British Columbia & Vancouver Island the Jack Wallace Collection
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To Read an Excerpt from Claiming the Land
CONTENTS S List of Illustrations / ix Preface / xi INTRODUCTION Fraser River Fever on the Pacific Slope of North America / 1 CHAPTER 1 Prophetic Patterns: The Search for a New El Dorado / 13 CHAPTER 2 The Fur Trade World / 36 CHAPTER 3 The Californian World / 62 CHAPTER 4 The British World / 107 CHAPTER 5 Fortunes Foretold: The Fraser River War / 144 CHAPTER 6 Mapping the New El Dorado / 187 CHAPTER 7 Inventing Canada from West to East / 213 CONCLUSION “The River Bears South” / 238 Acknowledgements / 247 Appendices / 249 Notes / 267 Bibliography / 351 About the Author / 393 Index / 395 PREFACE S As a fifth-generation British Columbian, I have always been fascinated by the stories of my ancestors who chased “the golden butterfly” to California in 1849. Then in 1858 — with news of rich gold discoveries on the Fraser River — they scrambled to be among the first arrivals in British Columbia, the New El Dorado of the north. To our family this was “British California,” part of a natural north-south world found west of the Rocky Mountains, with Vancouver Island the Gibraltar-like fortress of the North Pacific. Today, the descendants of our gold rush ancestors can be found throughout this larger Pacific Slope region of which this history is such a part. My early curiosity was significantly moved by these family tales of adventure, my great-great-great Uncle William having acted as fore- man on many of the well-known roadways of the colonial period: the Dewdney and Big Bend gold rush trails, and the most arduous section of the Cariboo Wagon Road that traversed and tunnelled through the infamous Black Canyon (confronted by Simon Fraser just a little over 50 years earlier). -
Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place
Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas By Hal K. Rothman Daniel Holder, Research Associate National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office Series Number Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the full cooperation of the men and women working for the National Park Service, starting with the superintendents of the two parks, Frank Deckert at Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Larry Henderson at Guadalupe Mountains National Park. One of the true joys of writing about the park system is meeting the professionals who interpret, protect and preserve the nation’s treasures. Just as important are the librarians, archivists and researchers who assisted us at libraries in several states. There are too many to mention individuals, so all we can say is thank you to all those people who guided us through the catalogs, pulled books and documents for us, and filed them back away after we left. One individual who deserves special mention is Jed Howard of Carlsbad, who provided local insight into the area’s national parks. Through his position with the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society, he supplied many of the photographs in this book. We sincerely appreciate all of his help. And finally, this book is the product of many sacrifices on the part of our families. This book is dedicated to LauraLee and Lucille, who gave us the time to write it, and Talia, Brent, and Megan, who provide the reasons for writing. Hal Rothman Dan Holder September 1998 i Executive Summary Located on the great Permian Uplift, the Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns national parks area is rich in prehistory and history. -
MANAGING DISCORD in the AMERICAS Great Britain and the United States 1886-1896
MANAGING DISCORD IN THE AMERICAS Great Britain and the United States 1886-1896 GERER LA DISCORDE DANS LES AMERIQUES La Grande-Bretagne et les Etats-Unis 1886-1896 A Thesis Submitted To the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada By Charles Robertson Maier, CD, MA In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2010 ©This Thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69195-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69195-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. -
Freight Wagons Ascend the the Great Bluff on the Thompson River Eight Miles Above Spences Bridge
THE GREAT BLUFF Freight wagons ascend the the Great Bluff on the Thompson River eight miles above Spences Bridge. This photograph shows the poles and wires of the the Collins Overland Telegraph, an ambitious attempt to lay an electric telegraph line from San Francisco, California to Moscow, Russia. Although the project died on the vine, the telegraph did connect New Westminster with Barkerville. the bluff was 88 miles above yale. 170 BRITISH COLUMBIA & YUKON GOLD HUNTERS: A HISTORY IN PHOTOGRAPHS BRITISH COLUMBIA 171 HISTORICAL PHOTO #000763 ROYAL BC MUSEUM & ARCHIVES PHOTOGRAPHY BY FREDERICK DALLY, 1868. INSTALLING CRIBBING ON THE CARIBOO WAGON ROAD This painting by Rex Woods shows a party of Royal Engineers installing cribbing on the Cariboo Wagon Road above Spences Bridge. Dress for the officers was a scarlet tunic with dark