'Common Rights' - What Are They?
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About Pigs [PDF]
May 2015 About Pigs Pigs are highly intelligent, social animals, displaying elaborate maternal, communicative, and affiliative behavior. Wild and feral pigs inhabit wide tracts of the southern and mid-western United States, where they thrive in a variety of habitats. They form matriarchal social groups, sleep in communal nests, and maintain close family bonds into adulthood. Science has helped shed light on the depths of the remarkable cognitive abilities of pigs, and fosters a greater appreciation for these often maligned and misunderstood animals. Background Pigs—also called swine or hogs—belong to the Suidae family1 and along with cattle, sheep, goats, camels, deer, giraffes, and hippopotamuses, are part of the order Artiodactyla, or even-toed ungulates.2 Domesticated pigs are descendants of the wild boar (Sus scrofa),3,4 which originally ranged through North Africa, Asia and Europe.5 Pigs were first domesticated approximately 9,000 years ago.6 The wild boar became extinct in Britain in the 17th century as a result of hunting and habitat destruction, but they have since been reintroduced.7,8 Feral pigs (domesticated animals who have returned to a wild state) are now found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions such as Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia and on island nations, 9 such as Hawaii.10 True wild pigs are not native to the New World.11 When Christopher Columbus landed in Cuba in 1493, he brought the first domestic pigs—pigs who subsequently spread throughout the Spanish West Indies (Caribbean).12 In 1539, Spanish explorers brought pigs to the mainland when they settled in Florida. -
Subject Guide 1 – Records Relating to Inclosure
Durham County Record Office County Hall Durham DH1 5UL Telephone: 03000 267619 Email: [email protected] Website: www.durhamrecordoffice.org.uk Subject Guide 1 – Records Relating to Inclosure Issue no. 19 July 2020 Contents Introduction 1 Organisation of List 2 Alphabetical List of Townships 2 A 2 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 4 F 4 G 4 H 5 I 5 K 5 L 5 M 6 N 6 O 6 R 6 S 7 T 7 U 8 W 8 Introduction Inclosure (occasionally spelled “enclosure”) refers to a reorganisation of scattered land holdings by mutual agreement of the owners. Much inclosure of Common Land, Open Fields and Moor Land (or Waste), formerly farmed collectively by the residents on behalf of the Lord of the Manor, had taken place by the 18th century, but the uplands of County Durham remained largely unenclosed. Inclosures, to consolidate land-holdings, divide the land (into Allotments) and fence it off from other usage, could be made under a Private Act of Parliament or by general agreement of the landowners concerned. In the latter case the Agreement would be Enrolled as a Decree at the Court of Chancery in Durham and/or lodged with the Clerk of the Peace, the senior government officer in the County, so may be preserved in Quarter Sessions records. In the case of Parliamentary Enclosure a Local Bill would be put before Parliament which would pass it into law as an Inclosure Act. The Acts appointed Commissioners to survey the area concerned and determine its distribution as a published Inclosure Award. -
The Lincoln Charter of the Forest Conference
LINCOLN RECORD SOCIETY Bishop Grosseteste University, Woodland Trust, American Bar Association THE LINCOLN CHARTER OF THE FOREST CONFERENCE 22-24 September 2017 THE CHARTER OF THE FOREST: EVOLVING HUMAN RIGHTS IN NATURE Nicholas A. Robinson University Professor for the Environment Kerlin Distinguished Professor of Environmental Law Emeritus Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University, New York © Nicholas A. Robinson 3 September 2017– Author’s moral rights asserted. This conference is a singular event, long over due. It has been 258 years since William Blackstone celebrated “these two sacred charters,”1 Carta de Foresta and Magna Carta, with his celebrated publication of their authentic texts. In 2015, the Great Charter of Liberties enjoyed scholarly, political and popular focus. The companion Forest Charter was and is too much neglected.2 I salute the American Bar Association, and Dan Magraw, for the ABA’s educational focus of the Forest Charter, as well as Magna Carta. Today we restore some balance with this conference’s searching and insightful examination of the Forest Charter’s significance. I congratulate The Lincoln Record Society and thank the conference organizers. I am honored to be addressing you, although I must confess to being akin to Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court.3 As an American, I cannot claim the “liberties of the forest” that were ceded to the English. Nor am I a medievalist, but only a student of medieval historians, such as G.J. Turner, whose Select Pleas of the Forest4 inspired my own comparative law studies of Forest Law and the Charter of 1217, and also Professors J.C. -
The Development of Woodland Ownership in Denmark C
