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The Influence of the Physical Environment on Tourism in Region Three of the Northern Province

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The Influence of the Physical Environment on Tourism in Region Three of the Northern Province THE INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ON TOURISM IN REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE BY FHATUWANI HAMILTON SUMBANA DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS AT THE RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: PROF J.T. HARMSE OCTOBER 1998 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individuals contributed in various ways to the successful appearance of this research. My sincere thanks are extended to: Prof J.T. Harmse, my study leader, for his guidance, support and encouragement. Mrs E. Enslin who prepared and adjusted several diagrams appearing in this research. My cousin Shoni Mphaphuli who motivated me to continue with this field of study. Mr K.C. Khorommbi for sharing ideas and exchange of material. My students and colleagues who accompanied me when collecting data from villages. My wife Elelwani and two sons, Mbuyelo and Mudivha for their moral support and encouragement in time of stress. God for his love care SUMMARY Tourists, when visiting their destinations are often attracted among others by the nature of the physical environment. This includes the geomorphological and climatological features as well as fauna and flora. The physical environment, which is a valuable resource to both the local communities and tourist, needs to be looked after properly. Even though the infrastructure is poor in most instances, the number of tourists visiting the region remains relatively high. It is remarkable that the tourism industry is one of the key economic sectors in this region. It generates employment to communities and therefore stimulates social change. Land owners, banks and government benefit from this industry. That is why the government is contributing so much in the development and maintenance of this resource which is related to tourism. This study has proved that a high percentage of commercial accommodation centers promote their business emphasising the beauty of the local physical environment. OPSOMMING Wanneer toeriste hul verskeie bestemmings besoek, word hulle onder andere aangetrek deur die samestelling van die fisiese ongewing. Dit sluit die geomorfologiese en klimatologiese kenmerke, so wel as die fauna en flora in. Daar moet behoorlik omgesien word na hierdie fisiese omgewing, wat 'n waardevolle bron is vir beide die plaaslike gemeenskap en toeriste, want ten spyte van die swak infrastruktuur in baie gevalle, bly die getal toeriste wat die streek besoek, relatief hoog. Dit is merkwaardig dat die toerismeindustrie een van die sleutel ekonomiese sektore in hierdie streek is. Dit genereer werksgeleenthede vir gemeenskappe en stimuleer daardeur sosiale verandering. Grondeienaars, banke en ook die regering vind baat hierby. Dit is waarom die regering soveel bydra tot die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van hierdie bron wat nou verbind is met toerisme. Hierdie studie het bewys dat 'n hoe persentasie van kommersiele akkommodasiesentrums, hulle besigheid bemark deur die klem to laat val op die natuurskoon en die aantreklikhede van die plaaslike, fisiese omgewing. (iv) CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.1. Humans and their environment 1 1.1.2. Tourism as an industry 3 1.2. PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1.4. REY QUESTIONS 6 1.5. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 6 1.5.1. The Northern Province 6 1.5.2.1. Limpopo Valley 11 1.5.2.2. Soutpansberg 12 1.5.2.3. Pietersburg Highveld 13 1.5.2 : Study Area : Region Three of the Northern Province 15 1.6. TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THEORETICAL GUIDELINES 16 1.6.1. Defining Tourism 16 1.6.2. Historical Background 17 1.6.3. Tourism and economic development 19 1.6.4. Improving access to tourism: The role of the state 20 (v ) 1.6.6. Tourism employment and labour markets 22 1.6.7. Tourism and leisure environments 22 1.7. CONCLUSION 23 CHAPTER TWO : METHODOLOGY 24 2.1. INTRODUCTION 24 2.2. SAMPLING DESIGN 24 2.2.1. The target population 25 2.2.2. Survey sample 25 2.3. CONCLUSION 36 CHAPTER THREE : LOCATION OF MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACT ION CENTRES 37 3.1. INTRODUCTION 37 3.2. MAKUYA PARK NATURE RESERVE 38 3.3. MESSINA NATURE RESERVE 42 3.4. NWANEDI NATURE RESERVE 44 3.5. SAGOLE SPA 48 3.6. TSHIPISE AVENTURA 51 3.7. OTHER TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS IN THE REGION ---52 3.7.1. The Big Tree 53 (vi) 3.7.2. Nzhelele Dam 54 3.7.3. Hiking Trails 55 3.7.4. Tshiungani Ruins 56 3.8. CONCLUSION 58 CHAPTER FOUR : THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ON TOURISM MARKETING 59 4.1. INTRODUCTION 59 4.2. DEFINITION OF MARKETING 60 4.4. MARKETING GOODS AND SERVICES AS PRODUCTS IN TOURISM 64 4.5. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM SERVICES 65 4.5.1. Inseparability 65 4.5.2. Perishability 65 4.5.3. Intangibility 66 4.5.4. Seasonality and demand fluctuations 66 4.6. TOWARDS A NEW TOURISM: GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE ----68 4.6.1. Why tourism 68 4.6.2. Responsible tourism 69 4.6.3. Marketing and promotion 70 4.6.3.1. The role of national government 70 4.6.3.2. The role of provincial government 71 4.6.3.3. The role of local government 71 4.6.3.4. The role of communities 72 4.7. MARKETING TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 73 4.7.1. Marketing bodies 73 4.7.1.1. Government institutions 73 4.7.1.2. Non-governmental organisations 74 4.7.2. Venda : Land of legend 74 4.7.3. The Soutpansberg District 76 4.8. TOURISM - PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS 81 4.8.1. Tourism and the environment : a symbiotic relationship 82 4.8.2. Tourism and environment in conflict 85 4.8. CONCLUSION 87 CHAPTER FIVE TOURISM AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT 88 5.1. INTRODUCTION 88 5.2. TOURISM AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION 89 5.2.1. Direct employment 92 5.2.2. Indirect employment 93 5.2.3. Investment-related employment 93 5.2.4. The economic multiplier effect 94 5.2.5. The multiplier effect of the selected tourist centers 95 5.2.5.1. Sagole Spa 95 5.2.5.2. Nwanedi Park '.95 5.2.5.3. Game Hunting Grounds 96 5.4. CONCLUSION 98 CHAPTER SIX o PRESENTATION AND ANALY S I S OF DATA 99 6.1. INTRODUCTION 99 6.2. DESCRIPTION OF REGION THREE AS A TOURISM REGION --99 6.2.1. Connectivity index 100 6.2.2. The nearest-neighbour analysis 102 6.2.3. Tourism attractiveness index 106 6.3. ESTIMATING THE LOCAL ECONOMIC MAGNITUDE OF TOURISM IN REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 110 6.3.1. Local impact model 110 6.4. DISTRIBUTION OF TOURISM ATTRACTION CENTERS 114 6.5. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 115 6.6. CONCLUSION 119 CHAPTER SEVEN: RE COMMENDAT IONS AND CONCLUSIONS 120 7.1. RECOMMENDATIONS 120 7.1.1. Environmental conservation 120 7.1.2. Provision of adequate infrastructure 120 7.2. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 122 REFERENCES 123 ( x ) LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1. THE PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2 FIGURE 1.2: NORTHERN PROVINCE IN NATIONAL CONTEXT 8 FIGURE 1.3: THE FOUR REGIONS OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 9 FIGURE 1.4: REGION THREE OR C OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE -10 FIGURE 2.1: DISTRICTS OF REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 26 FIGURE 3.1: MARUYA NATURE RESERVE 39 FIGURE 3.2: NWANEDI NATURE RESERVE 45 FIGURE 3.3: SAGOLE SPA 50 FIGURE 3.4: THE LOCATION OF SAGOLE SPA 51 FIGURE 4.1. ADVERTISEMENT BROCHURE FOR TSHIPISE AVENTURA 79 FIGURE 5.1: EMPLOYMENT (%) IN EIGHT DISTRICTS FOR THE PERIOD 1991 90 FIGURE 6.1 : ROAD NETWORK IN REGION THREE OF NORTHERN PROVINCE 101 FIGURE 6.2: SAMPLED ACCOMMODATION CENTERS FOR NEAREST NEIGHBOUR ANALYSIS 104 FIGURE 6.3. DISTRIBUTION OF TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS 105 FIGURE 6.4: ATTRIBUTES OF TOURISM ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 108 FIGURE 6.5: ATTRIBUTES OF TOURISM ATTRACTIVENESS 109 FIGURE 6.6: VISITOR-PARTY EXPENDITURE SURVEY 114 FIGURE 6.7: PURPOSE OF VISITING REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 116 FIGURE 6.8: TOURISM ATTRACTION CENTERS PER DISTRICT ---118 FIGURE 6.9: TOURISM ATTRACTION CENTERS PER DISTRICT ---118 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1.1: SOUTH AFRICAN PROVINCES, POPULATION AND AREA 7 TABLE 2.1: NUMBER OF ACCOMMODATION AND TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS PER DISTRICT 27 TABLE 2.2: NAMES OF COMMERCIAL ACCOMMODATION CENTERS AND TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS IN FOUR TOWNS OF THE SOUTPANSBERG DISTRICT 28 TABLE 2.3: NAMES OF COMMERCIAL ACCOMMODATION AND TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS IN OTHER DISTRICTS 29 TABLE 2.4: NUMBER OF ACCOMMODATION CENTERS PER DISTRICT 30 TABLE 2.5: NUMBER OF VILLAGES PER DISTRICT 31 TABLE 2.6: SAMPLED VILLAGES PER DISTRICT 32 TABLE 5.1: POPULATION AND % EMPLOYMENT PER DISTRICT IN REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 89 TABLE 6.1: ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR WEIGHTS FOR THE CALCULATION OF TOURISM ATTRACTION INDEX ---107 TABLE 6.2: ATTRIBUTES FOR TOURISM ATTRACTIVENESS ----108 TABLE 6.3: LOCAL ACCOMMODATION INVENTORY 111 TABLE 6.4: CALCULATION OF TOTAL VISITORS 112 TABLE 6.5: VISITOR EXPENDITURE 113 TABLE 6.6: PURPOSE OF VISITING REGION THREE OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE 115 TABLE 6.7: TOURISM ATTRACTION CENTERS PER DISTRICT ----117 LIST OF PLATES PLATE 1 : The Big Tree 53 Plate 2 : Phiphidi Waterfalls 56 PLATE 3 : The Verwoerd Tunnel 78 PLATE 4: Mutshedzi Dam 80 -1- 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.1. Humans and their environment Human being cannot be separated from their natural surroundings. No matter how much they may insulate themselves from their environment, they are not isolated from it. All human's activities affect the natural world and cause changes in it.
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