blue trousers featuring a scarlet strip along the seams; yellow cord on the shoulder straps, collar and sleeve cuffs; blue collar and cuffs; yellow cord on the shoulder straps, collar and sleeve cuffs; blue collar and cuffs; blue pill-box with a yellow band and red piping; and a buff white belt. The sappers wore grey shirts with their uniform. A wall of rock has been breached and a cleft is being cribbed and filled as horses drag heavy logs from below the limber-line on "goboy" skids or sleds. Sappers and Chinese toil in the background. Their assignment completed, the detachment of Royal Engineers was disbanded in 1863. Many remained as 172settlers BRITISH in the COLUMBIAexpanding & west. YUKON GOLD HUNTERS: A HISTORY IN PHOTOGRAPHS BRITISH COLUMBIA 173 PAINTING & DRAWINGS MG-6068 REX WOODS ROYAL BC MUSEUM & ARCHIVES TWENTY-SIX MEMBERS OF THE NINCCHUMSHIN FIRST NATIONS GATHER FOR A GROUP PHOTO NEAR SPENCES BRIDGE ON THE Twenty-six members of the Nincumshin First Nations gather for a group photograph near Spences Bridge on the Thompson River THOMPSON RIVER. -
The Photographic Record of Pre- Con F Ederation British Columbia
The Photographic Record of Pre- Conf ederation British Columbia by JOAN M. SCHWARTZ The research potential of historical photographs has not yet been fully realized despite growing interest in a wide variety of primary, often unconventional source materials. Nineteenth-century photographs have traditionally been used to corroborate manuscript findings or to illustrate written text, satisfying the anthropologist studying Indian burial customs, the architectural historian searching for Classical bank facades, the social historian investigating modes of dress and the historical geographer examining man's impact on the natural landscape. Such researchers have sought specific information pertinent to their particular interests, but have left the broader significance of the detail and range of subjects unexplored. Recently it has been clearly acknowledged that "a photograph is a document, and the historian's first business is to ask of it, as he would of any other record, who made it, to whom it was addressed, and what it was meant to convey."' If the integrity of historical photographs has been recognized, few studies anywhere have employed photographs as a pri- mary source. A description of the photographic record of British Columbia before its entry into Confederation in 1871 and a subsequent commentary on its contents suggest the research opportunities and historical significance of archival photographic colle~tions.~ Nineteenth-century photographs constitute valuable evidence supporting the study of land and life in early British Columbia where pioneering proceeded under the camera's eye almost from the beginning of white settlement. The first photographic gallery was established in Victoria soon after the Fraser River gold rush began in 1858. -
The Cariboo Wagon Road
THE CARIBOO WAGON ROAD he success of the Cariboo goldfields necessitated the further Timprovement of the roads to the Cariboo. In May 1862, Colonel Richard C. Moody advised Governor James Douglas that the Yale to Cariboo route through the Fraser Canyon was the best to adapt for the general development of the country and that it was imperative its construction start at once. The governor concurred and it was decided that the road would be a full 18-feet wide in order to accommodate wagons going and coming from the goldfields and thus it came to be known as the Cariboo Wagon Road. The builders were to be paid large cash subsidies as work progressed and upon completion of their sections were to be granted permission to collect tolls from the travelers for the following 5 years. Captain John Marshall Grant of the Royal Engineers, with a force of sappers, miners, and civilian labor, was to construct the first six miles out of Yale, while Thomas Spence was to extend the road the next seven miles to Chapman’s Bar, at a cost of $47,000. From here, Joseph William Trutch, Spence’s partner, was to tackle the section to a point that would become Boston Bar, a distance of 12 miles, at a cost of $75,000. From here, Spence would continue the road to Lytton. Walter Moberly, a successful engineer, with Charles Oppenheimer, a partner in the great mercantile firm ROYAL ENGINEER'S BUCKLE & BUTTONS. COURTESY WERNER KASCHEL of Oppenheimer Brothers, and Thomas B. Lewis accepted the challenge to build the section from Lytton until the road joined a junction with the wagon road to be built by Gustavus Blin Wright and John Colin Calbreath from Lillooet to Watson’s stopping house. -
35-2 Spring Text
