Chiyoda's Technological Expertise and Experience in Gas Value Chain
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Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016
Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016 Overview Nigeria is currently the largest oil producer in Africa and was the world's fourth-largest exporter of LNG in 2015. Nigeria’s oil production is hampered by instability and supply disruptions, while its natural gas sector is restricted by the lack of infrastructure to commercialize natural gas that is currently flared (burned off). Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, holds the largest natural gas reserves on the continent, and was the world’s fourth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2015.1 Nigeria became a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971, more than a decade after oil production began in the oil-rich Bayelsa State in the 1950s.2 Although Nigeria is the leading oil producer in Africa, production is affected by sporadic supply disruptions, which have resulted in unplanned outages of up to 500,000 barrels per day (b/d). Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Source: U.S. Department of State 1 Nigeria’s oil and natural gas industry is primarily located in the southern Niger Delta area, where it has been a source of conflict. Local groups seeking a share of the wealth often attack the oil infrastructure, forcing companies to declare force majeure on oil shipments (a legal clause that allows a party to not satisfy contractual agreements because of circumstances beyond their control). At the same time, oil theft leads to pipeline damage that is often severe, causing loss of production, pollution, and forcing companies to shut in production. -
Prices and Crisis – LNG and Australia's East Coast Gas Market
March 2018 Prices and crisis: LNG and Australia’s East Coast gas market Introduction In 2017, a gas crisis emerged in Australia’s East Coast gas market. Gas prices had increased rapidly from mid-2016 as the full effect of the three LNG projects starting operations on Curtis Island worked through the gas market, putting domestic energy users under pressure. In March 2017, the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) forecast gas shortages in coming years, potentially leading to blackouts and industrial closures. While gas shortages are no longer forecast, challenges in the East Coast gas market remain. This paper examines recent events in Australia’s East Coast gas market, the challenges ahead, and the relevance of these developments for other countries.1 The paper identifies three phases in the East Coast gas market’s recent history. Firstly, between 2010 and mid-2016, prices in the East Coast gas market rose gradually, driven by LNG netbacks and the rising cost of gas production. Then, between mid-2016 and mid-2017, prices climbed above export parity levels, as gas that was previously being supplied to domestic consumers (both by LNG projects and by other producers) was diverted for export, leading to a deterioration in competition in the domestic market. Finally, as of mid-2017, prices appear to have stabilised around export parity levels,2 with LNG projects and other producers increasing gas sales to the domestic market. The episode of high prices during much of 2016 and 2017 highlights the impact that LNG projects can have on domestic gas prices on Australia’s East Coast. -
Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region
Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region APEC Oil and Gas Security Studies | Series 17 APEC Energy Working Group September 2020 APEC Project: EWG 01 2020S Produced by Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Inui Building, Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan Tel: (813) 5144-8551 Fax: (813) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] (administration) Website: http://aperc.or.jp/ For Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 68919 600 Fax: (65) 68919 690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2020 APEC Secretariat APEC#220-RE-01.9 ISBN: 978-981-14-7794-2 OGSS Series 17 Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region 3 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Project coordinators .................................................................................................................. 7 Authors ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Editors -
The Oman Liquefied Natural Gas Project L' Usine De