College of William & Mary Law School William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications Faculty and Deans 2007 A Windfall for the Magnates: The evelopmeD nt of Woodland Ownership in Denmark Eric Kades William & Mary Law School, [email protected] Repository Citation Kades, Eric, "A Windfall for the Magnates: The eD velopment of Woodland Ownership in Denmark" (2007). Faculty Publications. 196. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/196 Copyright c 2007 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs Book Reviews 223 Bo Fritzb0ger, A Windfall for the Magnates: The Development of Woodland Ownership in Denmark c. 1150-1830, Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2004. Pp. 432. $50.00 (ISBN 8-778-38936-4 ). Property rights imply scarcity. In proverbial states of nature the forest is vast and salted only lightly with humans, and hence it is a commons. Every natural forest was once such an unclaimed wilderness. The early dates at which teeming human populations produced conditions of scarcity, however, is surprising. Bo Fritzboger's A Windfall for the Magnates traces in extraordinary detail the Danish legal and social responses to deforestation. Disputes over forest resources in Europe arose around AD 900 at the latest. Fritzboger provides unambiguous evidence that Denmark experienced wood short- 224 Law and History Review, Spring 2007 ages by 1200, with deforestation accelerating over the next six hundred years. The Danish responses were typical of Europe: the privatization of common ownership ("enclosure"), and the enactment of statutes mandating preservation of woodlands. -
Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History
U N I V E R S I T Y O F O X F O R D Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History Number 26, Nov. 1998 AN ARDUOUS AND UNPROFITABLE UNDERTAKING: THE ENCLOSURE OF STANTON HARCOURT, OXFORDSHIRE1 DAVID STEAD Nuffield College, University of Oxford 1 I owe much to criticism and suggestion from Simon Board, Tracy Dennison, Charles Feinstein, Michael Havinden, Avner Offer, and Leigh Shaw-Taylor. The paper also benefited from comments at the Economic and Social History Graduate Workshop, Oxford University, and my thanks to the participants. None of these good people are implicated in the views expressed here. For efficient assistance with archival enquiries, I am grateful to the staff at the Bodleian Library, Oxford University (hereafter Bodl.), Oxfordshire Archives (OA), the House of Lords Record Office (HLRO), West Sussex Record Office (WSRO), and the Department of Archives and Manuscripts, Reading University. I thank Michael Havinden, John Walton, and the Warden and Fellows of All Souls College for permitting citation of material. Financial assistance from the Economic and Social Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History are edited by: James Foreman-Peck St. Antony’s College, Oxford, OX2 6JF Jane Humphries All Souls College, Oxford OX1 4AL Susannah Morris Nuffield College, Oxford OX1 1NF Avner Offer Nuffield College, Oxford, OX1 1NF David Stead Nuffield College, Oxford, OX1 1NF papers may be obtained by writing to Avner Offer, Nuffield College, Oxford, OX1 1NF email:[email protected] 2 Abstract This paper provides a case study of the parliamentary enclosure of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire. -
Final National Report
WE: WOR(L)DS WHICH EXCLUDE JUST/2011/FRAC/AG/2716 WORKSTREAM 1 UNITED KINGDOM NATIONAL REPORT UNIVERSITY OF DERBY Eleni Tracada Siobhan Spencer Siobhan Neary 1 INDEX OF CONTENTS 1. Background of Gypsy people p. 3 1.1. Historic Background in the UK – The definition p. 4 1.2. Gypsies as an ethnic group p. 15 1.2.1. Mandla Criteria p. 16 2. Legislation and frameworks related to Gypsy definition p. 17 2.1. Planning and housing definitions p. 19 2.2. Statutory Housing Act 2004 (Chapter 34) p. 21 2.3. Planning Act 2008 and latest Planning Frameworks p. 28 2.4. Localism Act 2011 and the Localism Tenet p. 41 3. Case Studies p. 47 3.1. Case Study A: Abolition of the Regional Spatial Strategy 2010 to the growth of the Localism Act 2011 p. 47 3.1.1. Beaumont Leys, Leicester: East Midlands p. 48 3.1.2. Meriden RAID (Residents Against Inappropriate Development) p. 49 3.2. Case Study B: South East England- Mrs Anne Medhurst case p. 50 4. Conclusions p. 56 Acknowledgements p. 60 List of References p. 60 Appendix A p. 63 2 1. Background of Gypsy people This chapter will focus on English Romany Gypsy community as a separate cultural ethnic group. The migration of Romany groups through Europe to Great Britain happened approximately 600 years ago and the first documentation of Gypsy people was in Scotland in the 15th century 1492. (Dawson 2005). The English, Scottish and Welsh do not refer to themselves as “Roma”. It is important to cover origin and to identity and to clarify the ‘specific’ community that is being covered by our study. -
How to Take Action Against Unlawful Encroachments and Works on Commons
