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Fumigant and Feeding Deterrent Activity of Essential Oils Against Cryptolestes Ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

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Fumigant and Feeding Deterrent Activity of Essential Oils Against Cryptolestes Ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 9, September 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 4301-4308 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210948 Fumigant and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) SILVI IKAWATI1,2,♥, TOTO HIMAWAN2, ABDUL LATIEF ABADI2, HAGUS TARNO2 1Graduate Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia 2Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-341-551665, 565845, Fax.: +62-341-560011, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 26 July 2020. Revision accepted: 25 August 2020. Abstract. Ikawati S, Himawan T, Abadi AL, Tarno H. 2020. Fumigant and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). Biodiversitas 21: 4301-4308. This study aimed to determine the fumigant and antifeedant activity of some plant essential oils against Cryptolestes ferrugineus. Essential oils were extracted from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), zodea (Euodia suaveolens), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). The extraction used the maceration method with n-Hexane as a solvent. The results of the experiments showed that all essential oils have fumigant toxicity. Fumigant toxicity of kaffir lime, citronella grass, zodea, and clove oil; eggs and pupae were more susceptible than adults and larvae, while for cinnamon, pupae and adults were more susceptible than eggs and larvae. Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of all essential oils for eggs larvae, pupae, and adults respectively, for cinnamon were 17, 24, 9, and 12 ppm, for kaffir lime were 12, 17, 8 and 15 ppm, however, on citronella grass were 11, 22, 8, and 14 ppm, for zodea were 16, 22, 10 and 20 ppm, for clove were 11, 24, 7 and 14 ppm. The fifth essential oils showed antifeedant activity in a no-choice test against C. ferrugineus adults. Also, the fifth essential oils significantly reduced the relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), and food utilization (ECI) of C. ferrugineus adults. It shows that the essential oils have great potential as one of the storage pest control components. Keywords: Botanical insecticide, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, essential oil, feeding deterrent activity, fumigant toxicity INTRODUCTION chain compounds (Upadhyay 2010). Ability insecticide plant essential oils that are contact and fumigant have been Rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, is a widely demonstrated against stored product pests. common beetle pest of stored grain. This insect pest is However, few have seen its effect on C. ferrugineus. present worldwide (Tay et al. 2016). Cryptolestes insects Storage pest control with essential oils as botanical are a secondary pest, which benefits from grains previously insecticides may provide multiple mechanisms of action. damaged by a primary pest. Various control measures Such compounds can act as a fumigant, contact insecticide, against storage pests can be applied, including physical antifeedant, and as a repellent (Descamps et al. 2011; control, chemical control, biocontrol, botanical Germinara et al. 2017), and also may result in some insecticides, natural protein, and others (Boyer et al. 2012). biological parameters such as reproduction and effects on In the case of stored product pests, control, which is in enzymes activity (Kiran et al. 2017). Fumigation and frequently used, are synthetic insecticide. repellent activity plays a major role in controlling insect Phosphine gas (PH3) and methyl bromide (Rajendran pests in stored products. Stored-product insects varied in and Sriranjini 2008) are the two commonly used fumigant their susceptibility to plant compounds (Rajendran and for stored product protection worldwide. Widespread use of Sriranjini 2008). synthetic insecticides in agriculture has ecotoxicological, Essential oils are produced by 17,500 higher plant environmental, and social consequences (Campolo et al. aromatic species in a few families, including Myrtaceae, 2018). Synthetic chemical use could result in Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae. Depending on the environmental health risks and pest resistance. The plant species considered, essential oils are stored in various development of resistance to phosphine in C. Ferrugineus plant organs, such as flowers, leaves, wood, roots, has occurred (Jagadeesan et al. 2016). For methyl bromide, rhizomes, fruits, and seeds (Regnault-Roger et al. which is a broad-spectrum fumigant, has been declared as 2012). The plants used in this study were cinnamon bark the ozone-depleting substances and, therefore, has