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JAPANESE GARDEN DESIGN for the 21ST CENTURY Eric Yamasaki

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JAPANESE GARDEN DESIGN for the 21ST CENTURY Eric Yamasaki JAPANESE GARDEN DESIGN FOR THE 21ST CENTURY eric yamasaki st Japanese Garden Design for the 21 Century A Senior Project Presented to the Faculty of the Landscape Architecture Program University of California, Davis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelors of Science of Landscape Architecture Accepted and Approved by: _______________________________________________________ Committee Member, James Jones _______________________________________________________ Faculty Committee Member, Lorence Oki _______________________________________________________ Committee Member, Linda Yamasaki _______________________________________________________ Committee Member, Wesley Yamasaki _______________________________________________________ Faculty Senior Project Advisor, Mark Francis Eric Yamasaki June 12th, 2009 Abstract This project focuses on making Japanese garden design sustainable. To this end, a brief history of the Japanese garden is explored. The Japanese garden has been evolving for over a thousand years and has continued to be as relevant and interest- ing as ever to this day. Sustainability in general has seen an influx of interest in recent years. Garden design is just one way that adds to this principle of thought. Creating low- and no- water gardens can reduce a household’s use of water by up to 50 percent. In Cali- fornia, times of drought can be common so the reduction of water consumption be- comes quite important. Choosing native and climate-adapted plants is a simple way to combat excess water use. Making the Japanese garden sustainable for the Mediterranean climate is very possible. Many traditional Japanese plants are drought-tolerant and adapted to survive in California. The use of greywater can accommodate more water-reliant plants although there can be some drawbacks to its use. The final portion of this project covers a site-specific design for a residential backyard in Saratoga, California. The design utilizes information gained from the history of Japanese gardens and sustainable practices to create the next step in this garden’s evolutionary process. Photo simulations accompany the design and pro- vide realistic images of what the garden will look and feel like once it is completed. Biographical Sketch Eric Yamasaki was born on August 14th, 1986. He grew up in San Jose, California and attended Leland High School. In 2005, he began studying Landscape Architecture at the University of California, Davis. During the four years he spent at Davis, Eric came to find his true passion in terms of a career. As a soon-to-be landscape architect, Eric hopes to pursue his interest in sustainable design and Japanese gardens. ii Acknowledgements I would like to offer special thanks to all of the people who have made this project possible: To my committee members, James Jones and Lorence Oki, I would like to offer my sincerest thanks for all the help you have provided me during this process. To my aunt and uncle for graciously providing me with their backyard as a place to design to my heart’s content. To Mark Francis for providing true words of wisdom and guidance during the past six months. To all my fellow LDAers who kept me sane during our time spent in the program. And finally, to my family whose love and support has gotten me to where I am to- day. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 : The Japanese Garden – History 1 Early History to Heian Period Kamakura Period Muromachi Period Momoyama Period Edo Period Meiji Restoration to Modern Times Chapter 2 : The Sustainable Garden – Overview 9 Things to Consider in Sustainable Garden Design • Water • Plant selection • Climate • Materials and goods • Energy • Chemical usage • Chapter 3 : The Sustainable Japanese Garden 15 Recommended Readings and Resources Drought-tolerant Plant List for the Mediterranean Climate • The importance of water Chapter 4 : The Design 21 Existing Site Conditions Program Elements The Design • The walkthrough Plant List Details • The drought-tolerant plants • The water-reliant plants Masterplan Photo Simulations References 41 iv List of Figures Chapter 1: Early History to Heian Period Figure 1.1 Rocks at Ise Shrine – Photo credit: http://lh3.ggpht.com/_g3nW1GOzmDI/SWYvsSSPNRI/AAAAAAAAARQ/tu88XYBsONI/DSC_0492a.JPG Kamakura Period Figure 1.2 Rocks at Saiho-ji – Photo credit: http://kyotogardens.