The NAT ION A L HORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE

JANUARY -- - 1928 The American Horticultural Society A Union of The National Horticultural Society and The American Horticultural Society, at Washington, D. C. Devoted to the popularizing of all phases of Horticulture: Ornamental Gardening, including Landscape Gardening and Amateur Flower Gar:dening; Professional Flower Gardening or Floriculture; Vegetable Gardening; Fruit Growing and all activities allied with Horticulture.

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS March 1, 1927

OFFICERS President, F. L. Mulford, 2552 Tunlaw Road, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mrs. Fannie Mahood Heath, Grand Forks, N. D. Second Vice-President, H. A. Fiebing, Milwaukee, Wis. Secretary, D. Victor Lumsden, 1629 Columbia Road N. W., Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Otto Bauer, 1216 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C.

DIRECTORS TERM EXPIRING IN 1928 Mrs. Pearl Frazer, Grand Forks, N. D. David Lumsden, Battery Park, Bethesda, Md. J. Marion Shull, 207 Raymond Street, Chevy Chase, Md. Hamilton Traub, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. A. L. Truax, Crosby, N. D.

TERM EXPIRING IN 1929 G. E. Anderson, Twin Oaks, Woodley Road, Washington, D. C. Mrs. L. H. Fowler, Kenilworth, D. C. V. E. Grotlisch, Woodside Park, Silver Spring, Md. Joseph J. Lane, 19 W. 44th Street, New York City. O. H. Schroeder, Faribault, Minn.

Editorial Committee: B. Y. Morrison, Chairman; Sherman R. Duffy, V. E. Grotlisch, P. L. Ricker, J. Marion Shull, John P. Schumacher, Hamilton Traub.

Entered as seoond-ola•• matter Maroh 22, 1927, at the Post Offioe a.t Washington, D. C" under the Act of August 24, 1912. 2 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928 KundcIU

Stand Supreme and easily lead the world in great variety and beauty of types and color. Indeed they do, as has been shown by their winnings all over the world, including their over­ whelming winnings at the last two American Gladiolus Society'S biggest shows at Rochester, 1 . Y., 1925 and 1926. The past season 's lateness causing late planting in the spring, coupled with a summer's droug;ht, prevented me from exhibit ing at the recent show of the American Gladi­ olus Society at Hartford. However, September rains and a favorable fall has enabled me to gather the finest crop of bulbs in years, and I shall have the best offers to my pa­ trons for 1928 which I have ever made in all my e}..1lerience. My new catalog will introduce over 100 magnificent new varieties, by far t he largest and finest co llection ever introduced in one year by anyone originator in t he world. Over 60 varieties will be shown in perhaps the finest colors ever attempted in a gladiolus catalog. My new reduc­ tions in prices will also be very interesting, both to my regular customers and wholesale buyers who cater to the best class of trade in any part of the country. If you want the best-the kinds t hat will be the win­ ners at the shows and that will bring you the best trade­ don't fail to ask for my new catalog for 1928. If you are a commercial g;rower or expect to be, also ask for t he new trade list-both free. A. E. Kunderd Goshen, Indiana

The Originator of the Ruffled and Laciniated Gladioli The National Horticultural Magazine B. Y. MORRISON, Editol' SHERMAN R. D UFFY, J. MARION SHULL, H AM ILTON T RAUiJ, Contributing Editors

Copyright. 1928, by T HE AMERICAN H ORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A, . .(

JANUARY, 1928.

Barberry Species that Spread Rust. By LYNN D. H UTTON 5 Nat~ve Ornamental Grasses. By AGNES CHASE 7 Economic Factors in the Development of H orticulture. By HAMILTON TRAUB 12 Lecture Reviews: Rock Gardens (Montague Free) 20 Grapes (Edwin C. Powell) 24 A Book or Two ...... 27

. The Gardener's Pocketbook: Ground C(')vers (Ophiopogon) ...... 29 Garden Chrysanthemums ...... 29 AmaryIIids (SternbeJ'gia, Amm'yllis, Nerine) 30 Chinese Onions (Allium yunnanense, sikkimense) 31 Vegetables 31 Cold Greenhouses 32 Barberries 33 Raspberries 33 Fall Color 34 . Beginning in this issue, the magazine will carry advertise- ments of interest to all gardeners. Doubtless it is ' unneces­ sary to comment further, but it is expected that members will support the advertisers who are supporting the magazine by their patronage. This is an arrangement for mutual profit and benefit and should not be overlooked. In each issue there will be others we hope and as they come in, new pages will be added to the issue so that the bulk of reading matter will not be decreased but added to by the valuable adver­ tising sections.

Published quarterly by The American Horticultural Society, Washington, D . C . Editorial Office, 116 Chestnut Street, Takoma Park, D. C. Advertising Manager, Margaret C. Lancaster, 6615 Harlan Place, Takoma Park, D . C . A subscription to the magazine is included in the annual dues of all members; to non-members the price is seventy-five cents the copy,' three dollars the year. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 1 STUMPP & W ALTER CO. HIGH QUALITY Seeds, Bulbs, Plants Insecticides, Fertilizers Garden .sundries

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J anuary 1st GARDEN ANNUAL May 1st .ADVANCE B U L B J uly 1st MIDSUMMER September 1 st FALL BUL B

If you are a garden enthusiast and are not on our mailing list, write for a copy.

STUMPP & WALTER CO. 30-32 Barclay Street NEW YORK CITY

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Comes like this Take a good look in burlapped bales at the trade mark Lilian A. Guernsey The Beauty of Formal Balance in Planting Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 5

Barberry Species That Spread Stem Rust By LYNN D. HUTTON

Barberries are among the foremost There is considerable misunder­ favorites in our ornamental shrubs: standing as to the actual relation of They possess many virtues, among these Berberis species to stem rust and them adaptability, beauty of habit, as to what species are harmful. The and a great variety of forms. Some relation of certain barberries to the are deciduous, some partly so, and spread of black stem rust was sus­ others completely evergreen . Many pected for centuries but never fully kinds are tall and erect and are valu­ proved until 1865, In that year able as hedge plants; others are low Anton de Bary, a German scientist, and gracefully spreading and are produced stem-rust infection on small suitable as a low foreground for higher grains by placing on their leaves the ornamentals; still others are ground rust found on the leaves of the com­ creepers, and are ideal for use as a mon barberry. Here at last was the low dense cover. Most barberries scientific explanation of the "blast­ seem to thrive equally well in moder- , ing" of wheat and other small grains ately acid, neutral, and alkaline soils. near barberries which farmers had It is small wonder, therefore, that noticed for more than 200 years. plant lovers frequently choose mem­ De Bary's explanation of this phen­ bers of the Berberis genus as their omenon aroused the interest of other ornamentals. scientists so that innumerable labora­ Unfortunately this popular genus tory and field experiments have been contains several species which are made, each proving conclusively that harmful to other. plants of great eco­ on certain barberries, and on them nomic value-the small grains. These alone, one of the stages in the life species are the only known alternate cycle of stem rust may be produced. hosts of black stem rust, the most de­ There are four stages in the life structive disease of wheat, oats, bar­ cycle of stem rust. These are (1) ley, and rye in the United States. This the yellow, cluster-cup or spring stage disease destroys millions of bushels of which develops only on the barberry grain in the United States each year. bush, (2) the red, or summer stage For the 12-year period, from 1915 to which develops only on grains and 1926, inclusive; the estimated losses of grasses, (3) the black, or winter stage all small-grains totaled 564,586,000 which follows the summer stage on bushels in the 13 North-central States grains and grasses, and (4) the color­ of Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, less, or early-spring stage which de­ Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, N e­ velops in the early spring from germi­ braska, North Dakota, Ohio, South nating black winter spores. Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyoming. When one of the tiny colorless Small-grain growing has been aband­ spores (sporidia) of stage 4 infects a oned in many districts because of susceptible barberry, the rust fungus stem-rust losses. For this reason these produces yellow spores on the leaves, particular species have been con­ young twigs, or fruit of the barberry demned, both by law and public in the early spring. These spores are opinion, in important small-grain areas. produced in groups of little yellow 6 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

Stem TWlt on leaves of the common barberry cups. Each little cup contains thou­ winter. These spores do not germI­ sands of tiny yellow spores which are nate until early spring. At the first shot out of the cup and are scattered signs of spring these black spores by the wind to grains and grasses. germinate and produce tiny colorless These spores germinate on grains and spores (sporidia) on thick, jointed grasses and each sends a tiny tube into hyphae. These colorless spores can a breathing pore of the new host infect only certain species of barberries. plant. In a few days pustules of reel In the Jorth-central States of our spores begin to form beneath the grain-growing area each of these stages epidermis of these plants. Within absolutely is dependent upon the two or three weeks the development of stage preceding it. If any stage fails these pustules ruptures the epidermis to develop, the cycle is broken and the and the red spores are liberated. Each rust of one year can not be carried pustule contains thousands of tiny over to the small-grain crops of the red spores. These red spores can in­ following year. fect only grains and grasses. The Of the species of Berberis now to be production of these spores and the found in the United States, some are spread of rust may continue through­ very susceptible and others are very out the growing season. resistant to stem rust. Still other As the grain ripens the rust fungus species have varying degrees of resist­ produces the black or winter spores, ance. The common or European bar­ both in the pustules with the red berry, BerbEris vulgQ1"'is L., is the most spores and in new pustules. These widespread and abundant of the sus­ black spores appear mainly on the ceptible cultivated species. Some other stems and sheaths of the grain and members of the genus, especially B. grass plants. It is in this, the black amurensis, B. sj'nenszs, B. canadensis stage, that the rust lives t hrough the (native in Eastern U. S.), B. fendleri Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HOR.TICULTUR.AL MAGAZINE 7

. Stem rust on wheat sl,ems, (native in the Rocky Mountains), and Each of these 13 States also has B, (Mahonia) aquifolium are wide­ passed a law requiring the eradication spread in the United States and are of these harmful species and they are growing in such numbers that their being removed in asystematic campaign presence in grain-growing areas is a which is being carried on by the U. S. menace to the crops and a danger as a Department of Agriculture in coopera­ source from which seeds may be car­ tion with these States, The removal ried into grain-growing regions, . The is being accomplished by actual sur­ transportation of these and other rust­ veys of every city property and farm susceptible species into the 13 small­ in these States. Eradication is effected grain States of Colorado, Illinois, by the application of salt or kerosene. Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, To date over 15,000,000 harmful bar­ Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota) berry bushes have been found and de­ Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin and stroyed from this area. Millions un­ Wyoming is prohibited by Federal doubtedly still remain, Quarantine No, 38. The following is The Japanese barberry, Berberis a list of barberries included under this thunbergii DC" is the most commonly Federal Quarantine: grown of the resistant species. Its "Berberis aethensis, altaica) amur­ propagation and transportation into ensis, aristata, asiatica, atropurpurea, grain-growing areas is permitted and brachybotrys, brevipaniculata, buxifolia, its use is recommended. This little canadensis, caroliniana (carolina), cori­ bush should meet with the fullest ap­ aria, cretica, declinatum, fendleri, fis­ proval of all who desire a beautiful cheri, fremontii, heteropoda, ilicifolia, ornamental or low hedge plant. It is integerrima, laciflora, lycium, macro­ the favorite of all the deciduous forms phylla, neapalensis, neubertii, siberica, of barberry because in the fall its sieboldii, sinensis, trifoliolata, umbel­ leaves turn red instead of a dead brown lata, vulgaris including its subspecies or yellow, Its red berries, which re­ and horticultural varieties; M ahonia main on the plant well into the winter, aquifolium, diversifolia, glauca." give a touch of color to the landscape 8 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

when other bushes are dead and barren. being carried on need the aid of every Other important members of the citizen in ridding these States of rust­ genus which have proven resistant to susceptible barberries. Horticulturists, preliminary inoculations of stem rust because of their more intimate knowl­ are: Berberis aggregata, B . gagnepaini, edge of the barberry species, are urged B . julianae, B. sargentiana, B . ver­ especially to cooperate in preventing ruculosa, B . wilsonae; M ahonia ja­ the shipment of harmful barberries ponica, M . pinnata, M. repens. into these States as well as in report­ Among these are some of the ing known locations of harmful bar­ choicest of the evergreen species. berries. The successful completion The United States Department of of this campaign depends upon com­ Agriculture and the 13 States in which plete eradication of every rust-spread­ the barberry eradication campaign is ing barberry from these States.

