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Urban Heat Island Mitigation Can Improve New York City's Environment: Research on the Impacts of Mitigation Strategies on the Urban Environment

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Urban Heat Island Mitigation Can Improve New York City's Environment: Research on the Impacts of Mitigation Strategies on the Urban Environment Urban Heat Island Mitigation Can Improve New York City's Environment: Research on the Impacts of Mitigation Strategies on the Urban Environment The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Rosenthal, Joyce Klein, Rob Crauderueff, and Majora Carter. 2008. Urban Heat Island Mitigation Can Improve New York City's Environment: Research on the Impacts of Mitigation Strategies on the Urban Environment. Sustainable South Bronx Working Paper. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12361745 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA UUrrbbaann HHeeaatt IIssllaanndd MMiittiiggaattiioonn CCaann IImmpprroovvee NNeeww YYoorrkk CCiittyy’’ss EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt:: Research on the Impacts of Mitigation Strategies A Sustainable South Bronx Working Paper October 2008 Urban Heat Island Mitigation Can Improve New York City’s Environment: Research on the Impacts of Mitigation Strategies on the Urban Environment J OYCE K LEIN R OSENTHAL, R OB C RAUDERUEFF AND M AJORA C ARTER Contents Figures _________________________________________________________________________ iii Forward ________________________________________________________________________ iv Preface ________________________________________________________________________ v Acknowledgements ______________________________________________________________ vi Introduction ____________________________________________________________________vii 1.1 What is an urban heat island? __________________________________________________ 1 1.1.2 New York City’s urban heat island ____________________________________________________ 2 1.1.3 New York City and global climate change ______________________________________________ 2 1.2 Problems associated with New York City’s heat island effect __________________________ 4 1.2.2 NYC’s urban heat island and heat‐related ozone levels ___________________________________ 4 1.2.3 Public health impacts of the urban heat island effect ____________________________________ 5 2.1 Urban heat island mitigation techniques _________________________________________ 8 2.1.2 The role of albedo and Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) in urban temperatures _________________ 8 2.1.3 Albedo, SRI and rooftop temperatures ________________________________________________ 9 2.2 What are cool roofs? ________________________________________________________ 10 2.2.2 Benefits of cool roofs _____________________________________________________________ 11 2.3 Cool pavements as UHI mitigation strategy ______________________________________ 12 2.4 Increased vegetation as UHI mitigation strategy _________________________________ 13 2.4.2 What are green roofs? ____________________________________________________________ 13 2.4.3 Green roofs as UHI mitigation technique and energy reduction strategy ___________________ 15 2.4.4 Storm water retention by green roofs _______________________________________________ 15 2.4.5 Other benefits of green roofs ______________________________________________________ 18 3.1 Assessing Potential Strategies for UHI Mitigation _________________________________ 19 3.1.2 Effects of increasing urban albedo __________________________________________________ 19 3.1.3 Air quality impacts of increasing urban vegetation _____________________________________ 20 3.1.4 Air quality impacts of increasing urban albedo and vegetation ___________________________ 21 3.1.5 Mitigating the heat island effect with green roofs ______________________________________ 22 3.2 Reducing Citywide Energy Demand by Mitigating the UHI __________________________ 24 3.3 A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis of green roof benefits _______________ 26 3.4 Economic analysis of urban heat island mitigation strategies ________________________ 30 i 3.4.2 Public and private costs and benefits of UHI mitigation techniques _______________________ 32 4.1 Conclusion and Recommendations _____________________________________________ 34 References ____________________________________________________________________ 36 ii Figures Figure 1. Sketch of an Urban Heat Island Profile ................................................................................................ 1 Figure 2. Temperature trends, Central Park, New York, 1876‐2000 ................................................................... 2 Figure 3. Maximum Daily Ozone Concentrations vs. Maximum Temperature, New York City ........................... 4 Figure 4. NYC Energy Use vs. Temperature, 2003 ............................................................................................... 5 Figure 5. Albedos of Various Urban Surfaces ...................................................................................................... 9 Figure 6. Modular Cool Roof and Green Roof System of Sustainable South Bronx’s Smart Roof Demonstration Project ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 7. Functional layers of a typical extensive Green Roof .......................................................................... 14 Figure 8. Green Roof Training on Sustainable South Bronx’s Smart Roof ........................................................ 14 Figure 9. Portland Test Green Roof, Hamilton Apartments .............................................................................. 16 Figure 10. Storm Water Runoff: High‐Intensity, Low‐Volume Storm, Hamilton West, Portland, Oregon. ....... 17 Figure 11. Storm Water Retention: Low‐Intensity, High‐Volume Storm, Hamilton West, Portland. ................ 17 Figure 12. Area of Greatest Heat Island Intensity, Waterloo, Ontario ............................................................. 27 Figure 13. Areas of Worst Air Pollution, Waterloo, Ontario ............................................................................. 27 Figure 14. Storm Water Management Needs, Waterloo, Ontario .................................................................... 28 Figure 15. Areas of Greatest Energy Use, Waterloo, Ontario ........................................................................... 28 Figure 16. Green Space Priority, Waterloo, Ontario ......................................................................................... 29 Figure 17. Overlay of Green Roof Benefits, Waterloo, Ontario ......................................................................... 29 Figure 18. Summary of Private and Public Costs and Benefits of Green Roofs (GR) and Cool Roofs (CR) on Privately Owned Buildings in New York City .................................................................................................... 32 iii Forward It is a great pleasure for me to contribute to the second Sustainable South Bronx Working Paper, a result of our collaboration with the Columbia University’s Cool City Project and Center for Sustainable Urban Development. It reminds me of how far a community like the South Bronx has come and how much further it can go if policymakers would take some of these conclusions to heart and put them into practice. City and state regulatory agencies consistently use antiquated zoning regulations to justify the siting of burdensome facilities such as waste transfer stations and power plants in politically vulnerable, low‐income Latino and African‐American communities. When George W. Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Kyoto Protocol, reneging on his own campaign promise to reduce CO2 emissions (a major contributor to climate change) in accord with the fossil fuel industry lobbyists, environmentalists all over the country were understandably outraged. As an Environmental Justice activist in the South Bronx, NYC, I considered it a potential death knell for my community and communities just like it all over the country. Our examination here of the potential impacts of urban heat island (UHI) mitigation strategies for New York City suggests a new way to approach the business of developing new policies that impact the city in terms of sustainable development. It encourages the creation of an economic development model that does a cost‐benefit analysis including the real‐world price of improved public health and less tangible quality of life issues such as increased community pride and reduced crime because residents find their communities easier to live in. This line of thinking places an emphasis on the priceless impacts that support the public good – as well as right some historic wrongs – and factors them into a business model. Simply put, the South Bronx and communities like it have much to lose if the environmental quality of the community does not improve, and implementing green building technologies such as green and cool roofs is but one of the many strategies that can be employed to create positive and lasting environmental change. Such improvements could serve to inform countless communities about how sustainable development can be implemented in even the most trying circumstances. Policies make practices consistent and this effort supports the radical belief that there can be an interplay between social equity, businesses and government so that all concerned can win. Majora J. Carter Founder Sustainable South Bronx iv Preface There
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