Volume 35, No. 2 BRITISH COLUMBIA Spring 2002 $5.00 HISTORICAL NEWS ISSN 1195-8294 Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation Acts of Kindness Big Bend From Utah to Kootenay Flats Business in the Lardeau: 1901 Bees in BC Courtesy R.G. Harvey. Courtesy R.G. This issue includes a registration form for a Jane (Fisher) Huscroft, ca. 1897, with her eleventh grandchild, William Rodger day of free workshops in Revelstoke in Huscroft Long. After a brief attempt in 1891 to settle on Baillie-Grohman’s Kootenay conjunction with the annual conference of Flats, the Huscrofts settled near Creston. R.G. Harvey’s article starting on page 2. the British Columbia Historical Federation. Our Web site, HTTP://WWW.BCHF.BC.CA, is hosted by Selkirk College in Castlegar, BC British Columbia Historical News British Columbia Historical Federation Journal of the PO Box 5254, Station B., Victoria BC V8R 6N4 British Columbia Historical Federation a charitable society under the income tax act Published Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. Editor: Honorary Patron: The Honourable Iona Campagnolo. PC, CM, OBC Fred Braches Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia PO Box 130 Honorary President: Alice Glanville, Box 746, Grand Forks, BC V0M 1H0 Whonnock BC, V2W 1V9 Phone 604.462.8942 Officers [email protected] President: Wayne Desrochers 13346 57th Avenue, Surrey BC V3X 2W8 Book Review Editor: Phone 604. 599.4206 Fax. 604.507.4202 [email protected] Anne Yandle First Vice President: Roy J.V. Pallant 3450 West 20th Avenue 1541 Merlynn Crescent, North Vancouver BC V7J 2X9 Vancouver BC, V6S 1E4 Phone 604.986.8969 [email protected] Phone 604.733.6484 Second Vice President: Jacqueline Gresko [email protected] 5931 Sandpiper Court, Richmond BC V7E 3P8 Subscription Secretary: Phone 604.274.4383 [email protected] Joel Vinge Secretary: Arnold Ranneris 561 Woodland Drive 1898 Quamichan Street, Victoria BC V8S 2B9 Cranbrook BC V1C 6V2 Phone 250. -
Searchablehistory.Com 1860-1869 P. 1 CENSUS in WASHINGTON
CENSUS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY-- 1860 Pioneers living in all of the former Oregon Country were composed of a variety of people: •twenty-two percent of the settlers were from the Old Northwest area around the Great Lakes, •twenty-one percent of the population was from the slave holding states of the South, •Missouri, a slave-holding state, contributed ten percent -- more than any other single state, •eight percent of the residents came from the Middle Atlantic states, •four percent of the inhabitants were from New England, Washington Territory had to overcome this varied mixture of residents to receive any attention from national politicians then facing an impending sectional crisis Population numbers from the census of 1860 further demonstrated the population difficulties: Clark County -- 2,384 Thurston County -- 1,507 Walla Walla County -- 1,318 King County -- 302 these small numbers resulted in Washington Territory being almost universally ignored Four additional weekly newspapers were established west of Cascades by 1860 these were inadequate to the task of generating interest in the remote region ANOTHER WASHINGTON TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR DEPARTS Governor R.D. Gholson chose to return to Kentucky (and saw fit to remain there) -- January 1860 lack of support from the territorial legislature escalated his frustration level to intolerable six months in office was enough to convince him of the futility of his unifying efforts Territorial Secretary Hiram H. McGill served as Acting Territorial Governor (for more that a year) unlike Governor -
Appendix B-CRT Heritage Project Plan May 2020
COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY HERITAGE Columbia Valley Pioneer Valley Columbia PROJECT PLAN CRT Heritage Project Steering Committee 15 May 2020 Columbia Basin Institute Basin Columbia COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY HERITAGE PROJECT PLAN CRT HERITAGE PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE Team Denise Cook Design Stephanie Fischer Eileen Delehanty Pearkes Eden DuPont 28266. Duncan Dam spillway 1956. BCARDuncan i- Contact: Denise Cook BCAHP BCSLA Principal, Denise Cook Design #1601 - 1555 Eastern Avenue North Vancouver, BC V7L 3G2 Telephone: 604-626-2710 Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Background to the CRT Heritage Project . 1 1.1 Why the Project is Timely and Needed . 1 2. Analysis of Research and Findings . 3 2.1 Heritage Tourism in the Columbia Basin Region . 3 2.2 Community Inventory . 3 2.3 Historical Context and Gap Analysis . 6 2.4 Identified Heritage Values . 9 3. A Bird’s-Eye View . 11 3.1 Conceptual Framework for the CRT Heritage Project . 11 3.2 Proposed Touring Route, Heritage Sites and Viewpoints . 14 3.3 Potential Storytelling and Interpretive Experiences - A Typology . 19 4. Budget . 22 4.1 Capital and Maintenance Budgets . 22 5. Governance . 24 5.1 Proposed Project Governance Strategy . 24 6. Implementation . 26 6.1 Phased Implementation of the CRT Heritage Project . 26 7. Communicating and Publicizing the Project Plan . 28 7.1 Communications Plan . 28 8. Appendices . 31 A Request for Proposals: Design and Maintenance Requirements B Community Outreach C Case Studies D Preliminary Communications Costs E Illustrative Maps F Draft Route Narrative G References i BACKGROUND TO THE COLUMBIA 1 RIVER TREATY HERITAGE PROJECT This Columbia River Treaty Heritage Project Plan (CRT Heritage Project Plan) is a background planning document leading to the development of the Columbia River Treaty Heritage Project (CRT Heritage Project), an acknowledgment project for the Columbia River Treaty. -
