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Women and Political Leadership: Facilitating Factors in Tanzania

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Women and Political Leadership: Facilitating Factors in Tanzania Research Report 17/1 WomenWomen andand Political Leadership: PoliticalFacilitating Leadership: Factors facilitatingin Tanzania factors in Tanzania No. 62 Msasani Road, Oyster Bay P.O. Box 105753, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Phone: +255 (0) 22 260 2917 Fax: +255 (0) 22 260 2918 www.uongozi.or.tz WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA Women and Political Leadership: Facilitating Factors in Tanzania Professor Ruth Meena Mary Rusimbi Caroline Israel i WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA Preface Based on a women and empowerment framework, this study used a life history approach to identify the factors in their life cycle that influenced and helped women during their journey to political empowerment in Tanzania. Twenty women shared with the authors their lived experiences of this journey. This study shows that parents, particularly fathers, played a central role in their empowerment, either by investing in their daughters’ education or by inspiring them and serving as role models to them. Further, most of the women interviewed indicated that their spouses supported their leadership journey by providing emotional support and the financial resources needed, and by helping them to maintain a family-work balance. The respondents underscored the importance of these role models, who, as they explained, stirred their interest, supported their determination to make a difference and their personal ambition to attain a leadership role, and inspired in them a personal desire to serve others. Schools and teachers also influenced them on this journey; nurturing the respondents’ leadership talents by giving them leadership roles when they were schoolgirls, encouraging their progress, and serving as another form of role model. Both informal and formal networks were key resources in enhancing the participants’ capacity and in supporting their aspirations to fulfil their potential. Although external factors can serve an empowering role, the decision to engage or disengage always originates in the individual. In this respect, their specific traits also played a central role in influencing the choices made by the women in this study. Some of these traits included determination to make a difference, the ambition to lead others, the drive to serve others, and a commitment to the hard work required to realise their goals. This study recommends collaboration and coordination among key institutions to provide the research, training, mentoring and education needed to nurture and promote women’s leadership in their chosen areas of influence. ii WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA Acknowledgements The research team acknowledges the support and inputs of the individuals and agencies that have made this work possible. We are grateful to the UONGOZI Institute (UI) of Tanzania for sponsoring this work and entrusting the team with the responsibility of conducting the research. The team benefitted from the input of UI staff during the early stages of developing the research problem and tools, and the insightful comments on the drafts by the reviewers and staff of the UI. We also wish to acknowledge support from the management of the Parliament of Tanzania for permitting us to conduct the interviews during the parliamentary sessions. We particularly appreciate the support of Mr Stanslaus Kagisa, who facilitated contacting and organising the meetings with our respondents. We are also very grateful to the Hon. Anna Abdallah, who encouraged her colleagues to participate in the interviews and organised meetings with some respondents. The team appreciates the support from Tumpe Ndimbwa and Israel Sosthenes, who assisted in transcribing the tapes, and from Julie Kaboko of the UI for facilitating logistical support. Finally, we wish to acknowledge all 20 women who offered their time to share their stories that constitute the major findings of our study. The seven women whose stories have been covered in detail also volunteered time to go through their stories to validate the information we selected to include in this study. The inputs of the aforementioned notwithstanding, the team is responsible for the final output and nobody mentioned should be held accountable for misinterpretation of any information in this report. iii WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA Contents Preface ........................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................... iii Contents ......................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations..................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction and Background to the Study ............ 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Representation of Women in Political Office ........................ 1 1.1.2 Statement of the Problem and Study Rationale ..................... 2 1.1.3 Study Objectives ................................................................... 3 to identify the specific factors that facilitate the success of women in attaining political leadership positions.... 3 to solicit views on how women can be better prepared for political leadership .................................................................... 3 to draw policy implications from the results of this study ........ 3 1.1.4 Defining Leadership .............................................................. 3 1.1.5 The Conceptual Framework .................................................. 4 1.2 Research Design and Methodology .......................................... 5 1.2.1 Sampling Criteria and Sample Size ....................................... 6 1.2.2 Data Collection Method ......................................................... 6 1.2.3 Data Analysis ......................................................................... 7 1.2.4 Ethical Issues ......................................................................... 7 1.2.5 Study Limitations .................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review ..................................................... 9 2.1 Women’s Participation in Political Leadership ........................ 9 2.2 Socioeconomics and Women’s Political Participation ............. 10 iv WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA 2.3 Formal Education and Women’s Political Participation ........... 11 2.4 Electoral Regimes and Women’s Participation in Politics ....... 15 2.5 Political Parties and Women’s Participation in Politics ............ 16 2.6 Personal Traits and Values and Women’s Participation in Politics 18 Chapter 3: Key Findings and Analysis ....................................... 19 3.1 Part A: Respondents’ Background ...................................... 19 3.1.1 Age Range ............................................................................. 19 3.1.2 Political Status of the Respondents ....................................... 19 3.1.3 Political Party Affiliation ....................................................... 20 3.1.4 Level of Experience .............................................................. 20 3.2 Part B: Factors that Inspired These Women to Join Politics .... 21 3.2.1 The Role of Family and Community .................................... 21 3.2.1.1 The Extended Family .................................................... 23 3.2.1.2 Husbands ....................................................................... 24 3.2.1.3 Other Role Models ........................................................ 28 3.2.2 The Role of Public Institutions ............................................. 31 3.2.2.1 Schools and Teachers .................................................... 32 3.2.2.2 Political Parties .............................................................. 34 3.2.2.3 Supportive Networks ..................................................... 35 3.2.2.4 Parliament ...................................................................... 36 3.2.3 The Role of Personal Traits and Competencies ..................... 38 3.2.3.1 Role of Education .......................................................... 39 3.3 Key Challenges Identified by Respondents .............................. 40 Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations ........................ 43 4.1 Conclusions .............................................................................. 43 4.2 Recommendations for government policy makers ................... 45 References ..................................................................................... 48 v WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA List of Abbreviations AU African Union CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CSO Civil Society Organisation IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union MP Member of Parliament NCCR National Convention for Construction and Reform TGNP Tanzania Gender Network Programme UI UONGOZI Institute T-WCP Tanzania Women Cross-Party Platform UWT Umoja wa Wanawake Tanzania (Union of Women of Tanzania) VICOBA Village Community Banks vi WOMEN AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: FACILITATING FACTORS IN TANZANIA Chapter 1: Introduction and Background to the Study 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Representation of Women in Political Office Globally, there has been some progress in terms of women’s participation in politics; however, this progress has been slow. In August
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