ISTITUTO DI RADIOASTRONOMIA

INAF

STATUS REPORT

October 2007

http://www.ira.inaf.it/

Chapter 1. STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION

The Istituto di Radioastronomia (IRA) is presently the only INAF structure with divisions distributed over the national territory. Such an organization came about because IRA was originally a part of the National Council of Research (CNR), which imposed the first of its own reforms in 2001. The transition from CNR to INAF began in 2004 and was completed on January 1st , 2005. The Institute has its headquarters in Bologna in the CNR campus area, and two divisions in Firenze and Noto. The Medicina station belongs to the Bologna headquarters. A fourth division is foreseen in Cagliari at the Sardinia Radiotelescope site. The IRA operates 3 radio telescopes: the Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Medicina), and two 32-m dishes (Medicina and Noto), which are used primarily for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. The IRA leads the construction of the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT), a 64-m dish of new design. This is one of the INAF large projects nowadays.

The aims of the Institute comprise: - the pursuit of excellence in many research areas ranging from observational radio astronomy, both galactic and extragalactic, to cosmology, to geodesy and Earth studies; - the design and management of the Italian radio astronomical facilities; - the design and fabrication of instrumentation operating in bands from radio to infrared and visible.

Main activities of the various sites include: Bologna: The headquarters are responsible for the institute management and act as interface with the INAF central headquarters in Roma. Much of the astronomical research is done in Bologna, with major areas in cosmology, extragalactic astrophysics, star formation and geodesy. IRA-Bologna has strong interactions with the local University and is an important facility for educational activities at medium (master degrees) and high (PhD) levels. Computer science is also an important part of the activity at the Institute. Medicina: The radio astronomy station is directly associated with Bologna headquarters. It hosts the Northern Cross and the 32-m VLBI radio telescope, and houses the core of laboratories for the development of radio astronomy instrumentation and of SRT. Firenze: The division is hosted by the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri. IRA-Firenze is involved with the design and development of radio and infrared technology, including the participation in the international projects ALMA and Herschel. Much research is also conducted at Firenze, including extragalactic astrophysics and star formation. Noto: This division manages the second 32-m VLBI radio telescope. The staff is also involved in the development of technological instrumentation. The scientific staff is limited to only 2 people, with interest in the radio emission of evolved stars, in addition to extragalactic studies. Cagliari: In the context of the SRT project, when the Istituto di Radioastronomia still belonged to the CNR, some permanent staff was recruited by the CNR to form the core of

2 the future division at the Sardinia Radiotelescope site. With the transition of IRA to INAF, the Cagliari personnel (6 people including 5 scientists and 1 technician) was temporarily assigned to the Osservatorio di Cagliari (for 3 years, until 31 December 2008). Therefore, these people are not considered as IRA staff in this document.

IRA participates in several international Consortia: in 1988 it contributed to the establishment of the "European Consortium for VLBI in Europe" together with Max- Planck-Institut fuer Radioastronomie (D), Jodrell Bank (UK), Onsala (S), Westerbork (NL), to provide the scientific community with observing time within the interferometric network formed by the radio telescopes of each institution (on a peer-review basis). Later the Consortium was open to other radio astronomy institutes from countries including Poland, Spain, France, China, Finland, and others. In 1995 the Consortium decided to create an International Institute, the "Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe" (JIVE), with the financial support of the EC and of the research Agencies from the participating countries. The IRA was among the protagonists in the management of JIVE, in recognition of the importance of its International nature and great impact. JIVE manages the VLBI correlator and provides support to astronomers and the Telescope Network.

IRA is part of the international VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) which coordinates geodetic observations.

Together with other ten countries (Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States) IRA signed the first Memorandum of Understanding to establish the International Square Kilometre Array Steering Committee (ISSC), on August 2000, at the International Astronomical Union meeting in Manchester (England). This was superseded by a Memorandum of Agreement to Collaborate in the Development of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) which became operational on January 1st, 2005. The Italian representative is now INAF. IRA/INAF is partner of the EC proposals SKADS (FP6) aimed at developing a design study for SKA, and is partner of PrepSKA, an EC (FP7) proposal to integrate the R&D work from around the globe in order to develop the fully-costed design of SKA.

IRA has been involved for many years in major space and ground projects, related to radio and optical-IR techniques. Beside the realization of the Sardinia Radio Telescope, the institute contributes to the management, design and instrument development of the ESA project Herschel, of the future large ground-based interferometers ALMA, LOFAR and SKA. IRA is partner of projects funded by the EC (FP6) for the technology and scientific developments including FARADAY, SKADS, EXPReS, ESTRELA, RadioNet, MCCT- SKADS. The Institute is currently actively involved in the preparation of the FP7 proposal for RadioNet.

On behalf of INAF, IRA-Bologna hosts the Italian ALMA Regional Center.

For any further detail on the institute organization and projects see the web pages.

3 Chapter 2. RESEARCH PROGRAMS

The research programs of IRA are extensively described at the institute web pages (http://www.ira.inaf.it/inaf_ira/Research.html) and reported in Annex 1. IRA scientists collaborate with other Italian and International research institutions as well as with Italian and foreign universities. In the following a summary is given with emphasis on the relevant achievements, instruments used and future prospects. For the detailed description of the topics, see Annex 1. The site where most of the research is performed is indicated in parentheses.

Surveys and observational cosmology (Bologna). The institute is involved in many survey projects in the framework of large international collaborations. In particular, IRA has a long-standing tradition in radio surveys since the pioneering work with the Northern Cross in the early seventies which produced the B2 catalog, with about 10,000 sources at 408 MHz. Nowadays, IRA is involved in surveys carried out in the radio, optical and X- ray bands. Large sky surveys at all wavelengths are of fundamental importance to astronomy. Complete, unbiased surveys provide a description of the general properties of celestial objects, and are necessary tools to build well defined samples of different classes of objects to be used for cosmological studies. The observation and analysis of deep radio fields performed at IRA have allowed the characterization of the sub-mJy and µJy populations, responsible for the flattening of normalized counts at 1.4 GHz, and the characterization of large scale structure using data from both optical and X-ray surveys. These studies are carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), the Very Large Array in USA (VLA), the Giant Metre Radio Telescope in India (GMRT), the Parkes radio telescope in Australia, and the ROSAT X-ray satellite. A survey project for a legacy e-MERLIN proposal has been presented at the special session in Manchester (October 2007) and will be further discussed with other international groups working in this field. Research activity in this area include studies on surveys such as: - ATESP 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz surveys - VIRMOS-VLT Deep Surveys (VVDS) - VLA-VVDS Survey - VLA-COSMOS - B3 VLA Survey - CMB Foreground Emission Surveys - The North Ecliptic Pole Survey

Extragalactic radio sources and their evolution (Bologna). The scientific research on extragalactic radio sources is one of the most active fields of the Institute. The ultimate goal is to understand the origin of the radio emission, in all its different aspects, in young and old sources, small and giant sources, active and relaxed sources, and their polarization

4 properties. The studies at the radio, optical, infrared, X-ray wavelengths are used to compare different emission mechanisms and to determine the evolutionary properties of radio sources. Results obtained in this field are: estimates of the ages of radio sources and of their cosmological evolution, estimate of the jet velocity and propagation, relation between radio emission properties and other wavelength properties, interaction between radio sources and the environment. This research relies on facilities including the VLA (New Mexico), the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) in The Netherlands, MERLIN, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo TNG (Canary Islands), the IRAM 30m Telescope. Topics in this research area include: - Ageing of Radio Galaxies and Relic Radio Galaxies - Giant Radio Sources - Radio Sources with Recurrent Activity - Hot Spots in radio Galaxies - High-Redshift Quasars - Millimeter Studies of Low-Luminosity Radio Galaxies - The HST View of Radio Galaxies - Searches for Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Disks in Low-Luminosity AGN

Clusters of galaxies (Bologna). Studies in this field are focused on the physical conditions of the Intra Cluster Medium (ICM) and in particular on the non-thermal components (relativistic electrons and magnetic fields), and their interaction with the thermal one. Studies of clusters and cluster galaxies are not confined to the radio domain but rather adopt a multi-band approach which includes both the X-ray and optical domains, in the local and distant Universe. Such studies provide important pieces of information on the formation and the evolution of the largest structures in the Universe. IRA has a leading role, internationally recognized, in the study of the non-thermal cluster emission. Several cluster halos and relics have been discovered and studied by IRA scientists, who obtained statistical results, polarimetry, spectra and multi-frequency spectral images (from 74 MHz to 1.4 GHz) that are suggesting the connection between non-thermal processes and cluster mergers. In addition, strength and structure of cluster magnetic fields have been obtained from Rotation Measure studies. Another important result obtained in X-rays is the negative evolution of clusters, i.e. the decrease of high luminosity clusters with respect to the local Universe. The observations are performed with the VLA, WSRT, GMRT, the X-ray satellites XMM-Newton and Chandra. Future programs include studies with new generation instruments operating at low frequency (LOFAR, LWA). Topics in this area are: - Halos and Relics - Observational Study of the Properties of Radio Halos - The Analysis of Magnetic Fields in Clusters - The Radio Luminosity Function of Distant X-Ray Selected Cluster Radio Galaxies - The Effect of X-ray Point Sources on Cluster Scaling Relations - Dominant Dumbbell Galaxies in Nearby Clusters and Central Galaxies in poor Groups

5 AGN studies with VLBI (Bologna, Noto). The Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique provides the highest angular resolution currently achievable in any field of astronomy. VLBI allows the study of radio galaxies and quasars in the innermost regions of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). VLBI studies have a long tradition at IRA, with particular emphasis on the properties of extragalactic jets, their implication on the AGN unification models, and the life cycle of radio galaxies. Important results have been obtained on low-power radio galaxies, which have been demonstrated to host relativistic jets similar to the high-power radio galaxies, and on evolutionary models for Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) and Giga-Hertz-Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources, and their polarization. New prospects in this area are related to: i) observations at very high resolution and frequency (86 GHz - 3 mm) with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA) to study the inner AGN regions not visible at lower frequency because of resolution and self-absorption, ii) observations of gamma-ray emitting AGN, which will be detected with the incoming satellites GLAST and AGILE. The VLBI observations are performed with the European VLBI Network, which includes the Medicina and Noto radio telescopes, the American VLBI Network (VLBA), the High Sensitivity Array (HSA), the GMVA, the Japanese space VLBI antenna VSOP. VLBI proposals in collaboration with the LAT-GLAST team have been submitted at the October dead-line. Research topics in this area include: - Relativistic jets - Unified Models - Giga-Hertz-Peaked Spectrum (GPS) and Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) Sources - GPS/CSS Evolutionary Models - Polarimetric Observations of GPS/CSS Sources - Secular Optical Behavior and Structural Changes of BL Lacs

Interstellar medium and star formation (Bologna, Firenze, Noto). Multi-line and continuum radio and (sub-)mm observations of molecular clouds across the Galaxy are performed with single dish and interferometric telescopes. The main aims are to determine the physical and chemical properties of individual clouds, and to study Galaxy-wide phenomena such as abundance gradients and gas-to-dust ratios. In the study of star formation the emphasis is on the earliest phases of massive protostars: chemistry of prestellar cores, jets and outflows, and maser emission. Regarding the latter, water masers in star forming regions have been monitored for 20 years with the 32-m Medicina antenna, which has produced the most extensive database of its sort currently available. These data allow the detection and analysis of the variability (in time, velocity, and flux density) of these sources in great detail; interesting sources are followed-up with VLA and VLBA observations. In addition to these facilities, it is made use of the Effelsberg 100-m antenna, TNG, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), IRAM 30-m, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Sub-millimeter Array SMA. Topics in this area are: - Galactic Interstellar Medium - Star formation - Early stages of massive star formation

6 - Masers in Regions of Star formation and in Circumstellar Envelopes - The Jet/Disk Systems in Low- and High-Mass Young Stellar Objects - Theoretical Radiative Tranfer for Polarized Light in non-LTE Stellar Atmospheres - Metal Abundance Gradients in the Galaxy with Planetary Nebulae - Radio emission from binary systems

Theoretical Research (Bologna). The theoretical group at IRA mainly focuses on models that try to understand the origin and evolution of extragalactic radio sources at different scales, from radio galaxies and quasars to radio halos and relics in clusters of galaxies. Among the most important results we mention the origin of cluster radio halos, models for the reacceleration of relativistic radio emitting electrons, the role played by cluster turbulence in non-thermal cluster processes. These studies make use of a cluster of 16 computers at IRA (Mach-16) and supercomputers at the Italian Interuniversity Consortium for Supercomputing CINECA. Scientific topics in this area include: - X-ray Emission and Energetic of Radio Galaxies - Origin of Radio Halos in Galaxy Clusters - Statistical Properties and Cosmological Evolution of Non-Thermal Processes in Galaxy Clusters - Cosmological Numerical Simulations

Geodetic Activity (Bologna). This research activity is based on observations performed with VLBI techniques as well as other classical and space geodetic equipments. Investigations on relevant geodetic parameters are carried out applying different observing techniques, aiming at combining observations and inter-comparing results. In particular, studies of the troposphere water vapor and crustal deformations are currently carried out with the Medicina and Noto 32-m VLBI dishes as well as other VLBI and GPS sites. Troposphere water vapor monitoring might represent an important application in the correction of radio data at low frequencies and it is crucial in climate studies as well as in meteorological applications. IRA has a leading role in the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry for the 'Local Ties' activities and co-location issues. Topics in this area are: - Crustal deformation - Troposphere Water Vapor - Local Ties - Antarctic Geodesy

The extragalactic interstellar medium and star formation (Firenze). The research is aimed at assessing the role of dust and gas in the formation and evolution of galaxies and active nuclei (AGN). Radiation transfer in dusty spiral disks is performed through a 3-D Monte Carlo code, and has been applied to a suite of multi-wavelength observations. The role of dust is investigated in star-forming objects at different redshifts and locally at low

