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To Read an Excerpt from Claiming the Land
CONTENTS S List of Illustrations / ix Preface / xi INTRODUCTION Fraser River Fever on the Pacific Slope of North America / 1 CHAPTER 1 Prophetic Patterns: The Search for a New El Dorado / 13 CHAPTER 2 The Fur Trade World / 36 CHAPTER 3 The Californian World / 62 CHAPTER 4 The British World / 107 CHAPTER 5 Fortunes Foretold: The Fraser River War / 144 CHAPTER 6 Mapping the New El Dorado / 187 CHAPTER 7 Inventing Canada from West to East / 213 CONCLUSION “The River Bears South” / 238 Acknowledgements / 247 Appendices / 249 Notes / 267 Bibliography / 351 About the Author / 393 Index / 395 PREFACE S As a fifth-generation British Columbian, I have always been fascinated by the stories of my ancestors who chased “the golden butterfly” to California in 1849. Then in 1858 — with news of rich gold discoveries on the Fraser River — they scrambled to be among the first arrivals in British Columbia, the New El Dorado of the north. To our family this was “British California,” part of a natural north-south world found west of the Rocky Mountains, with Vancouver Island the Gibraltar-like fortress of the North Pacific. Today, the descendants of our gold rush ancestors can be found throughout this larger Pacific Slope region of which this history is such a part. My early curiosity was significantly moved by these family tales of adventure, my great-great-great Uncle William having acted as fore- man on many of the well-known roadways of the colonial period: the Dewdney and Big Bend gold rush trails, and the most arduous section of the Cariboo Wagon Road that traversed and tunnelled through the infamous Black Canyon (confronted by Simon Fraser just a little over 50 years earlier). -
Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place
Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas By Hal K. Rothman Daniel Holder, Research Associate National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office Series Number Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the full cooperation of the men and women working for the National Park Service, starting with the superintendents of the two parks, Frank Deckert at Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Larry Henderson at Guadalupe Mountains National Park. One of the true joys of writing about the park system is meeting the professionals who interpret, protect and preserve the nation’s treasures. Just as important are the librarians, archivists and researchers who assisted us at libraries in several states. There are too many to mention individuals, so all we can say is thank you to all those people who guided us through the catalogs, pulled books and documents for us, and filed them back away after we left. One individual who deserves special mention is Jed Howard of Carlsbad, who provided local insight into the area’s national parks. Through his position with the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society, he supplied many of the photographs in this book. We sincerely appreciate all of his help. And finally, this book is the product of many sacrifices on the part of our families. This book is dedicated to LauraLee and Lucille, who gave us the time to write it, and Talia, Brent, and Megan, who provide the reasons for writing. Hal Rothman Dan Holder September 1998 i Executive Summary Located on the great Permian Uplift, the Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns national parks area is rich in prehistory and history. -
Appendix C: List of Other Park Systems
APPENDIX C LIST OF OTHER PARK SYSTEMS WITHIN THE PRRD The PRRD is well served with parks of various kinds and levels within its boundaries. Although there are no national parks within the PRRD, there is an abundance of provincial parks, protected areas and ecological reserves. The PRRD encompasses a portion of one of the largest Forest Districts in the province, the Fort St John Forest District which itself has an area of approximately 4.6 million hectares. The large size is as a result of the amount of crown land in the district area. The result of all of this open space area is that when compared to other regional districts across the province the PRRD comes out well especially when regional population densities are considered. As compared to other Regional districts such as: Regional District of East Kootenay The Regional District of East Kootenay (RDEK) has 28 provincial parks, 2 conservancy protected areas, 1 national park, 6 wildlife management areas, 93 recreation sites, 66 recreation trails and 3 Ducks Unlimited properties within their land area of 27, 560 sq km and a population density of 2.0 based on a total population of 56,685. Regional District of Central Kootenay (RDCK) has 28 provincial parks, 1 wilderness conservancy park, 1 ecological reserve, 2 wildlife management areas, 49 recreation sites and 64 trails. The RDCK has a land area of 22,130.72 sq km and a 2011 population of 58,441 for a population density of 2.6 persons per sq km. Regional District ‐ Regional Parks Comparison Selected Regional District Number Population -
