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Salinity Intrusion in the Eastmain River Estuary Following a Major Reduction of Freshwater Input

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Salinity Intrusion in the Eastmain River Estuary Following a Major Reduction of Freshwater Input JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 91, NO. C1, PAGES 909-915, JANUARY 15, 1986 Salinity Intrusion in the Eastmain River Estuary Following a Major Reduction of Freshwater Input S. LEPAGE AND R. G. INGRAM Institute of Oceanography,McGill University,Montreal, Canada On July 19, 1980, 80% of the runoff of Eastmain River, a subarcticshallow estuary,was diverted into the La Grande River for hydroelectricdevelopment. Consequent to the diversion the estuary, which had been mostly salt-free,was subjectedto a gradual saltwater intrusion along a 10-km section in its lower reaches.The adjustmentof the salinity regime to a new quasi-steadystate took place over a period of about 40 days. The circulation field reached a new quasi-equilibrium within 8 days. The 2-month interval following the river diversion,termed the transition period, was analyzed in terms of both time and space modifications of the circulation and salinity fields. A one-dimensional finite difference explicit scheme numerical model was applied to the estuary as a complementto observationaldata. Good agreement was obtained between the model results and the low-frequency current meter observations of salinity and longitudinal velocity. These results showed that the salinity intrusion was primarily governed by tidal dispersion. INTRODUCTION Eastmain is a coastal plain estuary with a very large width- An increasing number of diverse projects require modifi- depth ratio (700 at the mouth) and an exponential shape, cation of river systems,such as reservoir regulation or fresh- widening from 600 m near Basil Gorge to 2.2 km at its mouth. water withdrawals. In these cases,upstream changes of the The lower reachesof the river are very shallow, generally less natural river runoff will inevitably have consequenceson the than 6 m, with a seriesof bars and rocks in the central por- tion. estuarineportion of the river. Although river managementhas commonly occurredover the past 50 years,few oceanographic Prior to its diversionin 1980, the mean annual dischargeof studies werz conducted, and little is known about the immedi- the Eastmain was 1190 m3 s-x, ranging from a monthly ate and long-term estuarine responseassociated with the river average maximum of 2460 in June to a minimum of 260 in managementschemes [Kjerfve, 1976; Kjerfve and Greet, 1978; March. The July 1980 diversion, preceded in April by the McAlice and daeger, 1983]. For these reasons,there is a need damming of the Opinaca River, a tributary of the Eastmain, cut the total river discharge by over 80%. The postcutoff for more field observationscollected in conjunction with any mean annual dischargeis expectedto be 250 m3 s-•, with a estuary-relatedmanagement. Analysis of thesedata will also monthly maximum of 510 and a minimum of 50 [Prinsenberg, further our basic understandingof the estuarineprocesses and 19803. provide suitable data for modeling studies.The development of the hydroelectricpotential in rivers on the easternshore of FIELD DATA James Bay gave an opportunity to study the estuarine re- During a 3-year program, oceanographicconditions were sponseof the Eastmain River to a drastic runoff reduction of monitored for open water as well as under an ice cover in late about 80%. On July 19, 1980, a spillway gate located some winter-early spring. Becauseof the remote location, emphasis 150 km upstreamof the river mouth was closedwithin min- was placed on data obtained with self-recordinginstruments. utes. The diverted water was fed into the La Grande complex A series of Aanderaa RCM-4 current meters were moored to the north. Becauseof the small drainage basin downstream within a 13-km section near the river mouth (Figure 2 and of the spillway, mean annual dischargeat the mouth of the Table 1) to monitor (10- or 20-min sampling) current speed Eastmain River was cut to 20% of its former value. and direction, temperature, conductivity, and pressure. An The present study includes a description of the estuarine Aanderaa tide gaugewas installed near Eastmain Village (sta- responseto the above modification of freshwater input and tion T2) for a 15-day period in September 1979 and a 40-day discusses the results of a one-dimensional numerical model of period in June-July 1981. the estuarine region for variable discharge. Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) surveysof the THE ESTUARY coastal waters adjacent to the river mouth were executed within a 4-hour period centered on high and low tides in Oriented east-west, the Eastmain River originates in the August 1979 and July 1981. Transects along a single line ex- Canadian Shield and empties into the eastern portion of tending offshore from the river mouth were done on numerous JamesBay (Figure 1). With a natural drainage basin of 47,000 occasions. Data were collected with Beckman RS-5 and YSI km2, a length of about 500 km, and a mean slope of 0.0015, salinometers.During the summerof 1980,five Foxborolim- the river is in its juvenile stage prior to 1980. nigraphs were deployed along the estuary to measure water The estuarine portion of the river extends from the Basil levels. In addition, meteorological data (barometric pressure, Gorge rapids to James Bay, a distance of 29.5 km. Two small air temperature, and wind speed and direction) were taken at tributaries, Fishing River and Cold Water River, are located a site adjacent to station T2. Unfortunately, mechanical prob- within the estuarine area. In the geomorphologic sense,the lems with the instrument in 1980 led to difficulties in deter- mining a reliable time for each observation. Wind data were taken on ship at irregular intervals, usually three to four ob- Copyright 1986 by the American GeophysicalUnion. servationseach day. Hourly observationswere available from Paper number 5C0706. the Canadian AtmosphericEnvironment Servicestation at La 0148-0227/86/005C-0706505.00 Grande, 200 km north. The terrain in the area is relatively flat. 9O9 910 LEPAGEAND INGRAM: SALINITYINTRUSION IN THE EASTMAINESTUARY 78 ø 75 ø 72 ø 69 ø W I IJJUARAPIK I ! i HUDSON BAY i I LA LG2 LGI ,G3 CHISASlBI JAMES EMINDJI BAY :A R. EASTMAIN EMI FORT RUPERT r-/73 STUDY AREA 0 km I00 ß PROPOSED OR EXISTING HYDRO DAMS I i • ß I I 78* 75ß 72ß 69ß Fig. 1. Map of the La Grande complexand studyarea. The predominant winds were from the northwest or south- technical report, 1976). Thirty-three cross sections,with a west.Although these directions are at a 45ø anglewith respect 0.8-km spacing,were monitoredin an upstreamdirection from to the river axis,it is to be expectedthat waveeffects during the river mouth.These data wereused in conjunctionwith the periodsof strongwind will lead to someamplification of the model to be discussed later. velocities recorded on the Aanderaa current meters because of All current vectorswere decomposedinto along-channel their shallow mooring depths.Salinities calculated from the components(E-W), positiveinto the river (90ø true),and cross- current meter conductivity observations are assumed to be channelcomponents (N-S), positivenorthward (0øT). Current accuratewithin 0.5• becauseof the low valuesgenerally pres- meter data were then filtered with an a6a6a7/6,6,7 type ent. moving mean to reducethe relative frequencyof observations Bathymetric characteristicsof the estuary were taken from to hourly values. Smoothed hourly values were also filtered an acousticsounding survey of the lower 26 km of the river in with an a24a24a25/24,24,25 filter to eliminate diurnal and 1976 by the James Bay Energy Corporation (unpublished semidiurnalfluctuations [Godin, 1972]. Tidal analyseswere 178o40, I78ø30 ' 178ø20' 178o10, o 152' 17' c=oo o 15' EASTMAINRIVER 13 ßCl EASTMAIN T4 T3 COLD , WATERLEVEL RECORDERS ß CURRENT METERS I$' --BATHYMETRICSURVEY 1976 CROSSSECTIONS USED IN MODELS 0 km 5 Fig. 2. Map of the studyarea includingmooring location and crosssections. LEPAGE AND INGRAM: SALINITY INTRUSION IN THE EASTMAIN ESTUARY 911 •-RIVER performed on water height and current data [Foreman, 1977, I MOUTH 1978]. 18 • ESTUARINE CHARACTERISTICS IN NATURAL CONDITIONS A detailed description of the circulation and salinity charac- 08-08\ • • teristics in the estuary and offshore plume for natural runoff I 28-08 conditions can be found in the work of Ingram [1982] and Lepage [1984]. Bathymetric data from the 1976 survey showed that most of the estuary was less than 8 m deep. Before the diversion the mean depth was 2.8 m. At the mouth (station T1) the dominant lunar semidiurnal tide (M2) had an average amplitude of 0.34 m. Four kilometers upstream at station T2, the M 2 component was 0.24 m. Tidal currents were typically 25 cm s-• betweenthese two locations.During August-September 1979, saline waters were detected at sta- I •8-o8 0 tions C2 and C3 (infrequently), mostly during the flooding -2 0 2 4 6 8 I0 tide. However,for dischargesexceeding 1500 m3 s-l, salt in- X (km) trusions were produced only by strong meteorologicalforcing. Fig. 3. Progressive salt intrusion following the river diversion at a Consideringthat the averagesummer (June-August) discharge depth of 2 m during summer 1980. was 1328m 3 s- 1 prior to modification,the Eastmaincould be data. Thus the ratio of salt dispersion by tidal diffusion to classedas an essentiallysalt-free estuary. In the coastal waters gravitational circulation was typically 0.90 [Hansen and Rat- adjacent to the river mouth, a large plume of more than 100 tray, 1966, Figure 1]. km2 in surfacearea was formed. Within the plume, vertical Offshore, at station C1, salinity values at 2 m rose gradually stratification was typical of a salt wedge configuration, the throughout the summer following the diversion (Figure 5). pycnocline varying between 1 and 2 m. The amplitude of the semidiurnal variability of the salinity POST-DIVERSION CONDITIONS field decreasedrapidly within 1 week of July 19. The overall estuarine responsecan be seen in the mean values listed in Following the diversion on July 19, 1980, the estuarine characteristics were drastically altered.
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