Flea Species (Insecta, Siphonaptera) from the Faroe Islands
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© Norwegian Journal of Entomology. 29 June 2017 Flea species (Insecta, Siphonaptera) from the Faroe Islands JENS-KJELD JENSEN & EYÐFINN MAGNUSSEN Jensen, J.-K. & Magnussen, E. 2017. Flea species (Insecta, Siphonaptera) from the Faroe Islands. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 64, 22–27. The current investigation specifies the occurrence of four flea species living in the Faroe Islands: Ceratophyllus garei (Rothschild, 1902), Dasypsyllus gallinulae gallinulae (Dale, 1878), Leptopsylla segnis (Schönherr, 1811) and Ctenophthalmus nobilis (Rothschild, 1902). One of these species, C. garei, has never been reported in the Faroe Islands before. In addition, the flea species that have been reported in the Faroe Islands during the years 1929 to 2016 are listed. In total eleven species have been found. However, one of them, Pulex irritans (Linnaeus, 1758), has probably disappeared again. Key words: Fleas, Siphonaptera, new species, Faroe Islands, occurrence. Jens-Kjeld Jensen, Í Geilini 37, FO-270 Nólsoy, Faroe Islands. E-mail: [email protected] Eyðfinn Magnussen, University of the Faroe Islands, Faculty of Science and Technology. Nóatún 3, FO-100 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction about a thousand years ago (late 8th century to the mid-11th century) (Jones et al. 2011). The brown Fleas (Insecta, Siphonaptera) are small, mostly rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) arrived 2–3 mm long, wingless, laterally flattened and in 1768 (Jensen & Magnussen, 2015) and the highly specialized insects with holometabolous mountain hare (Lepus timidus, Linnaeus, 1758) metamorphosis (Brinck-Lindroth & Smit2007). was introduced for hunting in 1855 from southern According to Bitam et al. (2010), 2,574 species Norway (Bloch & Fuglø 1999). The Faroe Islands are described, belonging to 16 families and are characterised by its rich birdlife, and 312 bird 238 genera. As adults, both males and females species are known from the Faroe Islands by 2015 are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of (Jensen & Sørensen 2015), of which at least 50 mammals and birds, therefore, the diversity of breed regularly (Sørensen & Block 1990). fleas in an area is highly dependent on the number The first investigation of fleas in the Faroe of mammals and birds living in the area, but is Islands was conducted by Henriksen (1929), normally reduced in isolated areas. who reported two flea species; human-flea The Faroe Islands are an archipelago located (Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758) and bird- in the middle between Scotland, Iceland and flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae Schrank, 1803). Norway, consisting of 18 islands with rocks Conceivably, this was probably just a cursory and islets (Figure 1). Originally, there were no investigation because in the description the native terrestrial mammals in the Faroe Islands. author wrote, “The flea-fauna of the Faroes must However, over time, three mammalian species doubtless include more species than are known were introduced by humans. The house mouse till now”. More than seventy years later Trolle & (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) is supposed to Jensen (2001) ascertained this statement. They have come to the islands during the Viking age, reported nine species of fleas, of which four were 22 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 64, 22–27 (2017) 7°W KALSOY KUNOY VIÐOY FUGLOY back in 1929 (Henriksen 1929). Since 1996, Jens- Kjeld Jensen, the first author of this paper, has continually collected and identified fleas in the SVÍNOY Faroe Islands when he ringed birds or searched EYSTUROY STREYMOY BORÐOY for fleas in nests of birds. The aim of the present paper is to give an VÁGAR overview of all flea species recorded in the Faroe MYKINES Fútaklettur Islands, from 1929 to the present. 62°N NÓLSOY KOLTUR HESTUR Kirkjubøhólmur Material and methods Sandur SANDOY Ectoparasitic fleas were collected from three stationary animal species living in the Faroe SKÚVOY Islands, including one bird species (eiders STÓRA DÍMUN (Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758)) and two mammal species (house mouse (Mus musculus) LÍTLA DÍMUN and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)). The eider fleas were collected from eider SUÐUROY nests just after the young had left. The entire nests were placed in a polystyrene bag and later on a Tullgren funnel (also known as a Berlese funnel) Sumbiarhólmur 0 5 10 km to extract living larvae and adult fleas inhabiting in the nests. In some cases, the nests were stored FIGURE 1. Locations where eider ( , brown rats (▲) and house miceFigur (●)e were 1 collected for the in the polystyrene bags where potential larvae investigation of fleas. The green colour indicates⋆) the had possibilities to develop to adult fleas. In these islands where Ctenophthalmus nobilis (Rothschild, cases, each of the bags was regularly checked 1898) has been reported. The blue colour indicates the for adult fleas. Nests from eiders were collected islands where