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ED 258833 SE 045 830 TITLE Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect

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ED 258833 SE 045 830 TITLE Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect ,.. .-.. 4. DOCUMENT. RESUME ED 258833 SE 045 830 TITLE Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigationsand Oversight and the Subcommitteeon Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment of theCommittee on Science and Technology, U.S. House, of Respresentatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress,Second Session. (No. 119). INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., WaWngton, D.C. House Committee on Science and Technology. PUB DATE 28 Feb 84 NOTE 205p.; Document contains some small print andseveral photographs that may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090)-- Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Air Pollution; *Climate; *EnvironmentalInfluences; Hearings; Oceanography; Physical Environment;Quality of Life; Technology; *Thermal Environment;Weather IDENTIFIERS *Carbon Dioxide; Congress 98th ABSTRACT Increased levels of carbon dioxide have contributed to the problematic phenomenon known as the greenhouse 441ect. Evidence has indicated that the rise in carbon dioxide levelscould be accurately correlated with a rise in the Earth'smean temperature, a shrinking of the polar icecaps, and a resulting rise in the Earth's mean sea level. 'The- problems resulting from this situationare reviewed in these proceedings. Individuals presenting testimony and/or providing prepared statements (and when applicable,supporting documentation) include: Carl Sagan; John Trabalka; WallaceBroecker; William Jenkins; John Hoffman; Thomas Malone;Rafe Pomerance; and James Kane. Topic areas disucssed are: (1) climate sensitivity; (2) carbon dioxide's effect on crops; (3) role of theoceans and rise in sea level; and (4) preindustrial carbon dioxide levels. A research timetable and program strategies are presented for reducingthe greenhouse effect. One of the strategies emphasized by theDepartment of Energy is the expansion of a basic knowledge basedon carbon dioxide buildup. It is recommended that data collectionin this area precede impact assessments, plans, and policy options. (ML) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT !I.$. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION FLUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced N rrN received from the person or organization originating it. ; Minor changes have been mode to improve reproduction quality. CO HEARING Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- BEFORE THE ment do not necessarily footmen% official Nil 111 Position or policy. CV SUBCOMMM E ON A INVESTIGATIONS AND OVERSIGHT w AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES, AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION FEBRUARY 28, 1984 [ No. 119] Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology Lc) "4-- U.S. GOVERNMENT 'HINTINGOFFICE <2:0 :1 ()IA I) WASHINGTON :1981 LJI 0 VD .1P : 2 ,.. COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DON FUQUA,Florida. Chairman ROBERT A ROE. New 'Jersey LARRY WINN, .JR.. Kansas tiEOR(iE E. BROWN. JaCalifornia MANUEL LUJAN. JR.. New Mexico JAMES II SCHEUER. New York ROBERT S. WALKER. Pennsylvania RICHARD L. ()WINGER. New York WILLIAM CARNEY. New York TOM HARKIN. Iowa F. JAMES SF.N$ENBRENNER, JR., MARILYN LLOYD. Tennessee Wisconsin JX)I1G NVALGREN. Pennsylvania JUDD GREGG. New Hampshire DAN GLICKMAN, Kansas RAYMOND J. %IMAM. New York ALBERT GORE. JR.. Tennessee JOE SKEEN, New Mexico ROBERT A. YOUNG, Missouri ('LAUDINE SCIINEII)ER. Rhode Island HAROLD I.. VOLKNIF.R, Missouri BILL LOWERY. California 1311.1, NELSON, Florida' ROD CHANDLER, Washington STAN LUNDINE, New York HERBERT H. BATEMAN, Virginia RALPH M. HALL, Texas SLJERWGOD L. BOEHLERT, New York DAVE McCURDY, Oklahoma ALFRED A. iAL; McCANDLF,SS, Ca lifornia MERVYN M. DYMAI.LY, California TOM LEWIS, Florida PAUL SIMON. Illinois NORMAN 1' MINETA, California RI('HARI) .1. DURBIN, Illinois MICHAEL A. ANDREWS, Texas BUDDY MArKAY, Florida TIM VALENTINE. North Carolina HARRY M REID, Nevada ROBERT G TORRICEL1 I. New Jersey FREDERICK C. BOUCHER, Virginia !Wawa P. HANSON. i'.."Vc/a/I Director ROBERT C. KETCHAM. General Counsel 1.3;1NA A. DAvis. (le,* DAvin S. Jr:Fiemer, Alworti% Staff Director SuacommiTTEF.ON INVESTIGATIONS AND OVERSIGHT ALBERT GORE, JR.. TennesstK. Chtoirmun HARRY NI RID. Nevada JOE SKEEN, New Mexico HAROLD I. VOLKMER. Nlissoui ALFRED A. 