THE OMAN LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS PROJECT L’ USINE DE LIQUEFACTION DE GAZ NATUREL D’ OMAN G.Searle General Manager and CEO M.J.J.Koekkoek Operations Manager Oman LNG, Qalhat Sultanate of Oman ABSTRACT Oman Liquefied Natural Gas L.L.C. (OLNG) is a limited liability incorporated joint venture Company organised, since 1994, under the Laws of the Sultanate of Oman. It engages in the business of producing and selling Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and by- product Natural Gas Liquids (NGL’s). The plant liquefies Natural gas using two identical process trains, with currently the single largest LNG production capacity of 3.3. mtpa in the world. Since the start in April 2000 the plant is now delivering LNG to Korea and Japan on a regular basis as well as spot cargoes to USA and Spain. The LNG plant has been successfully commissioned well within budget and on time due to the good collaboration between OLNG and its Contractors. Technically the plant is characterized by a very low specific capital cost, compared to other recent LNG projects. The paper describes the experience during engineering, construction and initial operation of the project characteristics that are new in the LNG industry and gives an overview of the key lessons learned. RESUME La societe Oman LNG LLC (OLNG) est une entreprise en coparticipation etablie en 1994 sous le regime du Sultanat d'Oman. Son activite premiere est la production et la commercialisation de Gaz Naturel Liquefie (GNL) et d'essence legere. L’ usine de GNL, comporte deux modules de liquefaction, chacun d’une capacite de 3,3 millions de tonnes par an qui sont actuellement les plus grands au monde de ce type. -
Securing Regulatory Stability for International Gas Commercialisation
SECURING REGULATORY STABILITY FOR INTERNATIONAL GAS COMMERCIALISATION AND LNG PROJECTS: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE Tade Oyewunmi Doctoral Researcher Centre for Climate Change, Energy and Environmental Law, UEF, Finland; [email protected]; [email protected] +358 456 661 337 Overview Recent experiences pertaining to international oil companies and host country governments who (at the time of promoting gas production and commercialization projects) may have sought to assure and guarantee incentives and fiscal terms by law or other regulatory means, portends that such stabilisation frameworks are not only considered when dealing with ‘irrational’ ‘dictatorial’ resource-rich regimes. Rather, the applicability of such stability provisions, including the potential implementation of a host government’s constitutional powers to act in a non-discriminatory manner for the public interest, as well as pay adequate and required compensation or refrain from direct and creeping expropriation or deal with security threats to the viability of a project, comes with the inherently dynamic and long- term duration of gas industry ventures. For instance, the questions arising from the proposed amendment to the Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project’s enabling law on one hand and the renegotiation of Israel’s Gas Framework for the Leviathan gas fields following a Supreme Court annulment on the other hand, exemplifies the multidimensional aspects of securing regulatory and commercial stability for international gas projects. The Nigerian scenario is however exacerbated further by socio-political agitations and insecurity in the Niger Delta which hosts her vast gas reserves and projects. In an increasingly global gas market, where new paradigms of short-term and flexible LNG supply arrangements are becoming more popular, there is growing competition for investment capital and market share. -
Integrated Gas
UPSTREAM 17 SHELL INVESTORS’ HANDBOOK 2013 INTEGRATED GAS Strong growth in gas markets is a major opportunity The Repsol LNG portfolio acquisition in late 2013 LNG LEADERSHIP [A] for Shell. Our integrated gas earnings have is another growth leg for integrated gas, with new increased by around 400% since 2009 to some equity supply in South America, and new year-end mtpa $9 billion in 2013 or about 60% of Upstream trading opportunities. earnings. This was mainly driven by several large 40 liquefied natural gas (LNG) and gas-to-liquids (GTL) LNG projects that came on-stream, including Pearl GTL, Shell is a pioneer of the LNG industry with expertise Pluto LNG Train 1 (Woodside), North Rankin based on 50 years of experience. Shell was 30 Redevelopment, Qatargas 4 and Sakhalin-2. instrumental in delivery of the world’s first LNG Integrated gas earnings incorporate LNG, including plant, in Algeria, which came on-stream in 1964. LNG marketing and trading, and GTL operations. In the years since, LNG has become a truly global 20 In addition, the associated upstream oil and gas commodity with demand expected to grow rapidly production activities from the Sakhalin-2, North in the coming years. Currently around 240 mpta, West Shelf, Pluto LNG Train 1 (Woodside), the global LNG market is expected to reach about 10 Qatargas 4 and Pearl GTL projects are included 430 mtpa by 2025. This growth will be driven by in integrated gas earnings. Power generation expanding economies in China, India and the and coal gasification activities are also part Middle East, by demand in Europe and by new 0 of integrated gas. -
2005-2009 Financial and Operational Information