Gold Rush Trail CCCTA 2019.Pdf
goldrushtrail.ca 2A2 he Gold Rush Trail is the story of British Columbia, stretching back millennia into prehistory and before. TIt is the story of a mighty river and the lands surrounding it: the cleft between mountains, the carving of canyons, and the fertility of the plains. Gold is not the only treasure found on the trail. The rich history of civilizations, diverse cultures, languages and traditions that came before us also come to life along the way. Here, nature’s abundance beckons to all. Just as many adventurers did before us, travellers come seeking the{ riches of our region. The Gold Rush Trail begins at the mouth of the Fraser River in New{ Westminster and winds its way north to Barkerville Historic Town & Park, following the traditional Indigenous peoples’ trading routes utilized during the fur trade and expanded during the gold rushes of 1858-1862. Today’s Gold Rush Trail is an experiential corridor, a journey of stories, peoples, Centuries of travellers have felt the activities and places that we share with “ pull of BC’s Gold Rush Trail. From our visitors. Just as many adventurers yesteryear’s arduous weeks-long trek did before us, travellers come seeking the promising untold riches to today’s riches of our region. stunning three-day road trip, it has long “ Travelling this historic trail, you’ll have a been a beautiful and varied journey, rich chance to disconnect, get away from the in history, with a lot to see and experience crowds and truly connect with history, along the way. Indigenous culture and nature. -
The Hudson's Bay Company in Barkerville
The Hudson’s Bay Company in Barkerville Ramona Boyle and Richard Mackie* he colonial era in British Columbia brought to an end the Hudson’s Bay Company’s (hbc) trading monopoly and involved a succession of gold rushes from the Fraser River to TRock Creek to Cassiar.1 Yet little is known about the hbc’s commercial response to the new circumstances and opportunities of the gold rushes. In June 1867, when the hbc opened its store in the Cariboo gold rush metropolis of Barkerville, it already had a chain of retail stores and farms along the Cariboo Wagon Road (hereafter Cariboo Road) as well as a more traditional, and extensive, fur trade district to the north in New Caledonia.2 Beginning at Fort Vancouver in the 1830s, the hbc’s coastal operations had branched out to include everything from retail to farming, coal mining, sawmilling, fishing, coastal trading, and urban land sales.3 Having lost its traditional monopoly of the “Indian trade” * This article originated as an essay written for History 318, “Contesting the Columbia: The Fur Trades of the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia,” taught by Richard Mackie at the University of Victoria in the summer session, 2005. That essay won the BC Historical Federation’s 2006 W. Kaye Lamb Award for the best history essay written by a student in a third- or fourth-year course at a BC university. Mackie subsequently edited the paper and readied it for publication and is gratefully acknowledged as co-author. We thank Mandy Kilsby, Nancy Anderson, Susan Safyan, Elizabeth Hunter, Richard Wright, and Michael Kennedy for their assistance with images and information, and three anonymous reviewers for BC Studies for their perceptive and helpful comments. -
The Big Bend Gold Rush
THE BIG BEND GOLD RUSH hese goldfields were located on tributaries of the Columbia There were various routes into this area, as men had fanned out TRiver in an area known as the Big Bend Country so named for over the whole of British Columbia and adjoining US territories in the huge hairpin bend a few hundred miles long in eastern British the wake of the Fraser Gold Rush and had heard news of the rush Columbia formed by the Columbia River as it curves around the from all directions. The Columbia route was mostly navigable Selkirk Mountains from the river's source to the southeast in the and many came via that route. Regular steamboat service to La Rocky Mountain Trench and turns southwards towards the Arrow Porte, the head of navigation from Marcus, Washington Territory Lakes and eventually the United States. The main finds were in began in 1866. Most, however, came via a water route from the the middle of the southward leg of the river's journey out of the Big foot of Kamloops Lake, just east of Cache Creek and so near the Bend proper where the towns of Mica Creek and Big Bend marked main trails associated with the Fraser rush and the new goldfields the northward focus of the rush. The main part of the rush was being found north in the Cariboo. From there, steamer services nearer the Arrow Lakes, on creeks tributary to the Goldstream travelled from Kamloops Lake via Fort Kamloops and up the South River and Downie Creek, which lay respectively immediately Thompson to reach Little Shuswap Lake and via the Little River to above and below the infamous Dalles des Morts or "Death Rapids" Shuswap Lake (also called, especially in the old days, Big Shuswap of the Columbia, which had been the scene of horrendous tragedies Lake).