M ichael Carron B m'beris vemae

This shrub, which is noted on paO'e the plants here are too young to show 33, is growing in mature beauty ;n more than their spreading habit with Bussey Hill in The Arnold Arboretum close set small leaves, shining green where the present illustration wa~ with whitish undersurfaces. The ber­ taken. The small shrubs in the fore­ ries, like most of the evergreen sorts, ground are Berberis verruculosa one are dark blue with some whitish bloom, of the most beautiful of the evergreen and do not make the show of the red species. The latter is reported to grow berried deciduous species. The splen­ to a height of four feet, but most of did foliage more than makes up for this. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 9

Agnes Chase Uniola with Rt.gosa Roses

Native Ornamental Grasses By AGNES CHASE. When one speaks of ornamental in early September and last about a grasses a mental picture arises of a month, turning russet toward ma­ great clump of eulalia (Miscanthus turity. This' grass is widespread, from sinensis) like a spouting volcano in the northern Atlantic States to the the middle of a lawn, or of rather foothills of the Rockies. In a garden unsightly tussocks of ribbon grass or park it would be effective toward (Phalaris arundinacea picta) , or at the back of a perennial border or at best of fountain grass (Pennisetum the margin of shrubbery, at a corner ruppelii) with its faintly rosy panicles, or sharp curve. This grass does not surrounding circular beds of cannas make rapid growth early in the season, in city parks. Giant reed (Arundo being only about 3 feet high in early Donax) and pampasgrass (Cortader~a August, hence is better adapted to argentea) are also commonly grown in borders or corners than to use in open great clumps in our parks. None of lawns. . these, except Pennisetum ruppelii, Another native species for bor'ders approaches in grace and beauty a in such places as ribbon grass is used large number of our native grasses. is wild-rye (Elym'Us canadensis). This For a bold clump in the open, our is also widespread and hardy from the perennial Indian grass (Sorghastrum Atlantic nearly to the Rockies. The nutans) with its stately stems 4 to' 5 stems stand about three feet high and feet high would be far handsomer than from July to September bear nodding eulalia. It is not so coarse, the clumps heads 5 or 6 inches long, with long are not a dense mass but more open slender curving bristles. The leaves and graceful. The long tapering up­ are about half an inch wide, long and right golden-bronze panicles appear graceful. 10 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

Purpletop (Triodia fiava) with very area. It is less slender than the smooth foliage and handsome large bromes and has a large nodding rather drooping purple panicles, blooming dense grayish green panicle of small during August and September, is spikelets. It would make itself at found from southern New England to home along a rivulet or drain or where Missouri and southward. It can be Iris pseudacorus thrives. Elymus stri­ used in a sterile bit of soil where other atus, one of the wild-rye grasses, plants do not thrive. It is particu­ growing on banks above streams, with larly charming back of Michaelmas­ drooping pale heads of spikelets with daisies and our other native asters. delicate curving bristles, would thrive The most beautiful of our native in the same situations. grasses is broadleaf uniola (U niola BQttlebrush grass (Hystrix patula) latifolia). It grows in low woods is already cultivated to some extent, from Pennsylvania to eastern Kansas but deserves wider use. On an open and southward, but is not nearly so wooded slope a colony of Hystrix common as the species mentioned with its slender gray stems, spreading above. Though a woodland grass leaves, and swaying heads of hori­ it flourishes in open sunlight. Some zontally spreading long-awned spike­ ten years ago I brought a clump from lets, suggests a dance of the nymphs. near the Potomac and set it in my Any of the broad-leaved panic­ garden. It has thrived without any grasses (Panicum clandestinum, P. care at all and has furnished clumps latifolium, P. Boscii) produce g90d for neighbors and friends. Its grace­ foliage effects in perennial borders. ful stems, three to four feet tall, In spring and early summer these have broad spreading leaves, and drooping simple stems two to three feet tall and panicles of large very fiat spikelets, small panicles of little round spikelets. are charming in a perennial border or In midsummer the stems begin to at the margin of shrubbery. The branch, the upper joints fall away, the plant is also effective in shaded ground branches multiply and by September under trees or tall shrups. The panicles the effect is that of a minature shrubby appear in early August and last fully bamboo, quite Japanese in effect. two months. A single stem with its They are picturesque beside a fiight graceful panicle or a few in a slender of two or three steps or at the end of a vase, or a greater number arranged in path. These grasses have the pe­ a standard in a broad fl at bowl, are culiar habit of producing close-fertil­ very decorative in the house. ized seeds which remain inclosed in For those fortunate enough to have the sheaths. The chickadees feast on wooded slopes or a bit of rich woods the seeds in winter. there are several elegant native grasses All the grasses mentioned above besides uniola. In the Northern States can be easily transplanted from woods Milium effusum, with tall slender or prairies. The clumps should be pale stems, broad leaves, and grace­ dug with a little ball of earth after ful delicate panicles of small whitish they have bloomed, and the tops cut spikelets, would add beauty to shaded back to not more than a foot high. ground. Our native woodland bromegrasses (Bromus ciliatus and close relatives) are found throughout the Northern States, and southward. They grow in The use of small plants grown in pots small tufts, the slender stems four to for the ease of transplanting should be six feet tall, with graceful fo liage and encouraged. Plants so treated are of drooping panicles of long spikelets. course more expensive than field Wood reed (Cinna arundinacea) is grown stock, but often are more re­ found in moist spots in about the same liable. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ' 11

j\1 ichael Carron The B1'oadleaf Uniola 12 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

Economic Factors in the Development of Ameri­ can Horticulture By HAMILTON TRAUB

At the opening of the Nineteenth wholly submerged and elementary Century, the great majority of the attempts in floriculture and orna­ American people still derived their mental horticulture were met with. support from the agriculture, over A few rose bushes and other old-time 96 per cent of the people resided in favorites were all that the busy pioneer rural districts and in towns of less had time to plant. The produce than 8,000 inhabitants.' The means from the farm vegetable gardens and of transportation were backward, and orchards were grown primarily for the this spelled isolation and independ­ home needs, but in many cases there ence for the major part of the popu­ was a limited surplus, especially of lation. It is true that by 1800, a orchard products. The apple was the number of turnpikes and canals of typical orchard product of the North,' local importance had been constructed while the peach was characteristic in New England and the Middle of farther south,· Under pioneer con­ Atlantic States which " offered a ditions, any domestic and foreign com­ much better and even cheaper means merce in the bulh.'Y and perishable of transportation than the poor roads products of horticulture was carried which they supplanted, but they on under considerable difficulties, ex­ could not solve the transportation cepting in and near larger cities, where problem over long distances." The a considerable trade in such products, greater proportion of the inhabitants including the apple, the peach and living in the rural districts and es­ derived products,s the strawberry, pecially those living on the Western ga.rden vegetables and flowers had frontier, were unaffected by early im­ ansen. provements. Under the circumstances During the century and three quar­ the wants of the farming population, ters of "Colonial settlement had oc­ far from markets, were necessarily curred all the changes from the simple, and part of the staple food trading station, the fishing settlement, products consumed on the farm, in­ and the frontier post to the conserva­ cluding the more common horticul­ tive seaboard town of old traditions tural products, were produced as in­ and the thriving countryside already cidental to the general farming opera­ distressed with a surplus population." tions. As a rule every farm had its It is only natural, therefore, that the vegetable garden,2 and in many cases horticultural industries received their home orchards were also planted. 3 first stimulus in and near the popula­ Even under these conditions, the tion centers while the development in esthetic appreciation in man was rot the isolated rural districts lagged.

'D. S. Census Bureau, A Century of Popu­ tion, and the care and attention it desened lation Growth, p. 14. were usually given it." 'Report of the D. S. Commissioner of 3S. A. Beach, Apples of New York, p. 7; Patents, 1848, p. 723; J. G. Boyle, Vege­ W. D. Haley, Harpers rvlag. 43: 830-836 table Gardening, p. 23. "The farm garden (1871). in America dates back to Colonial days. As soon as the first homes were located, garden 'S. A. Beach, Apples of New York, pp. seeds brought from the mother country were 9-10. planted. * * * In times past, when GH. P. Gould, Peach Growing (1918), p. 11. farmers were isolated and independent, the 6Dried apples, cider, apple brandy, peach vegetable garden was a recognized institu- brandy, and apple vinegar. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 13