FIVE-YEAR FACT BOOK Royal Dutch Shell plc FINaNcIAL aND OPERATIoNAL INFoRMATIoN 2005–2009 ABBREVIATIONS WE help meet ThE world’S growing demand for energy in Currencies € euro economically, environmentally £ pound sterling and socially responsible wayS. $ US dollar Units of measurement acre approximately 0.4 hectares or 4 square kilometres About This report b(/d) barrels (per day) bcf/d billion cubic feet per day This five-year fact book enables the reader to see our boe(/d) barrel of oil equivalent (per day); natural gas has financial and operational performance over varying been converted to oil equivalent using a factor of timescales – from 2005 to 2009, with every year in 5,800 scf per barrel between. Wherever possible, the facts and figures have dwt deadweight tonnes kboe/d thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day been made comparable. The information in this publication km kilometres is best understood in combination with the narrative km2 square kilometres contained in our Annual Report and Form 20-F 2009. m metres MM million Information from this and our other reports is available for MMBtu million British thermal unit online reading and downloading at: mtpa million tonnes per annum www.shell.com/annualreports mscm million standard cubic metres MW megawatts The webpages contain interactive chart generators, per day volumes are converted to a daily basis using a downloadable tables in Excel format, hyperlinks to other calendar year webpages and an enhanced search tool. Sections of the scf standard cubic feet reports can also be downloaded separately or combined tcf trillion cubic feet into a custom-made PDF file. -
Embracing the Benefits of Digitalisation in Lng Projects
EMBRACING THE BENEFITS OF DIGITALISATION IN LNG PROJECTS Janani Mittal, Paul Bosma, Emile de Jong, Ron van Wolferen, Sjarel van de Lisdonk Copyright: Shell Global Solutions International B.V., April 2019 Global energy demand is surging. Gas is likely to make up a significant proportion of the world’s energy supply for decades to come, but the LNG industry is facing a number of significant challenges. New LNG projects are located in harsh or remote locations, which make them more challenging and expensive to develop and operate. LNG projects have to become more cost competitive in the future while enabling the energy transition. Additionally, companies are facing the prospect of staff shortages with experts retiring from the industry and new generations preferring to live in the cities. Traditional project, engineering and operations in the LNG value chain may not be adequate to cut enough costs and reach the required levels of performance. The (r) evolution in the world of digital technology provides an opportunity to make the necessary step changes. This paper reviews areas where Shell is introducing new technologies that are expected to make a substantial contribution to the development of new LNG projects and the success of future operations – digitalisation, robotics, sensing and process control. Recent advances will enable the industry to further digitalise project planning and development tools reducing capital costs and schedule. New robotics and sensing minimises risks to personnel in harsh, frontier locations, enhance and accelerate decision making to minimise deferment and reduce facility turnaround times, achieve and maintain performance excellence in process operations. They will help to increase productivity and efficiency and boost asset integrity. -
Kyma Shaft Power Meter
Kyma Shaft Power Meter Reference list May 2021 Kyma a.s Tel: +47 55 53 00 14 Aasamyrane 88B Fax: +47 55 53 00 17 N-5116 Ulset (Bergen) E-mail: [email protected] NORWAY Web: www.kyma.no Page 2 Advantage Verdict Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Daewoo H5492 2021 KPM-P 24510 kW Daewoo H5493 2021 KPM-P Daewoo H5494 2021 KPM-P Daewoo H5495 2022 KPM-P Aegean Shipping Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power COSCO Yangzhou N984 Crude Oil 2021 KPM-P 11350 kW COSCO Yangzhou N985 Crude Oil 2022 KPM-P COSCO Yangzhou N986 2022 KPM-P COSCO Yangzhou N987 2022 KPM-P AET Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Daewoo H5499 2022 KPM-P Daewoo H5500 2022 KPM-P Daewoo H5506 2022 KPM-P Al Kharsaah Inc Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Al Kharsaah Samsung 1644 LNG Carrier 2006 KSP Al Shamal Inc Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Al Shamal Samsung 1645 LNG Carrier 2007 KSP Alaska Transport Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Polar Alaska 1983 TTM 20000 PS Arctic Tokyo 1983 TTM 20000 PS Alberta Shipping Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Sumitomo S1407 KPM-P 11110 kW Albro Navigation Co Inc Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Fiora Topic Namura S401 Bulk Carrier 2015 KSP 5720 kW Alcyon shipping Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Bluemoon IHI 3137 Bulk Carrier 2001 KPM-P 21798 PS Aleutian Spray Fisheries Inc Vessel name Yard/hull Type Delivery Product Power Starbound Dakota Creek 22 Factory Stern 2016 KPM-P 3677 kW Algoma Central Corp Vessel -
SEC Complaint: ENI, S.P.A. and Snamprogetti Netherlands B.V
