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Daniela Schwarcke Do Canto UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA CENTRO DE ARTES E LETRAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS Daniela Schwarcke do Canto O CASAL GILCHRIST E A VIDA DE UM PINTOR DESCONHECIDO: O GÊNERO BIOGRAFIA E A RECEPÇÃO DA OBRA DE WILLIAM BLAKE NO SÉCULO 19 Santa Maria, RS 2015 Daniela Schwarcke do Canto O CASAL GILCHRIST E A VIDA DE UM PINTOR DESCONHECIDO: O GÊNERO BIOGRAFIA E A RECEPÇÃO DA OBRA DE WILLIAM BLAKE NO SÉCULO 19 Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Área de Concentração em Estudos Literários, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, RS), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Literatura. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Enéias Farias Tavares Santa Maria, RS, Brasil 2015 Daniela Schwarcke do Canto O CASAL GILCHRIST E A VIDA DE UM PINTOR DESCONHECIDO: O GÊNERO BIOGRAFIA E A RECEPÇÃO DA OBRA DE WILLIAM BLAKE NO SÉCULO 19 Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Área de Concentração em Estudos Literários, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, RS), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Literatura. Aprovado em 16 de dezembro de 2015: ________________________________________ Enéias Farias Tavares, Dr. (UFSM) (Presidente/Orientador) ________________________________________ Manuel José de Freitas Portela, Dr. (UC - Universidade de Coimbra ________________________________________ Juliana Steil, Dra. (UFPEL) Santa Maria, RS 2015 AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, responsável pela minha formação acadêmica e profissional. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, aos professores, que tiveram papel essencial na realização deste Mestrado, e em especial ao secretário e amigo Jandir. Aos professores Manuel Portela e Juliana Steil, pela disponibilidade e pelas importantes contribuições ao meu trabalho. Ao professor Michael Phillips, por suas pontuais orientações e pela “aula” de Blake em Oxford. Ao meu orientador, Enéias Tavares, por ter me apresentado ao “mundo maravilhoso de Blake”, por ter me proporcionado esse encontro fascinante com o casal Gilchrist, e, principalmente, pela dedicação, paciência e amizade. Aos meus colegas de trabalho e amigos, pelo apoio e pela torcida, em especial à Paula Cabrera, pela parceria e pela amizade nestes dois anos de mestrado e Leila Piccoli da Silva, pela ajuda no Lattes e pelas incontáveis "consultas técnicas” no decorrer da elaboração desta dissertação. Aos meus pais, Odilon e Suzana, meu porto seguro, pelo exemplo e pelo apoio incondicional. Ao meu esposo Edemilson, pela compreensão, pela paciência e por ter topado encarar o desafio do mestrado comigo. Aos meus filhos de barriga e de coração e minhas maiores inspirações: Camila, Rafael, Bettina e Leonardo, pela paciência nas ausências, por cuidarem uns dos outros, pela torcida e pelo carinho. RESUMO O CASAL GILCHRIST E A VIDA DE UM PINTOR DESCONHECIDO: O GÊNERO BIOGRAFIA E A RECEPÇÃO DA OBRA DE WILLIAM BLAKE NO SÉCULO 19 AUTORA: Daniela Schwarcke do Canto ORIENTADOR: Enéias Farias Tavares Esse trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a primeira biografia escrita sobre William Blake, biografia esta sonhada e pesquisada por Alexander Gilchrist e finalizada por sua esposa Anne Gilchrist e pelo pintor e também escritor Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Considerado um gênio louco que falava com os espíritos por grande parte de seus contemporâneos, é apenas após sua morte, em 1827, que William Blake passa a ser reconhecido por suas obras como poeta, pintor e gravurista. Em um primeiro momento, é apresentada uma curta biografia de Alexander Gilchrist e das pessoas que colaboraram com a escrita da biografia Life of William Blake: Pictor Ignotus. No segundo capítulo, é feita uma análisedo que Gilchrist escreveu sobre o lado técnico de Blake, sua educação e seus estudos. O terceiro capítulo trata do Blake visionário, e como estes episódios são retratados na biografia em questão. Já o último capítulo faz um comparativo entre o que Gilchrist escreve de Blake com o que pode ser encontrado nos autores anteriores a ele, como Cunningham, J. T. Smith, Malkin, Tatham e Crabb Robinson, chegando assim a uma hipótese de quais os autores acima citados serviram como fontes para a escrita de Life of William Blake: Pictor Ignotus. Palavras-chave: Gravurista. Visionário. Poeta. Blake. Biografia. ABSTRACT THE GILCHRISTS AND THE LIFE OF AN UNKNOWN PAINTER: THE BIOGRAPHY GENRE AND THE RECEPTION OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S WORKS IN THE 19TH CENTURY AUTHOR: DANIELA SCHWARCKE DO CANTO ADVISOR: ENÉIAS FARIAS TAVARES This study has as main objective to analyze the biography of William Blake: dreamed and researched by Alexander Gilchrist and finished by his wife Anne Gilchrist and by the painter