7 metallicities. A CO survey with the Plateau de Bure (in the context of the NUGA – NUclei of GAlaxies - collaboration) uses molecular gas as a mass tracer to investigate the triggering and fueling of AGN. The kinematics and morphology of the circumnuclear gas in AGN vary widely among galaxies, thus excluding the existence of a unique mechanism for angular momentum removal. The study of the explosion rate of type 1a supernovae and the ISM enrichment over a range of redshifts has shown a mass threshold of 5.5 solar masses at which both the efficiency and the timescale must change drastically. The paper describing the existence of such bimodality was chosen by the Nature magazine as a Science Highlight in 2006. Observations are performed with the Spitzer satellite, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, JCMT, VLA, TNG, ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT). Topics in this area include: - Extinction and emission by dust in spiral galaxies - Molecular gas in galaxies with Active Nuclei - Supernova rate and stellar populations - Low-metallicity star formation - Dust formation and evolution in a cosmological context - Metallicity and dynamics of galaxies at z > 3

Technological developments (Medicina, Firenze, Noto). The technological activity of IRA is related to the development of large instrumental projects. After the realization of the radio telescopes of Medicina and Noto, the technological research and technical staff is deeply involved in the construction of the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT), in particular in the construction and implementation of primary and secondary mirrors panels, active surface, tertiary mirrors, receivers, back-ends, servosystems and antenna control software, and antenna auxiliary equipment. New- generation receivers have been built to provide continuous frequency coverage, quick commutation, frequency agility, and multi-feed capabilities. A new-generation receiver at 4.3-5.8 GHz has been installed in Medicina and checked. The multi-feed receiver at 22 GHz is now under test. Our ultimate goal is to cover the frequency range between 300 MHz and 100 GHz. The realization of state-of- the-art back-ends, both for continuum and for spectroscopy, is in progress. What is needed for SRT is a back-end with a bandwith between 100 MHz and 2 GHz, several tens of independent channels, and a high spectral resolution. The experience acquired from ALMA will be incorporated. In addition, the VLBI antenna network undergoes frequent upgrades. In this framework, a Digital Base Band Converter (DBBC) has been built at Noto, which uses innovative techniques, and that will be applied to VLBI analogic back-ends. This project is endorsed by the European VLBI Network EVN, and involves several international partners, including China. Another big project is related to the Design Study of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). The re-instrumentation of part of the Northern Cross large Array aimed to test low cost effective electronic, sub-systems, adaptive beam-forming, multi-beaming and RFI mitigation / excision algorithms. All these concepts need to be verified on the BEST (Basic Element for SKA Training) in order to be transferred to the european EMBRACE

8 demonstrator since they represent the heart of the SKA philosophy. The final step of BEST (BEST-3) will offer about 7000 m2 collecting area. Topics in this area are: - Upgrade of the Medicina Radio Telescope for High-Frequency Continuum Observations - Software Development for Sky Surveys with a 20 GHz 7-horn multibeam - CMB Polarization Experiments: Study of New Instrument Architectures for Observations of the B-Mode of the CMB Polarized Emission - The 32m-Dish Parabolic Antenna System at Medicina Observatory - Square Kilometer Array Design Studies (SKADS) - LOw Frequency Array LOFAR - Development of Multi-Tasking Spectrometers - Bioastronomy - Radio Science

Science with Sardinia Radio Telescope (Bologna). The SRT is a general-purpose radio telescope, capable of operating with high efficiency from 300 MHz to over 100 GHz. It will be used for single-dish studies, VLBI, geodesy, radar and for space Science. To optimise the scientific use of the telescope and fully exploit the SRT capabilities, priorities have to be established in the SRT receiver/backend development. New competitive opportunities will be opened following these general criteria: i) use of SRT at the highest possible frequency, ii) implementation of multi-beam arrays, iii) use of as large as possible banwidths for the continuum and for spectral-line work, iv) ad hoc hardware for lower-frequency projects (pulsars, polarimetry), v) frequency agility. For a detailed overview of the science that can be done with SRT, we refer to the book “Science with SRT” (2006).

Science and Technology with Herschel (Firenze). IRA is involved with the ESA satellite Herschel, both from the technological and from the scientific points of view. The optics/electronics interface for the 50-250 micron imager/spectrometer PACS was designed and realized (in collaboration with industry) at IRA-Firenze. IRA also collaborated on the calibration of PACS itself: in early 2006 a test calibration was performed in Firenze, and after further improvements and fine tuning, in September 2006, the apparatus was transported to the MPE in Garching where the calibration of the Flight Model was successfully performed. Scientifically, over the last three years, IRA has been involved in the preparation of the Guaranteed-Time Observations (GTOs). In particular, we are preparing the observations regarding two HIFI-PACS GTO Key Programmes: (i) Water and (ii) Unbiased Spectral Survey. Line intensity predictions have been derived by using physical and chemical models, and preparatory ground-based observations have also been performed.

9 Frequency Protection for Radio Astronomy (Bologna). The protection of radio frequencies assigned to radio astronomy necessitates of several activities to be performed at several levels, in particular: i) monitoring and recognition of local interferences, i.e. at the instrument sites, and contacts with local administrations, ii) contacts with national Ministry for the interference elimination, iii) international contacts within the Committee for Astronomical Frequencies (CRAF), founded by the European radio astronomical observatories to develop a common European policy.

Computer science (Bologna). Due to the growing request of computing power needed for scientific projects, the institute scientists are working on nodes of parallel computing on high-velocity networks and with new conception software in GRID environment. To this end, a small GRID node has been installed in the Institute in collaboration with the Osservatorio di Trieste and IASF-INAF of Bologna, in order to explore the capabilities of this system in the astronomical field. The computer center activity is aimed at obtaining adequate resources for the Alma Regional Center, analyze the needs for software correlation according to the product developed in Australia at the supercomputing center of the University of Swinburne, optimize the software packages of data reduction, investigate the techniques for displaying and transfer of data, and realize their application to the astrophysics (see also Chapter 5).

ALMA Project: ALMA Regional Center (Bologna). To develop expertise in the field of mm astronomy and to ensure the proper use of ALMA, INAF has decided to participate in the initiation of a European network of ALMA Regional Centers (named ARClets) supported by ESO. IRA has agreed to host the Italian node, which will provide support to ALMA users for the calibration and advanced data reduction. The Bologna ARC will also promote the use of ALMA among the Italian astronomical community. The current activity is aimed at the development of mosaicing techniques and the treatment for polarization data, the development of large-data-storage techniques, and the assessment of scientific topics to be investigated. It is planned that the ARC will be active for at least 10 years after ALMA becomes operational.

10 Chapter 3. PERSONNEL STRUCTURE

At 30 September 2007, the permanent staff of IRA consists of 73 units, distributed in the various divisions as follows (scientists include both scientific and technological research staff):

Bologna: scientists 24, technicians/administrative 8 Medicina: scientists 3, technicians 12 Firenze: scientists 11, technicians/administrative 3 Noto: scientists 4, technicians/administrative 8

The personnel temporarily assigned to the Osservatorio di Cagliari is listed in Annex 2, but is not considered in the present statistical considerations. The diagram in Fig. 1 shows the distribution of scientists (distinguishing scientific from technological research staff), technicians and administrative staff.

Permanent Staff Distribution

Administrative 7% Scientific R. Technicians 45% 36%

Technological R. 12%

Figure 1

The IRA scientific staff has a very limited number of young people with permanent positions (see distribution in Fig. 2). This is due to the fact that the most recent hiring of permanent staff scientists goes back to December 2001. Since then, no new permanent positions were created by CNR despite of the numerous losses of personnel (deceases, moves, retirements). INAF has assigned to IRA a new position last year (2006) for a 3rd level scientist (assistant equivalent) working on VLBI. The job has been obtained by Marcello Giroletti, who however has not yet been hired by INAF, thus he is still funded by a fellowship. Another 3rd level scientist position has been assigned this year to INAF, the competition will be carried out in 2008.

11 It is also clear from Fig. 2 that several people are close to the age of retirement. Indeed, one person from Firenze (Francesco Palagi) has just retired in October, and 2 more persons from Bologna (Alfredo Gallerani and Mario Vigotti) will retire in Spring 2008. .

Permanent Staff Age Distribution

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 +

Scientists Technicians/Administratives Figure 2

Fig. 3 shows the age distribution of scientists in the different career levels. It interesting to note that careers are very slow: only people above 45 are promoted to the medium level (associate equivalent) and only people above 55 are promoted to the highest level (full professor equivalent). Also for the technical/administrative staff, career advancement is very problematic.

Research Staff Age Distribution

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 +

3rd Level (Assistant Eq.) 2nd Level (Associate Eq.) 1st Level (Full Prof. Eq.)

Figure 3

12 In addition to permanent staff, there are staff members with temporary contracts funded by national projects or by EC grants. These people are either technology research staff (SRT, SKADS, Herschel) or technicians/administrators; none of them is a research scientist. They should get a permanent position within 1-2 years according to a recent Italian law. Several University professors collaborate with the scientific staff of IRA. Their activity is very important as they contribute with their expertise, manpower and educational activities (undergraduate students). IRA has a significant numbers of PhD students, Post-Doc and fellows. Most of them are funded by third-part grants (i.e. University, EC, national-based INAF projects) and not out of the institute budget. The distribution of the different categories is shown in Fig. 4.

Personnel

Permanent Staff 63%

Temporary Staff 9% University Coll. PostDoc 7% PhD Fellows 6% 8% 7%

Figure 4

The percentage of women in the total permanent staff of the Institute is about 20%. Women are present in each category, either among the scientists and the technical and administrative staff (Figs. 5a, 5b). This percentage becomes higher (55%) if one considers only PhD students and Post-Docs (Fig. 5c).

Total Research Staff Technicians/Administrative PhD and PostDocs

Females Females Females 19% 23% 55%

Males Males Males 81% 77% 45%

Figure 5a Figure 5b Figure 5c

13 There are no women among the technological research staff. In the scientific research staff, women are as numerous as men at the top level (full professor equivalent), while they decrease in percentage once the lower career levels are considered (Fig. 5d). This is opposite to what is commonly found in the Italian research (where women are significantly underrepresented at the highest levels), but since we are dealing with small numbers in the various categories, we can consider this as a statistical fluctuation. Globally, it can be concluded that women are reasonably well represented at the IRA.

Figure 5d

The full list of personnel, including permanent and temporary staff, students, fellows and collaborators, is reported in Annex 2. The Annex also lists for completeness the IRA personnel temporarily assigned to the Osservatorio di Cagliari, although it has not been used for the above statistical analysis.

14 Chapter 4. STRUCTURE OF THE BUDGET

When the institute was within the CNR, the IRA administration followed civil service rules under CNR's central administration control. After the transition to INAF, the institute has to manage its own budget, plus the external funding, issue the contracts and salaries to fellows, etc., even though the administrative personnel has not been augmented. We need also administrative positions in each site. The situation is critical also because the administrative work includes quite complex procedures. Presently, there is one administrative in Firenze, one in Noto.

The standard funding from INAF is divided in two main portions, that for “normal operations” (including utilities, consumables, maintenance, etc.) and that for “research” (including traveling, fellowships, equipment, etc.). This budget includes the normal operation and maintenance of the radiotelescopes. In addition, INAF can assign money for special purposes through the INAF Department of Projects. National scientific projects can be funded following a yearly call, and subsequent evaluation, however the total funding for this aim has been very limited so far. Technological projects can obtain funding from the INAF Technological Innovation Office, again following a peer-review process. The funding obtained since 2004 until 30 September 2007 is presented in Table 1, where a blank line separates different classes of incomes. The first and second line report the INAF funding for normal operations and research, respectively. It decreased with time, although the 2007 funding is not yet the final one (it has been announced by INAF that the 2007 funding for these entries will be the same as that of 2006). Lines 3, 4 and 5 of the table report the money assigned by the INAF Project Department, for the maintenance and upgrade of the VLBI antennas, for the ALMA regional center and for the Sardinia Radio Telescope, respectively. Lines 6 and 7 report the funding from INAF scientific and technological national projects, involving IRA scientists. The scientific projects funded by INAF, in which IRA participates are: Non-thermal phenomena in galaxy clusters; Preparation for ALMA; Interstellar Masers: a critical probe for star formation; The metallicity evolution through cosmic ages. Technological Innovation projects at IRA funded by INAF are: Realization of a board at large bandwidth for radio frequency; Digital Back-ends; Packaging of monolithic devices in cryogenic and spatial environment.

What is relevant for the scientific and technological activity of the institute is the access to external funding, in particular from European Community (line 8) and Italian Space Agency ASI (line 9). EC Projects in various years are: RadioNet, FARADAY, ESTRELA, SKADS, EXPRES, MCCT-SKADS, ARENA. It should be noted that these projects are either technological, or for international coordination activity. A relevant income has been for the SKA Design Study (~ 1 MEUR spread in 2006 and 2007).

15 Projects of the Italian Space Agency are: ITASEL (Italian Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), Tracing galaxy evolution, Scientific activity for CASSINI, Observations of the Universe from the Moon, Radio relic/merger connection in galaxy clusters, High energy astrophysics, Activity with Herschel, Studies of cosmology and fundamental Physics, Radar Measurements of Space Debris. Other incomes are from public (as University) and private institutions (as consortia, banks, etc.). The business activity is from the DBBC project (see Chapter 9). The budget assigned by the Ministry for the construction of the Sardinia Radio Telescope is given in the last line (line 14). This is the funding managed by IRA, while the money for the site infrastructures has been assigned to the Osservatorio di Cagliari.