25a Bell Street, Henley-on-Thames RG9 2BA tel: 01491 573535 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.oss.org.uk (registered in England and Wales, limited company number 7846516, registered charity number 1144840) INFORMATION SHEET NO: C1E Buildings, fences and other works on common land in England A practical guide for those wishing to carry out a lawful operation on a common and those wanting to defend a common against unlawful or undesirable operations 1 Contents 1. Introduction Page 4 2. Interpretation Page 7 3. Commons restrictions generally Page 8 • Rights of adjoining owners Page 9 4. When s38(1) applies Page 10 5. Operations governed by s38(1) Page 11 6. Applying for consent under s38 and similar legislation Page 12 7. Remedies for unauthorised operations Page 17 8. The relationship of consent requirements with planning controls Page 19 • Agriculture and forestry Page 20 • Miscellaneous GPDO permitted development Page 20 • Electricity installations Page 21 • Dealing with operations requiring planning Page 22 permission 9. Operations excepted from s38 and similar Page 24 legislation • Compulsory purchase and Transport and Works Act Orders Page 25 • Acquisition of Land Act 1981, s19 and s18 Page 26 • Other compulsory powers of local authorities and public bodies Page 28 2 • Mineral workings Page 29 • Communications installations Page 30 10. Exemption order Page 31 11. Exchange land Page 32 • Requirements Page 32 • Criteria Page 33 • Public interest Page 33 Further reading Page 34 Appendix 1 Open Spaces Society policy Page 35 3 1. Introduction 1.1 This guide should be of interest to four main classes of reader: A. -
The Opportunities and Challenges Presented by a Land-Based Commons Approach
Technical Committee on “Land Tenure and Development” The opportunities and challenges presented by a land-based commons approach Societies are currently having to adapt to multiple global reflection, which was facilitated and formalised by Cirad’s issues in a context of political, economic and ecological Green research unit with support from the International crises. The ‘land-based commons’ approach places col- Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), are lective action at the heart of efforts to evaluate and resolve presented in this publication. complex problems, by addressing these issues through Part 1 identifies action situations where it would be the analysis of local contexts and the structure of different useful to consider the opportunities and challenges of- international frameworks. The aim is to facilitate the fered by a land-based commons approach. Part 2 then emergence of institutional arrangements that involve the proposes various entry points that could be used to different groups and communities of interest working to mobilize scientific, cultural and social knowledge and The opportunities tackle issues at the local level, and contribute to policies highlight the different solidarity regimes that support and that can address these questions effectively. mobilize commons. Part 3 discusses the analytical This work on land-based commons is part of much framework for this procedure, which questions some of and challenges broader transdisciplinary reflection by the French Coo- the underlying assumptions that shaped previous initia- peration ‘Land Tenure and Development’ Technical tives to address land issues. Finally, Part 4 sets out six Committee (LTDTC), which has contributed to thinking guiding principles that were developed to facilitate im- presented by a land-based about ongoing changes in land and development over plementation of the land-based commons approach and the last 20 years. -
V. Insights from Time and the Land
Insights from a Natural and Cultural Landscape V. Insights from Time and the Land Pre-History Section Ecology and conservation lessons • Template for spatial variation - gradual boundaries driven by landscape variation - soils, moisture; significant island-wide variation. • Natural processes dominate; change is slow with few notable exceptions • Vegetation structure and species missing from present. Old growth - pine, hardwoods, and mixed forest. Forest dynamics structure - old trees, CWD, damaged trees, uproots. More beech, beetlebung and hickory; very little open land or successional habitat. • People with an abundance of natural resources; highly adaptable. Accommodate growth and humans; preserve, sustain nature intact. Real distinction: passive vs active management; wildland vs woodland. All is cultural but humans can make real difference in decisions. Viable alternative is to allow natural processes to shape and reassert themselves. E.g., cord wood and timber versus old-growth; salvage or no; fire versus sheep versus succession; coastal pond - natural breach vs excavator. Topics Inertia - what happens today is very dependent on the past, may be contingent on our expectation for the future. What we do, what natural forces operate on, are conditions handed to us from history; but the entire system is in motion-erosion of features created in the past; plants and animals recovering from historical changes. Even if we do nothing much will change. Without future changes in the system - i.e. environmental change. If change occurs; inertia will condition the response - e.g. coastal erosion, shift in species. To keep things the way they are - is impossible - but even to approximate, requires huge effort. World without us, 19th C New England. -