New York, the leading seaport and some 20 miles south of Baltimore metropolis7 took the lead in the do­ * * * This orchard consisted Of mestic commerce in apple and apple 18,000 to 20,000 trees, all of which products. 8 Foreign commerce in apples were seedlings. Those were the days "with the West Indies probably de­ of peach brandy, and the entire veloped early in the Eighteenth Cen­ product of this orchard is said to have tury, though we have no records of been used in making this commodity." 10 shipments till 1741, when it is stated Prior to 1800 only wild strawberries apples were exported from New Eng­ had been marketed in the larger land to the West Indies in consider­ towns, but during the early years of able abundance. No transatlantic the Nineteenth Century the cultiva­ shipment has been disclosed earlier tion of the strawberry for market was than that of a package of N ewto\\ n undertaken on a small scale. By 1812, Pippins of the crop of 1758 sent to strawberries "in very limited quanti­ Benjamin Franklin while in London. ties" were marketed in the four largest The sight and taste of these brought towns-Boston, New York, 'Philadel-' to John Bartram of Philadelphia an phia and Baltimore. 1I The straw­ order for grafts of the variety from berries marketed in New York during Franklin's friend, Collinson, who said the three weeks of the strawberry of the fruit he ate: 'What comes from season were "carried to market in you are delicious fruit-if our sun will wagons" or were "brought across the ripen them to such perfection.' Sub­ river in sailing sloops as often as twice sequently a considerable trade must a week, when wind and tide per­ have resulted, for in 1775 it was stated mitted."l2 by the younger Collinson, that while At the beginning of the period under the English apple crop had failed that discussion, commercial orcharding and year, American apples had been found small fruit culture, near the larger an admirable substitute, some of the cities, had assumed some importance merchants having imported great quan­ as distinct from agriculture. The ties of them * . * * Statistics on the considerable commercial development subject are lacking until 1821, when in the culture of vegetables or flowers the total export of fruit included in followed at a somewhat later date. the treasury statement consisted of With the growth in population in the 68,443 (barrels) of apples, valued at larger cities, the forcing of vegetables $39,966."9 and flowers for market became of Beginning during the first decade of importance in 1825, Philadelphia tak­ the Nineteenth Century, peach or­ ing the lead as a market for plants, chards of considerable size were planted flowers and vegetable products, and in various parts of the country, but Boston, New York, . Baltimore, Wash­ "The first large peach orchard in ington and Charleston following. l3 Maryland appears to have been planted The first considerable progress, there­ by James Robinson about the year fore, in the horticultural industries 1800 * * * in Anne Arundel County took place in the vicinity of the larger

7N ew York, Philadelphia and Boston were 13B. T. Galloway, U. S. D. A. Year Book, leaders in population; Boston, from its foun­ 1899, pp. 575-590. dation in 1630 until 1750; Philadelphia and J. G. Boyle, Vegetable Gardening, p. 23. suburbs then took the lead, which it ret~ined "Commercial gardening (in America) had until it was surpassed by New York in 1810. its beginning * * * when the inhabi­ 8S. A. Beacl~ Apples of New York, p. 1l. tants began to collect in towns and cities. 9Taylor, U. i::i. D. A. Year Book, 1897, p. Growing vegetables for profit began in the 308. districts adjacent to New York City, Boston lOR. P. Gould, Peach-growing, p. 11. and Philadelphia. As th"e population of the liS. W. Fletcher, Strawberry Industry in cities increased and the demand for vege­ North America, p. 12, 67. tables enlarged, more and more capital was l'lbid., pp. 13-14; p. 27. invested in commercial vegetable growing." 14 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928 urban centers in response to a demand The other ways of disposing of sur­ for horticultural products created by plus apples were in the manufacture of the growing population. The develop­ cider, boiled cider, and vinegar, or in ment, as far as the country as a whole drying the fruit."'6 William H. Alder­ was concerned, was on a limited scale man, in recounting the early horti­ since less than 4 per cent of the popu­ cultural history of West Virginia, cites, lation in 1800 resided in the larger among other typical cases, that of an towns. The great mass of the popu­ intrepid pioneer, who" undismayed by lation was situated remote from mar­ danger or hardship went to work and kets. The bulky and relatively perish­ cleared and planted fifty acres of able horticultural products in remote apples and peaches * * * his crop districts were produced primarily for (being) devoted to the manufacture of home consumption, but in some cases fruit brandies."'? there was a limited surplus. In the Excepting in the case of the market­ case of the apple and the peach, such ing of limited quantities of derived portions as had not been consumed in fruit products, no commercial de­ the home, were fed to the stock, which velopment in the horticultural in­ could be driven to market on the hoof, dustries, in districts remote from or made into applejack, peach brandy markets, had taken place by the and other derived products. In these opening of the Nineteenth Centm y. In modified forms the surplus fruit event­ predominantly agricultural communi­ ually entered the channels of trade ties no great demand for the staple much as the grain of the mountaineer food products of agricultme or hort'­ and backwoods farmer was converted culture existed. The farm was, there­ into whiskey to solve the transporta­ fore, in a measure a self-sufficing unit tion problem. In the case of certain as far as horticultm al products were peach orchards in Maryland, the concerned. Since 96 per cent of the product was sent to market in sail­ population of the country resided in boats and larger wagons," but in the rmal districts or smaller towns, most interior districts such means of any considerable commercial develop­ transportation were not available. ment of the horticultural industries According to S. A. Beach,-" a great in the future would be dependent upon diversity of varieties of grafted f~'uit the creation of a greater demand for was usually included in this class of such products in the urban centers orchards (of early settlers),'· because and the development of adequate the object was to furnish the home with transportation facilities as the mini­ fruit from the first of the season mum prerequisites. through the autumn, winter and In the present chapter it is not our spring, and even till early summer. purpose to construct merely a chron­ Transportation facilities being crude, ology, but rather to single out the there was little encouragement for economic factors involved in the de­ shipping apples to distant markets. velopment of American horticulture. When the farmer went to town he The key to the situation will , there­ would often take with him a few fore, be sought in an analysis of the bushels of apples, to offer in trade for general economic tendencies of the articles which he wished to purchase. period. Any great extension in com- 14U. P. Hedrick, et al., Peaches of New Ibid., pp. 10-11. In drying fruit " t he York, p. 99 . kitchen stove was usually surrounded with 1·8. A. Beach, refers to the orchards of festoons of quartered fruit which had been New York, but his statement is open to patiently strung on tow strings, 01' t he pre­ question; seedling trees were t he general pared fruit was spread on racks above or on rule among the early settlers. papers beneath t he stove." 178emi-centennial History of West Vir­ 168. A. Beach, Apples of New York, Vol. ginia (1913) by James Morton Callahan I, p . 10. (editor), p. 343. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 15

mercial horticulture, under the con­ South, cotton culture became the all­ ditions, is bound up with the gradual important industry, and in the East, growth of a non-agricultural consum­ agriculture gave precedence to manu­ ing population in the industrial centers. facturing, mining and commerce. This This leads naturally to a considera­ sectional division of labor was re­ tion of the factors involved in such a sponsible for the growth of great do­ consummation. mestic trade much larger in value Peopled by an energetic race, and than the foreign commerce which in blessed with rich natural heritages, times past had been one of the chief the United States experienced a pro­ concerns of the Nation. gressive economic development dur­ The sectional division of labor made ing the entire period. The initial in­ possible the growth of great industrial dustries during the Colonial period had centers inhabited by a non-agricul­ been necessarily largely extractive, tural population almost wholly de­ and the colonists looked largely to the pendent upon an outside supply of mother country for manufactures that food including the products of horti­ were not made in the home. With culture. During the entire period the the westward expansion of the Ameri­ urban population gradually increased can people in the Nineteenth Century, in its relative proportion to the rural and the gradual improvement of the population. In 1800 there were only means of transportation, the interests 6 towns with a population of 8,000 of the people after 1820 were being inhabitants or more in the United concentrated more and more upon in­ States aggregating a total urban popu­ ternal commerce. The period of turn­ lation of 210,873 or 4 per cent of a pike building was followed up during total population of 5,308.483. By the first two decades of the Nineteenth 1830, the number of such towns had Century (1800-1820) and in addition increased to 26, with a total popula­ steamboat transportation was gradu­ tion of 864,509 or 6.7 per cent of the ally introduced on the Hudson, Ohio total population of 12,866.020; and and Mississippi rivers. During the next by the end of the period, in 1850, there two decades (1820-1840), the con­ were 85 such population centers com­ struction of extensive canal routes was prising 12.5 per cent of a total popu­ undertaken. The most noteworthy lation of 23,191,875. achievement in canal construction was The improved means of land and the Erie Canal which afforded a better water transportation,18 the territorial and cheaper means of communication division of labor, and the growth of a between the East and the West. Dur­ considerable non-agricultural popula­ ing the same period (1820-1840) tion intensified the industrial life of about 1500 miles of railroad were con­ the nation, and the immediate effect structed in the East. Railroad con­ upon the horticultural industries was struction after 1837 lagged until 1845, highly stimulating. due to the effects of the economic de­ In the case of the fruit industry, preSSIOn. the change was most noticeable. The The increasing intercommunication following item appears in the Annual and trade between the several sections Report of the Commissioner of Patents of the country following in the wake of in 1845-" Our country, within a few the improved transportation facilities years past, has made great advances made possible a territorial division of in the production of choice fruit. Many. labor. Each of the economic units in all sections of the United States followed its natural bent and the have turned their attention to this country became separated into three object, and the result has been great great economic regions. In the West, 18Transportation facilities, however, were the growing of grain and live stock far from ideal; many delays in transit were en­ became the leading activity. In the countered.

• 16 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

improvement in the orchards, and the 117,720. The Tribune estimates the introduction of better methods of whole number of baskets sold in New cultivation * * * Our apples already York during the past season, of forty command a high price in England days, at 12,000 per day, or 480,000 where the palm is invariably awarded baskets, at a cost of three-fourths of a to them when brought into comparison million dollars." with those of home production there."19 The small fruit industry was also By 1846, there was considerable traffic greatly stimulated by the changed in fresh and dried apples upon the conditions. From a mere beginning Ohio canals,2o and the amount of in 1825, the commercial strawberry dried fruit which came to the Hudson industry had developed to such an River on all canals, in 1847, equaled extent that in the City of Cincinnati, 1,502,900 pounds, and was valued at for instance, during the 25-day straw­ $35,261. By 1847, the number of berry season, in the 40's, 4,000 quarts pounds had increased to 3,558,000 were brought to the market daily on an and the valuation to $320,364.21 The average selling at an average price of value of the domestic fruit imports of 8 cents per quart,-the total of a single Middle Western city, Cincin­ 100,000 quarts selling at $8,000,24 nati, for the year ending August 31, The increasing demand for plants, 1847, amounted to $113,438. 12 The flowers and vegetables after 1830 made export trade in American apples also necessary the adoption of improved showed a gradual increase after 1843. methods of growing them.25 C. M. The peach industry in the Dela­ Hovey, in 1837,26 observes after a trip ware-Maryland peninsula also received to Philadelphia and New York,­ a great impetus. The following item23 "The progress of gardening particu­ illustrates clearly the progress of this larly in that department generally industry since the early days: "The termed floriculture, has been extremely vast quantities of this fruit (the peach) rapid the past two years: indeed we produced in Delaware by Major Rey­ have been astonished at its increase in bold and Sons is well known to almost New York and Philadelphia * * * all in the City of Philadelphia which is we are exceedingly happy to perceive their principal market" writes a corres­ the great prevalence of a real love for pondent of the Commissioner of Pat­ flowers, which exhibits itself .n the ents, in 1845 * * * from the books cultivation of plants, in parlors, in of Major Reybold and his son were New York and Philadelphia; pots of ascertained the following remarkable flowering plants, and of many fine facts: Quantity of peaches sent to mar­ kinds make their appearance in the ket (to the 29th of August, inclusive) windows of the houses much more by Major Reybold, from his Mary­ frequently than in Boston * * * land and Delaware orchards, 31,145 The number of gentleman's country baskets; John Reybold, 13,300; Philip residences, with green-houses, etc., Reybold, Jr., 6,000; William Reybold, attached, have increased very rapidly 5,699; Barney Reybold, 7,200; Total within the past two years. In Brook­ number of baskets, 63,344; Number of lyn, the number of beautiful gardens, baskets employed for transit, 40,000 is, we venture to say, greater in pro­ . to 50,000; Number of acres of orchard­ portion to the population than in any ing, 1090; Number of trees in orchards city in the Unipn; we were surprised to

19P.307. 24 Ibid., p. 308. 2°Annual Report of the U. S. Commis- sioner of Patents, 1847, pp. 630-632. 25 B. T. Galloway, U. S. D. A., Year Book, ' lIbid., 1847, p. 578. 1899, pp. 575--590. Hovey, Magazine of 22Ibid., 1847, p. 646. Horticulture, 1837, p. 6. 23Report of the U. S. Commissioner of 26Magazine of Horticulture, 1837, pp. 121- Patents, 1845, pp. 307-308. 122.

\ Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 17 find so many elegant places where, a ful residences. The South, too-though short time since, scarcely more than it has not kept pace with the middle one existed." and Eastern States- has improved in While the horticultural industries its taste for horticulture and a more during the entire period showed a pro­ frequent intercourse with the culti­ gressive development, there were, how­ vators of the North will enable her to ever, ups and downs in response to the enrich her beautiful plantations with fluctuations in the general prosperity all the fine fruits and beautiful flowers of the country. While it is true that, which abound in their gardens." as in the case of the staple food prod­ The marked decline in the interest ucts of agriculture, any great com­ in horticultural pursuits and in the mercial demand for the products of demand for horticultural products horticulture is dependent upon a non­ brought on by the economic crises is agricultural consuming popuration in vividly portrayed by the following the industrial centers, there is a dif­ commentaries: " We can not but re­ ference, however, in the absolute fluc­ mark upon the depressed state of busi- . tuations of the demand in times of ness, which has tended, in a very great economic depression. degree, to influence and retard the The industries of horticulture, in progress of gardening," observes Hovey common with those of general agri­ in 1838, "* * * had not the unex­ culture, suffered a decline during the pected embarrassments in commercial War of 1812, but an eager interest affairs, which have been experienced in horticulture manifested itself soon throughout the country, taken place, after the conflict was overY In there would have been a much deeper 1819, however, and again in 1837-39, interest taken, and many new gardens the country experienced serious eco­ laid out. * * * such a state of nomic crises. In commenting upon things is very injurious to the florist the development of commercial horti­ or nurseryman; as, his articles being culture in the United States immedi­ in a great measure fanciful and luxuri­ ately before the crisis of 1837-39, ous, they are not wanted, and his Hovey observes-"The rapid advance­ stock consequently remains upon his ment which horticulture has made hands through the whole season. We within the past two years can not be need but instance the dahlia to show more apparent than by a comparison the correctness of our remarks; double of the present business of the nursery­ the number of which were sold in 1836, man with that two years since. New to what were disposed of in 1837."30 commercial gardens have sprung up in By 1840 there was little or no im­ all parts of the country, and in scarcely provement: "At the commencement of one instance have anyone of the old the year (1839) we had the gratifica­ establishments had their trade di­ tion of announcing that horticulture minished, but on the contrary, in­ was in a much more flourishing state," creased."2s writes Hovey, "than it had been the The picture of the progress in orna­ preceding year; and it was our hope mental horticulture is equally en­ that it might continue to advance with­ couraging29-" New gardens have out again being so suddenly checked sprung up in all sections of the country. as it had been in 1837. But commer­ The West-the great West-where ' cial affairs, upon the prosperity of soil and climate are so much more which horticulture is, in a degree, de­ adapted to vegetation-where, a few pendent, have been again plunged into years since, a cultivated garden did embarrassments in the mercantile com­ not exist-already abounds in beauti- munity, affect seriously the interests 27History of The Massachusetts Horticul­ 29Ibid., 1837, p. iv. tural Society, p. 44. 2SMagazine of Horticulture, 1837, p. 213. 30Magazine of Horticulture, 1838, p. 2. 18 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

of horticulture, and improvements of a cottage residence, even by indi­ which would have taken place, but for viduals of limited means, is looked for­ the recurrence of such a state of things ward to with eager interest. This are postponed, until an opportunity to general desire for gardens and grounds carry out and complete that which had has created a steady demand for trees, long been contemplated."31 plants, shrubs, etc., and a renewed zeal As the depressed business conditions on the part of our nurserymen has been were protracted over a period of years exerted to keep up with the advanced Hovey is moved to remark, in 1841,­ conditions of improvement." 34 An "A taste for plants and flowers con­ enthusiast in the West, writing of the tinues to spread throughout the coun~ progress of horticulture in the vicinity try, and a desire to possess fine gardens of Rochester in 1843, however, ob­ is becoming more and more apparent serves, * * * progress is exceed­ everywhere. But not so much has ingly limited, characterized by no been effected during the season, as startling advances, but slowly and had been anticipated from the atten­ steadily wending onward, as if fearful tion which has been given the subject of attracting public notice. Such is in previous years. This had resulted our progress in horticulture."35 from various causes, the principal of It would appear, therefore, that which (has) undoubtedly been the while the staple food products of agri­ embarrassed state of commercial af­ culture are prime necessities and find fairs." 32 a relatively universal market among An horticultural enthusiast, M. B. non-agricultural population, the prod­ Bateham, living in western N ew York, ucts of horticulture in a great measure bewails the sad effect of the business are not in the same category, and the depression upon horticulture,-"A few demand is dependent to a relatively years ago, it was thought that this sec­ greater extent upon the general pros­ tion of the country would make rapid perity of the country. progress in scientific and ornamental The returning prosperity brought horticulture: but a cloud of adversity with it renewed activity in the horti­ came over our prospects, and we were cultural industries. 36 With the great compelled to confine our attention to increase in total population, and the the necessaTies , and neglect the luxuries concentration of over 12 per cent of the of life. * * * There have been no people in urban centers by 1850, and horticultural exhibitions in western the consequent increase in the actual New York this fall except in connec­ demand for horticultural products, the' tion with the agricultural fairs." 33 stage was set for the second act in the The years of hard times were finally drama of 4.J.nerican horticultural de­ ended, and Hovey is relieved to com­ velopment. In spite of the fact that ment on the fact in the Magazine of there had grown up a considerable Horticulture in 1843,-"With the re­ commerce in horticultural products by turn of greater commercial prosperity, the middle of the century, the entire and we hope continued, there seems period, like the two preceding cen­ to be a more general taste for rural life. turies, was characterized by the fact Villa residences are objects which more that horticultural products as a general and more engage the attention of gen­ rule commanded only a limited market. tlemen of wealth; and the possession 'The chief reason for this is to be found 31Magazine of Horticulture, 1840, p. 1. for the present, they are not much in de­ Hovey proceeds,-"Commercial gardening mand." Ibid, 1840, p. 13. though in a flourishing condition in the early 3'Ibid., 1841, p. 1. part of the season has fallen off considerably 33Ibid., 1841, pp. 14-16. at the present time. * * * the embar­ 34Ibid., 1841, p. 1. rassed state of affairs combined with some 36Ibid., 1844, p. 15. other causes, has depressed the price of 36A. J. Downing, Horticulturist, 1851, pp. trees, as Well as the zeal of the growers, and 537- 538. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 19

in the inadequate transportation fa­ and a superior article, the growers of cili ties. 37 western New York were able to under­ After 1845 railroad construction sell the local producers in other dis­ went forward with renewed energy tricts. 3s The period of limited market­ and by 1850 there were 9,021 miles of ing of horticultural products had come railroad in the United States. By 1860 to an end in case of the apple crop.39 the mileage had increased to 30,626. It was only a matter of time when the Soon after 1850 the transportation fa­ relatively more perishable horticul­ cilities had reached a stage when effect­ tural products also entered 'the lists ive communication was established as competitors over a wider field with between various sections of the coun­ the development of rapid transporta­ ·try, and an era of sectional competi­ tion and the refrigeration service, the tion was ushered in. The high quality canning and dehydration processes applies of western New York were now during the following period of com­ shipped elsewhere to compete with the petitive marketing of horticyltural local product, and due to an early start crops. Mr. C. Z. Nelson, of the Galesburg The Third Annual Flower Show of Horticultural and Improvement So­ the Galesburg Society was held August ciety) reports a rapid growth both in 20th with a schedule containing forty­ membership and in activity. The nine classes including bulbs, perennials, towns of Knoxville, Cameron and Ab­ annuals and house plants. Judging ington have joined with Galesburg in from the schedule, the show has the developing one large society. Strong­ enthusiastic support not only of the hurst, Roseville and several other members of the society but of the towns have combined in joining the . entire town. This is the only way to Monmouth Horticultural Society. A really " put over" a successful cam­ new garden club has been organized paign for town improvement, and the through the assistance of Mr. Nelson Galesburg Society is to be congratu­ and Mr. Bursk of the Galesburg So­ lated for all its successes during the ciety in Macomb. past year. 37The process of hermetically sealing food in and (5) the changing of the nature of the containers as an aid in the preservation and products by a process of manufacture. transportation of food products did not be­ 38S. A. Beach, Apples of New York, p. 13. come a factor of great importance in horti­ 39J. J . Thomas, in Annual Report, U. S. culture until after 1850. On the whole the Commissioner of Patents, 1850-1851, p. bulky and perishable nature of the horticul­ 101, summarized the situation: "The great tural products put these at a disadvantage as number of (fruit) trees which have been set compared with certain relatively non-perish­ out in all parts of the country, have led to the able products of general agriculture. The inquiry, 'will prices be maintained? Will products of horticulture may be broadly not the market be s'urfeited?' * * * grouped into three great classes on the basis Perhaps, the only instances which have of relative perishability: (1) Those products already occurred of a fall in prices, are the which are quickly perishable and require peaches of the Eastern cities and the straw­ rapid transportation or refrigeration, or berries of Cincinnati. But these are both . both; (2) those prod,ucts which are relatively perishable fruits-they must be consumed less perishable and admit of some delay in as soon as purchased or else lost. Fifty marketing, but with a definite time limit; and times the amount of keepiNg fruits would find (3) those products which are relatively non­ consumers for it may remain on hand for a perishable over a long period. In the first month together. But a single city no longer class fall such products as the small fruits, becomes the limited market for long keepers; cut flowers, certain s11cculent vegetables; the whole country is open; and no night-and­ in the second class such products as winter day labors are needed to bring them into apples, certain root crops, and in the third market before decay, seizes them. Rail­ class such products as the nut fruits. The roads and canals will carry them to any part difficulties inherent in the perishable nature of the Union-steamships will transport of these crops may be overcome in whole or them to the millions of Europe. The only in part by (1) rapid transportation, (2) pre­ requisite is so to cheapen the supply that all serving, (3) dehydration, (4) refrigeration, may enjoy them." 20 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1923