Table 1. Funding (in KEUR)

2004 2005 2006 2007** (CNR) (INAF) (INAF) (INAF)

(1) Ordinary Operation 1621* 1503 1291 1170 (2) Research 235 292 167

(3) INAF-Antennas 406 300 - (4) INAF-ALMA Reg. C. - 40 50 (5) INAF-Sardinia R. Tel. 300 - - (6) INAF-National Projects - 64 - (7) INAF-Technology Innov. 16 37 -

(8) European Community 198 84 498 748 (9) Italian Space Agency 116 125 84 374

(10) Ministry 15 (11) Other Public Inst. 71 60 67 70 (12) Other Private Inst. 29 3 1 16 (13) Business Activity 25 - - 195

(14) Ministry -Sardinia R.T. 6392 1919 10624 10000

Total 8467 4651 13298 12791

Notes. * Actual budget was reduced by 20%, because the last block supply from CNR occurred in 2005 after IRA transition from CNR to INAF, and was never delivered to IRA. ** Funds assigned until September, 2007.

16 Chapter 5. PROVISION OF MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT AND WORKING SPACES

Computer center Since the 80’s, IRA has been the provider of computer services related to image analysis for the Council of Research (CNR) in the Emilia Romagna Region. For this reason, it has developed versatile computer systems capable of satisfying the needs of several users, not only those of the Institute itself. In the 90’s, in cooperation with the CNR, the Institute coordinated the development of the telematic network of the CNR Institutes in the Emilia Romagna region and designed the network in the Bologna Research Area. The computer center currently manages the hardware and software facilities of the Institute, oversees the network infrastructure of the CNR Bologna campus, and hosts the network devices and the servers for the full campus.

Traditionally, the center activity has been devoted to the development of software for the astronomical catalogues and image management. The computing facilities at IRA have been always organized as a centralized server following a “client-server” model. In this way, the various workstations may have different characteristics, but share common software packages, large disk space, data-bases, etc.

It has become clear in recent years that the computing power needs for the scientific projects of the institute are much superior to those of single work-stations. In 2005, the computer center has been equipped with a cluster of 16 high speed machines + the server (named Mach-16) with 2 GBy memory each, connected on a separate 1 Gbit/s network, for the theoretical work and simulations. Moreover the request in computing power for the VLBI correlation in real time is about 103 - 104 times the capacity of the standard CPUs. Thus there is the need for nodes of parallel computing on high-velocity networks and with new conception software in GRID environment. To this end, a small GRID node has been installed in the Institute in collaboration with the Osservatorio di Trieste and IASF-INAF of Bologna, in order to explore the capabilities of this system in the astronomical field.

IRA headquarters in Bologna hosts INAF’s Costing Elaboration Data Center (CED), which is used by about 100 administrative users operating in the INAF headquarters in Roma and all INAF structures in Italy.

In Medicina and Noto there is not a real computer center, but there is local staff in charge of the maintenance of workstations and of the network. The computer devices at these observing stations are mostly devoted to data acquisition from the radio telescopes, monitoring and control of the instruments. The IRA division in Firenze shares the computing infrastructures of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri.

17 The situation of computers at IRA is summarized in Table.2

Table 2. Computers of IRA

Type Number Older than 4 Laptops Older than 4 years years Bologna Server 12 8 Bologna Mach-16 17 0 Bologna Test Grid 10 2 Bologna Work Station 93 62 16 6 Medicina Work Station 63 41 11 4 & data acq. Firenze Work Station 19 9 10 1 Noto Work Station 23 18 8 3 & data acq.. Total 237 140 45 14

Working space The total area of the Bologna headquarters is about 2500 m2. There are 35 offices with 1 person, 12 offices occupied by 2 persons, 5 open-space rooms for students and guests, a seminar room, a meeting room, library, store rooms, and laboratories (see Chapter 6).

The are of the Medicina station is about 2650 m2 (including the small VLBI building). There are 15 offices hosting 2 or more people each, plus the laboratories. There is a guesthouse of 4 rooms and 1 flat, hosting up to 8 people.

In Firenze, the working space is within the INAF Osservatorio di Arcetri. The offices are small and mostly shared with at least another person,

The station in Noto has a total working space of about 1350 m2, 14 offices, meeting rooms, and laboratories. There is a guesthouse with 4 rooms and 1 flat, hosting up to 6 people.

18 Chapter 6. OBSERVATIONAL FACILITIES AND LABORATORIES

Radio Telescopes IRA presently operates 3 radio telescopes: the two 32-m VLBI radio telescopes in Medicina and Noto, and the Northern Cross Radio Telescope in Medicina. The two instruments were born as identical radio telescopes, but in the course of time they evolved into quite different instruments, with distinct capabilities and equipment. Both radio telescopes are equipped with receivers at frequencies up to 22 GHz. The largest differences are: the presence of frequency change agility and fiber optic connection in Medicina, the presence of a receiver at 43 GHz in Noto, combined with the presence of active surface, which guarantees its high efficiency. The future plans are to connect Noto with fiber optic, and Medicina with the high-frequency capability.

Both the Medicina and Noto 32-m dishes are part of the European Consortium for VLBI (EVN), acknowledged as a European large-scale Facility. Most of the time they operate with the other antennas of the Consortium in the interferometric network at the highest level of efficiency. Regular VLBI observations are as follows: - astronomical VLBI: about 3 months/yr within the VLBI network, at frequencies between 1.4 GHz and 22 GHz (3 VLBI runs), plus 43 GHz observations in Noto; - geodetic VLBI: about 1 month/year of geodetic observations (2 runs/month, about 24 h each).

The Medicina radio telescope participates also in the electronic-VLBI (e-VLBI) experiments. The electronic VLBI Interferometer is achieved using high-speed communication networks operating in real-time and connecting together some of the largest and most sensitive radio telescopes (EC project EXPReS). The Medicina dish is one of the 6 European radio telescopes (Cambridge UK, Jodrell Bank UK, Westerbork NL, Torun PL, Onsala SW) which have a 1 Gbs fiber optic connection to the Italian (GARR) and European (GEANT) scientific networks. Regular runs are scheduled since 2006 for about 10 days/yr (10 runs, about 24 h each). In addition, Medicina also participates in tests, e.g. in a recent observation (August 2007) involving Chinese and Australian telescopes. The fiber optic connection of the Noto dish is desirable, particularly because of the 43 GHz observing capability.

In addition to VLBI observations, single dish programs are carried out for about 4-6 months/yr. The single-dish observations are allocated on a peer-review basis, with a call for proposal issued twice a year. Approved projects are both astronomical and geodetical. Some projects require the simultaneous use of Medicina and Noto. About half of the single-dish projects are "monitoring programs" and are part of large projects involving collaborations with the optical and X-ray community. In addition, observational campaigns are regularly performed for experiments of Radio Science. Collaborations are now active with the scientific community of the incoming gamma-ray satellites AGILE and GLAST, for radio monitoring and follow-up projects.

19 A future involvement of the Medicina and Noto antennas with the space VLBI program (VSOP2) is planned, as well as the collaboration for Radio Science experiments with ESA.

Remaining days with no scheduled observations are used for normal maintenance, check of the instrumentation, upgrades and tests of new technologies. Although the two antennas are extensively used for observations, they would need extraordinary maintenance (azimuth rail track in Noto and elevation wheel in Medicina), which has not been done so far because of lack of funding. A big future effort will be devoted to the improvement of the access of these instruments, by unifying the control software, allow remote operations, and arrange data acquisition in a single place.

The Northern Cross radio telescope in Medicina is an instrument owned by the University of Bologna. It is managed by IRA after a formal agreement with the University, which contributes to its maintenance costs. It is presently used for the development of two important technological projects: - test-bed for the Square Kilometer Array (EC Project SKADS). Through the re- instrumentation of part of the Northern Cross, several concepts relevant to SKA are tested (see Chapter 2, Technological Developments); - implementation of a LOFAR remote station by equipping part of the Northern Cross radio telescope with new receivers. This project will enable testing of the performance and results of LOFAR on a ~1000 km baseline, in view of the acquisition of a LOFAR station in Medicina.

For further details about the instrument use, and related research, we refer to the institute web page.

It is worth mentioning here that IRA-Firenze has been running the Italian National Telescope TIRGO (Telescope IR GOrnegrat), which was located at Gornergrat near Zermatt, in Switzerland Alpes, at 3135 m altitude. It was a 1.5m Cassegrain telescope with a wobbling secondary and optimized for infrared observations. Its operations terminated in spring 2005, after about 25 years working.

Laboratories There are laboratories in all sites of IRA, aimed at the development of new instrumentation and the maintenance of present radio telescopes. The main activity is to design and implement receivers, back-ends, autocorrelators, passive components such as feed horns (see Chapter 2), and update the computer network at each facility. Despite of the obsolescence of some equipment, the technological research in the digital field deals with the development of boards using FPGA devices and in the microwave field using MMIC Chips. Both are current state-of-the-art techniques.

20 Table 3 gives a summary of the laboratories at the various IRA sites. Most common are mechanical, electronic, digital electronic and microwave laboratories. The cinematography lab in Bologna is aimed at developing outreach material for INAF. The laboratories in Firenze are shared with the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri.

Table 3. Laboratories at IRA

Bologna Medicina Firenze Noto

Digital Electronics x x x Electronics x x x Electroforming x Electromagn. Meas. x Mechanical x x x Microwave x x x x Time/frequency x VLBI Electr. Maint. x Clean Room x Cinematography x Computer x

21 Chapter 7. JUNIOR AND VISITING SCIENTISTS

In the framework of the Early-Stage TRaining site for European Long-wavelength Astronomy (ESTRELA) project, a European Community project ``Marie Curie Early Stage Training Network'', which is a collaboration between six research institutes (Jodrell Bank, Max-Planck fuer Radioastronomie-Bonn, Onsala Space Observatory, ASTRON- Dwingeloo, JIVE-Dwingeloo, and IRA), IRA hosts at present two Ph. D. students, who do their research in astronomy (mostly astronomy-related technology) under the combined supervision of a IRA project leader and a university professor from the local university. Specifically, one has started in October 2006 (John Morgan under the combined supervision of Mauro Nanni and Daniele Dallacasa - University of Bologna), while the second has started in September 2007 (Rashmi Verma under the supervision of Alessandro Orfei -Medicina, Isabella Prandoni -Bologna and Loretta Gregorini - University of Bologna). The duration of the projects is three years. ESTRELA provides complete financial support for them.

The Institute has a formal bilateral agreement of collaboration with NRAO (USA), India and China. In the framework of these collaborations, there is fruitful exchange of scientists. In addition, IRA is visited by several foreign scientists for data reduction and scientific discussions. Dr. Jun Tao from Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has visited the IRA for a year (mid 2006-mid 2007). Shorter visits are very frequent. The following scientists have been guests at IRA in 2006 for about 15 days each: Dr. Michiel Brentjens, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen (NL), Dr. Tracy Clarke, Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, USA), Prof. Vladimir Dogiel, Theoretical Physics Div., Lebedev Physical Inst. (Moscow, Russia), Prof. Alex Lazarian, University of Wisconsin (Madison, USA), Dr. Miguel Perez-Torres, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC (Granada, Spain).

Currently, Prof. Steven Tingay of Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology (Bentley, Western Australia) is visiting IRA for 3 months. All these visits have been paid from third-party funding, none on the IRA budget.

22 Chapter 8. RELATIONS WITH UNIVERSITIES AND NATIONAL/FOREIGN RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

Each division of IRA has strong interaction with the nearby University, i.e. Bologna (Dept. of Astronomy, Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Engineering), Firenze (Dept. of Astronomy), Catania (Dept. of Physics) and Messina (Faculty of Electronic Engineering). IRA scientists supervise regularly several graduation theses and PhD theses. Several scientists are regularly involved in giving lectures for PhD courses and University Courses (specifically at present at the Bologna and Catania University). The scientific staff of IRA has a representative in the Program Committee for Astronomy PhD of the Bologna University. IRA is among the Institutes recognized by the Physics Department of the Bologna University as a site for training of physics students. IRA- Bologna hosts the field training for radio astronomy techniques for undergraduate students of the Astronomy Department of the Bologna University.

About 60 seminars are organized each year, including those internal, but mostly from researchers of other Italian and foreign institutes.

The IRA personnel has strong collaboration with many others INAF Structures, the National Research Council CNR (Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Institute of Electronics, Informatics and Telecommunication, Torino), the National Institute of Geology and Volcanology (INGV), the International School for Advanced Studies SISSA (Trieste)

Staff members are interacting and collaborating with scientists in foreign institutions in the following countries: AUSTRALIA (Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization CSIRO, Australia Telescope National Facility ATNF, University of Western Australia, University of Sydney, Agency Geoscience Australia); AUSTRIA (Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics); BELGIUM (University of Ghent); CHINA (Chinese Academy of Sciences Astronomical Observatory of Shanghai); FINLAND (Metsahovi Radio Observatory, Tuorla University); FRANCE (LERMA-Observatoire de Paris, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille-Provence, Observatoire de Haute-Provence, Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, CERGA-CNRS Centre d'Etudes e de Recherches en Geodynamique et Astrometrie-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble, IRAM Istitut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique LAREG - LAboratoire de REcherche en Geodesie, Service d’Astrophysique CEA Saclay);

23 GERMANY (Max Planck Institute for Kernel-Physics Heidelberg, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy Heidelberg, Max Planck Institut for Astrophysik Garching, Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy Bonn, University of Bonn, University of Cologne, University of Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarter); GREECE (National Observatory of Athens); INDIA (Raman Research Institute Bangalore, Indian Institute for Astrophysics Bangalore, Tata Institute for Radio Astronomy Pune); ISRAEL (University of Tel Aviv); JAPAN (University of Tsukuba, National Astronomical Observatory Tokyo); MEXICO (University of Guanajuato, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoUNAM); POLAND (Nicholas Copernicus University, University of Cracow, University of Torun); RUSSIA (Lebedev Institute for Theoretical Physics Moscow, Central Observatory Pulkovo St. Petersburg); SPAIN (University of Barcelona, University of Valencia, Observatorio Astronomico Nacional Madrid, Observatorio Astronomico Nacional Granada, University of Granada, University of Santander, IAA Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalusia Granata, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias IAC, Centro Galileo Galilei La Palma, Isaac Newton Group La Palma, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife); SWEDEN (Onsala Space Observatory, University of Stockholm); THE NETHERLANDS (ASTRON Dwingeloo, Sterrewacht Leiden, University of Leiden, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen); UKRAINA (Radio Astronomy Laboratory of SRI Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Main Astronomical Observatory Kiev); UNITED KINGDOM (University of Leeds, University of Cardiff, Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, University of Oxford, University College London, University of Sheffield); UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, National Radio Astronomy Observatory NRAO, STScI, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, Cornell University, University of California Berkeley, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center IPAC, California Institute of Technology, University of Athens, Georgia State University, University of New Mexico, University of Wisconsin Madison, University of Virginia Charlottesville, Joint Astronomy Centre Hilo, University of Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy Honolulu, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Naval Research Laboratory Washington, Arecibo Observatory).