and writer Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Considered a mad genius that talked to spirits by a great part of his contemporaries, William Blake became known only after his death, in 1827, for his works as a poet, painter and engraver. In a first moment, a short biography of Alexander Gilchristis presented, as well as of the others involved in the writing of the biography Life of William Blake: Pictor Ignotus. In the second chapter, an analysis is conducted on what Gilchrist wrote about Blake’s technical side and his educational background. The third chapter is about the visionary Blake, and how these episodes are portrayed in the Gilchrist’s biography. In the last chapter, a parallelis traced between what Alexander Gilchrist wrote in his biography and what five authors before him wrote on Blake. These authors are: Cunningham, J. T. Smith, Malkin, Tatham and Crabb Robinson. In this way, we intend to reach a hypothesis on which authors were used as sources by Gilchrist to write Life of William Blake: Pictor Ignotus. Key words: Engraver. Visionary. Poet. Blake. Biography. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Alexander Gilchrist .................................................................................................. 20 Figura 2 - Anne Gilchrist .......................................................................................................... 30 Figura 3 - Portrait of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1871, by George Frederic Watts ...................... 39 Figura 4 - William Michael Rossetti ........................................................................................ 44 Figura 5 - Edward and Eleanor, 1793. Gravura de William Blake. ......................................... 53 Figura 6 - Joseph of Arimathea Among the Rocks of Albion, Gravura de W. Blake, 1773. ..... 56 Figura 7 - War Unchained by an Angel, Fire, Pestilence and Famine Following. 1784. ......... 66 Figura 8 - A Breach in a City the Morning after the Battle, 1784. ........................................... 66 Figura 9 - Songs of Innocence and of Experience. “The Tyger”. ............................................ 72 Figura 10 - The Inventions of the Book of Job. Lâmina II. ...................................................... 78 Figura 11 - Visionary Heads of William Wallace & Edward I, por William Blake. ............... 96 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 9 1 LIFE OF WILLIAM BLAKE: PICTOR IGNOTUS. A BIOGRAFIA DA BIOGRAFIA ........................................................................................................................... 17 1.1 A BIOGRAFIA DE UM ESCRITOR - ALEXANDER GILCHRIST ............................... 17 1.2 A BIOGRAFIA DE UMA REDATORA - ANNE GILCHRIST ....................................... 22 1.3 A BIOGRAFIA DE UM COLECIONADOR - DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI ............. 30 1.4 A BIOGRAFIA DE UM CRÍTICO–WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI ......................... 39 2 O MESTRE GRAVURISTA .............................................................................................. 45 2.1 A FORMAÇÃO DE UM GRAVURISTA COM POUCOS RECURSOS (1757-1782) ... 45 2.2 A CRIAÇÃO DE UM MÉTODO DE IMPRESSÃO (1782-1795) .................................... 65 2.3 O GRAVURISTA PROFISSIONAL (1795-1828) ............................................................ 72 3 BLAKE VISIONÁRIO ....................................................................................................... 81 3.1 PRIMEIRAS VISÕES (1757-1782) ................................................................................... 81 3.2 A CRIAÇÃO DOS LIVROS ILUMINADOS (1782-1793) .............................................. 85 3.3 UM ARTISTA ESPIRITUAL (1793-1828) ....................................................................... 89 4 ANALISANDO GILCHRIST: A CRIAÇÃO DO PERSONAGEM BLAKE ................ 99 4.1 ELEMENTOS DE LIFE OF BLAKE, DE GILCHRIST .................................................. 101 4.2 O PROCESSO EDITORIAL DE GILCHRIST E SUA RELAÇÃO COM AS FONTES ................................................................................................................................................ 105 CONCLUSÃO ....................................................................................................................... 115 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................... 117 ANEXO A - TABELA .......................................................................................................... 119 9 INTRODUÇÃO Biografia vem do grego bio, que significa vida, e grafia, que significa escrita. Como gênero literário, a biografia é uma narração da história da vida de alguém, geralmente narrada na terceira pessoa. Apesar da palavra “biografia”
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