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Agricultural Development in Karamoja, Uganda: Recent Trends in Livestock and Crop Systems, and Resilience Impacts

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Agricultural Development in Karamoja, Uganda: Recent Trends in Livestock and Crop Systems, and Resilience Impacts Karamoja Resilience Support Unit (KRSU) AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARAMOJA, UGANDA: RECENT TRENDS IN LIVESTOCK AND CROP SYSTEMS, AND RESILIENCE IMPACTS March 2018 This publication was produced at the request of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Irish Aid, and the Department for International Development, United Kingdom (DFID). The author of the report was Adrian Cullis. Photos on cover by Kevin Di Salvo; Irish Aid KARAMOJA RESILIENCE SUPPORT UNIT (KRSU) Agricultural Development in Karamoja, Uganda: Recent Trends in Livestock and Crop Systems, and Resilience Impacts March 2018 This report was funded by the United States Agency for International Development, UK aid from the UK government, and Irish Aid. USAID Contract Number: 617-15-000014 Karamoja Resilience Support Unit www.karamojaresilience.org Implemented by: Feinstein International Center at Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy P. O. Box 6934 Kampala Uganda Tel: +256 (0)41 4 691251 Suggested citation: Cullis, A. (2018). Agricultural Development in Karamoja, Uganda: Recent Trends in Livestock and Crop Systems, and Resilience Impacts. Karamoja Resilience Support Unit, USAID/Uganda, UK aid, and Irish Aid, Kampala. Disclaimer: The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government, UK aid or the UK government, or Irish Aid or the Government of Ireland. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... 6 ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 9 Key findings ................................................................................................. 9 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 10 Recommendations for the livestock sub-sector ............................................................ 10 Recommendations for the crop farming sub-sector ....................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 12 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 13 POLICY REVIEW .............................................................................................. 15 Northern Uganda ............................................................................................ 15 Karamoja .................................................................................................... 15 The people ................................................................................................... 16 The agro-ecology ............................................................................................. 20 Livelihoods .................................................................................................. 23 Agriculture sector policies and strategies ..................................................................... 24 AGRICULTURE PROGRAM REVIEW ......................................................................... 27 Field work findings .......................................................................................... 33 1) Livestock sub-sector .................................................................................. 35 2) Crops sub-sector ..................................................................................... 40 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 51 Recommendations for the livestock sub-sector ............................................................ 51 Recommendations for the crop farming sub-sector ....................................................... 51 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 53 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................ 58 Annex 1. Terms of Reference .............................................................................. 58 Annex 2. Itinerary ......................................................................................... 60 Annex 3. Contacts and key stakeholders .................................................................. 64 Annex 4. Participants at the inception, validation, and debriefing meetings .............................. 66 Annex 5. Transcripts of the validation and debriefing meetings .......................................... 68 Annex 6. A summary of livelihood strategies, trends, and outcomes ...................................... 71 Annex 7. Listed achievements from the Karamoja Livelihoods Programme .............................. 73 Annex 8. Impact findings from the Growth, Health and Governance Program, Mercy Corps ........... 74 Annex 9. Historical timelines ............................................................................. 75 4 Karamoja Resilience Support Unit (KRSU) LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map produced by the USAID Climate Risk Profile report for Karamoja, 2017 ................ 21 Figure 2 Map produced by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network and Food and Agriculture Organization. 2013. Uganda-Karamoja Region Livelihood Zones and Descriptions. Uganda. FAO, Rome ............................................................................ 22 Figure 3 Trends in proportional herd composition ....................................................... 35 Figure 4 Trends in household cattle ownership, Karamoja, 2000 to 2015 ................................ 37 Figure 5 Trends in household ownership of chickens, pre-2006 to 2017 ................................. 38 Figure 6 Trend in planting by crop type, agro-pastoral zone, 2005 to 2015 .............................. 41 Figure 7 Trend in planting by crop type, agricultural zone, 2005 to 2015 ............................... 42 Figure 8 Crop production constraints by zone ........................................................... 45 Figure 9 Trend in dry season household food sources, 2005 and 2015 ................................... 49 Figure 10 Trend in dry season household income and expenditure by zone, 2005 and 2015 .............. 49 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Location of the focus group discussions ......................................................... 13 Table 2 Herd management and production level trends ................................................. 36 Table 3 Livestock production constraints: Scores and ranks ............................................. 38 Table 4 Important local innovations and development interventions .................................... 39 Table 5 Cropping trends ................................................................................. 42 Table 6 Production constraints, local innovations, and development interventions ..................... 46 Table 7 Climate change adaptation model .............................................................. 48 Agricultural Development in Karamoja, Uganda: Recent Trends in Livestock and Crop Systems, and Resilience Impacts 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank the staff of the Karamoja Resilience Support Unit at the Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University for the opportunity to lead this review of livestock and crop development in Karamoja. A special word of thanks to Owinya Patrick Osodo, who drove the review team the length and breadth of Karamoja and for doing so with such good humor. Thanks also to the Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute and the Karamoja Development Forum for seconding staff to the study team, and a special word of thanks to the review team members, Eva Gimono, Kodet John Mark, Junior Achia, Everest Loitakori, Judith Moru, and Judith Apio. The team members worked hard and well with the focus groups and also shared valuable personal insights into Karamoja policies and agriculture sector programs and outcomes. The warmest words of thanks however are reserved for the people of Karamoja who gave their time freely and willingly to share their knowledge, experience, and insights in crop farming and livestock development in the different agro-ecologies of the sub-region. My apologies if this report does not reflect fully and accurately the quality of the information that was shared. 6 Karamoja Resilience Support Unit (KRSU) ACRONYMS ACRONYMS ACF Action Against Hunger ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development APFS Agro-pastoral field schools APZ Agro-pastoral zone AZ Agricultural zone BCC Behavior change communication CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CAHW Community animal health worker CBR Centre for Basic Research CfW Cash for work COP Chief of party CRS Catholic Relief Services CPP Country Programming Paper of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) DINU Development Initiative in Northern Uganda EU European Union EWS Early warning systems FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAW Fall armyworm FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network FGD Focus group discussion GAM Global acute malnutrition
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