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS HOUSTON DIVISION § SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, § § Plaintiff, § § Civil Action No. 4:10-cv-2414 vs. § § COMPLAINT ENI, S.p.A. and § § SNAMPROGETTI NETHERLANDS B.V., § § Defendants. § § Plaintiff Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) alleges: SUMMARY 1. This action arises from multiple violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) of the federal securities laws by Defendants ENI, S.p.A. (“ENI”) and its former indirect subsidiary Snamprogetti Netherlands B.V. (“Snamprogetti”). 2. Between at least 1995 and 2004, senior executives at Snamprogetti, among others, devised and implemented a scheme to bribe Nigerian government officials to assist in obtaining multiple contracts worth over $6 billion to build liquefied natural gas (“LNG”) production facilities on Bonny Island, Nigeria. A four-company joint venture, of which Snamprogetti was a member, won the contracts. To conceal the illicit payments, Snamprogetti and others, through the joint venture, entered into sham “consulting” or “services” agreements with intermediaries who would then funnel their 1 purportedly legitimate fees to Nigerian government officials. Specifically, Snamprogetti and others, through the joint venture, implemented this scheme by using a Gibraltar shell company controlled by a solicitor based in the United Kingdom (“the UK Agent”) and a Japanese trading company (“the Japanese Agent”) as conduits for the bribes. 3. As a result of the scheme, numerous books and records of Snamprogetti and ENI contained false information relating to, among other things, the UK Agent and the Japanese Agent, and the payments made to them. Snamprogetti did not conduct due diligence on the UK Agent or the Japanese Agent and ENI failed to ensure that Snamprogetti complied with ENI’s policies regarding the use of agents. -
Minimizing the CO2 Emission from the Liquefaction Plant
17th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION ON th LIQUEFIED17 INTERNATIONAL NATURAL CONFERENCE GAS (LNG & EXHIBITION 17) ON LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG 17) MINIMIZING THE CO2 EMISSION FROM LIQUEFACTION PLANT By: Yoshitsugi<Title< Kikkawa,Title of of Presentation Presentation Moritaka> Nakamura, > ChiyodaBy:By: < Author<Corporation,Author Name Name> Yokohama,,> <, Organization<Organization Japan> > 17 April,<Date<Date 2013> > 1.Introduction • The 1st generation LNG power chain for Japan started with gas supplies from Alaska Kenai LNG, Brunei LNG and ADGAS LNG, and resulted the planned air pollution reduction has been successfully achieved. • Reduction of CO2 emission to solve global warming • After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident caused by the March 11, 2011 tsunami, LNG will be a solution for reduction of CO2 emission 2 Reduction of CO2 Emission from Liquefaction Plant • Acid gas removal and carbon capture and storage (CCS) • Optimizing the liquefaction system. • Minimizing the flare load during train start-up and shut down • Optimizing the prime mover system, including e-drive • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from the flue gas of the plant 3 2. Study Basis (1/2) • Plant Location: Oceania • Feed Gas Composition: Component Mol% CO2 1.0 N2 0.1 C1 86.5 C2 8.2 C3 3.4 0.8 C4 C5 0.0 • Feed Gas Condition – Pressure: 70bar – Temperature: 27deg.C – An air cooling system was used for the plant 4 2. Study Basis(2/2) • Feed Gas Price: 2/4/6 US$/mmbtu • Plant Capacity: 9-10MTA by 2 trains • Liquefaction Process: C3-MR Process • Delivery Pressure of CCS: 150bar • CO2 Price for EOR: 40 US$/tCO2 • Carbon Tax for CO2 Emission: 16-154 US$/tCO2 5 Fig. -
2015 Shell Annual Report and Form 20-F
ANNUAL REPORT Royal Dutch Shell plc Annual Report and Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 01 106 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 01 Form 20-F AND SUPPLEMENTS 02 Cross reference to Form 20-F 106 Consolidated Financial Statements 04 Terms and abbreviations 153 Supplementary information – oil and 05 About this Report gas (unaudited) 173 Parent Company Financial Statements 06 185 Royal Dutch Shell Dividend Access Trust STRATEGIC REPORT Financial Statements 06 Chairman’s message 07 Chief Executive Officer’s review 190 08 Risk factors ADDITIONAL 13 Business overview INFORMATION 15 Strategy and outlook 190 Shareholder information 16 Market overview 197 Section 13(r) of the US Securities 18 Summary of results Exchange Act of 1934 disclosure 20 Performance indicators 198 Non-GAAP measures reconciliations 22 Selected financial data and other definitions 23 Upstream 200 Exhibits 41 Downstream 48 Corporate 49 Liquidity and capital resources Cover images 53 Environment and society 60 Our people The cover shows some of the ways that Shell helps to meet the world’s diverse energy needs – from supplying gas for cooking, heating, 62 and generating electricity for GOVERNANCE homes and businesses, to liquefied natural gas (LNG) to fuel trucks 62 The Board of Royal Dutch Shell plc and ships. Pearl, the world’s largest 65 Senior Management gas-to-liquids (GTL) plant, makes 66 Directors’ Report lubricants, fuels and products for 69 Corporate governance plastics. Prelude, the world’s largest floating LNG facility, will produce 83 Audit Committee Report LNG off the coast of Australia. 86 Directors’ Remuneration Report Designed by Conran Design Group carbon neutral natureOffice.com | NL-215-168617 Typeset by RR Donnelley print production Printed by Tuijtel under ISO 14001 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C.