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Glosario Acuático GLOSARIO ACUÁTICO : VOCABLOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES CONCERNIENTES AL MEDIO ACUÁTICO compilado por Críspulo MARRERO GLOSARIO ACUÁTICO: VOCABLOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES CONCERNIENTES AL MEDIO ACUÁTICO GLOSARIO ACUÁTICO: VOCABLOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES CONCERNIENTES AL MEDIO ACUÁTICO compilado por Críspulo MARRERO AQUATIC GLOSSARY: TERMS USED IN WETLANDS STUDIES, AQUATIC ECOLOGY and OTHER ACTIVITIES CONCERNING TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS compiled by Críspulo MARRERO GLOSARIO ACUÁTICO: VOCABLOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES CONCERNIENTES AL MEDIO ACUÁTICO compilado por Críspulo Marrero Programa de Recursos Naturales Renovables Universidad de los Llanos Ezequiel Zamora “UNELLEZ” Guanare estado Portuguesa Venezuela DEPÓSITO LEGAL Nº: PO2018000034 ISBN: 978-980-18-0361-4 Primera edición Noviembre 2018 © Críspulo Marrero 2018 ASISTENCIA EDITORIAL: Corrección, concepto estético, diagramación, montaje y arte final por Folia Naturae Bibliotheca http://editandolibros.wixsite.com.pholianaturae [email protected] Cualquier información sobre el texto (comentarios, observaciones, solicitud de material fotográfico o solicitud de ejemplares) contactar por e-mail: [email protected] Forma sugerida para citar el trabajo: Marrero C. 2018 (Compilador) Glosario acuático: vocablos relacionados con humedales, ecología acuática y otras actividades concernientes al medio acuático. Editor Críspulo Marrero, Guanare, Venezuela. 118 pp. I N M E M O R I A M Eliseo Castellano 1943-2018 Profesor Emérito de la UNELLEZ Lector incansable, guía, fuente de buenas ideas, impulsor tenaz de muchos proyectos editoriales en nuestra institución; y sobre todo, un amigo consecuente y muy crítico CONTENIDO Preámbulo I Agradecimientos II Símbolos y Abreviaciones III Términos y definiciones 1 Referencias 112 P R E Á M B U L O Inicialmente la motivación para elaborar este glosario fue ofrecer, a los estudiantes de la asignatura Humedales de la UNELLEZ, un compendio con aquellos vocablos comúnmente citados en la literatura técnica, en estudios de ese tipo de hábitats. Con el tiempo se amplió el objetivo, y para abarcar un mayor espectro de lectores en ecología acuática, y en general en labores acuáticas, se incluyeron términos de uso cotidiano en esas actividades, pero que usualmente no se refieren en los libros de texto formales. Así mismo se incorporaron “términos no acuáticos”, mencionados en el texto al momento de exponer o definir algún “término acuático”. Además de explicar voces utilizadas en Venezuela, no dejaron de agregarse términos aparecidos en libros o informes técnicos de países de la región, y en general países hispanoparlantes. Para complementar, se tradujeron muchas expresiones de otros idiomas; aunque al respecto vale aclarar que si bien el castellano es extenso y rico, a veces resultó imposible traducir términos técnicos, sin riesgo de distorsionar sus significados más que aclararlos. En esos casos, se conservan las expresiones en los idiomas originales. Esperamos que este modesto aporte sea útil para los estudiosos, o para quienes trabajan en las distintas áreas del medio acuático. Críspulo Marrero Guanare, noviembre de 2018 I Agradecimientos y créditos Esta compilación se inició como parte del material de apoyo docente en la asignatura Humedales, dictado en el Programa Recursos Naturales Renovables del Vice-Rectorado de Producción Agrícola de la UNELLEZ. Se agradecen la contribución de los colegas profesores quienes compartieron el dictado de la asignatura: Thaida Berrío, Alexis Araujo, José Manuel Mendoza y Carlos Díaz. Así mismo, se agradecen las sugerencias de los estudiantes de la asignatura (cohortes 2012-2017). Fotografía de la portada: laguna El Pumar, Parque Nacional Guaramacal, estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Portadilla: compuerta de control de acceso de agua a los canales del sistema de riego en el río Guanare, estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. II Símbolos y abreviaciones ºC grados centígrados cm centímetros d día dL decilitro e base natural logarítmica (2.71828…..) et al. (et alii) y otros etc. etcétera g gramo gal galón h hora ha hectárea (10000 metros2) k kilo (103, como prefijo) kg kilogramo km kilómetro L litro lb libra log logaritmo M Metro mg/m3 Miligramo por metro cúbico mi milla (1.61 km) min minuto pH logaritmo negativo de actividad del ion hidrógeno ppm partes por millón s segundo sic: (del latín sic, 'así') literal o textual sin. sinónimo µ micro 10-6, como prefijo 0 /0 tanto por ciento 0 /00 tanto por mil III C MARRERO 2018 GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES DEL MEDIO ACUÁTICO A abanico aluvial Superficie