The IRA personnel has taken/is taking part in the following national and international panels/groups/working groups:

1981-present: ISI's 1120 World's Most Cited Physicists (Gioia) 1987-present: Chairman of Committee for Radio Astronomical Frequencies CRAF (Ambrosini) 1991-1999: EVN TOG (former TWG) member (Tuccari) 1992-2005: Italian Representatives (Orfei, Orlati)

24 1997-2007: WG Herschel scientific calibration for PACS (Morbidelli) 1998-2003: Chairman Technical and Operation GroupTOG-EVN (Tuccari) 1998-present: International VLBI Service member (Tuccari) 1999-2004: EVN Consortium Board of Directors (Mantovani) 1999-2006: Board Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe JIVE (Mantovani) 2000-2006: International Square Kilometre Array Steering Committee (Mantovani) 2000-present: Vice-chairman TOG-EVN (Tuccari) 2001-2004: European VLBI Network (EVN) Program Committee (Bondi) 2001-present: Member of the SKA Science Working Group (Feretti) 2002-2004: Time Allocation Committee Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (Gioia) 2002-2004: SCAR Working Group “Atmospheric Impact on GPS Observations in Antarctica” (Sarti) 2003-2005: Time Allocation Committee Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (Brand) 2003-present: Working Group RadioNet Synergy (Mack) 2004: ASI Working Group COFIS (Cosmology and Fundamental Physics) (Carretti) 2004: Spitzer Time Allocation Panel (Hunt) 2004: Chairman International VLBI Service - Digital Backend team (Tuccari) 2004-2005: INAF working group: ``Science with the SRT'' (Mack) 2004-2005: INAF/CNR WG ``Feasibility study on High Energy Astrophysics: field of interest and perspectives for the National Community'' (Brunetti) 2004-2005: INAF working group: ``Science with the SRT'' (Brand) 2004-2005: INAF representative in the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) (Mannucci 2004-2006: European VLBI Network (EVN) Program Committee (Codella) 2004-2006: INAF advisory committee for ALMA (Mack) 2004-2006: INAF working group: ``Science with the SRT'' (Prandoni) 2004-2007: Directing Board Internationl VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (Mantovani Member at Large) 2004-present: Medicina and Noto Time Allocation Committee (Cassaro, Mack) 2004-present: International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) (Sarti) 2004-present: IERS Working Group on Site Survey and Co-location (Sarti) 2004-present: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (Sarti) 2004-present: LINC-NIRVANA/LBT scientific working group (Mannucci) 2004-present: WG for GIANO-TNG science and instrument characterization (Mannucci) 2004-present: Member of ARENA network for Antarctic astronomy (Olmi) 2004-2008: Chairman, Science Training Working Group, RadioNet, FP6 (Venturi) 2004-2008: Chairman RadioNet Board (Tofani) 2004-2008: Member RadioNet Board (Ambrosini) 2005: Time Allocation Committee Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (Feretti) 2005-2006: XMM-Newton Observing Time Allocation Committee (Gioia) 2005-2007: Secretary, EVN Consortium Board of Directors (Bondi) 2005-2007: Chairman, EVN Consortium Board of Directors (Mantovani)

25 2005-2007: Board "SKADS" Contract No. 011938 (Mantovani, Vice-Chairman) 2005-present: APERTIF Science Team (NWO - ASTRON, NL) (Giovannini) 2005-present: Coordinator Italian ARClet (Brand) 2005-present: INAF working group: ``ARC-ALMA'' (Brand, Fontani, Gregorini, Mack, Nanni, Prandoni, Rossetti, Zanichelli) 2005-2008: DS6 SKADS Leader (Montebugnoli) 2005-2008: European VLBI Network (EVN) Program Committee (Venturi) 2006 : Observing Program Committee OPC ESO, Panel A (Feretti) 2006: Observing Program Committee OPC ESO, Panel C (Brand) 2006: Spitzer time Allocation Panel (Hunt) 2006: Dark UNiverse Explorer (DUNE) WG on Supernovae (Mannucci) 2006-2007: Time Allocation Committee Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (Stanghellini) 2006-2007: Board ``MCCT-SKADS'' Contract FP6 MSCF-CT-2006-046095 (Mantovani) 2006-2007: Board ``EXPReS'' (FP6), contract number 026642 (Mantovani, Nanni) 2006-2007: INAF WG ``LOFAR perspectives for National Community'' (Brunetti) 2006-2007: ASI-INAF-INAF WG “Observations of the Universe from the Moon” (Brunetti) 2006-2009: National Representative for the International Astronomical Union (Gioia) 2006-present: Instrument and Foreground Working Group of B-POL project (Carretti) 2006-present: Project Scientist of the Sardinia Radio Telescope (Prandoni) 2007: LMT/GTM Large Millimeter Telescope Review Committe (Orfei) 2007: WG ``SIMBOL-X scientific objectives and observational strategy'' (Brunetti) 2007: Effelsberg Programme Committee (Mack) 2007: Technical and Operation Group TOG-EVN (Orfei, Orlati) 2007: WG INSCAF -International Network for the Study of Cosmological Astrophysical Foregrounds Science Roadmap (Carretti) 2007: EVN Consortium Board of Directors (Feretti) 2007: Board Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe JIVE (Feretti) 2007: International Square Kilometre Array Steering Committee (Feretti) 2007: European Square Kilometer Array Consortium ESKAC (Feretti) 2007: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Working Group “GPS for weather and space weather forecast” (Negusini, Sarti) 2007-2008: Observing Program Committee OPC ESO, panel C, Chair (Brand) 2007-2008: Board Sardinia Radio Telescope (Feretti, chair, Mantovani)

26 Chapter 9. TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE

IRA-INAF is a patentee on active surface for large telescopes in Italy (n. BO2002A000012), Europe (03700051.0-2220-IB0300045), USA (n. 10/495,477) and Japan (n. 2003-558968) (Orfei).

Medicina 32m dish group had, and has, ongoing activities of transfer of knowledge with private companies in Italy (in Bologna and in L' Aquila).

Patent: Digital Base Band Converter (DBBC) System. Italian patent with worldwide extension in course. Collaboration Agreement with Studio Ingegneria e Geotecnica Testa.

Owing to the Institute research activity in the technological field, a transfer know-how is expected. A spin-off activity, related to the technology development in the digital backends area and in the very high speed data transfer (> 10 Gbps) field, is now being established by INAF. This activity will work in strict collaboration with IRA, and will be one of its business arm.

27 Chapter 10. ORGANIZATION OF SYMPOSIA, CONFERENCES, SCIENTIFIC WORKSHOPS, ETC.

IRA has a long tradition of hosting relevant meetings at national and international level. It is also responsible for several specialist schools coordinated with network activities such as the EVN ones. The following symposia, conferences and workshops have been organized since 2004 by IRA personnel (the large majority are international). Four international conferences are planned in 2008; for the organization of three of them the IRA personnel has a leading role.

2004: Multiband approach to AGN, MPIfR, Bonn, Germany (SOC Member, Venturi) 2004: 40th anniversary of the Croce del Nord, Medicina, Italy (LOC Member, Prandoni) 2004: 7th European VLBI Network Symposium, Toledo, Spain (SOC Member, Mantovani) 2005: First European Radio Interferometry School, Manchester, UK (SOC Member, Venturi) 2005: Science with the Sardinia Radio Telescope, Bologna, Italy (SOC Members, Brand-Chair, Mach, Prandoni, LOC Members, Brand, Mach, Prandoni-Chair) 2005: A Pan-Chromatic View on Clusters of Galaxies and Large-Scale Structure, Int. Adv. School, Tonanzintla, Mexico (SOC Member, Feretti) 2005: The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Magnetism, Bologna, Italy (SOC co-Chair, Feretti, LOC Members, Bondi, Brunetti, Feretti-Chair, Giroletti, Mack, Neri, Prandoni) 2005: RadioNet Engineering Forum, New Trends In Receiver Developments Medicina, Italy (SOC Member, Cremonini, LOC Members, Orfei, Monari, Poloni) 2005: 17th Working Meeting on European VLBI for Geodesy and Astrometry (Organizer, Tuccari) 2006: From Dark Halos to Light, Rencontres de Moriond, La Thuile, Italy (SOC Members, Feretti, Gioia) 2006: 7th National AGN Meeting, Montagnana, Italy (SOC member Giovannini) 2006: Long Wavelength Astrophysics, Joint Discussion n. 12, XXVI IAU General Assembly, Prague (SOC member, Feretti) 2006: 8th European VLBI Network Symposium, Torun, Poland (SOC Member, Mantovani) 2006: SYNERGY IV workshop, Bologna, Italy (LOC chair, Mack) 2006: Technical and Operation Group TOG Workshop, Noto, Italy (LOC Member, Schilliro')

28 2007: Observation of the Universe from the Moon, ASI-INAF-INFN workshop, LNF Frascati, Italy (SOC Member, Brunetti) 2007: Astrophysics in the LOFAR era, Emmen, The Netherlands (SOC Member, Brunetti) 2007: National ALMA/ARClet-meeting, Bologna, Italy (Organizer Brand) 2007: Second European Radio Interferometry School, Bonn, Germany (SOC Member, Venturi) 2007: MCCT-SKADS First Training School 2007, Medicina, Bologna, Italy (Chair Mantovani, Members, Bianchi, Bondi, Giroletti, Righini, Venturi) 2007: From Planets to Dark Energy: the Modern Radio Universe, Manchester, UK (SOC Member, Feretti) 2007: Northstar tutorial meeting workshop to be held in Bologna, Italy, November (LOC Chair, Mack, Member, Zanichelli) 2008: Science with the new Hubble Space Telescope after Servicing Mission, to be held in Bologna, Italy, January (LOC member, Feretti) 2008: 4th Workshop on CSS and GPS Radio Sources to be held in Riccione, Italy, May (SOC Members, Dallacasa, Stanghellini, LOC Members, Dallacasa, Giroletti, Mack, Neri, Stanghellini, Zanichelli) 2008: IAU Symp 255 on Low-Metallicity Star Formation: From the First Star to Dwarf Galaxies, to be held in Rapallo, Italy, June (SOC co-chair, Hunt, LOC Member, Hunt) 2008: 9th EVN Symposium, to be held in Bologna, Italy, September (SOC Chair, Mantovani)

29 Chapter 11. OUTREACH AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

IRA operates since 15 October 2005 the Visitor Center “Marcello Ceccarelli”, located close to the Medicina Station. One person (Stefania Varano) is responsible for the management and development of the Center. She has been funded by INAF for 2 years, but no more support is currently available from INAF, thus in 2008 she will be funded by a sponsoring Bank. The activity of the Visitor Center relies also on the help of a volunteer collaborator (Daniela Fiorani), and on the contribution of several scientists and technicians of the Institute. The Visitor Center consists of a permanent exhibition of panels and instruments. In addition, guided tours of the radio telescopes are organized for school groups and private people. There about 5000 visitors/yr, 700 of which are private. Outreach events are also organized, as public conferences and discussions. The Visitor Center of IRA has strong collaboration with the Visitor Centres of MPIfR, OSO, JBO, Nancay, Yebes. It also collaborates with private companies for the production of media products for astronomy.

Every year the IRA and Visitor Center participate to the Scientific Week promoted by the Italian Ministry of Education and involving all scientific institutions in Italy, through public conferences and special guided tours. On 2-3 October, IRA has participated to the organization of “Sputnik 50”, a meeting to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Sputnik program and 50 years of space research. The IRA personnel is also frequently involved in educational activity through conferences, visits to schools, interviews on media and papers on magazines.

In future, it is planned to increase the synergy between IRA and the other INAF institutes in Bologna, and the University, to organize common events as a general policy, but in particular in view of the 2009 Year of Astronomy.

As outreach activity, it should also be mentioned the scientific video entitled "Quelli che la fisica" (I picked physics because…), realized by Marco Malaspina (IASF) and Stefano Parisini (IRA) in 2005, which recently obtained the Best video award for Scientific promotional videos (Milan, 2007).

30 Chapter 12. PUBLICATIONS

The scientific production of the IRA can be found at the institute web pages, and is annexed to this report, separated per year: 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 (Annex 3, 4, 5, 6, respectively). The total number of publications has largely increased in 2006 and 2007, in particular it is remarkable the increase in the number of invited talks, which indicates a larger international impact of the IRA research. The total number of citations of the IRA personnel is 34,300 for all published publications (3209 papers) and 33,300 for only refereed publications (1483 papers). Normalized citations numbers are 7600 and 7200 respectively. If one considers the citations only since 1997, the same year used by ISI§, these numbers change into 16,100 for all publications (1831 papers) and 15,000 for only refereed publications (843 papers). Normalized citations numbers are 3200 and 2800 respectively. Table 4 summarizes the number of papers in various typologies.