MANAGING DISCORD in the AMERICAS Great Britain and the United States 1886-1896
MANAGING DISCORD IN THE AMERICAS Great Britain and the United States 1886-1896 GERER LA DISCORDE DANS LES AMERIQUES La Grande-Bretagne et les Etats-Unis 1886-1896 A Thesis Submitted To the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada By Charles Robertson Maier, CD, MA In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2010 ©This Thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69195-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69195-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. -
2017 BCGEU Convention Minutes
M I N U T E S of the 50TH CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION of the B.C. GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE EMPLOYEES’ UNION (BCGEU) held at the HYATT REGENCY HOTEL VANCOUVER, BC JUNE 14-17, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROCEEDINGS – 1ST SESSION ....................................................................................................... 1 Call to Order ................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgement of Territories ..................................................................................... 1 Elder Greeting ................................................................................................................ 1 O Canada........................................................................................................................ 1 Solidarity Forever ........................................................................................................... 1 Moment of Silence ......................................................................................................... 1 Report of the Credentials Committee .............................................................................. 1 Introductions .................................................................................................................. 2 Affiliates ......................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction of Solidarity Guests .................................................................................... -
A Guide to Moving To
A GUIDE TO MOVING TO TUMBLER RIDGE WELCOME From Mayor Don McPherson As a long-standing resident of Tumbler Ridge, I have experienced the highs and lows of the metallurgical coal mining sector in Tumbler Ridge. While I hope our community never loses sight of its mining heritage, I hope to see our community evolve from a one industry town to one that is sufficiently diversified and resilient to withstand future resource downturns. I have always been an advocate for the mining industry. It is an essential part of our economy. I am delighted to see the resurgence in this sector since the fall of 2016. Still, now is not the time to be complacent. Now is the time to reassert our efforts to ensure that our economy continues to grow and diversify. Now is the time to entice past residents back permanently and to welcome new families and investors to town. We want people with determination and drive to seize the unbelievable and diverse opportunities that are afforded to them in our town. I am immensely proud of my Council, our municipal staff and the residents of Tumbler Ridge who are supporting the continued diversification of our local economy and helping to build on our many strengths. We know that we truly do have the best of both worlds when it comes to business development opportunities and the exceptional environment in which to live and raise kids. I invite you to read this publication, view our new website www.DistrictOfTumblerRidge.ca and to contact our Economic Development Officer, John Powell at 250.242.4242 / [email protected]. -
Current and Future Snow Avalanche Threats and Mitigation Measures in Canada
