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Factors Inhibiting Illegal Miners in the Upper Denkyira

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Factors Inhibiting Illegal Miners in the Upper Denkyira University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh FACTORS INHIBITING ILLEGAL MINERS IN THE UPPER DENKYIRA EAST DISTRICT IN THE CENTRAL REGION FROM REGISTERING WITH THE MINERALS COMMISSION IN GHANA BY NICHOLAS MANTE PARRY THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL ADULT EDUCATION DEGREE JULY, 2014 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that except for references to works, which have been duly cited and acknowledged, this work presented was done by me as a Master of Philosophy Adult Education student of the University of Ghana, Legon. --------------------------------- ------------------- Nicholas Mante Parry Date SID: 10396061 --------------------------------- ------------------- Dr. Isaac. K. Biney Date (Supervisor) ---------------------------------- ------------------- Dr. John Boateng Date (Supervisor) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION The thesis is dedicated to my parents, Mr. Ishmael Wilson Parry and Mrs. Dina Parry. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am bound in gratitude to an array of estimable individuals for the immeasurable contributions they made towards the completion of this thesis. I must mention, in particular, the Almighty God for His mercies, strength and wisdom upon me bestowed throughout the period of my stay and most significantly, the completion of this thesis. Correspondingly, I am indebted to my supervisors, Dr. Isaac Kofi Biney and Dr. John Boateng for their critical review of this thesis. Also, I am grateful to Dr. Daniel Oduro- Mensah, Dr. S.K. Badu-Nyarko, Dr. Hayford Benjamin K. Kwarshie, Prof. Olivia Kwapong, Prof. Yaw Oheneba-Sakyi, Mr. Godfred Alfred Nii Sai Obodai-Sai, Mr. Delali Amuzu, Miss Sally Afriyie, Miss Ellen Maame Abakah, Mr. Seth Tsatsu, Miss Leticia Boahemaa Addo, and Mr. Mohammed Hamidu Damba, who deepened and widened my perspective through thought provoking lessons. Furthermore, I very much acknowledge Mr. and Mrs. I. W. Parry, Miss. Florence Owusua Parry, Mr. Richmond Kwame Frimpong, Mrs. Elizabeth Mantebea Frimpong, Miss. Kathlyn Amoakosa Parry and Miss. Eunice Essenam Williams for the diverse forms of sacrifices made for me, without which I could not have completed this thesis. I also wish to record my earnest appreciation to Mr. Ahedor, Mr. Emmanuel Osae- Quansah, Mrs. Dora Ofori Larbi Osae-Quansah, Miss. Ophelia Appiah, Mr. Alexander Hackman-Aidoo, Mr. Reginald Richard Ekow Mensah Crankson, Mr. Kofi Tandoh, Mr. Frederick Bentil, Mr. Kenneth Emmanuel Mensah, Mr. David Dompreh, Mr. Charles Thompson Jnr, and to all well-wishers at All Saints Anglican Church, Takoradi. To all others whose various contributions enhanced the quality of this research but to whom I may have forgotten to mention, I remain sincerely grateful. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ viii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Related Research Questions ......................................................................................... 7 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 8 1.7 Limitation of the Study ................................................................................................ 9 1.8 Scope of the Study ..................................................................................................... 10 1.9 Operational Definition of Terms ................................................................................ 10 1.10 Organization of the Study ........................................................................................ 10 1.11 Study Area ............................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 15 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................................... 15 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................. 15 iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.2.1 Symbolic-Interaction Theory .............................................................................. 15 2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Historical Development of Mining in Ghana ...................................................... 18 2.3.2 History of Mining Regulation in the Early 1900s ............................................... 20 2.3.3 Current Mining Regulation in Ghana .................................................................. 22 2.3.4 History of Small Scale Mining in Ghana ............................................................ 26 2.3.5 The Operating Environment of Small Scale Mining ........................................... 28 2.3.6 Approaches Adopted to Discourage Illegal Mining in Ghana ............................ 29 2.3.7 Demographic Characteristics of Illegal Miners .................................................. 33 2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING REGISTRATION OF ILLEGAL MINERS .................... 36 2.4.1 Political Factors ................................................................................................... 36 2.4.2 Economic Factors ................................................................................................ 43 2.4.3 Socio-Cultural Factors......................................................................................... 44 2.4.4 The Role of Non-Participation in Policy Formulation ........................................ 50 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................. 58 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 58 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 58 3.2 Population .................................................................................................................. 58 3.3 Sample and Sampling Procedures .............................................................................. 58 3.4 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 59 3.5 Research Instruments ................................................................................................. 60 3.6 Reliability and Validity .............................................................................................. 61 3.7 Fieldwork and Administration of Research Instruments ........................................... 62 3.8 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................... 63 3.9 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 64 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................... 66 ANALYSIS OF DATA AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS ...................................... 66 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 66 4.2 Demographic Characteristics ..................................................................................... 66 4.3 Political Factors ......................................................................................................... 67 4.4 Economic Factors ...................................................................................................... 80 4.5 Socio-Cultural Factors ............................................................................................... 84 4.6. Non-Participation in Policy Formulation
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