Table 4. Publications

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007*

Refereed Papers -printed 83 71 67 63 -in press/submitted 37 Invited talks - 3 14 13 Conference contributions** 59 42 97 70 Technical reports 5 9 21 7 Other publications - 7 16 20 Books 1 - 2 2 Total 148 132 217 212

Notes. * : publications of 2007 are until September ** : excluding invited talks

§ISI Web of Knowledge or Thomson Scientific is an Institute which maintains a large collection of bibliographic and indexing data for scientific literature and measures the impact and influence of published research.

31 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

As shown in this report, the research activity of the Institute is supported by numerous results in areas of both basic science and technology.

In the last years when IRA was an Institute of the CNR, it reached the top level within CNR, thanks to the number of refereed papers, contributions to international and national meetings, patents, educational activity and technological developments. As CNR Institute, IRA was reviewed in 2002 by an international Committee, which gave a very positive evaluation. An Italian committee was appointed in 2005 by INAF for the assessment of the IRA Radio Telescopes and of their use. This too was very positive.

Throughout this report, several critical issues have been pointed out, in particular: very limited funding from INAF for operation (maintenance of instruments, laboratories and equipment) and research (fellowships, guests, postDoc, etc.), old age of permanent scientific staff, too few positions since many years, too many staff members with temporary employment, too little administrative and support staff.

However, the future of the institute could be seen in an optimistic perspective through the continuation of the main scientific and technological research lines, the development of observing programs with the most important current ground and space facilities, the participation to large instrumental projects, the strong interaction with the Italian and international community, the coordination of the activity of young people.

The commitment in the VLBI technique and its use will continue as one of the major characterizations of the Institute. The completion of the Sardinia Radio Telescope will be of great importance for the VLBI and for the further growth of Radio Astronomy in Italy.

32 ANNEX 1

For the scientific and technological research, we refer to the web page of Bologna www.ira.inaf.it and links therein to the individual web pages of the divisions.

33 ANNEX 2. PERSONNEL

The IRA personnel at 30 September 2007 is listed below for the different divisions, distinguishing the staff scientific researchers, technological researchers, technicians, administrative, students, post docs and fellows. After each name of scientists, the career level is indicated (1st level is full professor equivalent, 2nd level is associate equivalent, 3rd level is assistant equivalent). Some additional information can be given between parentheses: TC indicates staff with a Temporary Contract, others notes are self explaining.

BOLOGNA

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH STAFF : BONDI MARCO 3 lev BRAND JAN 2 lev BRUNETTI GIANFRANCO 3 lev CARRETTI ETTORE 3 lev CHIERICI FRANCESCO 3 lev CHIABERGE MARCO 3 lev (on leave, STScI) FERETTI LUIGINA 1 lev GIOIA ISABELLA MARIA 1 lev GIROLETTI MARCELLO 3 lev (new position) LARI CARLO 2 lev MACK KARL-HEINZ 3 lev MANTOVANI FRANCO 1 lev NEGUSINI MONIA 3 lev PARMA PAOLA 1 lev PRANDONI ISABELLA 3 lev SARTI PIERGUIDO 3 lev STANGHELLINI CARLO 2 lev TOMASI PAOLO 2 lev (on leave, LabUnion ) VENTURI TIZIANA 2 lev VETTOLANI GIAMPAOLO 1 lev (INAF, Rome) VIGOTTI MARIO 1 lev ZANICHELLI ALESSANDRA 3 lev

TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH STAFF: AMBROSINI ROBERTO 2 lev GALLERANI ALFREDO 2 lev GIOVANNINI STEFANO 3 lev (TC) NANNI MAURO 2 lev

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POST-DOCS: BRANCHESI MARICA CASSANO ROSSELLA FONTANI FRANCESCO GIACINTUCCI SIMONA ROSSETTI ALESSANDRA

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36 FIRENZE

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38 ANNEX 3 2004 - REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

1. Afonso-Luis, A., Hatziminaoglou, E., Perez-Fournon, I., Gonzalez-Solares, E. A., Rowan- Robinson, M., Vaccari, M., Lari, C., Serjeant, S., Oliver, S., Hernan-Caballero, A., Montenegro- Montes, F. M. (2004), A study of the 15-microm quasars in the ELAIS N1 and N2 fields, MNRAS 354, 961 2. An, T., Hong, X.Y., Venturi T., Jiang, D.R., Wang, W.H. (2004), Extreme superluminal motion in the curved jet of PKS 1502+106, A&A 421, 839 3. Anton S., Browne, I.W.A., Marcha, M.J.M., Bondi, M., Polatidis, A. (2004) The spectral energy distributions of the revised 200-mJy sample, MNRAS, 352, 673 4. Araya E., Hofner, P., Linz, H., Sewilo, M., Watson, C., Churchwell, E., Olmi, L., Kurtz, S. (2004), A search for H2CO6 Centimeter Emission towards Galaxy Massive Star Formation. II., ApJS 154, 579 5. Beltran, M.T., Cesaroni, R., Neri, R., Codella, C., Furuya, R.S., Testi, L., Olmi, L. (2004), Rotating Disks in High-Mass Young Stellar Objects, ApJ 601, L187 6. Bernardi, G., Carretti, E., Fabbri, R., Sbarra, C., Poppi, S., Cortiglioni, S., Jonas, J.L. (2004), A polarized synchrotron template for cosmic microwave background polarization experiments based on WMAP data , MNRAS 351, 436 7. Beswick, R.J., Peck, A.B., Taylor, G.B., Giovannini, G. (2004), High-resolution imaging of the radio continuum and neutral gas in the inner kiloparsec of the radio galaxy 3C 293, MNRAS 352, 49 8. Bolli, P., Gentili, G.G., Nesti, R., Pelosi, G. (2004), Rigorous analysis of electromagnetic coupling between corrugated circular horns, Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3, 200 9. Bondi, M., Marcha M. J. M., Polatidis, A., Dallacasa, D., Stanghellini, C., Anton, S. (2004), VLBA polarization observations of BL Lac objects and passive elliptical galaxies, MNRAS 352, 112 10. Bondi, M., Brunetti, G., Comastri, A., Setti, G. (2004), Anisotropic inverse Compton emis- sion in the radio galaxy 3C 265, MNRAS 354, 43 11. Boschin W., Girardi, M., Barrena, R., Biviano, A., Feretti, L., Ramella, M. (2004), Internal dynamics of the radio-halo cluster A2219: A multi-wavelength analysis, A&A 416, 839 12. Brunetti, G., Blasi, P., Cassano, R., Gabici, S. (2004), Alfvenic reacceleration of relativistic particles in galaxy clusters: MHD waves, leptons and hadrons, MNRAS 350, 1174 13. Carretti E., Cortiglioni S., Sbarra C., Tascone R. (2004), Antenna instrumental polarization and its effects on E- and B-modes for CMBP observations A&A, 420, 437 14. Carretti E., Zannoni M., Macculi C., Cortiglioni S., Sbarra C. (2004), Effects of thermal fluctuations in the SPOrt experiment, A&A 428, 781 15. Codella C., Lorenzani A., Gallego A.T., Cesaroni R., Moscadelli L. (2004), The association between masers and outflows in massive star forming regions, A&A 417, 615 16. Combes, F., Garcia-Burillo, S., Boone, F., Hunt, L.K., Baker, A.J., Eckart, A., Englmaier, P.P., Leon, S., Neri, R., Schinnerer, E., & Tacconi, L.J. (2004), Molecular Gas in Nuclei of Galaxies (NUGA): II. The ringed liner NGC 7217, A&A 414, 857 17. Cortiglioni S., Bernardi, G., Carretti, E., Casarini L., Cecchini S., Macculi C., Ramponi M., Sbarra C., Monari J., Orfei A., Poloni M., Poppi S., Boella G., Bonometto S., Colombo L., Gervasi M., Sironi G., Zannoni M., Baralis M., Peverini O.A., Tascone R., Virone G., Fabbri R., Natale V., Nicastro L., Ng K.-W., Vinyajkin E.N., Razin V.A., Sazhin M.V., Strukov I.A., Negri B. (2004), The Sky Polarization Observatory, New Astron. 9, 297 18. Cresci, G., Maiolino, R., Marconi, A., Mannucci, F., Granato, G. (2004), Nuclear star for- mation in the quasar PG1126-041 from adoptive optics assisted spectroscopy, A&A 423, 13 19. Di Martino, M., Montebugnoli, S., Cevolani, G., Ostro, S., Zaitsev, A., Righini, S., Saba, L., Poppi, S., Delbo’, M., Orlati, A., Maccaferri, G., Bortolotti, C., Gavrik, A., Gavrik, Y. (2004), Results of the first Italian planetary radar experiment, Planetary and Space Science, 52, Issue 4, 325 20. Fadda, D., Lari, C., Rodighiero, G., Franceschini, A., Elbaz, D., Cesarsky, C., Perez-Fournon, I. (2004), ISOCAM observations in the Lockman Hole. I. The 14.3 um shallow survey: Data reduction, catalogue, and optical identifications , A&A 427, 23 21. Fanti, C., Branchesi, M., Cotton, W. D., Dallacasa, D., Fanti, R., Gregorini, L., Murgia, M., Stanghellini, C., Vigotti, M. (2004), The B3-VLA CSS sample . IV. kp-scale polarization properties, A&A 427, 465 22. Felli M., Massi, F., Navarrini, A., Neri, R., Cesaroni, R., Jenness, T. (2004), New light on the S235A-B star forming region, A&A 420, 553 23. Feretti, L., Orru‘, E., Brunetti, G., Giovannini, G., Kassim, N., Setti, G. (2004), Spectral index maps of the radio halos in Abell 665 and Abell 2163, A&A 423, 111 24. Fontani, F., Cesaroni, R., Testi, L., Molinari, S., Zhang, Q., Brand, J., Walmsley, C.M., (2004), Nature of two massive protostellar candidates: IRAS 21307+5049and IRAS 22172+5549, A&A 424, 179 25. Fontani, F., Cesaroni, R., Testi, L., Walmsley, C.M., Molinari, S., Neri R., Shepherd D., Brand J., Palla F., Zhang Q., (2004), IRAS 23385+6053: A candidate protostellar massive object, A&A 414, 299 26. Fujita, Y., Sarazin, C. L., Reiprich, T. H., Andernach, H., Ehle, M., Murgia, M., Rudnick, L., Slee, O.B. (2004), XMM-Newton Observations of A133: A Weak Shock Passing through the Cool Core, ApJ 616, 157 27. Fusco-Femiano, R., Orlandini, M., Brunetti, G., Feretti, L., Giovannini, G., Grandi, P., Setti, G. (2004), Confirmation of Nonthermal Hard X-Ray Excess in the Coma Cluster from Two Epoch Observations, ApJ 602, L73 28. Giacintucci, S., Venturi, T., Bardelli, S., Dallacasa, D., Zucca, E., (2004), AGN and starburst radio activity in the A3558 cluster complex, A&A 419, 71 29. Gioia I.M., Braito, V., Branchesi, M., Della Ceca, R. Maccacaro, T., Tran, K.-V. (2004), An X-ray review of MS 1054-0321: Hot or not?, A&A 419, 517 30. Gioia I.M., Wolter, A., Mullis, C.R., Henry, J.P., Boehringer, H., Briel, U.G. (2004), RX J1821.6+6827: A cool cluster at z = 0.81 from the ROSAT NEP survey, A&A 428, 867 31. Giovannini, G., Falomo, R., Scarpa, R., Treves, A., Urry, C.M. (2004), The Nature of Close Companions of the BL Lacertae Objects 1ES 0502+675 and 1ES 1440+122, ApJ 613, 747 32. Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., Taylor, G.B., Falomo, R. (2004), A Sample of Low-Redshift BL Lacertae Objects. I. The Radio Data, ApJ 613, 752 33. Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., Feretti, L., Cotton, W. D., Edwards, P. G., Lara, L., Marscher, A. P., Mattox, J. R., Piner, B. G., Venturi, T. (2004), Parsec-Scale Properties of Markarian 501, ApJ 600, 127 34. Gitti, M., Brunetti, G., Feretti, L., Setti, G. (2004), XMM-Newton Observations of A133: A Weak Shock Passing through the Cool Core, A&A 417, 1 35. Goddi, C., Moscadelli, L., Alef, W., Brand, J. (2004), EVN observations of H2O masers towards the high-mass young stellar object in AFGL5142, A&A 420, 929 36. Gonzalez-Solares, E. A., Oliver, S., Gruppioni, C., Pozzi, F., Lari, C., Rowan-Robinson, M., Serjeant, S., La Franca, F., Vaccari, M. (2004), Large-scale structure in the ELAIS S1 Survey, MNRAS 352, 44 37. Govoni, F., Markevitch, M., Vikhlinin, A., VanSpeybroeck, L., Feretti, L., Giovannini, G. (2004), Chandra Temperature Maps for Galaxy Clusters with Radio Halos, ApJ 605, 695 38. de Gregorio-Monsalvo I., Gomez Y., Anglada G., Cesaroni R., Miranda L.F., Gomez J.F., Torrelles J.M. (2004), A Survey for Water Maser Emission toward Planetary Nebulae: New Detection in IRAS 17347-3139, ApJ 601, 921 39. Guainazzi, M., Siemiginowska, A., Rodriguez-Pascual, P., Stanghellini, C. (2004), XMM- Newton discovery of a Compton-thick AGN in the GPS galaxy Mkn 668, A&A 421, 461 40. Henkel, C., Tarchi, A., Menten, K. M., Peck, A. B. (2004), Water vapor in the starburst galaxy NGC 253: A new nuclear maser?, A&A 414, 117 41. Hirashita, H., Hunt, L. (2004), The role of dust in active and passive low-metallicity star formation, A&A 421, 555 42. Holt J., Benn C.R., Vigotti M., Pedani M., Carballo R., Gonzalez-Serrano J.I., Mack K.-H., Garcia B. (2004), A sample of radio-loud QSOs at redshift 4, MNRAS 348, 857 43. Hunt, L., Pierini, D., Giovanardi, C. (2004), Near-infrared observations of galaxies in Pisces- Perseus: V. On the origin of bulges, A&A 414, 905 44. Hunt, L., Dyer, K.K., Thuan, T.X., Ulvestad, J.S. (2004), The Radio Continuum of the Metal-Deficient Blue Compact Dwarf SBS0335-052’, ApJ 606, 853 45. Hunt, L., Malkan, M.A. (2004), Circumnuclear Structure and Black Hole Fueling: HST/NICMOS Imaging of 250 Galaxies, ApJ 616, 707 46. Klose S., Mannucci, F., et al. (2004), Probing a GRB progenitor at a redshift of z=2: a comprehensive observing campaign of the afterglow of GRB 030226, AJ 128, 1942 47. Ilbert, O., Tresse, L. et al with Vettolani, G. and Zanichelli, A. (2004), Bias in the estimation of global luminosity functions, MNRAS 351, 541 48. Jamrozy, M., Klein, U., Mack, K.-H., Gregorini, L., Parma, P. (2004), Spectral aging in the relic source B2 0924+30, A&A 427, 79 49. La Franca, F., Gruppioni, C., Matute, I., Pozzi, F., Lari, C., Mignoli, M., Zamorani, G., Alexander, D. M., Cocchia, F., Danese, L., and 9 coauthors (2004), The Nature of the Mid- Infrared Population from Optical Identifications of the ELAIS-S1 Sample, AJ 127, 3075 50. Lara, L., Giovannini, G., Cotton, W.D., Feretti, L., Marcaide, J.M., Marquez, I., Venturi, T. (2004), A new sample of large angular size radio galaxies. III. Statistics and evolution of the grown population, A&A 421, 899 51. Lara, L., Giovannini, G., Cotton, W.D., Feretti, L., Venturi, T. (2004), The inner kiloparsec of the jet in 3C264, A&A 415, 905 52. Lucas, L., Giovannini, G., Cotton, W.D., Feretti, L., Venturi, T. (2004), The inner kiloparsec of the jet in 3C264, A&A 415, 905 53. Le F`evre,O., ....Zanichelli, A....,Bondi. M...,et al. (2004), The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey. Public release of 1599 redshifts to IAB ≤24 across the Chandra Deep Field South, A&A 428, 1043 54. Maiolino R., E. Oliva, F. Ghinassi, M. Pedani, F. Mannucci, R. Mujica, R. Juarez (2004), Extreme gas properties in the most distant quasars, A&A 420, 889 55. Maiolino, R. , Schneider, R. Oliva, E. Bianchi, S., Ferrara, A., Mannucci, F., Pedani, M., Roca Sogorb, M., (2004), A supernova origin for dust in a high-redshift quasar, Nature 431, 533 56. Mancini, F, Capra, A, Gandolfi, S, Sarti, P, Vittuari, L, (2004), VLNDEF (Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control) Monumentation during GANOVEX VIII ItaliAntartide XV: Survey and Data Processing, Terra Antartica 11 (1), 35 (ISSN 1122-8628) 57. Mantovani, F., Bondi, M., Saikia, D.J., Junor, W., Salter, C.J., Ricci, R. (2004), Two-Sided Radio Jets in B1524-136, PASA 20, 85 58. Mantovani, F., Junor, W., Saikia, D.J., Salter, C.J. (2004), The Polarised Bent Jet of 3C43, PASA 20, 123 59. Marconi, A., Risaliti, G., Gilli, R., Hunt, L., Maiolino, R., Salvati, M. (2004), Local Super- massive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei, and the X-ray Background, MNRAS 351, 169 60. Massaro, E., Mantovani, F., Fanti, R., Maesano, M., Montagni, F., Nesci, R., Sclavi, S., Tosti, G., Venturi, T. (2004), VLBI imaging and optical variability of the BL Lac object OQ 530 (B1418+546), A&A 423, 935 61. Massi, F., Codella, C., Brand, J. (2004), Discovery of [FeII]- and H2-emission from proto- stellar jets in the CB3 and CB230 globules, A&A 419, 241 62. Miniati, F., Ferrara, A., White, S.D.M., Bianchi, S. (2004), Ultraviolet background radiation from cosmic structure formation, MNRAS 348, 964 63. Mullis, C.R., Vikhlinin, A., Henry, J.P., Forman, W., Gioia, I.M., Hornstrup, H., Jones, C., Mc Namara, B.R., Quintana, H. (2004), Evolution of the cluster X-ray Luminosity Function, ApJ 607, 175 64. Mullis C.R., Henry, J.P., Gioia, I.M., Boehringer, H., Briel, U.G., Voges, W., Huchra, J.P. (2004), Spatial Correlation Function of X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei, ApJ 617, 192 65. Murgia, M., Govoni, F., Feretti, L., Giovannini, G., Dallacasa, D., Fanti, R., Taylor, G.B., Dolag, K. (2004), Magnetic fields and Faraday rotation in clusters of galaxies, A&A 424, 429 66. Orfei A., Morsiani, M., Zacchiroli, G., Maccaferri, G., Roda, J., Fiocchi, F. (2004), An active surface for large reflector anntennas, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 46, No 4, 11 67. Orienti, M., Dallacasa, D., Fanti, C., Fanti, R., Tinti, S., Stanghellini, C. (2004), The B3- VLA CSS sample. V. VLBA images at 6 and 3.6 cm, A&A 426, 463 68. Perinotto M., Morbidelli L., Scatarzi A. 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1. Ambrosini, R., Scalambra, A., Roda, J., Mariotti, S., Comoretto, G., Persi, P., Mercolino, M. (2004), A new Ka-band receiving capability at the Italian Noto radiotelescope in 9th Ka and Broadband Communications Conference, Ischia, 5-7/11/2003, 357 2. An T., Hong X.Y., Venturi T., Jiang D.R., Wang W.H. (2004), Tracking the curved jet in PKS 1502+106 in Proceedings of the 7th European VLBI Network Symposium, Eds. R. Bachiller, P. Colomer, F. Desmurs, J.F. de Vicente, 103 3. Bardelli, S., Giacintucci, S., Zucca, E., Venturi, T., Brunetti, G., Ettori, S., Dallacasa, D., Finoguenov A., Rao P. (2004), Multiwavelength view of merging clusters, MSAIS 5, 331 4. Bardelli, S., Zucca, E., Gastaldello, F., Marini, F., Ettori, S., De Grandi, S., Venturi, T., Giacintucci, S. (2004), Merging clusters in the core of superclusters: a multiwavelength view, in Multiwavelength Cosmology , Ed. M. Plionis, Kluwer Academic Publ., ASSL Vol. 301, cdrom 5. 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1. Gavryusev, V.G. (2004), Measurements and the properties of the space-time, Editorial URSS, ISBN 5-354-00678-3, 176, Moscow ANNEX 4 2005 - REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