CURRENT AND FUTURE SNOW AVALANCHE THREATS AND MITIGATION MEASURES IN CANADA Prepared for: Public Safety Canada Prepared by: Cam Campbell, M.Sc.1 Laura Bakermans, M.Sc., P.Eng.2 Bruce Jamieson, Ph.D., P.Eng.3 Chris Stethem4 Date: 2 September 2007 1 Canadian Avalanche Centre, Box 2759, Revelstoke, B.C., Canada, V0E 2S0. Phone: (250) 837-2748. Fax: (250) 837-4624. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW. Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW. Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4, Canada. Phone: (403) 220-7479. Fax: (403) 282-7026. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Chris Stethem and Associates Ltd., 120 McNeill, Canmore, AB, Canada, T1W 2R8. Phone: (403) 678-2477. Fax: (403) 678-346. E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of the Public Safety Canada funded project to inventory current and predict future trends in avalanche threats and mitigation programs in Canada. The project also updated the Natural Resources Canada website and map of fatal avalanche incidents. Avalanches have been responsible for at least 702 fatalities in Canada since the earliest recorded incident in 1782. Sixty-one percent of these fatalities occurred in British Columbia, with 13% in Alberta, 11% in Quebec and 10% in Newfoundland and Labrador. The remainder occurred in Ontario, Nova Scotia and the Yukon, Northwest and Nunavut Territories. Fifty-three percent of the fatalities were people engaged in recreational activities, while 18% were people in or near buildings, 16% were travelling or working on transportation corridors and 8% were working in resource industries. -
ASSESSMENT of the PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT of TUMBLER RIDGE, BRITISH COLUMBIA by SUSAN Mcgrath BA(Hons)
LOCAL GOVERNANCE: ASSESSMENT OF THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF TUMBLER RIDGE, BRITISH COLUMBIA By SUSAN McGRATH B.A.(Hons), The University of Western Australia, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES School of Community and Regional Planning We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1985 © Susan McGrath, 1985 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of CoMwu imUj OUAJ KQ^IQIOJ MCUM^1 The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date QtLLu lAlrf... lUb' JE-6 C3/81) i ABSTRACT Tumbler Ridge, a resource town situated in northeastern British Columbia, is the first new community developed using the "local govern• ment" model. The context for the case study is provided by an examination of resource community development in British Columbia and Western Australia during the post-war period. In both jurisdictions a transition in resource community development methods is evident. The main stimulus for these changes has been the recognition of a variety of endogenous and exogenous problems associated with earlier methods of development. -
British Columbia
BRITISH COLUMBIA RV PARKS & CAMPGROUNDS RECOMMENDED BY THE NRVOA British Columbia Canada's most westerly province, British Columbia is huge and diverse. If you love the great outdoors, you'll never be bored in a province that is so beautiful, with such variation, and with so many opportunities for hiking, rafting, sailing and skiing, to name just a few. British Columbia is studded with breathtakingly beautiful mountains that puncture vast, blue skies. You'll also find long stretches of rugged coastline, sandy beaches, wineries, orchards, forests and snowmelt-fed lakes. There is even Canada's only desert: Osoyoos, in the southern Okanagan, which is home to rattlesnakes, scorpions and prickly pear cacti. If you're seeking unspoiled wilderness, then British Columbia is the perfect province to lose yourself in. If you want company, however, there are plenty of modern and lively cities and towns in British Columbia. Vancouver has scores of galleries, museums and bars. But even in Vancouver you're never too removed from nature: the city contains Canada's largest city park, Stanley Park. Notable Attractions • Yoho National Park • Kootenay National Park • Tatshenshin-Alsek Provincial Park • Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve & Haida Heritage Site • Banff National Park • Jasper National Park ...And Much More! Province Description Courtesy of iexplore Canada | NRVOA Recommended RV Parks & Campgrounds: 2019 Return to Table of Contents 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 70 Mile House Sunset View Campground Alexis Creek Bull Canyon Campground Barkerville Bowron -
Housing Transition in Single Industry 'Instant Towns'