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/p1010106.jpg Muromachi Period Figure 1.3 Kinkaku-ji – Photo credit: http://www.alexandervandergraaf.nl/Welkom/Landen/Japan/Kansai/Kyoto/Kyoto_Kinkaku-ji_01.jpg Figure 1.4 Rock garden of Ryoan-ji – Photo credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Kyoto-Ryoan-Ji_MG_4512.jpg Momoyama Period Figure 1.5 Cherry blossoms of Sambo-in – Photo credit: http://image46.webshots.com/47/2/62/82/2711262820032039778CHmgFb_fs.jpg Figure 1.6 Lantern near tsukubai – Photo credit: http://image61.webshots.com/61/3/5/94/542730594orzSol_fs.jpg Edo Period Figure 1.7 Winding pathways – Photo credit: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/1600842.jpg Figure 1.8 Borrowed scenery – Photo credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Shugakuin_Imperial_Villa.jpg Meiji Restoration to Modern Times Figure 1.9 Shigemori modern design – Photo credit: http://www.stonebridge.com/MireiShigemori/gardenphoto.jpg Chapter 4: Existing Site Conditions Figure 4.0.1 Existing conditions – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.0.2 Existing conditions – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.0.3 Existing conditions – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.0.4 Existing conditions – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki The Plant List – drought tolerant plants Figure 4.1.1 Aloe vera – Photo credit: http://www.purestbody.com/images/Aloe_Vera.jpg v Figure 4.1.2 Japanese boxwood – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.1.3 Japanese camellia – Photo credit: http://treeflower.la.coocan.jp/Theaceae/Camellia%20japonica%20decumbens%20Otometsubaki/DSC05059.JPG Figure 4.1.4 Fortnight lily – Photo credit: http://lh5.ggpht.com/_5DaeWixK21E/SHuD7YvwAgI/AAAAAAAAC3o/3jib9mdNqSY/30230.jpg Figure 4.1.5 Umbrella bamboo – Photo credit: http://www.bamboogarden.com/Clumping%20Bamboo%20Sale.htm Figure 4.1.6 Maidenhair tree – Photo credit: http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2127/2049322810_9ef64e340d_o.jpg Figure 4.1.7 German iris – Photo credit: http://www.stockvault.net/Flowers_g8-Iris_germanica_p16794.html Figure 4.1.8 Southern magnolia – Photo credit: http://www.preservationtree.com/images/photos/Public/Large%20Shade%20Trees/Magnolia.jpg Figure 4.1.9 Dwarf mondo grass – Photo credit: http://lh3.ggpht.com/_LIiIZhRsKLY/Sar75OxEisI/AAAAAAAAGHc/isG_mRj0uLw/30_OakTerrace.JPG Figure 4.1.10 Japanese apricot – Photo credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Prunus_mume_Koutoji2.jpg Figure 4.1.11 Coast live oak – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.1.12 Japanese wisteria – Photo credit: http://www.gflora.com/zen-cart/images/wisteria.jpg The Plant List – water reliant plants Figure 4.2.1 Japanese maple – Photo credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Japanese_Maple_Acer_palmatum_Backlit_2700px.jpg Masterplan Figure 4.3.1 Masterplan – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Photo Simulations Figure 4.4.1 Before – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.4.2 After – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.4.3 Bird’s eye – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.4.4 Night view – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.4.5 Path close-up – Photo credit: Eric Yamasaki Figure 4.4.6 Shigemori design – Photo credit: http://kabuto-kyoto.up.seesaa.net/image/shinnyoin3.jpg vi Preface This senior project came about somewhat haphazardly. Eric had known he would have to do a senior project for years, but had not come up with anything un- til the first day of class when the senior project process began in January 2009. Mark Francis had asked each student to write down the topic he or she wanted to do as a senior project. Eric poured over his thoughts of what he could possibly choose as a topic. He knew his aunt and uncle wanted him to come up a with a de- sign for their backyard. From this, he added the idea of using sustainable principles in the garden’s design. Well, he had come up with his topic in about 10 minutes and has stuck with it over the past 6 months to create the following project. This project encompasses Eric’s desire of creating sustainable Japanese gardens in the future. He has used this opportunity as a starting point for his future en- deavors. This project is intended for those who enjoy Japanese gardens or just want to further their knowledge when it comes to sustainable design. vii Chapter 1: The Japanese Garden “Visualize the famous landscapes of our country and come to understand their most interesting points. Re-create the essence of those scenes in the garden, but do so interpretively, not strictly.” SAKUTEIKI, Japanese garden manual 2 The rich history and evolution of the Japanese garden can be traced back to the sixth century (Rogers, 2001). Although continuously influenced by Chinese garden concepts, the Japanese garden took on its own distinct characteristics and stylings. Over the centuries, garden design has been in- fluenced by religion, art, and politics. ~ Early History to the Heian Period Important devleopments of this period: 1. Religion 2. Chinese influence 3. Symbolism Religious underpinnings were the beginning place for Japanese gardens. Places defined as sacred to the worship of Shinto gods, Japan’s native religion and deities, were found in natural objects such as trees and rocks (Rogers, 2001). When Buddhism was intro- duced from China in 552, temples and their accom- Figure 1.1 – These rocks symbolize the union of marriage in Shinto beliefs. panying gardens began to develop. During the Heian period (781 -1185) gardens were further influenced by Chinese style. Ponds in these gardens were large, complete with islands and symbolic rock arrangements in the forms of cranes and tortoises which recall Chinese mythology (Rogers, 2001). Eric Yamasaki 3 Japanese Garden Design for the 21st Century ~ Kamakura Period Important developments of this period: 1. Zen Buddhism 2. Rock arrangements 3. Kare sansui The next reign of power came during the Kamakura period (1185-1333) and gave rise to Zen Buddhism.
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