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1. Gaensler, B. M., Beck, R., Feretti, L. (2005), Revealing Cosmic Magnetism With The Square Kilometer Array, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts Book 207, n. 137.03

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77. Poppi, S., Carretti, E., Cortiglioni, S. (2006), A polarimetric facility for the SRT, in: Science with the Sardinia Radio Telescope, MSAIS 10, 73 78. Prandoni, I., Laing, R., Parma, P., de Ruiter, H.R., Wilson, T., Montenegro, F. (2006), A search for molecular gas in low luminosity radio galaxies, in: From Z-Machines to ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galaxies, Proc. of the Conference held in Charlottesville (VA), 13-14 January 2006, eds. Baker A.J. et al., ASP, ASP Conf. Series 375, 271 79. Pushkarev A.B., Nechaeva M.B., Gavrilenko V.G., Molotov I.E., Kharlamov G.Yu., Tuc- cari G., Liu X. (2006), Results of solar wind and active galactic nuclei on LFVN VLBI network, Abstracts of All-Russian conference VLBI 2012 for astrometry, geodynamics and astrophysics, SPb, IAA RAS, 154 80. Richards, A.M.S., Diamond, P.J., Garrington, S.T., Holloway, A.J., Muxlow, T.W.B., Win- stanley, N., Harrison, P.A., Walton, N.A., Gonzalez-Solares, E., Rixon, G.T., Venturi, T., Reynolds, C. 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97. 109. Zacchiroli, G., Fiocchi, F., Maccaferri, G., Morsiani, M., Orfei, A., Pernechele, C., Pisanu, T., Roda, J., Vargiu, G. (2006), The panels for primary and secondary mirror reflec- tors and the Active Surface System for the new Sardinia Radio Telescope, in: Science with Sardinia Radio Telescope, MSAIS 10, 126 2006 - INTERNAL REPORTS

1. Bianchi, G., Calandrino, L., De Berardis, L. Montebugnoli, S. (2006), Undersampling tech- niques in radio astronomical applications, Rapp. Int. IRA 389/06

2. Bianchi, G., Montebugnoli, S., Monari, J. (2006), Analog-Digital Converter Bit Number and Input Power Evaluation Rapp. Int. IRA 390/06 3. Bortolotti, C., Roma, M., Schiaffino M. (2006), Nuovo trasduttore angolare per il puntamento del ramo Nord/Sud del radiotelescopio Croce del Nord, Rapp. Int. IRA 397/06 4. Carretti, E., Poppi, S. (2006), Polarization performances of the new Medicina 5-GHz system, Rapp. Int. IRA 391/06

5. Cenacchi, E., Orfei, A., Mack, K.-H., Maccaferri, G. (2006), Medicina User Manual, URL: http://medvlbi.med.ira.cnr.it/Manuale%20Medicina/ 6. Cenacchi, E., Orfei, A. (2006), SRT: sistemi riceventi multifeed, Rapp. Int. IRA 384/06 7. Maccaferri, G., Orfei, A., Orlati, A., con un’Appendice curata da Orfei, A., Bolli, P. (2006) Calibrazione in antenna del nuovo ricevitore 4.3-5.8GHz per l’antenna parabolica di Medidic- ina, Rapp. Int. IRA 392/06

8. Natale, V., Nesti, R. (2006), Optical performances of thin and composite vacuum windows, Rapp. Int. IRA 383/06 9. Orfei A. (2006), Indagine sui siti di Medicina e Noto per un loro utilizzo nella banda 90GHz (3mm), Rapp. Int. IRA 393/06 10. Orfei, A., Maccaferri, G., Morsiani, M., Roda, J., Zacchiroli, G. (2006), Completamento della agilita’ in frequenza per l’antenna parabolica di Medidicina, Rapp. Int. IRA 387/06 11. Orfei, A., Maccaferri, G., Orlati, A. (2006), Ricevitore 6-7 Ghz per l’antennza parabolica di Medicina nella nuova configurazione di agilita’ in frequenza, Rapp. Int. IRA 388/06 12. Palagi, F., Comoretto, G. (2006), A Basic Class Architecture for Data Acquisition in Astron- omy: I - Requirements and Analysis, Rapp. Int. IRA 385/06 13. Roda, J., Zacchiroli, G., Morsiani, M., Orfei, A. (2006), Lavori di rifacimento del massetto e sostituzione delal rotaia azimutale dell’antenna VLBI di Medicina Rapp. Int. IRA 386/06 14. Schiaffino, M., Cattani, A. (2006), Manuale di lavoro per la modifica del sistema di punta- mento del ramo Nord/Sud del Radiotelescopio Croce del Nord, Rapp. Int. IRA 394/06 15. Schiaffino, M., Cattani, A. (2006), Manuale di lavoro per la predisposizione del cablaggio del ramo Nord/Sud del Radiotelescopio Croce del Nord, Rapp. Int. IRA 395/06 16. Schiaffino, M., Cattani, A. (2006), Manuale di lavoro per la modifica delle linee focali del ramo Nord/Sud del Radiotelescopio Croce del Nord, Rapp. Int. IRA 396/06 17. Schilliro’, F. (2006), Il sistema di monitoraggio RFI per la stazione VLBI di Noto, Rapp. Int. IRA 379/06 18. Schilliro’, F., Contavalle, C., Nocita, C. (2006), Analysis of performances of Noto station radio telescope Rapp. Int. IRA 380/06 19. Schilliro’, F., Barbarino S., Consoli, F. (2006), Studio e progettazione di un filtro a mi- crostriscia HST (high temperature superconductor) per appicazioni radioastronomiche in banda C, Rapp. Int. IRA 381/06 20. Schilliro’, F., Nocita, C., Contavalle, C. (2006), Il sistema di movimentazione in asse x del ricevitore 86 GHz in dotazione al radiotelescopio di Noto, Rapp. Int. IRA 378/06 21. Schilliro’, F., Poloni, M. (2006), Progetto e realizzazione di trasformatori di impedenza waveguide- waveguide (WG-WG) e ridged waveguie (RWG-RWG) rettangolari, Rapp. Int. IRA 382/06 2006 - OTHER NON REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