Michael Carron The Rock Gal'den at Lowthorpe School

Rock Gardens On the evening of November eighth, development appeared unlikely many Mr. Montague Free, of the Brooklyn years ago, and yet the progress of the Botanic Garden, addressed the Society work has continued in fineness and on the subject of Rock Gardens. Mr. interest. Undoubtedly this has come Free, who has had charge of the de­ about from the fact that there is proba­ velopment of the rock garden there, bly no type of gardening which permits is a graduate of Kew, and has had wide so wide a field for the gratification of experience in his fi eld both in this coun­ the collector's instinct and no field try and abroad. of plant material to which plant ex­ As the speaker pointed out, rock plorations have added so richly. Here gardening in this country is a matter the plants are often so tiny that they of the last ten or fifteen years, a period require little room and as one pro­ in which the interest has increased gresses in skill and experience, plants steadily until the present, when it has of greater and greater difficulty of all the appearances of a fad. This culture can be attempted until the might seem regre~table if it were not garden will display not only the charm for the fact that in England, where this of any fine garden, but will represent type of 'gardening haE) been popular for triumphs of cultural skill . a much longer time, the interest also Rock gardens were devised primarily seemed to reach a point where further for the cultivation of alpine plants Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 21

Courtesy Brooklyn Botanic Garden Saxijraga macnabiana found by early experience to be un­ The slides shown included pictures successful under ordinary border con­ of the rock garden in Brooklyn, during ditions. It was quickly discovered construction and in later years, pict­ that their first requirement was a ures of great interest as the type of porous, gritty soil of great depth, per­ garden there is that of a rocky boulder fect drainage and the necessary cool­ strewn slope. Since this garden is in ness for the roots. Rocks which the a public park, it was necessary that beginner may consider as mere stage the construction be on a large scale settings have a far more important with bold mass plantings and larger role. They obviously assist in the paths through the whole than might drainage and provide the desired cool be needed in an amateur's garden. root run for the plants that spread The rocks available for this construc­ their roots out under the stones. The tion were not considered ideal since other points less understood are that they are somewhat too uniformly water the rocks should be throughout the worn and are of a type that is not espe­ entire mass of the soil so that they cially absorptive of water, but there, assist in the deeper drainage of the as in many cases, it was necessary to garden; that the soil should not be too use the material available. rich, a condition which ruins the health Other types of rock gardening that of the plants and causes them to over­ were illustrated by slides, Mr. Free grow the beautiful small scale of their characterized as of the "ravine" type mountain homes. in which an artificial ravine was created 22 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928 by excavating and the earth from the A group of saxifrages followed: the digging used with specially constructed amazing Saxifraga cotyledon with its rockwork to build up the sides. Sev­ precisely formal rosettes of narrow eral slides illustrating this form showed leaves growing in the crevices of a scenes from the Hanbury rock garden vertical rock face and throwing down at Brockhurst, Sussex, England. Also its pendent sprays of white bloom; S. slides were shown of the famous rock cochlearis, with smaller upright stalks garden of the late Sir Frank Crisp at of flowers; the mossy saxifrages, with Henly-on-Thames, near London, Eng­ their tufts of delicate leaves and land. This garden which represents starry upright blooms; S. macnabiana, the unstinted enthusiasms of a wealthy which is a name covering many gar­ Briton, is perhaps one of the most den hybrids of the Euaeizoon group; famous in the world, as it is on a huge and finally the autumn-flowering S. scale with an enormous amount of fortunei from Japan which resembles rock work of magnificent proportions. the old-fashioned strawberry geranium In striking contrast is the tiny back­ of our grandmothers, neither a straw­ yard rock garden of the late Reginald berry nor a geranium, but with runners Malby, famed through the garden like the first and rounded leaves like world for his splendid . plant photo­ the second. graphs. This garden, which is but 30 The pinks furnish endless species for by 70 feet, has, of course, little to offer the rock garden, but all rank growing in the way of landscape effects, or forms should be avoided, and such simulations of alpine scenery, but it delicate beauties as Dianthus neglectus, does furnish proof that within a very which was illustrated, should be cher­ limited area, the enthusiastic gardener ished. It is easiest to raise such plants can accomplish the successful growth of from seed. Then if one selects the an astonishing number of alpine species. best forms and ruthlessly pulls out all Other gardens shown were those of inferior plants, a stock of fine flowers Miss Wilhnott, famed through all the will be secured. horticultural world, the garden at Chil­ The familiar Saponaria ocymoides derly Hall, which is not a pUl'e rock makes a fine easy plant for the rock garden type, but employs with the garden but in our climate should be rockwork a certain amount of dry wall renewed occasionally by fresh plants gardening, pavement planting and from seed, a practice to be applied to combinations with perennial borders; many alpines. the rock garden at Aldenham House, Gypsophila cerastioides is utterly in which the rockwork is against build­ unlike the familiar gypsophila of the ings, a rather unfortunate location, in perennial border as it is scarcely 3 that there is too harsh a contrast be­ inches high, forming mats of close tween the informal rocks and the very rosettes of fine foliage with starry formal architecture. white flowers over the carpet. Of Of the endless list of plants that may larger growth is the more familiar be grown in rock gardens, omitting all G. repens, and even larger, and there­ such easy things as the alyssums ara­ fore more valuable for the larger rock bis, aubretias, phlox and the like: Mr. garden, is its variety monstTOsa. Free showed two sets, those whi.ch are Beside the familiar and over planted relatively easy and those which are Iberis sempervirens, one should learn more or less cultural triumphs for their the more delicate and refined Ibm'is owners. saxatilis, a minute candytuft of lime­ The first slide showed the charming stone hills from the Pyrenees to Anemone pulsatilla, a relative of our Sicily. native Pasque flower, not a rock plant Other easy plants are the semper­ but one in scale with rockwork and vivums, especially the delicate Sempm'­ thriving under such conditions. vivum arachnoideum, with its cobwebs; Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 23

Courtes y Brooklyn Botanic Garden Mossy Saxifrages the romantic but not too lovely In the rock garden there is room also edelweiss, which should be raised for such bulbs as the autumn crocuses, from seed and kept starved to beauty; which spear through light mats of the lovely campanula-like Nierem­ trailing foliage in the autumn, adding bergia rivuZaris; all the sun roses or bloom to the dullest season in the helianthemums; th€ sometimes too rock garden and displaying themselves spreading aster " Mauve Cushion"; . to advantage against the protecting all the familiar smaller campanulas, sheet of foliage. especially C. portenschlagiana, rotundi­ There are of course no limits to folia and carpatica with its many the plarits for tne gardener who desires forms and color variations; the de­ difficulties, but among those shown lightful s€apinks or thrifts and their were the exquisite Anemone vernalis kin the acantholimons, especially A. which Reginald Farrer describes with venustum rather than the more com­ great enthusiasm; the tiny Campanula mon glumaceum; the lovely Gentiana allioni with its great goblets borne septemjida, as a solace for the more on tiny stems, close to the ground; lovely but more difficult acaulis; and Arenaria balearica, which furnishes a many more that can not be named. most delicate carpet of green for An annual, M esembryanthemum rock and moraine; the ramondia with tricolor and Anthirrhinum asarina, Mr. its fine rosettes of leaves and nodding Free recommended for use in covering violet flowers; a host of saxifrages; bare spots in the rock garden where Ranunculus montanus, a delicate moun­ early foliage or flowers had gone by. tain buttercup; Primula maTginata, 24 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

only one of a myriad primroses, flower­ deep, with perfect drainage from ing well in a rocky ledge; A rmeria beneath, filled with a soil mixture caespitosa, unbelievably delicate as composed of one part sand, one part compared with its coarser brethren; leaf soil and five parts of finely crushed Asperula suberosa, a difficult beauty stone. The plants are planted in this whose woolly leaves make trouble in spite of the fact that it appears to in winter; Anemone blanda, not so be almost entirely stone, and after­ hard and very lovely in shady spots, wards in the case of woolly leaved with delicate nodding flowers of white plants, a further mulch of crushed and pale lavender; Cytisus kewensis, rock is added! For such places the a hybrid broom of small scale with water supply must be carefully man­ spreading fountain-like growth and aged, for while the inhabitants demand hundred of small creamy white flowers; perfect drainage, they will not toler­ and finally, Schizocodon soldanelloides, ate any dryness. a remarkably lovely plant from Japan, For the beginner in this country the suggesting our native Shortia, with books of Mrs. Wilder were recom­ enough of beauty to atone for its mended. For the advanced worker, terrific name and the difficulty of its the books of the late Reginald Farrer, culture. particularly "The English Rock Gar­ As an aside in the discussion, Mr. den," will prove an endless inspiration Free spoke of the use of the so-called and delight leading on from one diffi­ moraine, which proves an ideal home culty to another, each welcomed and for some of the more difficult alpines. embraced in its turn by the enthusi­ This is an excavation, about two feet astic rock gardener.