'AL' MccANDLESs; California tomma A ROE. Nw Jersey CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER. Rhode Island RICHARD .1DURBIN. Illinois JAMES H SCH CER. New York Rom:HT B. NicaoLAs. Chief Comise/ Staff Dmicior STEPHEN AOwEss. coonsci JENSEN. Myr:digt, 1i01WR f W LAMINA Al/ /Wray 11in/eta f ia/s//110,/ SCIWOMMITTEE ON NATURAL. IIESOURUEN,At:Wei:M:1M fiKSEARCHAND ENVIRONMENT JAMES II SCHEGR. New York. Chairman TIM VALENTINE. North Carolina RAYMOND .1McGRATII. New York TOM HARKIN. lima cLAUDINE SCHNEIDER. Rhode Island MICHAEL A ANDREWS. Texas ROD CHANDLER. Washington BUDDY MAcK:\ Y. Florida TONI LEWIS. Florida tioliERT (; Ton Nt.% ()EORG K BROWN. California 3 CONTENTS . W ITN ESSES February 28, 1984: Page Dr. Carl Sagan, Radiophysics and Space Research, space sciences build- ing, Cornell University 11' Dr. John Trabalka, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratories 21 Dr. Wallace Broecker, geochemistry department, Lamont-Doherty Observ- atory 88 Dr. William J. Jenkins, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 92 John Hoffman. Director, Strategic Studies Staff, U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency 101 Dr. Thomas F. Malone, Chairman, Board of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences 104 Rate Pomeranee, president, Friends of the Earth, accompanied by Antho- ny E. Scoville.- 107 Dr. James S. Kane, Deputy Director, Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, accompanied by Mr. Frederick A. Koomanoff,- Director, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences 167 CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1984 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEEON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS,AND OVERSIGHT, AND SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATURAL RE- SOURCES, AGRICULTURE RESEARCH, AND ENVIRONMENT, Washington, DC. The subcommittees met, pursuant to notice, at 9:40a.m., in room 2218, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Albert Gore, Jr. (chair- man of the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight) presid- ing. Present:RepresentativesGore,Scheuer,Volkmer,Reid, McGrath, Skeen, Schneider, and Lewis. Mr. GORE. The subcommittees will come to order. I would like to welcome all of our witnesses and guests today. This is the latest in a series of hearings thatour two subcommit- tees have been having on the greenhouse effect. One of the observations that some of us on the Science and Tech- nology Committee have been making recently has been the increas- ing evidence that science and technology are presentingour society with social and political challenges unlike anywe have ever con- fronted in the past'.'The way we live is inevitably going to bek 1- tered by our technological creations and by the increased knowl- edge we derive from the healthy scientific enterprise thatwe spon- sor in this country. Thus, as legislators. we have a responsibility to keep up to date, and try and anticipate problems, rather than wait- ing for a disaster to be sprung upon us. Such is the case with the subject we are here to discuss today. The greenhouse effect is a precise example of how our increased °knowledge is really laying a new problem at our doorstep and, moreover, it shows how our scientific enterprise can give us bad news where one cannot help musing that some information we wish that we didn't know. The greenhouse effect in some respects seems more like a bad science fiction novel than a critical issue deserving public policy review of the highest order. Indeed, some still find it difficult to discuss this issue in a totally rational way, in view of its almost un- thinkable potential. Can we really imagine a New York City with the climate of Palm Beach, a Kansas resembling central Mexico,or 4() percent of Florida under water? It's difficult. Given the serious, indeed the potentially drastic impacts of this scenario, however, it is critical that the Government research this (I) it 2 problem to its fullest, Mr this is not a problem to be ignored. More- over,.if we simply put off' critical challenges, we often find out later that it's-too late to act. For this reason, my colleague and .good friend, Jim Scheuer, who chairs the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Re- search and Environment and I have made this phenomenon a pri- ority, along with our the ranking member, Joe Skeen, and the 6 membership of the two subcommittees. We had first explained the serious nature of this problem in July 1981, when a number of prominent scientists, notably Roger Re- velle, gave us their opinion that the greenhouse effect was not a theoretical entity, but a real phenomenon. In April 1982, whey we revisited the issue, the message that we heard was evenmore troubling. First, the evidence was made clear by Nobel laureate Dr. Melvin Calvin that the greenhouse effect was no longer just a pet theory of a few, but rather that its exist- ence had become the subject of a scientific consensus. This viewpoint
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