de configuración semi-radial o cónica, 1 formada por acumulación de materiales finos explayados al pie de una vertiente, cuando corrientes de agua que fluyen rápidamente entran en zonas de menor pendiente, perdiendo velocidad, propiciándose así la decantación masiva de la carga en suspensión. Los conos de deyección, cuya geometría y mecanismos de formación son similares, se distinguen de los abanicos porque están constituidos por cargas de fondo, y consecuentemente los materiales depositados ostentan composición granulométrica, tamaño y peso mayores. abanicos aluviales coalescentes Series de abanicos aluviales formados a lo largo de faldas montañosas, que al superponerse unos con otros pueden dar origen a depósitos intercalados y sistemas de estratificación cruzada. abiogénico No derivado de organismos vivos. abioseston Componentes no vivos del seston (ver términos seston y tripton). abiótico Componentes no vivos del ambiente. ablación Arrastre de materiales de la corteza terrestre efectuado por los ríos, vientos, olas o glaciares. ablación (morrena de) Morrena que arrastra y deposita detritos rocosos sobre la superficie de un terreno. ablación (de arado glacial) El material grueso que se acumula en la superficie de un glaciar derretido. ablación (zona de ablación glaciar) Parte baja de un glaciar donde la pérdida anual de agua excede la acumulación de nieve. GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES DEL MEDIO ACUÁTICO abisal (zona) (1) Estrato profundo de un cuerpo acuático; generalmente se designa así a los ambientes marinos profundos. (2) Profundidad máxima de un lago o del mar. (3) Zona profunda en los océanos o lagos. absorción Toma selectiva de fluidos o de sustancias presentes en 2 una solución. abstracción (1) Remoción permanente del flujo de superficie de un canal en un río. (2) Cambio de dirección de un río presente en una cuenca, con respecto a otra cuenca. acción capilar Fenómeno que se produce cuando la tensión superficial de las partículas en el suelo es lo suficientemente fuerte, como para atraer agua y producir áreas húmedas por encima de los niveles de una mesa de agua. acidez Medida de la concentración del ion hidrógeno (Ver el término pH). acidez moderada (agua de) Agua cuyos valores de pH se mantienen entre 4.5 y 5.5. acidificación Aumento en la acidez en suelos o aguas, causado por un proceso natural, o antrópico. aclimatizar (sinónimo climatizar) (1) Adaptar una especie vegetal o animal a una nueva temperatura, altitud, clima, ambiente o situación. (2) Habituar especies vegetales o animales a ambientes de los cuales éstas no son nativas. acuático Término aplicado a: creciendo en, viviendo en, frecuentando, o perteneciendo al agua. acuiclude Lecho subterráneo poco permeable, o también formación o grupo de formaciones, que después de saturadas impiden el movimiento del agua subterránea, y no permiten flujo de agua libre hacia una fuente o manantial. Sin embargo, un acuiclude suficientemente delgado permite el tránsito desde, o hacia acuíferos adyacentes y constituye así una importante unidad de almacenamiento. GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS RELACIONADOS CON HUMEDALES, ECOLOGÍA ACUÁTICA y OTRAS ACTIVIDADES DEL MEDIO ACUÁTICO ácuico (suelo) Tipo de suelo que de manera continua o periódica está sometido a saturación por agua, y consecuentemente en él es posible verificar reacciones químicas de reducción (modificación de características redomórficas). acuífero (1) Lecho subterráneo o capa de arena, tierra, grava o 3 roca porosa que contiene agua o permite el paso fácil de ésta. (2) Estrato poroso y permeable del subsuelo, susceptible de saturarse y retener agua. (3) Estrato de roca permeable saturado con agua, tal como las areniscas, que se encuentran sobre un estrato de rocas impermeables tales como pizarras, esquistos o lutitas. acuosistema (ver ecosistema acuático) adfluvial (1) Estrategia de historia de vida en la cual los peces adultos desovan en los ríos y los juveniles se mueven allí pero eventualmente migran hacia lagos para alimentarse una vez que han alcanzado el estadío de adultos o subadultos. (2) Perteneciente a aguas fluyendo. (3) Movimiento hacia un río o corriente. adsorpción Adhesión a una superficie de una capa de moléculas gaseosas de una solución, o en general adhesión a una superficie de una capa de moléculas de líquidos. aeróbico (1) Zona en un cuerpo de agua donde el oxígeno libre está presente. (2) Procesos vivientes que ocurren sólo en presencia de oxígeno molecular. (3) Proceso que ocurre en la presencia de oxígeno, bien sea como gas atmosférico, o como gas disuelto en el agua. afital (1) Se refiere a un área que ha perdido vegetación. (2) La zona sin vegetación (zona profundal) en el fondo de un lago. afluente (sinónimo de tributario)
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