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Effet De L'organisation Spatiale Intra-Parcellaire Des Habitats Sur Le Contrôle Biologique Par Conservation

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Effet De L'organisation Spatiale Intra-Parcellaire Des Habitats Sur Le Contrôle Biologique Par Conservation THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par L’École Doctorale Agrosciences et Science (ED536) Spécialité : Sciences Agronomiques Présentée par Blanche Collard Effet de l’organisation spatiale intra-parcellaire des habitats sur le contrôle biologique par conservation : étude et modélisation des déplacements de dermaptères dans les bananeraies Directeurs de thèse Claire Lavigne et Philippe Tixier Encadrants de la thèse Thomas Delattre et Dominique Carval Soutenue publiquement le 8 mars devant le jury composé de : Emmanuelle Porcher Rapporteuse Manuel Plantegenest Rapporteur Aurelie Coulon Examinatrice Adrien Rusch Examinateur INRA - Unité PSH / CIRAD - UPR GECO TABLE DES MATIERES Table des matières Table des matières .................................................................................................................1 Résumé ..................................................................................................................................7 Summary ...............................................................................................................................7 Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale ........................................................................................9 1. Contexte de la thèse ...............................................................................................................9 2. Contrôle biologique par conservation ................................................................................. 11 2.1. Ravageurs « forever » ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Définition ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Améliorer l’impact des ennemis naturels par la diversification végétale ........................................... 13 2.4. Améliorer l’impact des ennemis naturels par la manipulation des habitats ........................................ 14 2.5. Manipuler l’organisation spatiale des habitats favorables ................................................................. 17 2.6. Ajustement des stratégies de contrôle biologique aux spécificités des agrosystèmes ......................... 18 2.7. Cas de la thèse ................................................................................................................................ 20 3. Les apports de l’écologie du paysage pour l’étude de l’organisation spatiale ................... 21 3.1. Les patrons spatiaux et l’échelle du paysage. ................................................................................... 21 3.2. Les outils de l’écologie du paysage ................................................................................................. 21 4. Le comportement de prospection pour la nourriture ......................................................... 26 4.1. Cadre conceptuel sur les mouvements animaux ............................................................................... 26 4.2. Effet des habitats sur le comportement de prospection ..................................................................... 27 5. Une approche de modélisation pour l’étude de l’effet de l’organisation spatiale sur les déplacements de prospection pour la nourriture ....................................................................... 28 5.1. La simulation et la modélisation en renfort de l’expérimentation ...................................................... 28 5.2. Modèle mécaniste spatialement explicite et individu centré ............................................................. 28 5.3. Modélisation des déplacements de prospection ................................................................................ 30 6. Démarche et objectifs de la thèse ........................................................................................ 31 Chapitre 2 - Le cas des dermaptères du genre Euborellia dans les bananeraies de la Martinique ........................................................................................................................... 35 Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................... 35 1. Caractéristiques de l’agrosystème des bananeraies de la Martinique ............................... 35 1.1. Les bananeraies de la Martinique, des monocultures semi-pérennes en voie de diversification ? ....... 35 1.2. Le charançon du bananier Cosmopolites sordidus : un ravageur majeur du bananier ......................... 36 1.3. Le dermaptère Euborellia caraibea et ses habitats favorables. ......................................................... 38 2. Effet de l’organisation spatiale des habitats dans les bananeraies diversifiées de la Martinique sur les dermaptères du genre Euborellia ................................................................ 42 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 42 2.2. Matériels et méthodes ..................................................................................................................... 43 2.3. Résultats ......................................................................................................................................... 48 2.4. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Annexes ....................................................................................................................................... 55 1 TABLE DES MATIERES Chapitre 3 : Effet de l’organisation spatiale des habitats dans les parcelles agricoles sur le contrôle biologique par conservation : une étude de modélisation individu-centrée ........... 63 Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................... 63 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 66 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 67 2. Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................... 69 2.1. Plots simulation .............................................................................................................................. 69 2.2. Model processes ............................................................................................................................. 71 2.3. Model parameters ........................................................................................................................... 73 2.4. Model outputs ................................................................................................................................. 73 2.5. Model analysis ................................................................................................................................ 74 2.6. Qualitative analysis of parameter value choices ............................................................................... 74 3. Results.................................................................................................................................. 75 3.1. Banana plant level .......................................................................................................................... 75 3.2. Plot level ........................................................................................................................................ 77 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 80 4.1. Dilution effect at the plot level ........................................................................................................ 80 4.2. Edge length at the banana plant level ............................................................................................... 81 4.3. Which organisations of alternative favourable habitats are best for CBC at the plot level? ................ 82 4.4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 83 Appendix: Supplementary materials .......................................................................................... 85 Chapitre 4 : Effet des habitats sur le comportement de prospection du dermaptère Euborellia caraibea. ............................................................................................................................ 107 Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................. 107 1. Les résidus de bananiers modifient le comportement de prospection d’un arthropode prédateur généraliste des bananeraies de la Martinique: analyse des déplacements nocturnes du dermaptère Euborellia caraibea en mésocosme expérimental. ........................................... 107 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 107 1.2. Matériels et méthodes ..................................................................................................................
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