Oral Cancer in England: a Report on Incidence, Survival and Mortality
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Title goes here as running header Oral cancer in England A report on incidence, survival and mortality rates of oral cancer in England, 2012 to 2016 1 Oral cancer in England About Public Health England Public Health England exists to protect and improve the nation’s health and wellbeing and reduce health inequalities. We do this through world-leading science, research, knowledge and intelligence, advocacy, partnerships and the delivery of specialist public health services. We are an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, and a distinct delivery organisation with operational autonomy. We provide government, local government, the NHS, Parliament, industry and the public with evidence-based professional, scientific and delivery expertise and support. Public Health England Wellington House 133-155 Waterloo Road London SE1 8UG Tel: 020 7654 8000 www.gov.uk/phe Twitter: @PHE_uk Facebook: www.facebook.com/PublicHealthEngland For queries relating to this document, please contact: [email protected] © Crown copyright 2020 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit OGL. Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Published May 2020 PHE publications PHE supports the UN gateway number: GW-1209 Sustainable Development Goals 2 Oral cancer in England Contents Oral cancer in England 1 About Public Health England 2 Executive summary 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Methods 6 3. Results 7 4. Discussion and conclusion 31 5. References 32 6. Summary tables 34 3 Oral cancer in England Executive summary Oral cancer is an important public health issue in England. The National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) is responsible for cancer registration in England and uses a wide range of data sources to support cancer epidemiology, public health, service monitoring and research. In England from 2012 to 2016 there were 35,830 new cases of oral cancer diagnosed and 10,908 deaths. Most cases present late in the disease process, which reduces prognosis. Incidence and mortality rates for oral cancer have risen in recent years and there are stark inequalities between geographic areas and population groups. Those living in urban areas and in the North of England are more likely to be diagnosed with oral cancer and more likely to die from oral cancer than those living in rural areas and in the South. Oral cancer disproportionately affects males and its incidence and mortality increase with deprivation and age. The reasons for these increases are poorly understood but may be partially explained by trends in risk factors and latency period. The data in this report identifies the geographic areas and population groups most at risk to facilitate the planning of health improvement initiatives and clinical services. 4 Oral cancer in England 1. Introduction Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer (1), includes cancers of all sites of the oral cavity and pharynx and is the sixth most common cancer globally (2). In the UK oral cancer is the ninth most common cancer and accounts for just over 2% of all cancers diagnosed (3). Known risk factors for oral cancer are linked to social determinants (2) and include smoking, other ways of using tobacco such as chewing, drinking alcohol and infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) (1). Where oral cancer is suspected on the basis of clinical examination or symptoms, the diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy (4). Treatment may be with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these (4). The degree of spread at initial presentation, described as stage, and the grade of a cancer are important indicators of prognosis (5). There are opportunities to prevent oral cancer and to support early detection and treatment (2). In England the responsibility for local population health improvement, including oral health, passed to local authorities with the coming into force of the 2012 Health and Social Care Act (6). Public Health England (PHE) coordinates surveys of dental health in England (7). The information from these surveys is used by commissioners and other health planners when conducting needs assessments, although they lack data on oral cancer. This report provides an overview of oral cancer in England and may be used alongside the surveys of dental health to facilitate commissioning and planning at local, regional and national levels. 5 Oral cancer in England 2. Methods This work uses data that has been provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. The data is collated, maintained and quality assured by the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), which is part of PHE. Rates have been calculated using the Office for National Statistics Mid-2017 Lower Super Output Area Population Estimates and standardisation is by age and gender according to the 2013 European Standard Population (8). Confidence limits have been calculated using the Tiwari modified gamma method and the threshold for statistical significance has been set at 95%. Trends are reported for the period 2001 to 2016 and other data is for 2012 to 2016. This report uses 2 categories for reporting based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) version 10: lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00-C14) and oral cavity (C00- C06). The latter grouping features cancers of sites likely to be visible in a dental examination. The figures in this report do not include malignant neoplasms of bone (C41) or connective or soft tissue (C45-C49) of the head and neck which may occur in the mouth, yet with very low incidence. In situ or benign neoplasms of uncertain behaviour were also excluded; they may be under-recorded in the cancer registry but are important to note as these and pre-cancerous conditions contribute to dental referrals for investigation. 6 Oral cancer in England 3. Results 3.1. Incidence An incident case of cancer is a new primary tumour, counted once when the cancer is diagnosed (8). One person may be diagnosed with more than one primary tumour, in which case they would feature multiple times in the incidence statistics. From 2012 to 2016 there were 35,830 cases of oral cancer diagnosed (Table 1). Of these, malignant neoplasm of the tonsil (C09) was the most frequent diagnosis, closely followed by malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C02). Malignant neoplasm of other and ill-defined sites in the lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C14) was the least frequent. The tongue (C01 and C02) and floor of mouth (C04) accounted for over a third of cases. Table 1: Incidence of C00-C14 individually, 2012 to 2016. % of total ICD10 Number of Site number of Code cases cases C00 Malignant neoplasm of the lip 1,190 3.3% C01 Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue 4,241 11.8% Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified C02 6,324 17.7% parts of tongue C03 Malignant neoplasm of gum 1,823 5.1% C04 Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth 2,306 6.4% C05 Malignant neoplasm of palate 1,993 5.6% Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified C06 2,711 7.6% parts of mouth C07 Malignant neoplasm of parotid gland 2,334 6.5% Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified C08 678 1.9% major salivary glands C09 Malignant neoplasm of tonsil 6,944 19.4% C10 Malignant neoplasm of oropharynx 1,223 3.4% C11 Malignant neoplasm of nasopharynx 1,035 2.9% C12 Malignant neoplasm of piriform sinus 1,455 4.1% C13 Malignant neoplasm of hypopharynx 1,142 3.2% Malignant neoplasm of other and ill-defined C14 431 1.2% sites in the lip, oral cavity and pharynx Total C00-C14 35,830 7 Oral cancer in England There was wide variation in incidence across England’s 9 statistical regions (Figure 1). At regional level, incidence in the East of England, South East and South West was lower than for England overall. Incidence in Yorkshire and the Humber, North East and North West was higher than for England overall. Incidence in the West Midlands, East Midlands and London was similar to the England mean. Figure 1: Standardised incidence of C00-C14 by statistical region, 2012 to 2016. East of England South East South West West Midlands East Midlands Region EnglandEngland London Yorkshire and the Humber North East North West 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Standardised incidence per 100,000 Error bars represent 95% confidence limits There was also wide variation in the incidence of C00-C14 across the 326 lower-tier local authority areas (Figure 2). The majority of lower-tier local authority areas in which incidence was greater than for England overall were densely populated urban centres in the North such as Tyne and Wear, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. Eden in Cumbria was the only lower-tier local authority area where incidence was below the England mean outside of the South and Midlands. 8 Oral cancer in England Figure 2: Standardised incidence of C00-C14 by lower-tier local authority area, 2012 to 2016. The pattern of incidence for C00-C06 cancers by statistical region mirrored that for C00-C14 (Figure 3). Incidence in the South West, South East and East of England were lower than for England overall and higher in the North East and North West. Incidence in the West Midlands, East Midlands, London and Yorkshire and the Humber were similar to that for England. 9 Oral cancer in England Figure 3: Standardised incidence of C00-C06 by statistical region, 2012 to 2016. South West South East East of England West Midlands East Midlands EnglandEngland Region London Yorkshire and the Humber North East North West 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Standardised incidence per 100,000 Error bars represent 95% confidence limits The pattern of incidence for C00-C06 by lower-tier local authority area resembled that for C00-C14 (Figure 4).