Grapes

Mr. E. C. Powell, whose family has Delaware and Catawba were the fool­ been identified with fruit growing proof sorts for the beginner and for the matters, addressed recently the so­ most part were the commercial varie­ ciety on the subject of grapes, the ties in spite of the fact that some, like fruit which he feels offers as large and Moore Early particularly and Con­ as varied a reward to the home grower cord, were not of the highest quality. as any other, since in a minimum of After these the amateur will begin space and with a minimum of effort the to cast about for new flavors and types home gardener can have a variety of to satisfy the collector's interest or flavors, a long season of fruiting and even the gourmand's taste in this in­ an easy routine of cultivation. There stance! The varieties that follow are are sorts to be chosen specially for some that should come to the atten­ use in all climates from Canada to the tion of any grower. tropics and for all soils imaginable, Delaware should head the list for from sandy gravel to heavy clays. color, flavor, aroma and hardiness, To be sure, like any other plant, the but is a small vine with small bunches grape does best of all in a soil to its and rather slow growth. liking, a deep, loose, moderately moist Brilliant, resulting from a cross of soil. Lindley x Delaware, shows color and Passing almost at once to a discus­ size like its first parent but in all other sion of varieties, Mr. Powell reported respects resembles Delaware, and in that Moore Early, Concord, Niagara, spite of unfavorable first reports should Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 25 be valuable. Same season of ripening Downing, originated by J. H .. Rick­ as Delaware. etts at Newburg, N. Y. At the Brighton is superior in N ew York Maryland Experiment Station it makes State. This is a vinifera x labrusca a large bunch that will keep till hybrid with Diana, Hamburg repre­ February. senting the vinifera blood and Concord Eumelan is a sort not often met, but the labrusca. is above the average in all points for Captivator is a red grape, one of the home use. It ripens early but will Munson hybrids ripening early with keep well. Delaware and Brilliant. Niagara, of all the white grapes, is Catawba is a southern grape, origi­ the best known and most widely culti­ nated in 1823 by John Adam of the vated. It is a seedling of Concord. District of Columbia. It is too late Diamond is better in quality but is in the North where it would be im­ a little less productive than Niagara. pOl'tant if it could be gotten to ripen It is early, hardy and vigorous. with Concord. In the South it is Duchess grows well and anywhere,' more useful as it will keep late, even not particular as to soil. to Christmas if stored cool. For its Lady is the best Concord seedling, best quality it must be well matured. making a small compact bunch, but Diana, a seedling from Catawba, the skin of the berries cracks easily, is excellent when in good condition, but especially in wet weather. it is likely to ripen unevenly, especially Winchell or Green Mountain is the when young. It has a delicate flavor best early white of good quality, mak­ and is two weeks earlier than its parent. ing small, heavily shouldered bunches. Iona, which was formerly raised The "Roger's Hybrids" were pro­ commercially for wine making, rivals duced by E. S. Rogers in Salem, Massa­ the Delaware in quality, combining chusetts, in 1871. He pollinated Car­ both sweetness and acidity. It makes ter or Mammoth Globe, not now a loose bunch and its berries are un­ grown, with Black Hamburg and even both in size and in ripening. It White Chasselas. Forty-five vines were prefers a dry, sandy or gravelly clay. saved which were very uniform in Moyer is the earliest sort to ripen their good and poor qualities, the good ·here, being edible even if not fully ma­ predominating. N one were discarded; tured, early in August. Its clusters all were numbered and thirteen named. are poor, however, and it ripens un­ The chief fault came from the fact evenly so that it should not be in­ that the stamens reflexed so that cluded in the first dozen. fertilization was irregular and fruiting Concord is still the most popular of uneven. the black grapes because it ships and Agawam is the onLy one of the lot keeps well. For its best flavor it which is self-fertile and so of commer­ must be fully ripened. Valuable for cial importance. making grape juice. Gaertner (No. 14) and Lindley (No. Worden is excellent for home use, 9) came from the White Chasselas but not valuable for shipping as the cross. When conditions are good, skin cracks easily, especially in wet Girtner is the better, but ordinarily seasons. Lindley is more tolerant. Moore Early is a standard black No.1, Goethe, shows vinifera charac­ grape but not of fine enough quality ters. for home use. Massasoit is one of the earliest and Isabella was the leading black grape should be picked before it is entirely before the advent of Concord. It has ripe on the vine. a thin skin and a rather musky flavor. Salem (No. 22), later No. 53, is a Pierce is a seedling of Isabella with dark red fruit not always true in the better quality and larger in size. trade. 26 THE NAJ'IONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

Wilder (No.4) is black, nearest of good growth is made the first season, the lot to Black Hamburg. cut off the shoot at the top wire, but if Barry (No. 43) is the latest keeper in not, cut it all back to three eyes to New York, lasting even till February. induce the formation of a straight, Herbert (No. 44) is better than strong stem. Rub off all the side

Barry, which it resembles. Hedrick I branches except where you want them. considers it near perfection for a In building arbors, use either cedar table grape. or locust posts ten to eleven feet in No. 32 is a' rich dark red, a good height or galvanized pipe, ten feet keeper, even better than Agawam. high with three feet under ground. The Munson varieties are essen­ Set the posts first and then plant vines. tially grapes for the South and South­ The trellis itself need not be built until west. Some, like Brilliant and Capti­ the next season. There should be vator, are satisfactory in the North. two vines between each post. The Grapes are propagated either by Munson trellis, which is aT-shaped cuttings or grafts. The former are trellis bearing three parallel wires made in lengths with 2 to 4 eyes, in the across its top on cross arms two feet fall, tied in bundles, buried in the soil long is the best sort to use. or in a cool cellar and lined out in the Pruning should be practised in late nursery rows in the spring. In two winter, before there is any danger years they should be good vines. from bleeding and should be supple­ Layers are occasionally used, laying mented by summer pruning of the down a one-year branch which will fruiting branches, pinching them off root in one year and be ready for at the third leaf beyond the last cluster moving the second. Grafting is used of fruit. Every branch should be as a protection against phylloxera, carefully tied and trained into position. which will destroy own-root vinifera The winter pruning will determine the varieties. Riparia stocks are used location and direction of the new for these sorts. A cleft graft is used growths that are to bear the summer on the stock, which is cut off close to crop. the ground and allowed to bleed two Arsenate of lead is used as an in­ or three days before the scions are in­ secticide spray one week before the serted. These should have two eyes. blossoms open, and two weeks later They are not waxed but the union is spray again, adding nicotine sulfate covered with earth. The scions, how­ and resin or fish-oil soap. Ten days ever, should not be allowed to form later give a spray with Bordeaux mix­ roots of their own later in the season ture and repeat in two weeks to pro­ after the union has been made. tect from black rot and mildew. If plants are purchased they should Another spraying about two weeks be two years old. Plant them eight later is advisable where these fungous to ten feet apart in the rows with the troubles are prevalent. rows six to eight feet apart. On ar­ bors there should be at least six feet distance each way. In planting, short­ WINTERsWEET.-This shrub is one en the roots and cut back the top to of the many plants that are" hardy as two or three eyes. Dig a broad hole far north as Washington." Probably and spread out the roots horizontally it would survive further north in shel­ so they will feed in the upper six to tered places. At any rate it is worth twelve inches of soil. Do not inter­ growing in the South, where light crop. Stake at planting time in order frosts will not injure its delightfully immediately to secure a straight stem scented yellow flowers that come in which will bear a good top. If a November and December. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 27

A BOOK OR TWO sented and not only covers the field of plant {naterial but gives ~ertinent ad­ "The Spirit of the Garden," by vice on purchasing, plantmg, mamte­ Martha Brookes Hutcheson, should nance, pruning and general care. 1 be read by every garden maker, no "Iris in the Little Garden." Among matter how humble his plot or how the many delightful books and papers limited his materials. While the gar­ that have appeared in praise of the dens that are used to illustrate the iris surely this book, from the hand book, to enforce the vivid text, are for and garden of Mrs. McKinney, will the most part gardens on a rather pre­ find a special place in the heart and tentious scale, they are used not to affections of its readers. In it there display their charms, which 8:re many is that happy blending of fact and and varied so much as to drIve home fancy which does not obscure or al~er by repeated example the essentials of the first nor weight the second WIth garden planning with which the author unreasonino- masses of detail. The is concerned. In discussing garden book is the°fruit of ripe experience and design it is difficult to present to ~he outlines all the steps in growing and non-professional reader the essentIals collecting the important species of this in such a form that he will grasp them, plant. There are lists for the cautious for his knowledge usually comes from and invit.ations for the adventurous; the field of plant materials. In the specific instructions for cultivatio.n, present text this is happily avoided battles against insect enemy and dIS­ for there is really very little of plant ease; suggestions as to calend~rs ?f material discussed, and yet by the use bloom and of work; hints for clImatIC of many illustrations the beginner who variations and for garden arrange­ is familiar with plants does not feel ments in general; a short c~apter on remoteness from the part of gardening hybridization for the enthUSIast and a with which he is familiar and so is in shorter bibliography for the stude.nt. a happier frame. of mind to press on We are to be complimented on havmg to the consideration of the more struc­ such a book for our shelves, and Mrs. tural phases of garden design. McKinney is to be acclaimed for .hav­ The chapters include: The Flower ing made it so expertly and delIght­ Garden, The Importance of Axis, The fully.3 Use of the Hedge, Arbors and Gate­ ways, Greenhouses, and Water in the Garden.' . Some one should make a collection {(Shrubs." ByF. F. Rockwell. This of all the tints that can be found among small volume, one of the Home Garden the crepe myrtles. For safety, nur­ Handbook series published by Mac­ serymen usually offer ~~ly white pink, millan Company, should prove of great deep pink and red or CrImson. If one value to the amateur who is learning looks about, he will discover many of to o'arden, and especially to the ama­ the maligned lavenders and ma&enta~, teu~ who is confnmted with the prob­ which are really very beautiful If lem of laying out his home grounds. kept away from their more brilliant It is designed "to be used with your neighbors. There are many grada­ seed , bulb and nursery catalogs.". tions of pink which might also be This advice should hearten the verIest saved to the greater enrichment of beginner. It is clearly and lucidly pre- southern gardens. 'Hutcheson, Martha Brookes. The Spirit 2Rockwell, F. F. Shrubs. The Macmillan of the Garden. An Atlantic Monthly Press Company, New York. 1927.. . . 3McKinney, Ella Porter. Ins In The Little Publication. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, Garden. An Atlantic Monthly Press Pubh­ 1927. cation. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 1927. 28 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

lAlian A. Guernsey [ See page 26 1 Winters weet Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 29

The Gardener's Pocket Book In every magazine there are the end­ ground roots and bearing small spikes less small items that are too small to of not conspicuous flowers in mid­ dignify with titles of their own, and summer, followed by a few rather the spacing that such treatment would brilliant blue berries. According to require, which, nevertheless, are of Bailey's Cyclopedia it is much used value to other workers. Last year as a ground cover in Italy and south­ very carelessly we gathered these to­ ern France, as well as California, but gether under the heading "Garden­ surely this is no complete statement of er's Miscellany," not discovering until its range for there are old patches of it we were in print that this was the head­ in the Botanic Garden in Washington. ing used in the bulletins of The Garden Club of America. To Miss Marjorie F. Warner, who GARDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMS has a special interest in historical gar­ Garden chrysan them urns have proved den books, we owe the suggestion for such a delusion in middle western the title given this month. This, too, gardens, failing to bloom year after is a copy! I t is taken from a book year until freezing weather has set in, published by R. S. in England in 1754, that a majority of gardeners have given in which the author set out "the up trying to grow them with the ex­ Kitchen, Fruit and Flower Garden ception of the faithful N ormandie, Displayed in Alphabetical Order * * * which comes early enough to be relied with many curious Hints toward the upon. And then comes a favorable Improvements of Trees, Fruits and fall and there is great regret that they Flowers." His book, like our depart­ have been thrown away. ment, is filled with many small bits There are very few of the listed not all in alphabetical order nor of hardy chrysanthemums that can be equal importance. It, too, is a slim relied upon to come into bloom much affair, a state that often characterizes before November, and those listed as garden pocket books, but which can coming into bloom October 15 are not be obviated in part, at least, if our dated for the latitude of the middle members will send in the items that western States. However, there are make the harvest of their garden years. now listed early flowering strains from seed which may be grown as annuals GROUND COVERS with much success. One of these When one is driven to search for a offered by Barr & Sons, of London, has ground cover that will simulate grass, proved altogether successful in pro­ the usual survey of periwinkle, pachy­ ducing plenty of chrysanthemums in sandra and ivy is not very satis­ time to elude the freezes. factory, for even when these form wide The difficulty with this strain is stretches they do not present a grass­ that in its second year it insists on like sward. There is a small Japanese blooming too soon, budding in July, plant, however, that should have a and despite pinching it will start general trial, to discover the limits of blooming in August, and by the time its hardiness, which then might be late September and October have ar­ added to the list of evergreen ground rived the best of its bloom has gone, covers. It bears the rather appalling coming at a season when it isn't par­ name of Ophiopogon japonicus and is ticularly desired and in competition not much in the trade in this country. with the perennial asters which are It is a tufted grass-like plant, spread­ sufficient for garden display during ing slowly and compactly by under- September. 30 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