1. Abbondanza, C., Negusini, M., Sarti, P., Vittuari, L. (2006) An investigation on GPS based local ties and eccentricita’ vector estimation, European Geophysical Union, Geophysical Re- search abstract, Vol. 8, EGU06-A-07906, 324 2. Bernardi, G., Carretti, E., Fabbri, R., Sbarra, C., Cortiglioni, S., (2006), Templates for the polarized synchrotron foreground from the Galaxy in the cosmological window, Review book: Cosmic Polarization, Ed. R. Fabbri, published by Research Signpost 3. Capra, A., Gandolfi, S., Gusella, L., Mancini, F., Negusini, M., Montaguti, S., Vittuari, L., Zanutta, A. (2006), GPS data processing approaches for movements evaluation: Applica- tion to VLNDEF network, Antarctica, European Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research abstract, Vol. 8, EGU06-A-08312 4. Capra, A., Dubbini, M., Mancini, F., Negusini, M., Montaguti, S., Sarti, P., Vittuari, L., Zanutta, A. (2006), GPS multiyear campaigns for the deformation control in Northern Vic- toria Land (Antarctica), European Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research abstract, Vol. 8, EGU06-A-07790 5. Capra, A., Bitelli, G., Casula, G., Dubbini, M., Gandolfi, S., Gusella, L., Mancini, F., Negusini, M., Montaguti, S., Sarti, P., Vittuari, L., Zanutta, A. (2006), GPS multi-temporal surveying and analysis of VLNDEF network for the deformation control, GPS in the IPY: The POLENET Project, Dresden, Germany, October 4-6, 2006 6. Carretti, E., Bernardi, G., Cortiglioni, S., (2006), Galactic synchrotron emission at high latitude and implications for CMB measurements, review book ”Cosmic Polarization”, Ed. R. Fabbri, published by Research Signpost 7. Cortiglioni, S., Carretti, E., (2006), Basic considerations about experimental approaches to the B-mode of the CMB Polarization, review book: Cosmic Polarization, Ed. R. Fabbri, published by Research Signpost 8. Montaguti, S., Negusini, M., Sarti, P., Vittuari, L. (2006), Measuring the VLBI parabolic shape at different elevation steps bymeans of terrestrial laser scanning: the case studies of Noto and Medicina, European Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research abstract, Vol. 8, EGU06-A-08478 9. Montebugnoli, S., Monari, J., Bortolotti, C., Cattani, A., Maccaferri, A., Poloni, M., Pari, P.P., Orlati, A., Righini, S., Poppi, S., Roma, M., Teodorani, M., Caliendo, D., Maccone, C., Cosmovici, C.B., Amico, N. (2006), SETI-Italia 2003 status report and first results of a KL Transform algorithm for ETI signal detection Acta Astronautica 58, 222 10. Montebugnoli, S. (2006), I grandi strumenti per la ricerca radioastronomica di domani, La rivista dell’Unione Astrofili Italiani (ISSN 0392-2308), 2, 55 11. Negusini, M., Sarti, P. (2006), Long time series of GPS-derived Integrated Precipitable Water Vapour at Mario Zucchelli Station, Northern Victoria Land, GPS in the IPY: The POLENET Project, Dresden, Germany, October 4-6, 2006 12. Niell A., A. Whithney, B. Petrachenko, W. Schluter, N. Vandenberg, H. Hase, Y. Koyama, C. Ma, H. Schuh, Tuccari G. (2006), VLBI2010: Current and Future Requirements for Geodetic VLBI Systems, Report of Working Group 3 to the IVS Directing Board, IVS Memorandum 2006-008v01 13. Orfei, A., Maccaferri, G., Orlati, A., Mantovani F., (2006) The Medicina station status report IVS (International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry) 2006 annual report, pag. 67-68 14. Sarti, P., Vittuari, L. (2006), Classical geodesy methods applied to active fault monitoring in Ny Aalesund, Western Svalbard, European Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research abstract, Vol. 8, EGU06-A-09056 15. Tuccari, G.,Nicotra, G. Buttaccio, S. Cassaro, P. Contavalle, C. Nicotra, L. Nocita, C. Pa- paleo, L. Paterno’, M., Schilliro’, F. (2006), Noto Station Status Report, International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2005 Annual Report, edited by D. Behrend and K. D. Baver, NASA/TP 16. Tuccari G., A. Whitney, H. Hinteregger, Y. Koyama, T. Kondo (2006), IVS-WG3 Report on Backend Systems, IVS Memorandum 2006-003v01 2006 - BOOKS

1. Brand, J., Mack, K.-H., Prandoni, I. Eds. (2006), Science with the Sardinia Radio Telescope Proceedings of a Workshop held in Bologna, 10-11 May 2005 Memorie della Societa’ Astro- nomica Italiana Supplementi, Vol. 10 (Printed, see also http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIS/10/index.html) 2. Beck, R., Brunetti, G. Feretti, L. (2006) The Origin and Evolution of the Cosmic Magnetism Proceedings of an International Conference held in Bologna, 29 Aug-2 Sep 2005, Astronomis- che Nachrichten, 327, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim ANNEX 6 a - 2007 REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

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7. Brand, J., Felli, M., Cesaroni, R., Codella, C., Comoretto, G., Di Franco, S., Massi, F., Moscadelli, L., Nesti, R., Olmi, L., Palagi, F., Palla, F., Valdettaro, R. (2007), A 20-year H2O maser monitoring program with the Medicina 32-m telescope in ”Astrophysical masers and their environments, IAU Symp. 242, Eds. J. Chapman & W.A. Baan, in press 8. Brand, J., Codella, C., DiFabrizio, L., Massi, F., Wouterloot, J.G.A. (2007), Jet-driven outflows in star-forming regions in ”Science with ALMA: a new era for Astrophysics, in press 9. Brunetti, G., Cassano, R., Setti, G. (2007), Hard X-rays from Galaxy Clusters & SIMBOL-X, in the proceedings of Simbol-X Workshop, Bologna, May 2007, MemSAIt in press 10. Buemi, C.S., Leto, P. (2007), Flares in binary system as seen by ALMA, AP&SS, in press 11. Burigana, C., Umana, G., Dickinson, G., Giardino, G., Gonzales-Nuevo, J., Green, D., Har- rison, D., Jones, A., Leto, P., Massardi, M., Paladini, R., Procopio, P., Reach, W., Solheim, J. E., Trigilio, C., Buemi C. S., Hora, J., Manzitto, P. (2007), Late stages of stellar evolution, Proceeding of ”Planck Consortium Meeting 2007 - 18/20 June, Toulouse France, in press 12. Carretti E., (2007), Future surveys of polarized diffuse components, in ”Towards the B-POL mission for the Cosmic Vision program of ESA”, 29-30 March 2007, Roma, in press 13. Carretti E., (2007), Galactic polarized diffuse emission with MeerKAT, in ”MeerKAT Science Workshop”, 20-21 April 2007, Amsterdam 14. Carretti, E. (2007), Limits on CMBP B-Mode Measurements by Galactic Synchrotron Ob- servations, in: Cosmology, Galaxy Formation and Astroparticle Physics on the pathway to the SKA, Oxford, 10-12 April 2006, Klockner, H.-R., Rawlings, S., Jarvis, M. & Taylor, A. (eds.), April 10th-12th 2006, Oxford, United Kingdom, in press 15. Carretti, E., McConnell, D., Haverkorn, M., Bernardi, G., McClure-Griffiths, N.M., Cor- tiglioni, S., Poppi, S. (2008), The Parkes Galactic Meridian Survey (PGMS), in: Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies, Ishigaki, 26-30 June 2006, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Wada K. & Combes F. Eds., 2008, XII, in press 16. Cesaroni, R., Galli, D., Lodato, G., Walmsley, C. M., Zhang, Q. (2007), ”Disks around young O-B (proto)stars: observations and theory” Proc. of the meeting Protostars and Planets V. V, B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt, and K. Keil (eds) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 951, 197 17. Codella, C., Cabrit, S., Gueth, F., Bacciotti, F., Cesaroni, R., Lefloch, B., Panoglou, D., Garcia, P., McCaughrean, M.J. (2006), The molecular jet driving the HH212 protostellar outflow, in: Science with ALMA: A new era for astrophysics, International Conference, 13 - 17 November 2006, Madrid, Spain, A&SS, in press 18. Cucciati, O., Iovino, A., Marinoni, C., et al., with Vettolani, G., Zanichelli, A., Bondi, M., Gregorini, L. (2006), Witnessing the build-up of the colour-density relation, in: From dark halos to light, XXVIth Astrophysics Moriond Meeting, 12-18 Marzo 2006. Eds. L.Tresse, S.Maurogordato and J. Tran Thanh Van (Editions Frontieres), in press, astro-ph/0612120 19. Desmurs, J.-F., Codella, C., Santiago, J., Tafalla, M., Bachiller, R. (2006), AU-scale colli- mation of protostellar outflows from H2O masers, in: Science with ALMA: A new era for astrophysics, International Conference, 13 - 17 November 2006, Madrid, Spain, A&SS in press 20. Di Martino, S., La Delfa, S., Patane’, G., Negusini M. (2007), Studying the geodynamics of the Etnean area by means of VLBI and GPS, in: Proceedings of the 18th European VLBI for Geodesy and Astrometry Working Meeting, 12-13 April 2007, Vienna, p. 147. 21. Engels, D., Winnberg, A., Brand, J., Jimenez-Esteban, F. (2007), Variability of masers in cir- cumstellar shells on timescales of decades in ”Astrophysical masers and their environments”, IAU Symp. 242 Eds. J. Chapman & W.A. Baan, in press 22. Faulkner, A.J., Jones, M.E., Alexander, P., Kant, D., Patel, P., Picard, P, Keller, R., Mon- tebugnoli, S., (2007) Design Consideration for a SKA quality, cost effective phased aperture array, EMTS Ottawa (Canada) July, in press 23. Fontani, F., Caselli, P., Crapsi, A., Cesaroni, R., Brand, J. (2007), Searching for massive pre-stellar cores through observations of N2H+ and N2D+ in ”Science with ALMA: a new era for Astrophysics”, in press 24. Gavrilenko, V.G., Nechaeva, M.B., Pushkarev, A.B., Molotov, I.E., Tuccari, G., Chebotarev, A.S., Gorshenkov, Yu.N., Samodurov, V.A., Hong, X., Quick, J., Dougherty, S., Ananthakr- ishnan, S. (2007), Results of theoretical and experimental studies of solar wind and AGN on LFVN VLBI Network using S2 recording system, Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 4 25. Gavryuseva, E., Gavryusev, V. (2007), Where the global topology of solar magnetic field is originated from and how does it interact to the neutrino flux variability? 13th Lomonosov Conference on Elementary Particle Physics Moscow, Russia, 23-29 August 2007, in press 26. Giacintucci, S., Venturi, T., Bardelli, S., Dallacasa, D., Mazzotta, P., Saikia, D.J. (2006), High sensitivity low frequency radio observations of cD galaxies, in: Heating vs Cooling in Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies, Eds. H. Boehringer, P. Schuecker, G.W. Pratt, A. Finoguenov, ESO Astrophysical Symposia, Springer Verlag, in press 27. Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., Millimeter VLBI detection of the TeV blazar Markarian 501, in: Exploring the Universe with real-time VLBI, New Developments in VLBI Science and Technology, 8th European VLBI Network Symposium, Torun, Poland, 26-29 September 2006 ”Proceedings of Science” (PoS) - a web-based tool provided by SISSA in Trieste, PoS(8thEVN)074 http://pos.sissa.it//archive/conferences/036/074/8thEVN 074.pdf 28. Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., EVN and MERLIN observations of nearby BL Lac objects and multiwavelength analysis, in: Exploring the Universe with real-time VLBI, New Develop- ments in VLBI Science and Technology, 8th European VLBI Network Symposium, Torun, Poland, 26-29 September 2006, ”Proceedings of Science” (PoS) - a web-based tool provided by SISSA in Trieste, PoS(8thEVN)075 http://pos.sissa.it//archive/conferences/036/075/8thEVN 075.pdf 29. Giroletti, M., Giovannini, G., Taylor, G.B., Low-power compact radio galaxies at high angular resolution, in: Exploring the Universe with real-time VLBI, New Developments in VLBI Science and Technology, 8th European VLBI Network Symposium, Torun, Poland, 26-29 September 2006, ”Proceedings of Science” (PoS) - a web-based tool provided by SISSA in Trieste, PoS(8thEVN)022 http://pos.sissa.it//archive/conferences/036/022/8thEVN 022.pdf 30. Gregorini, L., Jamrozy, M., Klein, U., Mack, K.-H. Parma, P.(2007), Spectral Aging in the Relic Radio Galaxy B2 0924+30, in Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instru- ments for the 21st Century. ESO Astrophysics Symposia, European Southern Observatory series. A.P. Lobanov, J.A. Zensus, C. Cesarsky and P.J. Diamond eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, p. 133 31. Gregorini, L., Prandoni, I., Mignano, A., Parma, P., de Ruiter, H.R., Wieringa, M.H., Vet- tolani, G., Ekers, R.D. (2007) Radio and Optical Properties of Faint Radio Population, Proc. of the Conference “The central engine of active galactic nuclei” held in Xian (China), October 2006, ASP. Conf. Series 373, 738 32. Guzzo, L., Le F`evre, O., Meneux, B., Pollo, A., Marinoni, C., Cappi, A., Cucciati, O., Garilli, B., Iovino, A., McCracken, H. J., Bottini, D., Le Brun, V., Maccagni, D., Picat, J. P., Scaramella, R., Scodeggio, M., Tresse, L., Vettolani, G., Zanichelli, A., (2007), “Studying the evolution of large-scale structure with the VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey”, astro-ph/0701273 33. Haverkorn M., Carretti E., McConnell D., McClure-Griffiths N.M., Bernardi G., Cortiglioni S., Poppi S., (2007), ”The Parkes Galactic Meridian Survey: The Polarized Galaxy From Plane To Pole” American Astronomical Society Meeting 210, n. 21.02 34. Heinkelmann, R., Boehm, J., Schuh, H., Bolotin, S., Engelhardt, G., MacMillan, D.S., Ne- gusini, M., Skurikhina, E., Tesmer, V., Titov, O. 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Cosmic Frontiers, August 06, Durham (UK), in press 38. Lombini, M., Ragazzoni, R., Arcidiacono, C., Baruffolo, A., Cresci, G., Diolaiti, E., Falomo, R., Gaessler, W., Mannucci, F., Vernet, E., Vernet, J., Xompero, M. (2007), Layer-Oriented MCAO Projects for 8-m Class Telescopes and Possible Scientific Outcome in ”Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century” ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Edited by Andrei P. Lobanov, J. Anton Zensus, Catherine Cesarsky and Phillip J. Diamond. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, p.59 39. Maccone, C., Pluchino, S., Schilliro’, F., Maccaferri, G., De Rosa, L., Firrone, M., The Tiny Ionosphere of the Moon Studied by virtue of the SMART-1 signals, in ” To the Moon and beyond”, 14-16 March, Bremen, Germany, in press 40. Maccone, C., Schilliro’, F., Pluchino, S. (2007) ”Spectral Line Measurements in Exception- ally Low SNR achieved by virtue of the KLT (Karhunen-Loeve Transform)” in Molecules, Microbes and ExtraTerrestrial Life, Bioastronomy 2007- July 16-20, San Juan Puerto Rico, in press 41. Macculi C., Zannoni M., Peverini O.A., Carretti E., Nesti R., Tascone R., Natale E., (2007), Systematic effects induced by flat slabs of isotropic dielectrics: From microwave to millimeter wavelengths, New Astron. Rev., 51, 266 42. Mack, K.-H., Vigotti, M., Gregorini, L., Klein, U., Tschager, W., Schilizzi, R.T., Snellen, I.A.G. (2007), The B3 VLA sample at low frequencies: results from a survey at 74 MHz, Pro- ceedings ‘Exploring the Cosmic Frontier - Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century’, Lobanov, Zensus, Cesarsky, Diamond, eds., ESO Astrophysics Symposia, p. 137 43. Mack, K.-H., Saripalli, L., Snellen, I.A.G., Schilizzi, R.T., (2007), Molecular Gas in Radio Galaxies with New and Re-started Activity, Proceedings ‘Science with ALMA: a new era for Astrophysics’, Astrophys. & Space Sci., in press 44. Mack, K.-H., Jamrozy, M. (2007), ”Low-frequency emission from restarting radio galax- ies”, Poster presented at “Astrophysics in the LOFAR era”, Emmen, The Netherlands, 23 - 27 April 2007, published electronically by ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, URL: http://www.astron.nl/ 45. Mancini, F., Negusini, M., Zanutta, A., Capra A. (2007), Vertical Motions in Northern Victo- ria Land Inferred from GPS: A Comparison with a Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model. U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academics, USGS OFR-2007-1047, DOI: 10.3133/of2007- 1047.srp073 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp073/index.html 46. Mannucci, F. (2007), The Star Formation Density at z=7, in: At the Edge of the Universe, 9-13 October 2006, Sintra, Portugal, October 2006, astro-ph/0611878, in press, 47. Mannucci, F. (2007), Mass-metallicity relation and dynamical masses of LBGs at z>3, in ”Galaxy Growth in a Dark Universe”, in press 48. Mannucci, F., Panagia, N., Della Valle, M. (2007), The bimodality of type Ia Supernovae in ”Supernova 1987A: 20 Years after Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters”, Feb 19-23, 2007, Aspen, CO 5th AIP conference, in press 49. Marinoni, C., Le F`evre, O., Meneux, B., the VVDS team (2006), Evolution of the Non-Linear Galaxy Bias up to Redshift z=1.5, in: From dark halos to light, XXVI Astrophysics Moriond Meeting, Eds. L.Tresse, S. Maurogordato and J. Tran Thanh Van, Editions Frontieres, in press 50. Migenes, V., Trinidad, M.A., Valdettaro, R., Palla, F., Brand, J. (2007), Low mass star formation in bright rimmed clouds in ”Astrophysical masers and their environments”, IAU Symp. 242, Eds. J. Chapman & W.A. Baan, in press 51. Migliori, G., Grandi, P., Palumbo, G.G.C., Brunetti, G., Stanghellini, C. (2007), An X-ray view of Pictor A radio lobes: a spatially resolved study, in the proceedings of Extragalactic Jets: Theory and Observation from Radio to Gamma Ray, Girdwood (AK), May 2007, in press 52. Montaguti, S., Vittuari. L., Sarti, P., Negusini, M. (2007), Medicina and Noto VLBI Radiote- lescopes: gravitational deformations evaluated with terrestrial laser scanning, in: Proceedings of the 18th European VLBI for Geodesy and Astrometry Working Meeting, 12-13 April 2007, Vienna, p. 4 53. Nisini, B., Codella, C., Giannini, T., Santiago Garcia, J., Richer, J., Bachiller, R., Tafalla, M. (2006), Probing the excitation conditions of molecular bullets associated with Class 0 outflows through multi-frequency SiO observations, in: Science with ALMA: A new era for astrophysics, International Conference, 13 - 17 November 2006, Madrid, Spain, A&SS, in press 54. Olmi, L., Saraceno, P., Candidi, M., Busso, M., Marchori, G. (2007), An IR and submil- limeter telescope for Dome C, 1st ARENA WOrkshop on Large Astronomical optical/IR infrastructures at Concordia, EDP Sciences, EAS Publications Series, Volume 25, 333 55. Panagia, N., Della Valle, M., Mannucci, F. (2007), Type Ia Supernova Rates Near and Far in ”The multicolored landscape of compact objects and their explosive origins” AIP Conference Proceedings, 924, p. 373 56. Pollo, A., Guzzo, L., Le F`evre, O., et al., with Vettolani, G., Zanichelli, A., Bondi, M., The VIRMOS-VLT Deep Survey: the last 10 billion years of evolution of galaxy clustering, in: At the Edge of the Universe, 9-13 October 2006, Sintra, Portugal, astro-ph/0612335 in press 57. Pollo, A., Guzzo, L., Le F`evre, O., Meneux, B., the VVDS team, The VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey: Dependence of Galaxy Clustering on Luminosity, Proc. Conference Cosmic Frontiers, Durham, aug 2006, in press 58. 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70. Wezgoviec, M., Jamrozy, M., Mack K.-H. (2007), Diffuse cocoons around extended giant radio galaxies, Poster presented at “Astrophysics in the LOFAR era”, Emmen, The Netherlands, 23 - 27 April 2007, published electronically by ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, URL: http://www.astron.nl/ f - 2007 INTERNAL REPORTS

