particular, in 2011, 73% of its population was living in urban areas. By 2050, Europe’s level of urbanization is projected to be at 82% (UNDESA, 2012). Cities and urban areas are, therefore, crucial to make progress towards a more sustainable Europe, and, hence, reflecting on the processes of urbanisation represents a necessity in this context. This case study directly relates to our work on the ESDN Quarterly Report No. 31 that explores the topic of urban sustainable development as a crucial aspect of the post-2015 agenda. In this case study, we provide examples of how urban SD looks like on the ground by presenting the experiences of three European cities: Copenhagen, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Vienna. Our main intent is to show a number of good practices and tangible examples about the work undertaken in these cities that relate to sustainability in the urban sphere, reflecting not only on the environmental pillar, but also on economic and social aspects. This case study offers good practice examples of urban SD in Europe. The case study is neither a summary of best practice examples nor is it representative on what European cities do with regards to urban SD. Its main aim is to provide examples on how urban SD concepts are implemented in different cities with different contexts. This case study complements ESDN Case Study No. 15 that provides a general overview on urban SD initiatives on the global and European level. 2 Urban Sustainable Development on the ground In the ESDN Quarterly Report No.31, we define urban sustainable development as the extent of all those practices and activities that: Relate with sustainable development within cities (e.g. promotion of organic farmers markets, access to sustainable mobility, reduction of electricity consumption in buildings, recycling and waste prevention, inclusive urban development, etc…); 1 UNDESA. 2012. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. 4 Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities ESDN Case Study No 16 Take into consideration the processes of urbanisation of cities in light of sustainable development (e.g. reduction of urban sprawl, construction of bike lanes, promotion of pedestrian areas, provision of affordable apartments for disadvantaged citizens, etc…); Reflect on the throughput of cities with a sustainable development perspective (e.g. prevention of landfilling, attention to water consumption, etc…) In other words, we understand the concept of urban SD as everything that is related to SD in an urban context. However, from a multi-level governance perspective, we argue that urban sustainable development needs to be seen as the sum of on-going transformative processes applied to help transitioning cities (or urban areas) towards a more sustainable future. These processes that happen at the urban level will have effects not only on the city itself but also ‘outside’ the city and, hence, have a more widespread effect – locally, regionally, nationally, and globally – requiring, therefore, a multi-level governance approach. We also portray in the Quarterly Report a number of features of urban sustainable development2, which we summarise in the following visual representation (Fig.1), whose coloured lines relate to how three exemplary cities could be evaluated in respect to urban SD (i.e. Green in city 1; Red is city 2; Blue is city 3). Fig.1 Visualising the six blocks of urban sustainable development (3 examples) social equity multi-level governance and economic institutional development development urban form and environmental spatial development protection access to utilities and basic Source: ESDN diagraminfrastructure (based on Keivani, 2010) In this perspective, six blocks of features need to be therefore taken into account for urban SD: 1. the social perspective; 2. the economic front; 3. the environmental aspect; 4. the viewpoint of access; 5. the connections derived from urban form and spatial development; and, 6. the attention of multi-level governance and institutional development. 2 For this purpose we used two main sources: i) Keivani, R. 2010. A review of the main challenges to urban sustainability, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 1(1-2), pp.5-16; and, ii) UNDESA. 2013. An Integrated Strategy for Sustainable Cities. UN-DESA Policy Brief No. 40. 5 Urban Sustainable Development Approaches of Three Different Cities ESDN Case Study No 16 3 Urban sustainable development in 3 European cities In this chapter, we provide an overview on three European cities and their urban SD approaches and activities: Copenhagen (Denmark), Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and Vienna (Austria). The three city cases are based on documents provided by the cities and that can be found on their respective official websites. 3.1 Copenhagen Copenhagen is the capital and largest3 city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,230,728 and a metropolitan population of 1,967,727. The city itself counts 559,440 inhabitants. Since 2000, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investments in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark and one of the major financial centres of Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange4. In 2012, Copenhagen was 3rd in the ranking of the richest cities in the world, 9th in the Mercer Quality of Living Survey and 8th in the top smart cities of the planet. Copenhagen has also been recently named as the 2014 European Green Capital. 3.1.1 SD integrated within the Municipal Plan for the city Our main reference document is the “City of Copenhagen Municipal Plan 2011” from
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