banned (Cinnamomum verum), kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix), its use (Rajendran and Sriranjini 2008). Alternatives to leaves of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), leaves of conventional fumigants and contact insecticides are needed zodea (Euodia suaveolens), and leaves of clove (Syzygium because many are being banned from the market (Hasan et aromaticum). Some authors attributed the ability of these al. 2020). Essential oils are aromatic liquids with specific kinds of essential oils to storage pests (Doumbia et al. volatile odor or flavor, and a combination of benzene 2014; Correa et al. 2015; Cameron et al. 2016; Ikawati et derivatives, terpenes various hydrocarbons and straight- al. 2017). The first aim of this study was to determine the 4302 BIODIVER SITAS 21 (9): 4301-4308, September 2020 fumigant toxicity of several plant essential oils, which Fumigant toxicity assay tested at four development stages of Cryptolestes The method followed Ikawati et al. (2017), for larvae, ferrugineus. The second aim was to determine antifeedant pupae and adults fumigant activity assay carried out by activity essential oils against adults of C. ferrugineus. exposing 30 larvae (age 10-12 days), 30 pupae (aged 1-2 days) and 20 adults (aged 5-7 days) of C. Ferrugineus (without distinction of male and female). This assay was MATERIALS AND METHODS conducted in a 250 mL glass flask, which was closed using rubber cover. The concentration used for essential oil tested Insects are 0 mL, 1,25 mL, 2,5 mL, 5 mL dan 10 mL were Insects of C. ferrugineus Indonesia strain adult obtained dissolved in 1 mL of acetone. Each of these concentrations from the laboratory of entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, dropped evenly on a piece of Whatman No one filter paper University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia. Insects were (7 cm x 9 cm) and air-dried for 10 minutes, and then one breed in glass jars (5 liters) containing 500 g rice and yeast side is attached to the rubber. Filter paper attached such (ratio 95%: 5%) and covered with gauze for ventilation. that it did not in contact with the walls of the flask. After Insects are maintained in laboratory conditions that, the flask is kept in an incubator at a temperature of (temperature 27 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 70% ± 5%) 27°C and 75% Rh. Each treatment was repeated five times. and without insecticide treatment for several generations. After exposure for 48 hours, respectively (larva, pupa, and All experimental procedures were performed under the adult) transferred into the Petri dish and mortality of larvae same environmental conditions. The eggs were collected on and adults be observed. The insects are considered dead pleated black filter papers by placing adults on the filters in when touched and do not show movement. Pupae were a bowl half-filled with rice for 48 h. To avoid observed daily for ten days, and emerging adults were contamination of other organisms, they then performed the recorded, and pupae not reach adult stage was considered sterilization of feed. Rice sterilized by cooled at -15°C for a dead. week. The rice used is IR 64 rice varieties. Fumigant activity assay against eggs was carried out by exposure to the eggs (age 0-24 hours). Eggs laid on round Plant extraction cloning plate. Each cloning plate is composed of 20 Plants that be extracted were bark of cinnamon microwell plate (Each microwell filled one egg, each (Cinnamomum verum), leaves of kaffir lime (Citrus replication used as many as 20 eggs. The plate which had hystrix), leaves of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), been containing eggs stored in 750 mL jar. Furthermore, leaves of zodea (Euodia suaveolens), and leaves of clove the procedures for such treatment steps on the previous (Syzygium aromaticum). Extraction followed according to treatment. After 48 hours, the plate was transferred to the the method of Ikawati et al. (2017). Plants treatment before maintenance. Observations on hatching eggs carried out extraction is withering with dried at room temperature for every day under a stereo microscope for ten days and eggs 24 hours. The purpose of withering material is to reduce that did not hatch considered dead. Each treatment was the water content, so expect the extraction takes place repeated five times. faster and more durable against microbes. Materials that If there is the death of the C. ferrugineus insect in have been withered cut into small pieces to open the control, the correction percentage calculation is calculated volatile oil glands so that samples can accelerate the based on the Abbott formula (Abbott 1925). process of extraction. Maceration method with n-Hexane as a solvent. Maceration was performed with samples and a X - Y P = X 100 solvent ratio of 1: 4. The used solvent was n-Hexane 96%.
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