Section 2 of the Parliament Act 1911
SECTION 2 OF THE PARLIAMENT ACT 1911 This pamphlet is intended for members of the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel. References to Commons Standing Orders are to the Standing Orders of the House of Commons relating to Public Business of 1 May 2018 and the addenda up to 6 February 2019. References to Lords Standing Orders are to the Standing Orders of the House of Lords relating to Public Business of 18 May 2016. References to Erskine May are to Erskine May on Parliamentary Practice (25th edition, 2019). Office of the Parliamentary Counsel 11 July 2019 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION General . 1 Text of section 2. 1 Uses of section 2 . 2 Role of First Parliamentary Counsel . 3 CHAPTER 2 APPLICATION OF SECTION 2 OF THE PARLIAMENT ACT 1911 Key requirements . 4 Bills to which section 2(1) applies . 4 Sending up to Lords in first Session . 6 Rejection by Lords in first Session . 7 Same Bill in second Session. 7 Passing Commons in second Session . 10 Sending up to Lords in second Session . 11 Rejection by Lords in second Session . 11 Commons directions . 14 Royal Assent . 14 CHAPTER 3 SUGGESTED AMENDMENTS Commons timing and procedure . 16 Function of the procedure . 17 Form of suggested amendment . 19 Lords duty to consider. 19 Procedure in Lords . 19 CHAPTER 4 OTHER PROCEDURAL ISSUES IN THE SECOND SESSION Procedure motions in Commons . 21 Money Resolutions . 23 Queen’s and Prince’s Consent . 23 To and Fro (or “ping-pong”) . 23 APPENDIX Jackson case: implied restrictions under section 2(1) . 25 —i— CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION General 1.1 The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 were passed to restrict the power of veto of the House of Lords over legislation.1 1.2 Section 1 of the 1911 Act is about securing Royal Assent to Money Bills to which the Lords have not consented. -
Place-Names and Early Settlement in Kent
http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society PLACE-NAMES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT IN KENT By P. H. REANEY, LITT.D., PH.D., F.S.A.1 APART from a few river-names like Medway and Limen and the names of such Romano-British towns as Rochester, Reculver and Richborough, the place-names of Kent are of English origin. What Celtic names survive are too few to throw any light on the history of Romano- British Kent. The followers and descendants of Hengest and Horsa gave names of their own to the places where they settled and the early settlement with which we are concerned is that which began with the coming of the Saxons in the middle of the fifth century A.D. The material for the history of this conquest is late and unsatisfac- tory, based entirely on legends and traditions. The earliest of our authorities, Gildas, writing a full century after the events, was concerned chiefly with castigating the Britons for their sins; names and dates were no concern of his. Bede was a writer of a different type, a historian on whom we can rely, but his Ecclesiastical History dates from about 730, nearly 300 years after the advent of the Saxons. He was a North- umbrian, too, and was careful to say that the story of Hengest was only a tradition, "what men say ". The problems of the Anglo-Saxon, Chronicle are too complicated to discuss in detail. It consists of a series of annals, with dates and brief lists of events. -
Our Old Nobility. by Noblesse Oblige [Pseud.]
Gc 929.7201 Evlo v.l 1267345 GENEALOGY COLLECTl V im ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 00726 8128 OUR OLD NOBILITY. OUR OLD NOBILITY. - NOBLESSE OBLIGE, p s ~u A V. ^•i^CO'A'Z? EDITION, PUBLISHED FOR THE POLITICAL TRACT SOCIETY, By E. J. KIBBLEWHITE, 3f, TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 1S7;, PREFACE^ I HIS book is a reprint, with a few corrections and additions, of a series of articles which have ap- peared in the Echo. Should it meet with public approbation I intend in due time to reprint a second series which is now appearing every Saturday in the same journal I desire to express my obligations to Mr. Macqueen, Sec- retary of the Financial Reform Association, for the valuable information which he has compiled from the Landowners Return, and published in the Financial Reformer diXid Financial Reform Almanack. I have also to tender my thanks to various correspondents, some of them being members of the families of whom I have written, for information by which I have been enabled to correct and add to the original articles in the EcJio. It has been my endeavour to state facts as accurately as possible, and scarcely any of the statements I have made have been called in question; in fact the only important correction which I have been compelled to make was in regard to a living duke, who is credited in a County History with having discharged his father's debts. Unpaid ; VI Preface written to me denying this, I have been creditors having J statement.