1. Bolli, P., Gallerani, A., Mariotti, S., Tomassetti, G. (2007), Progetto e realizzazione di uno strumento per olografia a microonde IRA Internal Report No. 398/07

2. Cenacchi, E., Orfei, A., Mack, K.-H., Maccaferri, G. (2007), ”Manuale utente Medicina 32m, 1a parte”, IRA Internal Report No. 401/07 (in Italian) URL: http://www.ira.inaf.it/library/rapp- int/401-07.html 3. Cenacchi, E., Orfei, A., Mack, K.-H., Maccaferri, G., (2007), ”Manuale utente Medicina 32m, 2a parte’”, IRA Internal Report No. 402/07 (in Italian) URL: http://www.ira.inaf.it/library/rapp- int/402-07.html 4. Montebugnoli, S., Bianchi, G., Monari, J., Perini, F., Schiaffino, M., Zacchiroli, G.P., Naldi, G., (2007) Square kilometre Array (SKA): il radiotelescopio di prossima generazione e tec- niche di multibeaming, MECSA Salerno (I) 5. Morbidelli, L. (2007), A Beam Splitter in the 60-210 um band for PACS calibration, IRA Internal Report No. IRA 407/07 6. Orfei, A., Bolli, P., Cremonini, A., Mariotti, S., Monari, J., Natale, V., Nesti, R., Poloni, M., Scalambra, A. (2007) Feasibility study for a multifeed in the 43 GHz band, IRA Internal Report No. 400/07 7. Righini, S., Orfei, A., Carretti, E., Maccaferri, G., Mack, K.-H., Mantovani, F., Orlati, A., Zanichelli, A., (2007), ”ESCS (Enhanced Single-Dish Control System)” URL: http://www.med.ira.inaf.it/ManualeMedicina/ESCS SystemRequirements.pdf g - 2007 OTHER NON REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

1. Abbas, U., Le F`evre, O., deLaTorre, S., Marinoni, C., and the VVDS collaboration, “Evo- lutionary Behaviour in the HOD from the VVDS Data”, 2007 AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 209, n. 171.06, Bulletin of the American Astronom- ical Society, Vol. 38, p.1146 published abstract 2. Abbondanza, C., Negusini, M., Sarti, P., Vittuari, L., VLBI-GPS Eccentricity Vectors at Medicina’s Observatory via GPS Surveys: Reproducibility, Reliability and Quality Assess- ment of the Results in IAG Symposia - Springer Series 3. Brand, J. (2007), The ARC node in Italy 2007, in European ALMA Newsletter, nr. 13 (Aug. 2007), p. 2 4. Brand, J., Felli, M., Cesaroni, R., Codella, C., Comoretto, G., Massi, F., Moscadelli, L., Olmi, L., Palagi, F., Palla, F., Valdettaro, R. (2007), A 20-year H2O maser monitoring program with the Medicina telescope in ”Astrophysical masers and their environments”, IAU Symp. 242, Alice Springs, Australia (12-16 March 2007). Abstract Book (ed. J. Chapman), p. 32, published abstract 5. Blair, S.K., Magnani, L., Brand, J., Wouterloot, J.G.A. (2007), A Survey of Formaldehyde in the Far Outer Galaxy AAS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 210, p. 12.09 published abstract 6. Engels, D., Winnberg, A., Brand, J., Jimenez-Esteban, F. (2007), Variations of masers in circumstellar shells on the timescale of decades in ”Astrophysical masers and their environ- ments”, IAU Symp. 242, Alice Springs, Australia (12-16 March 2007). Abstract Book (ed. J. Chapman), p. 107, published abstract 7. Gallerani, A., Minarelli, G., (2007) A multiplying interferometer for 1.3 GHz using two Yagi antennas, Meas. Sci. Technol. 18 N41-N46 doi:10.1088/0957-0233/18/7/N02. Design Note. 8. Gregorini, L., Zanichelli, A., Grassi, L., et al., with Vettolani, G., Bondi, M., (2007), Radio properties of galaxies in the VVDS Wide fields, Poster presented at the NRAO 50th An- niversary Science Symposium ”Astrophysics Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum”, Char- lottesville, USA 9. Migenes, V., Trinidad, M.A., Valdettaro, R., Palla, F., Brand, J. (2007), Low mass star formation in bright rimmed clouds in ”Astrophysical masers and their environments”, IAU Symp. 242, Alice Springs, Australia (12-16 March 2007). Abstract Book (ed. J. Chapman), p. 127 10. Negusini, M., Sarti, P., Montaguti, S. (2007), Italy INAF Data Center Report, in: Interna- tional VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2006 Annual Report, edited by D. Behrend and K. Baver, NASA/TP-2007-214151, p. 166 11. Negusini, M., Sarti, P., Montaguti, S., Abbondanza, C. (2007), Italy INAF Analysis Center Report, in: International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2006 Annual Report, edited by D. Behrend and K. Baver, NASA/TP-2007-214151, p. 212 12. Negusini, M., Sarti, P., Montaguti, S., Abbondanza, C. (2007), Italy INAF Analysis Center Report, in: International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2006 Annual Report, edited by D. Behrend and K. Baver, NASA/TP-2007-214151, p. 212 13. Saikia, D.J., Konar, C., Jamrozy, M., Machalski, J., Gupta, N., Stawarz, L., Mack, K.-H., Siemiginowska, A. (2007), Episodic activity in radio galaxies, in: The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei, L.C. Ho, J.-M. Wang (eds.) Astron. Soc. of the Pacific Conf. Series, in press 14. Sarti, P., Negusini, M., Lanconelli, C., Lupi, A., Tomasi, C. (2007), GPS derived Integrated Water Vapour content and its relationship with 6 years of surface radiation balance at MZS (Terra Nova Bay), GPS in the IPY: The POLENET Project, Dresden, Germany, October 4-6, 2006 Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol 9, 06253, 2007 15. Schilliro’, F., Poloni M., Progettazione di transizioni guida coassiale ’Electric Probe’ per applicazioni di tipo generale, in preparation 16. Schilliro’, F., Maccaferri, G., Pluchino, S., Cassaro, P., Lo spettrometro SPARKLE (SPec- trum Analyzer using maRK 5 fir Line Emission), in preparation 17. Schilliro’, F., Trigilio, C., Natale, E., Di Benedetto, R., Progettazione e realizzazione di un back-end digitale per osservazioni in continuo al telescopio di Noto, in preparation 18. Tresse, L., Ilbert, O., Zucca, E., Zamorani, G., Arnouts, S., Bardelli, S., the VVDS Team, Studying the evolution of multi-wavelength emissivities with the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey, in: From dark halos to light, XXVI Astrophysics Moriond Meeting, 12-18 Marzo 2006, Eds. L.Tresse, S.Maurogordato, and J. Tran Thanh Van, in press 19. Zanichelli, A., Vergani, D., Mack, K.-H., Gregorini, L., Parma, P., de Ruiter, H., Vettolani, G. (2006), Unveiling the dumbbell cluster galaxy properties, Poster presented at Galaxies and Structures through Cosmic Times, Venezia 26-31 marzo 2006 20. Zanichelli, A., Vergani, D., Mack, K.-H., Gregorini, L., Parma, P., de Ruiter, H., Radio- optical properties of Dumbbell galaxies in nearby clusters, Poster presented at “Tracing Cosmic Evolution with Clusters of Galaxies: Six Years Later”, Sesto Pusteria, Italy, June, 25-29, 2007 h - 2007 BOOKS

1. Capra, A., Dubbini, M., Galeandro, A., Gusella, L., Zanutta, A., Casula, G., Negusini, M., Vittuari, L., Sarti, P., Mancini, F., Gandolfi, S., Montaguti, S., Bitelli, G. (2007), VL- NDEF project for geodetic infrastructure definition of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, in: Geodetic and Geophysical Observations in Polar Regions: Overview in Perspective of the International Polar Year (IPY) (A. Capra and D. Reinhard eds) 2. Sarti, P., Negusini, M., Tomasi, C., Lanconelli, C., Lupi, A., Cacciari, A. (2007), GPS and radiosonde derived Precipitable Water Vapour content and its relationship with 5 years of long-wave radiation measurements at ” Mario Zucchelli” Station, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, in: Geodetic and Geophysical Observations in Polar Regions: Overview in Perspective of the International Polar Year (IPY) (A. Capra and D. Reinhard eds.)