The old-fashioned yellow, which has stalks crowned with delightfully no other name that I know of and scented flowers at the foot of a warm which has survived for years, is as terrace. This lovely plant was first hardy as an oak apparently and this learned in California, where the climate year was seen blooming with great is so much to its liking that it forms freedom. The old" artemisia," a dingy with age great clumps from which rise rose purple, also has been much in evi­ veritable sheaves of bloom. dence. There are many color variations, but The Lilian Doty type this year had in all the base of the petals is white, a chance, the first time in five years it more or less deeply flushed with the has managed to get into bloom. It rosy pink that comes down from the is well worth giving a place in the gar­ tips, a pink of singular quality and den on the off chance of a favorable clarity, tending neither to lavender nor fall. to yellow. The early flowered seedlings are a The scent is delightful, sweet and solution of the chrysanthemum prob­ pungent, as befits an exotic beauty. lem, starting them in March. They The bulbs have been out of doors have given very satisfactory bloom and now for four years, planted deeply at the singles have been unusually good. the base of a rough bank. The leaves s. R. DUFFY. push up early in the spring and should be protected from late frosts by a pine AMARYLLIDS bough or two. Escaping this mis­ fortune they grow vigorously until mid­ Among the many pleasures of this June and then die away completely, season has been the flowering of several so that the flower stalks of September plants of the amaryllis family which shoot up from the bare earth, fat red are now established in the garden and stems crowned with a shining red appear to be content even in this cli­ sheath, from which finally burst the mate. starry trumpets of pink and white. From Virginia were sent a handful Related to these but not yet planted of bulbs of Sternbergia lutea. Planted out of doors, are some bulbs of Nerine promptly in early autumn, they soon samiensis. These like the sternbergia sent up their clusters of dark green have the custom of making an autumn leaves which looked as tender as those growth of leaves which remains through of any amaryllid but which survived the winter, but after that they follow all the freezes and thawings of our the customs of the amaryllis and winter. The second season, however, abandon their foliage in June to pro­ when new roots had been made and the duce flower stems in autumn. So far bulbs had recovered from their journey­ my bulbs have been kept in a pit where ing, autumn found much more vigor­ they have had freezing temperatures, ous tufts of foliage and from each one not enough to hurt the foliage, but or two stalks, about six inches high, enough I fancy to check their flowering. bearing a flower about the size and Some one in the South should make general shape of a large crocus. The these nerines his adventure, for the striking thing about these flowers is family has been widely developed their amazingly brilliant yellow color, abroad and the English lists have a which is enlivened by the same satiny prodigious number of named varieties gloss that gives the common buttercup in every hue from pure and tinted its brilliance. Planted near broad whites to deep crimsons and blazing leaved evergreens with dark leaves like scarlets. The flowers themselves have box or aucuba, or with the darker yews a singular charm with the revolute the effect is startlingly shining. petals and the long stamens and pistil Flowering earlier by a week or so, shooting far out as in our native Amaryllis belladonna lifts its naked azaleas or the old-fashioned fuschia. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 31

Indeed some one in the South should less will be requisitioned by the rock investigate all the amaryllids, except, gardeners for their paradises. perhaps, the immense hippeastrums, B. Y. M. so gorgeously displayed in very early spring. Surely there are other crinums VEGETABLES than the milk and wine lily of Florida which would grace the gardens there, Late summer and fall shows have for even here Crinum Powelli is hardy evidenced a decided revival of interest in a well drained, warm soil and there in home vegetable growing, one of the are far more showy plants in the family most healthful of horticultural signs. than this. Such investigations might Vegetables of unusually high quality, well be encouraged by the paper so fine that they attracted a full share written by Sir William Lawrence in of attention in competition with the The Journal of The Royal Horticul­ display of flowers, were frequent. tural Society (Vol. LII, part 2) in The revival is rather natural following which there is a general garden review a reaction after the war garden propa- . of the order and the most interesting ganda which developed more vegetable suggestion of some of the lines of gardeners than were ever known be­ intergeneric hybrids than can be had fore in world history. between many of the well known Those who proved poor gardeners species. In fact this family is one of were glad to drop the effort at the the few conspicuous examples in which first opportunity. Others gave up as intergeneric hybrids may be obtained. they found it took too much of leisure In California, there has recently time from other pursuits, but there was been offered a cross between Amaryllis a very substantial gain after all the belladonna and Crinum M oorei de­ desertions from the ranks. One fact veloped by Howard and Smith which was learned which has been brought should serve as an inspiration for home and is the basis of the revived other workers in this field. B. Y. M. interest,-that is the impossibility of getting as high quality vegetables in CHINESE ONIONS the market as can be produced in the home garden, due to the fact that the Among the interesting new p~ants exigencies of transportation and stor­ that flowered from seed this season age until sold make it impossible to re­ are two small onions from China. tain their fine freshness even with the They are still too small to know just best of care and most up-to-date cold how they will appear in the gardens storage facilities. when they are established clumps, but The reason for growing home vege­ they do show a very distinct and tables is quality. Th~re is little actual pleasant variation from the other saving in cash, if any, if time is figured alliums. Allium yunnanense has been on a money basis, but the quality of entirely deciduous so far but makes freshly gathered vegetables can not be small tufts of typical garlic-like foliage bought over the counter and rarely and bears small umbels of erect, rather from the itinerant huckster with his large pure white flowers. It is far less own garden. charming, however, than its relative The two vegetables that must be from Sikkim, which has nodding heads grown at home to realize the best of small flowers of a delicate, clear, quality are peas and sweet corn, and blue lavender. If this can be induced many gardeners are specializing in to become even one-half as robust and these two and letting the rest go, as it vigorous as some of the other garlics, is too much trouble to grow string even as the rather decorative chives, beans which are in the market the year it should be a very fine addition to the round, as are also cabbage, spinach, small plants of the border and doubt- young onions, radishes and lettuce. 32 'I:HE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

I t is a real art to develop a fine head COLD GREENHOUSES. lettuce in the home garden and the market always has them. The idea of a frost free but yet un­ The pea now offers a wide diversity heated winter house even better than of choice and the vegetable gardener that in which the nerines now live is usually grows several varieties, start­ one with which to conjure. In the ing with the earliest hardy smooth­ oldest days, the frost-free houses seeded varieties and following with the served to carryover plants from one extra fine quality wrinkled sorts which summer to another without so much English experts have developed in a thought for forcing them into unnatural wide range, and finishing with tall seasons of bloom. With the improve­ brush peas for the late crop. ment of heating systems and of glaz­ The old-fashioned method of sowing ing, the idea of having flowers' in the peas thickly so that the plants bloom every month has run away with were touching in the rows has been all other phases of winter gardening. abandoned by the more up-to-date The writer looks forward to the day gardeners although it still prevails in when he can have a house which will the great majority of gardens. It is a approximate in service some of the waste of seed and does not give the old orangeries, but there will be no crop that the thinner seeding, letting oranges in his house, rather huge tubs the plants stand two inches apart, of rhododendrons, the more tender furnishes. Eight pods to a plant is a sorts that will not survive our winters big crop. Three or four is the most with their brilliant sunlight. In this ever harvested from thick planting. way it may be possible to secure pollen There will be a great deal of pea to cross with some of the hardy forms planting this year. and it might be which we can have out of doors but recorded here that the dwarf peas, which lack some of the brilliance of usually allowed to go unsupported, will the more tender species. give much better account of themselves Against that time, some small seed­ if furnished narrow width poultry lings of RhododendTon aTboTeum, a fencing to support them. It is also species which has furnished much of an economy of space in the small gar­ the brilliant red color of some of the den, leaving room between the rows hardy catawbiense hybrids, have lived for early crops of radishes 01' young happily through three winters in a onions, or to set out tomato plants to deep pit roofed over with hotbed sash. occupy the space when the peas have Here they are frozen each winter but passed their season. the rigor of freezing is lightened by For late season gardens, lima beans lath shades overhead which break the are a luxury crop, always high priced strength of the winter sun. in the market and never plentiful. For neighbors they have had in­ It is a fine home garden crop. The numerable Kurume azaleas, both named pole limas are the more satisfactory, sorts and seedlings raised from com­ give a larger crop and over a longer mercial seed . Here these plants are season Carpinteria. is a favorite unbelievably happy and come into variety. The bush limas need plenty flower a little ahead of the season, of room and double or triple the crop their flowers fading, just as the plants can be realized from pole beans in the of Kampfer's azalea open out of doors. same space that the bush beans would This makes them even earlier than the require. blooming of the familiar Hinodegiri The perennial caution about lima and its relatives. After flowering beans is that they must be planted eye the plants should be repotted if neces­ down and shouldn't be planted until sary, the tops trimmed a little to the ground is warm. stimulate growth and the develop­ S. R. DUFFY. ment of new wood. It is most im- Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 33 perative that pruning should be done frost and hang brown and shrivelled at this time, for if it is postponed until through the autumn. B. Y. M. later in the summer a vigorous growth of non-flowering wood is all that will RASPBERRIES result. When the weather is settled the plants can be bedded out of doors Many a housewife paid her garden­ in semi-shade, but not in shade, since ing expenses last season from her they like sunlight. They can be raspberry patch. It was a fine season taken from the pots or the pots sunk for berries in many sections, particu­ to the rim in the soil. The essential larly for red raspberries and there thing to watch is that there should be were none left to go to waste. A red an even water supply and abundant raspberry patch is one of the easy food. B. Y. M. possibilities even on the small place, where they can be grown in a row BARBERRIES. along the back fence with a minimum of space and a liberal crop of berries The long and fairly frost-free au­ over a long season. tunm has given some of the bar­ There are many failures to realize berries from China a wonderful op­ on raspberries because they are re­ portunity to develop their fruits with­ garded as too easy and the roots of out injury. Berberis wilsonae, sub­ new bushes are chucked into the ground caulialata, aggregata, polyantha and with the roots doubled up and left to their allies all have small berries with shift for themselves. They take hold a very thin skin of translucent quality slowly with this careless handling and so that the sap that fills them is lit it will be some time before there are by the sun shining through. The good crops. The raspberry has a berries start out a delicate pearly dual root system, a spreading fibrous green color and are first tinted to rose system that extends close to the sur­ and_ then to red ~s the weather grows face, within six inches of the top, and a colder, but one severe frost will ruin few tap roots that strike fairly deep. their beauty and leave the shining If strong, thrifty canes bearing fruits shrivelled and dull. As com­ liberal quantities of berries are de­ pared with the thick-skinned berries of sired and vigorous' enough to with­ the Japanese or the common bar­ stand drought, plant carefully spread­ berries these have a very transient ing out the fibrous roots, and firming beallty, usually so injured by frost the soil after planting. They want that except for the South all these good, rich soil, plenty of sun, and species are more valuable for their liberal moisture in the early part of foliage and habits of growth than for the season. Plant the canes two feet the fruiting or the somewhat incon­ apart, three would be even better, spicuous flowers of midsummer. and cut the canes back when they are This same transitory beauty charac­ set out. The object the first year is terizes the fruits of Berberis vemae. to produce good canes for next year's This shrub is rather unattractive in crop. There will be no first year crop. the earliest years of its life, but when it As the great majority of the feeding comes into maturity its arching roots of the raspberry FI.re close to the branches have great beauty and in mid­ surface it is a plant that benefits summer are transformed by the myriad greatly by mulching with stable ma­ clusters of small round berries, just nure or synthetic manure or by the the color of old coral, so much re­ application ' of commercial fertilizer sembling it, that one thinks of the old to the surface. It should not be jewelry in which coral clusters of . cultivated deeply, a better plan being grapes hung in earrings and brooches. to let a mulch keep down the weeds But these fruits perish long before during summer. 34 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928