Leptopsylla segnis (Schönherr, 1811) from three locations: Nólsoy in August 2013 and has been reported. The star with circle (✪) shows 2014 (n=6 & 6, respectively), Sumbiarhólmur, 18 the location where Ceratophyllus garei (Rothschild, August 2015 (n=9) and on Kirkjubøhólmur, 16 1902) was found, which is the first record of this August 2014 (n=11) (Figures 1 and 2). species on the Faroe Islands. Names written by capital letters are names for the corresponding islands. The Eight recently dead house mice were collected map in the lower left corner shows the location of the in the village of Sandur on 21 July 2005 and Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic (in red circle). two recently dead brown rats were collected at Fútaklettur on 20 January 2016 (Figure 1). The collected mice and rats were individually frozen characterised as ‘mammal species’ and the others in plastic bags immediately after they were as ‘bird species’. Seven of these had never been collected. Before examination, they were thawed reported for the Faroe Islands before. and each creature was then gently washed with The best-known flea species on Faroese lukewarm soapy water in a plastic bucket and animals is probably the ‘hen flea’ Ceratophyllus( carefully cleaned in running water. The water gallinae gallinae), also known as the ‘European was filtered with a sieve, having mesh size of chicken flea’, and in the Faroe Islands as ‘starling 300 µm. Subsequently, the collected fleas were flea’. This species is very common on Faroese sorted out under a dissecting microscope. To birds (Trolle & Jensen 2001) and has been well avoid contamination between specimens, each rat known in the Faroe Islands ever since the first was treated separately and the bucket was cleaned fleas were collected on the islands by Henriksen carefully before investigation of the next rat. 23 Jensen & Magnussen: Flea species from the Faroe Islands FIGURE 2. The flea species Ceratophyllus garei (Rothschild, 1902) was found for the first time in the Faroe Islands in an eiders nest on the islet ‘Kirkjubøhólmur’, which is located about 250 m outside the village ‘Kirkjubøur’ on Streymoy. In 2011, 120 pairs of eider bred on this islet. All the collected fleas were preserved in 70% Dasypsyllus gallinulae gallinulae Dale, 1878. alcohol. For our convenience, the fleas were The finding ofC. garei included 9♂♂ and 7♀♀ separately slide-mounted, following the technique and is the first record of this species in the Faroe described by Palma (1978). The identification Islands. Only one specimen, a female, was found follows Brinck-Lindroth & Smit (2007) and Smit of D. g. gallinulae. This is the first observation of (1954, 1957). For the details, see Jensen & Olsen this flea species, living on eider bird in the Faroe (2003). Voucher specimens of the flea species, Islands; however, it has been reported earlier on found in the present investigation, are deposit in other bird species in the Faroe Islands. the collections of the Natural History Museum No fleas were found in the 15 eider nests (Tórshavn, Faroe Islands). Specimens are also investigated in the two other locations, at Nólsoy available from the first author of this paper, Jens- and Sumbiarhólmur. Kjeld Jensen, Nólsoy, Faroe Islands. Voucher House Mice: Among the eight mice specimens specimens of all flea species, recorded in the Faroe investigated, one was infected by a flea species, Island during the last 20 years are also available at Leptopsylla segnis Schönherr, 1811, 2♂♂ and the same places. 2♀♀. This is the first record of this flea species on the island of Sandoy. Brown rat: One of the two rats investigated Results was infected with a single female specimen of the flea species Ctenophthalmus nobilis Rothschild, Eider: Two flea species were found in the 11 1898 (Figure 3). This is the first record of this flea eider nest collected in Kirkjubøhólmur (Figure species on the island of Vágar. 2): Ceratophyllus garei Rothschild, 1902 and 24 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 64, 22–27 (2017) FIGURE 3. The flea species Ctenophthalmus nobilis (Rothschild,1898) is now found on three Faroese islands, including Eysturoy, Streymoy and Vágar. Discussion in the neighbouring countries. For example, it is common in eider nests in Iceland (Forbes 2015) The current investigation observes four species and is also registered in Shetland (Johnston 1999). of fleas, Ceratophyllus garei, Dasypsyllus It is quite common that not all species are gallinulae gallinulae, Leptopsylla segnis and reported in a geographic area due to the lack Ctenophthalmus nobilis, living in the Faroe of efforts on searching for the specific species. Islands. The first two species were found in a However, this seems not to be the reason why C. single eider nest, while the others were found on garei has not been reported earlier in the Faroe a house mouse and on a brown rat, respectively. Islands. Since 1996, the first author of this paper C. garei, also known as ‘duck flea’ (Forbes has ringed thousands of birds. While doing this, 2015), is a Holarctic species and is common both birds and nests were regularly checked for in East and Central Asia, Northern continental fleas, butC.