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An Exploratory Study from the Letaba River Catchment Is My Own Work

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ALLOCATION AND USE OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC AND PRODUCTIVE PURPOSES: AN EX PLORATORY STUDY FROM THE LETABA RIVER CATCHMENT T.G MASANGU FEBRUARY 2009 1 KEY WORDS Water allocation Water collection Domestic water use Agricultural water use Water management institutions Water services Water allocation reform Water scarcity Right to water Rural livelihoods. i ABSTRACT ALLOCATION AND USE OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC AND PRODUCTIVE PURPOSES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY FROM THE LETABA RIVER CATCHMENT T.G Masangu M.Phil thesis, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape. In this thesis, I explore the allocation and use of water for productive and domestic purposes in the village of Siyandhani in the Klein Letaba sub-area, and how the allocation and use is being affected by new water resource management and water services provision legislation and policies in the context of water reform. This problem is worth studying because access to water for domestic and productive purposes is a critical dimension of poverty alleviation. The study focuses in particular on the extent to which policy objectives of greater equity in resource allocation and poverty alleviation are being achieved at local level with the following specific objectives: to establish water resources availability in Letaba/Shingwedzi sub-region, specifically surface and groundwater and examine water uses by different sectors (e.g. agriculture, industry, domestic, forestry etc.,); to explore the dynamics of existing formal and informal institutions for water resources management and water services provision and the relationship between and among them; to investigate the practice of allocation and use of domestic water; to investigate the practice of allocation and use of irrigation water. The study concludes that there is a problem of water scarcity in the study area and that the water scarcity is caused by the growth in the population, specifically in the Giyani area; these problems are exacerbated by financial and institutional obstacles within local institutions of governance. The water scarcity is not, therefore, natural but anthropogenic in nature. ii The water scarcity is not felt by all sectors, however: some farmers have access to water for irrigation, while many others face great challenges in their farming activities. Overall, people in Siyandhani and surrounding villages surrounding villages in the Letaba Catchment do not have access to water because of human action, hence the use of the concept of manufactured scarcity. The lack of access to water, it is argued, leads to the violation of the human right to water. This study concludes that water reform, which is widely seen as a priority for South Africa, has not yet reached the villages of the Klein Letaba. February 2009 iii DECLARATION I declare that Allocation and Use of Water for Domestic and Productive Purposes: An Exploratory Study from the Letaba River Catchment is my own work. All other sources, used or quoted, have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. This thesis has not been submitted for a degree at another university. THOKOZILE GLENDA MASANGU February 2009 Signature: iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A very special word of thanks goes to my supervisors, Dr Edward Lahiff (University of the Western Cape, South Africa) and Professor Bill Derman (Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway). I am most appreciative of their efforts to provide me with the courage and support during the study. I extend a word of gratitude to the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) for granting me a scholarship which made this study possible. The scholarship was funded by the Research Council of Norway under the project Land, Water and Poverty in Southern Africa: Breaking with the Past. The funding was granted to Noragric – the Department of International Environment and Development Studies at the Norwegian University of the Life Sciences, Aas, Norway. A word of appreciation is owed to the community members of Siyandhani Village, who allowed me into their homes and their plots at the B4E irrigation scheme, and gave time to make a contribution to this study. I also wish to acknowledge the contributions made particularly by staff members of Departments of Water Affairs and Forestry and Agriculture in Giyani, officials of the Mopani District Municipality and Greater Giyani Local Municipality. A heartfelt word of gratitude goes to my husband Sunnyboy, and my daughters Theodora and Masana who sacrificed quality family time in favour of my personal growth and development. My entire family was so supportive and understanding throughout the period of my studies. To all, although not mentioned, whose contributions I greatly appreciate, please accept my gratitude. v TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY WORDS ............................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii DECLARATION ..................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... v LIST OF ANNEXURES ......................................................................................... xi ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the water sector in South Africa .................................................. 1 1.2 The challenge of water reform in South Africa ................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of the study and Key Research Questions .......................................... 6 1.3.1 Specific Objectives............................................................................................ 6 1.3.2 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 7 1.4 The Analytical Framework .................................................................................. 9 1.5 Outline of the thesis ........................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2: DEBATES ABOUT WATER IN SOUTH AFRICA .................. 23 2.1 Historical background ........................................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Legal systems that form the foundation of water law ..................................... 23 2.1.2 Water law in South Africa............................................................................... 24 2.2 Policy and legislation framework for water after 1994 ...................................... 27 2.2.1 White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (1994) .......................... 29 2.2.2 Water Law Review Process (1995) ................................................................. 29 2.2.3 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) .............................. 31 2.2.4 Water Services Act (No 108 of 1997) ............................................................. 33 2.2.5 Strategic Framework for Water Services (2003) ............................................ 34 2.2.6 The National Water Act (No 36 of 1998) ....................................................... 36 2.3 The Human right to water .................................................................................. 43 2.4 ‘Adequacy of water’ ........................................................................................... 47 2.5 Basic water requirements ................................................................................... 49 2.6 Water collection ................................................................................................. 53 2.7 Water use ............................................................................................................ 55 2.8 Productive uses of domestic water at household level ....................................... 55 2.9 The level of water supply service....................................................................... 57 2.10 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3: STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............ 61 3.1 Location ............................................................................................................. 61 3.2 Selection of the case study site........................................................................... 63 3.3 Overview of the study area ................................................................................ 64 3.3.1 Overview of Limpopo Province ...................................................................... 65 3.3.2 Overview of Mopani District Municipality ..................................................... 71 vi 3.3.3 Overview of Greater Giyani local municipality .............................................. 73 3.3.4 Overview of Siyandhani Village ..................................................................... 76 3.3.5 Overview of the Klein Letaba sub-area .......................................................... 83 3.4 Research Methodology ...................................................................................... 86 3.4.1 Research approach .........................................................................................
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