Thin shoots should always be re­ among them being soongarica, and moved and the fruiting canes should hupehensis. These shrubs seem to be cut out as soon as done bearing. like a rather dry situation and are s. R. DUFFY. neat and attractive all se.ason. The old high bush cranberry outdid FALL COLOR itself with its wealth of scarlet clusters, and a new yellow fruited variety is now There will undoubtedly be an un­ in commerce to add to the display. usual amount of ordering of berried There is much trouble in inducing shrubs this spring as a result of the the burning bushes, euonymuses, to beautiful displays which the late fall fruit. Apparently they take their of 1927 made possible, and among time about it, and the native burning them is likely to be a decided revival bush, E. atTopU1'pureus, is one of the in planting of an old favorite that worst of the lot. Many gardeners during the present generation has have planted these shrubs only to find largely disappeared, although twenty that they bloom each year but do not years ago it was a favorite tree in door form fruit. Their relative, the bitter­ yards. This is the mountain ash, sweet, celastrus, does not bear per­ Pyrus aucupaTia, with its great clus­ fect flowers and vines of both sexes ters of orange berries and handsome must be planted to insure fruiting, but pinnate foliage. The few mountain the burning bushes apparently have ash trees remaining aroused much ad­ perfect flowers and the presence of miration this fall as they drooped with several bushes does not seem to pro­ their handsome clusters of fiery fruit. duce any effect. There is a legend It was a remarkable season for that they must reach a certain age brilliant fruit display. The thorns before fruiting, but what that age may burned in the woods with their loads be I have no idea. I have had a of crimson to orange miniature apples. thicket of wahoo for years which is The bittersweet wreathed the hedge­ covered with its tiny four-cornered rows and fences 'in the country with dingy purple stars each year, but never its brilliant berries. and the Wahoos or an eardrop in the fall. The winged burning bushes, euonmyus, with their burning bush, E. \ alatus, with pe­ rosy ear drops ~re brilliant spots in culiar corky growths upon the branches, the landscape. seems a more certain fruiter, but it The Japanese barberries and the does not fruit as freely as the native new red-leaved variety took on un­ or the European burning bushes when usual brilliance, and the cotoneasters, they fruit. or quince berries, which are slowly In the perennial garden the scarlet making their way in popularity with ground cherry or Chinese lantern plant, their crimson leaves and wreathes of Physalis Franchetti and alkegeni, with red berries, aroused much admiration. their scarlet husks so valued for winter These are unusually handsome shrubs bouquets, make a brilliant late fall and worth a place in every garden. display. This is a very easy plant to The variety divaricata is most gen­ grow, but it is an inveterate spreader by erally planted, and with its fine, glossy underground stems and should be foliage and its tiny rosy bloom looks placed carefully. like embroidery when used as a decOl'a­ The witch hazels in the woods with tion for tables. The fiat fronds which their great sheets of golden yellow its peculiar style of branching, dichot­ have been an encouragement to move omy, produces are unusually effective them into the garden. They are well when cut. worth it and peculiarly valuable be­ There are a number of varieties, cause they will grow in shade and not all hardy, however, which furnish underneath the branches of trees. a wealth of beauty in the fall, notable s. R. DUFFY. Jan. 1928 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 35

MEMBERS ATTENTION If every member will make it his personal business GARDEN TALKS to secure ONE new member for 1928, very obviously our membership will be doubled! The increased income, however, will more than double the op­ portunity for enlarging the magazine and for mak­ ing it more valuable as an advertising medium. We begin the year with 36 pages and 10 illustra­ Noted European Gardens Here and There. tions; with your help we can close the year with 64 pages and 25 illustrations. Will you do it? As New York State Gardens of Yesterday and a special inducement to NEW members, we will Today. offer FREE until April first, copies of our bul­ letins Nos. 2, 3 and 4. Who will be. first? Illustrated with many rare hand-colored slides.

Success and failure in the Garden. DAHLIAS GLADS Notes from my own garden note book. IRIS PEONIES Putting the Garden to Sleep. Grower, Breeder, Importer The Growth and D evelopment of Garden of the better varieties Clubs in America. Making the Most of the Little Garden. 30 Prizes Illustrated, hand-colored slides. on Dahlias at the big Washington Show ALTHA HALL GARDENS 445 Arlington Ave., Clarendon, Va. MRS. J OHN WALTON PARIS Phone, Clarendon 214 FLUSHING, NEW YORK Catalog on j'equest

WINTER ADDRESS 8 E AST 37TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY THE W. B. SHAW AQUATIC GARDENS Superior Gladiolus KENILWORTH Standards and Novelties WASHINGTON, D. C. Ask fOT Catalog Waterlilies for Your Garden Some of the novelties being offered include Cloudland, Peppermint Candy, Hortense, -add a new note of interest­ Smoky, Martha, Locarno, John Henry, and are easy to grow. Squire Ulmer, Oh Min, Fay Lanphier, Hub­ 75 Varieties bard, Ballston, Everill and a number of others, priced from 50c. per bulb and up­ Hardy lilies may be planted from early Spring none too expensive. thru August-tender lilies Plant Gladiolus for cut flowers and for gar­ in May and June. den decoration. They come in various forms FLOWERS the first and many beautiful colors, and for ease of summer culture are not excelled by any other flower. Other AQUATICS Also CHAS. E. F. GERSDORFF 1825 North Capitol Street WASHINGTON, D. C. 36 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Jan. 1928- Broad-Leaved Flowering Evergreen Shrubs Select Stock collected by careful, experienced labor RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM-12 to 18 inches-25 for $3 .50-100 for $12.00. 2Yz to 4 feet-25 for $6.00-100 for $22.50. . MOUNTAIN LAUREL, commonly known as Kalmias-18 to 24 inches-25 for $4.00-100 for $15.00. 2Yz to 4 feet-25 for $6.00-100 for $22.50. LITTLE EVERGREEN TREES. J UN IPER VIRGINIAN A-Red Cedar-lYz to 2Yz feet-25 for $4.00-100 for $15.00. CANADIAN HEMLO CK-I Yz to 2 feet-25 for $3.50-100 for $12.00. FIRST CLASS STOCK WELL PACKED FOR SHIPMENT.

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When in need of stock, please remember WILLIAM R. McGUIRE, the Rhododendron'Man DOEVILLE, TENNESSEE

Hundreds of flower-loving folks are using the Up-To-Date Flower Markers in their gardens. Don't have your friends dis­ appointed when they visit your flower garden or yard, and do not find the name of flowers or shrubs. 1 ote illustration show­ ing how they are used. Made of both galvanized and zinc metal, measuring nine inches long, with oval top lYz inches wide and 3 inches long. The cost of these flower m arkers is so small we will deliver to you by parcel post prepaid: 100 No. 22-20 9-inch Galv. Metal Flower Markers, $3.50 100 No. 22- 21 9- inch Zinc Metal Flower Markers, 5.50 We will furnish copy of formula for special metal ink, no charge, or can send an ounce bottle for fifty cents. MIT-SHEL STAMPING MFG. CO. QUINCY, ILLINOIS

Peyton's Peerless .. Perennials and Roses PEONIES CHOICE VARIETIES GEORGE W. PEYTON GARDEN SUPPLY COMPANY WINDY HILL GARDENS Ballston, Virginia RAPIDAN, VIRGINIA Catalog on req1test Catalog on request Members please menntion The National Horticultural Magazine in writing to advertisers. The American Horticultural Society A Union oj The National Horticultural Society and The American Horticultural Society

The Society publishes The National Horticultural Magazine, a quarterly journal issued in January, April, July and October to all its members. It publishes special bulletins from time to time as material warrants special issues. Former bulletins of the Society may be secured from the secretary as long as copies are available. Number 1. The Effect of Aluminum Sulphate on Rhododendron Seed­ lings, by Frederick V. Coville ...... $1.00 Number 2. Roses for America, by F. L. Mulford ...... 50 Number 3. Insect Pests of Our Garden Plants and Their Control, by C. A. Weigel ...... 50 Number 4. Soil Reaction in Relation to Horticulture, by Edgar T. Wherry ...... 50

CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP: Annual Members.-Persons who are interested in any branch of horticulture who shall pay annual dues of three dollars. Affiliated Members.-Horticultural societies, garden clubs, societies devoted to special interests, or other local or district organizations interested in horti­ culture may become affiliated members. Any organization eligible for affiliation shall make application to the Board of Directors, who shall act upon it. An affiliated member shall pay annual dues of $3.00 and shall be entitled to the same benefits and privileges as an annual member, including one copy of all publica­ tions. Additional copies of publications will be furnished at the rate of $2.00 per year. All publications for an affiliated member shall be sent to one address. Life Members.- Persons interested in the purposes of the Society, who shall pay one hundred dollars. Patrons.-Persons interested in the objects and aims of the Society who con­ tribute two hundred dollars or more towards its support.

Individuals or Organizations desiring to be admitted to membership in the American Horticultural Society should forward their request and remittance to the Secretary, D. Victor Lumsden, 1629 Columbia Road, Washington, D. C. Checks should be made payable to the American Horticultural Society, The address to which publications and notices are to be mailed should be stated. PRESS OF H. L. & J. B. McQUEEN. INC. WASHINGTON. D. C.