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Bletia Catenulata Ornamental Orchid Is Self-Compatible but Pollinator-Dependent for Reproduction1

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Bletia Catenulata Ornamental Orchid Is Self-Compatible but Pollinator-Dependent for Reproduction1 e-ISSN 1983-4063 - www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 45, n. 4, p. 473-479, Oct./Dec. 2015 The Bletia catenulata ornamental orchid is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent for reproduction1 Vespasiano Borges de Paiva Neto2, Ana Paula Mezoni Correa2, Fábio de Barros3, Daly Roxana Castro Padilha2, Monica Cristina Rezende Zuffo Borges2 RESUMO ABSTRACT A orquídea ornamental Bletia catenulata é autocompatível, mas dependente de polinizador para reprodução Bletia catenulata is a native Brazilian orchid whose Bletia catenulata é uma orquídea nativa do Brasil, cujas populations have suffered from predatory collection. Aiming at populações têm sofrido coleta predatória. Objetivando conhecer elucidating aspects of its reproductive biology and the relation aspectos da biologia reprodutiva e sua relação com a germinação de with seed germination, pollination tests were carried out in sementes, diferentes tipos de polinização foram realizados em flores flowers of plants cultivated in a greenhouse. Manual cross and de plantas cultivadas em estufa agrícola. A polinização cruzada self-pollination resulted in high percentage of fructification e a autopolinização manuais resultaram em altos percentuais de (76.7-86.7 %), being only 26.7 % for natural pollination, in frutificação (76,7-86,7 %), sendo de apenas 26,7 % na polinização which the absence of pollinators, due to flower isolation, resulted natural, na qual a ausência de polinizadores, por isolamento das in absence of fruits. In vitro seed germination for all fruits from flores, resultou na ausência de frutos. A germinação in vitro de the different pollination processes was low, being 8.6 % the sementes de todos os frutos resultantes das diferentes polinizações highest percentage for protocorms. Thus, B. catenulata is self- foi baixa, sendo 8,6 % o maior valor percentual de protocormos compatible, resulting in viable seeds, but pollinator-dependent obtidos. Portanto, B. catenulata é autocompatível, gerando sementes for sexual reproduction. viáveis, mas dependente de polinizador para reprodução sexuada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Germinação in vitro; aclimatização; KEY-WORDS: In vitro germination; acclimatization; Brazilian Cerrado. Savannah. INTRODUCTION al. 2003) and Paraguay (Schinini 2010). We have recently identified this species in the Mato Grosso Bletia Ruiz & Pav. is a neotropical orchid do Sul State, Brazil. genus consisting of about 40 species (Brown 2005). The distribution of Bletia specimens is However, in Brazil, only two species have been determined by factors such as the degree of registered (Barros et al. 2015). disturbance of their environment, adaptability of the Bletia catenulata Ruiz & Pav. is a common species and diversity of morphotypes of the available species in the Brazilian Savannah, Amazonia and mycorrhizal fungus, which is associated with their Atlantic Forest, being also found in the seashore of dispersibility (Beltrán-Nambo et al. 2012), among the Rio de Janeiro State, at the Massambaba sandbank others. (Cepemar 2004). In the northeast region of the Mato Grosso do Some authors reported that B. catenulata was Sul State, B. catenulata was found in four different found in different Brazilian States, such as Tocantins sites, always with low frequency. In some sites, it and Maranhão (Silva et al. 1995), Minas Gerais is exposed to environments that undergo human (Araújo et al. 2002), Distrito Federal (Batista et disturbance. In addition, this orchid has terrestrial al. 2005) and São Paulo (Ferreira et al. 2010), and habits, superficial roots and often occurs near also in other countries, such as Bolivia (Vásquez et watercourses. 1. Manuscript received in Nov./2015 and accepted for publication in Dec./2015 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632015v4538410). 2. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brasil. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 3. Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa Orquidário do Estado, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 474 V. B. de Paiva Neto et al. (2015) Plant collection and environmental disturbance conditions and basic information on early plant have threatened the species, intensifying its risk of growth and development. Several in vitro seed extinction. Swarts & Dixon (2009) consider that germination studies on B. purpurea can be found orchids are primarily threatened by anthropogenic in the literature (Dutra et al. 2008, Johnson & Kane causes, such as habitat destruction, modification and 2012 and 2013). However, no information has been fragmentation, or even over-collection. found about B. catenulata. Dressler (1968) stated that Bletia flowers This study aimed at obtaining initial information are adapted to bee pollination. Self-pollination is on ornamental potential and influence of pollination frequent in B. campanulata, B. macristhmochila, type on seed viability of the B. catenulata orchid, in B. purpurea and B. urbana, and nearly universal in order to enable future preservation programs. B. rosea. Yet, observations of B. campanulata and B. purpurea indicate that many plants are facultative MATERIAL AND METHODS autogamous, according to the plant condition and probably to the habitat condition (Dressler 1968). Eight plants of B. catenulata were collected Other plants, sometimes in the same populations, in December 2013, in Cachoeira da Rapadura are always autogamous. However, except for the fact (18º25’36.54”S; 52º56’57.23”W), in Costa Rica, that some authors have reported Xylocopa sp. as the Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. pollinator of B. catenulata (Dodson 1962, Van der Plants were cultivated in plastic pots, using Cingel 2001), little information related to floral and Plantmax® - HT substrate, in a greenhouse, with daily reproductive biology and no information on seed irrigation. For the species identification procedures, germination of this species are found in the literature. the specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Most orchids are self-compatible (Van der Instituto de Botânica, in São Paulo, Brazil. Pijl & Dodson 1966). However, spontaneous self- During the flowering stage of the collected pollination tends to be avoided by the presence of plants, the height of the inflorescence stalk (measured some floral mechanisms (Van der Pijl & Dodson from the base of the stalk to the topmost flower 1966, Catling & Catling 1991). Additionally, insertion point) and number of flowers/inflorescence orchids tend to produce more viable seeds after were measured to calculate the mean number and cross-pollination (Stort 1983 and 1986, Smidt et al. standard deviation. Additionally, floral longevity 2006). Pollination carried out under experimental was estimated by daily observation to obtain the date conditions also promotes increased fruit production of the first anthesis and of the last senescent flower. in many Orchidaceae species, when compared with Plants were monitored from July 1st to October 10th, populations in the natural environment (Pansarin in 2014. 2003, Mickeliunas et al. 2006, Storti et al. 2011). In To analyze the reproductive biology, ninety their habitat, herbivory and fruit and seed predation flowers in six inflorescences of six plants maintained can negatively influence its reproductive success. in a greenhouse were used to carry out manual The study of orchid reproductive biology pollinations. After flower anthesis, self-pollination is essential for propagation and breeding. In was carried out in thirty flowers. Cross-pollinations general, seed viability tests are carried out by using among flowers of the same individual (geitonogamy) tetrazolium (Suzuki et al. 2012), fluorescent diacetate and different individuals (xenogamy) were performed staining (Chen et al. 2015) and/or in vitro asymbiotic using thirty flowers for each pollination treatment. germination (Suzuki et al. 2012, Chen et al. 2015). In all three treatments, pollinia were dislodged from Asymbiotic seed germination has been used for the the gynostemium by applying slight upward pressure multiplication of commercially important orchids, to the bottom of the anther cap. After removal, being an effective tool for orchid propagation, pollinia were gently transferred into the stigmatic concerning conservation and reintroduction purposes surface of the same (geitonogamy) or another (McKendrick 1995, 1996a and 1996b, Stenberg & (xenogamy) flower. Hand pollinated flowers were Kane 1998, Kauth et al. 2006, Stewart & Kane 2006, closely monitored for flower senescence, capsule Johnson & Kane 2012, Wu et al. 2014). development and capsule maturity. In vitro seed germination studies can provide To analyze the natural pollination, thirty insights into in situ plant responses to environmental flowers were maintained inside the greenhouse to e-ISSN 1983-4063 - www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 45, n. 4, p. 473-479, Oct./Dec. 2015 475 The Bletia catenulata ornamental orchid is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent for reproduction 475 test the spontaneous pollination without pollinators deviation. The in vitro experiment was performed contact. Another plant with thirty flowers was using five replicates (plates) for each treatment, and it maintained outside the greenhouse to verify open was arranged using a completely randomized design. pollination with possible pollinator presence. In Percentage data were arcsine transformed prior to all previous cases, each group of ten flowers was the statistical analysis,
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