Housing Transition in Single Industry 'Instant Towns' Prepared for: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation External Housing Program 700 Montreal Road Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0P7 Prepared by: Greg Halseth and Lana Sullivan Geography Program University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, B.C. CANADA V2N 4Z9 tel: (250) 960-5826 fax: (250) 960-5539 email: [email protected] March 24, 2000 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Federal Government=s housing agency, is responsible for administering the National Housing Act. This legislation is designed to aid in the improvement of housing and living conditions in Canada. As a result, the Corporation has interests in all aspects of housing and urban growth and development. Under Part IX of this Act, the Government of Canada provides funds to CMHC to conduct research into the social, economic and technical aspects of housing and related fields, and to undertake the publishing and distribution of the results of this research. CMHC therefore has a statutory responsibility to make widely available, information which may be useful in the improvement of housing and living conditions. This research project >Housing Transition in Single Industry 'Instant Towns' was funded by CMHC, but the views expressed herein are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of CMHC. This publication is one of the many items of information published by CMHC with the assistance of federal funds. CMHC subscribes to Canada=s Green Plan. Quantities of our publication are limited to market demand; updates are produced only when required; and recycled or environmentally friendly stock and environmentally safe inks are used wherever possible. -
Searchablehistory.Com 1860-1869 P. 1 CENSUS in WASHINGTON
CENSUS IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY-- 1860 Pioneers living in all of the former Oregon Country were composed of a variety of people: •twenty-two percent of the settlers were from the Old Northwest area around the Great Lakes, •twenty-one percent of the population was from the slave holding states of the South, •Missouri, a slave-holding state, contributed ten percent -- more than any other single state, •eight percent of the residents came from the Middle Atlantic states, •four percent of the inhabitants were from New England, Washington Territory had to overcome this varied mixture of residents to receive any attention from national politicians then facing an impending sectional crisis Population numbers from the census of 1860 further demonstrated the population difficulties: Clark County -- 2,384 Thurston County -- 1,507 Walla Walla County -- 1,318 King County -- 302 these small numbers resulted in Washington Territory being almost universally ignored Four additional weekly newspapers were established west of Cascades by 1860 these were inadequate to the task of generating interest in the remote region ANOTHER WASHINGTON TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR DEPARTS Governor R.D. Gholson chose to return to Kentucky (and saw fit to remain there) -- January 1860 lack of support from the territorial legislature escalated his frustration level to intolerable six months in office was enough to convince him of the futility of his unifying efforts Territorial Secretary Hiram H. McGill served as Acting Territorial Governor (for more that a year) unlike Governor -
Regional Hospital Diary ¬¬¬
Northern Medical Programs Trust A PARTNERSHIP OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA COMMUNITIES AND UNBC Donations & NMPT Community / RD Community % of Goal NMPT¹ NMPT Mayor / Chair Pledges to Commit- (sorted by RD) Pledge Complete Status Region Date ment Bulkley-Nechako4 Eileen Benedict MA5 Member5 NW Burns Lake Bernice Magee $53,060 $71,968 135.64% MA Member NW Fort St. James B Sandra Harwood $58,660 $64,210 109.46% MA Member NW Fraser Lake Dwayne Lindstrom $36,624 $37,224 101.64% MA Member NW Granisle Frederick John Clarke $11,732 $3,965 33.80% E³ NW Houston Bill Holmberg $71,540 $96,288 134.59% MA Member NW Smithers B Cress Farrow $83,000 $73,767 88.88% MA Member NW Telkwa Carman Graf $39,928 $7,876 19.73% E³ NW Vanderhoof Gerry Thiessen $136,1365 $73,790 54.20% MA Member NW Cariboo4 Al Richmond MA Member CI 100 Mile House Mitch Campsall $48,700 $19,740 40.53% MA Member CI Quesnel B Mary Sjostrom $282,720 $171,195 60.55% MA Member CI Wells Jay Vermette $7,448 $5,026 67.48% MA Member CI Williams Lake Kerry Cook $312,280 $117,066 37.49% E² CI Fraser-Fort George4 B Art Kaehn MA Member CI Mackenzie Stephanie Killam $96,089 $101,146 105.26% MA Member CI McBride B Mike Frazier $21,644 $27,170 125.53% MA Member CI Prince George Dan Rogers $2,000,000 $2,000,000 100.00% MA Member CI Valemount Bob Smith $37,800 $44,480 117.67% MA Member CI Kitimat-Stikine Harry Nyce NW Hazelton Alice Maitland $9,968 $9,968 100.00% MA Member NW Kitimat Joanne Monaghan $323,064 $143,403 44.39% E² NW New Hazelton Pieter Weeber $23,856 $6,570 27.54% E² NW Stewart Angela Brand-Danuser $18,488 $1,500 8.11% E² NW Terrace David Pernarowski $388,500 $190,861 49.13% MA Member NW Gitwinksihlkw Harry Nyce Jr TBD5 TBD5 MA Member NW 4 Peace River (North) Karen Goodings MA Member NE Rural Areas B & C Fort St.