DOCSLIB.ORG

Development and Application of Cleaner Production in Rural Tanneries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development and Application of Cleaner Production in Rural Tanneries ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ Sudan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Graduate Studies Development and Application of Cleaner Production in Rural Tanneries ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻻﻧﻈﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪاﺑﻎ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ A thesis Submitted in fulfillment for the requirements of PhD degree in leather engineering By Faki Elamin Faki Mohammed Supervisor: Prof. Ibrahim Hassan Elamin Co-supervisor: Prof. Gurashi Abdullah Gassmelseed 2014 I Dedication I dedicate my thesis work to my loving parents whose words of encouragement have pushed me to success. I Acknowledgements The researcher gives his thanks and appreciation to the supervisors: Prof. G.A.Gasmelseed and I.H.Elamin for their help. Thanks are also due to technical staff of the incubator of the University of Sudan for Science and Technology for their permit to carry out the experimental work. Also thanks are due to Afroleather, Afrohide, Africa Tannery, Alfa & Beta for exporting and importing Ltd and Khartoum tannery for their support and help. Thanks are due to the graduate college of the University of Sudan for Science and Technology for giving me this opportunity to do my Ph.D. degree. II Abstract Sudanese rural tanning is an inherited craft. The methods and the indigenous materials employed by the rural tanners have remained unchanged for a long time. This is due to poverty, illiteracy, poor communications and lack of access to modern scientific technologies of leather production. As a result, the leathers produced by rural tanners are hard, crusty, liable to crack, tear. Moreover, the process period is long. The objective of the study is to investigate the possibilities of adoption of modern tanning methods to rural tanning with appropriate modifications (1) to speed up the process, (2) take out some of the hard manual work, (3) improve the quality of the produced leathers, (4) increase the production of the rural tanneries and (5) direct rural tanners toward cleaner production. For this purpose, a hand-operated drum was designed to carry out all wet processes through soaking to retanning. Modern tanning materials were introduced in all processes. Little amounts of chromium were used as a pre-tanning agent. The optimum amount of chromium was found to be 3% (based on the fleshed weight) which gave acceptable shrinkage temperature and good physical properties. After developing the tanning recipe and selecting the optimum chrome powder to be applied by rural tanneries, recycling of spent liquors was carried out to (1) minimize the environmental impact and to (2) reduce the production cost. Considerable savings on chemicals and water were obtained. Rural tanneries play a vital role in national economy and they have to be improved. Rural tanneries can create employment opportunities for a large number of people if attention has been paid for revamp and modification. III اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ ﻣﮭﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻮارﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮدان. اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﯿﻦ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ زﻣﻦ طﻮﯾﻞ. وﯾﻌﺬي ھﺬا اﻟﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ واﻻﻣﯿﺔ و ﺿﻌﻒ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل وﻋﺪم ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻮد. و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺠﻠﻮد اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻏﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﯿﻦ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ وﻗﺸﺮﯾﺔ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ واﻟﻘﻄﻊ. ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻲ طﻮل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت وذﻟﻚ(1) ﻟﺘﺴﺮﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ (2) واﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﯿﺪوي اﻟﺸﺎق (3) وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺠﻠﻮد اﻟﻨﺘﺠﺔ (4) وزﯾﺎدة اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺪاﺑﻎ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ (5) وﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺪاﺑﻎ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻻﻧﻈﻒ. ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﻣﯿﻞ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ ﻻﺟﺮاء ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺮطﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻞ وﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻋﺎدة اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ادﺧﺎل ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ. وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوم ﻛﻤﺎدة داﺑﻐﺔ اوﻟﯿﺔ ووﺟﺪ ان ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 3% (ﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﺎس وزن اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﻤﯿﺔ) ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪرة اﻟﻜﺮوم ھﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ ﻻﻧﮭﺎ اﻋﻄﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻧﻜﻤﺎش وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ. ﺑﻌﺪ وﺿﻊ وﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ واﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوم اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ ، ﺗﻢ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ واﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻞ وﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻋﺎدة اﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ . وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ. ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺪاﺑﻎ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ دورا ﺣﯿﻮﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ ﻻﺗﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻮد اﻟﺨﺎم. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﮭﺎ. ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻤﺪاﺑﻎ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﯾﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس اذا ﻣﺎ وﺟﺪت اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺚ واﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻞ. IV Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………..I Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..II Abstract (English)………………………………………………………………………………...III Abstract (Arabic)…………………………………………………………………………………IV Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………………..V List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..IX List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….X 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Leather…………………………………………………………………………..............1 1.2 Tanning………………………………………………………………………………….2 1.3 Modern tanning method…………………………………................................................3 1.4 Sudan leather industry………………………………………………………...................4 1.5 The study problem………………………………………………………........................5 1.6 The importance of the study…………………………………………………………….5 1.7 General objectives……………………………………………………………………….5 1.8 Specific objectives……………………………………………………………................6 1.9 About the study………………………………………………………………………….6 2 Literature review……………………………………………………………………...............7 2.1 Raw materials……………………………………………………………………………7 2.1.1 Structure of hides and skins ................. ……………………………………………7 2.1.2 Chemical constituents of hides/skins .................................................................... 9 2.1.3 Types of raw materials ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.4 Quality of hides and skins .................................................................................. 10 2.1.5 Curing of hides and skins ................................................................................... 10 2.2 Pre- tanning operations………………………………………………………………...11 2.2.1 Soaking .............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Unhairing and liming ......................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Mechanical operations after liming..................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Deliming ............................................................................................................ 13 2.2.5 Bating ................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.6 Pickling ............................................................................................................. 14 V 2.2.7 Degreasing ......................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Tanning operations……………………………………………………………………..17 2.3.1 Chrome tanning ................................................................................................. 18 2.3.2 Basification ........................................................................................................ 23 2.3.3 Vegetable tanning .............................................................................................. 24 2.3.4 Alternatives to chromium ................................................................................... 30 2.3.5 Combination tannage ......................................................................................... 31 2.4 Post- tanning Operations……………………………………………………………….35 2.4.1 Neutralization .................................................................................................... 37 2.4.2 Leather Dyeing .................................................................................................. 38 2.4.3 Fatliquoring and oiling ....................................................................................... 43 2.4.4 Drying ............................................................................................................... 48 2.5 Finishing operations……………………………………………………………………48 2.5.1 Mechanical Finishing operations ........................................................................ 49 2.5.2 Finishing materials ............................................................................................. 49 2.5.3 Pigment finishing ............................................................................................... 50 2.6 Cleaner production in leather industry…………………………………………………50 2.6.1 Cleaner technology in soaking............................................................................ 51 2.6.2 Clean technology in liming and unhairing .......................................................... 52 2.6.3 Clean technology in deliming and bating ............................................................ 52 2.6.4 Pickling and chrome tanning .............................................................................. 53 2.6.5 Vegetable tanning .............................................................................................. 54 2.7 Planning a rural tannery………………………………………………………………..55 2.7.1 Site .................................................................................................................... 55 2.7.2 Size.................................................................................................................... 55 2.7.3 Basic sections .................................................................................................... 56 2.7.4 Machinery .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2017 #2, Issue 75
    ‘s augustusCLUB 2017 | No. 2, Issue 75 The Art of Persuasion: Convincing Corporations That Consumers Care Most people are familiar with PETA’s colorful One of our most successful tactics has been buying demonstrations and grassroots campaign techniques stock—or working with PETA members who own stock for pressuring corporations to end animal abuse. in the companies that we’re trying to infl uence—so that But there’s another facet of PETA’s strategy that the we can submit shareholder resolutions and attend their public seldom sees: our shareholder annual meetings. This tactic activism and boardroom negotiations has helped us get a foot in with corporate decisionmakers. the door, because companies We’ve had success with some of the hate it when we speak at their biggest names in the business world, yearly “pep rallies.” Even the from Ann Taylor and Anthropologie mere threat of attending such to Zappos and Zara. meetings has opened doors that were previously shut tight. Working Behind the Scenes Before we ever publicly target Dairy’s Dark Secret companies, we always attempt to While our real desire is for the work cooperatively with them. For world to go vegan, we are every one we’ve openly protested, pragmatic and know that such there are dozens more working with a transition won’t happen fast us behind the scenes. enough to affect the animals who are suffering right now. Led by our Corporate Affairs Department, these So while we push hard to promote a vegan lifestyle, we collaborations are one of the most effective areas also do what we can to improve their living conditions, of PETA’s work—we see victories almost weekly as as long as it does not allow people to rationalize a result of our discussions with top executives.
    [Show full text]
  • Small-Scale Sustainable Vegetable-Tanned Leather in Rural South Africa: a Collective-Efficiency Approach
    SMALL-SCALE SUSTAINABLE VEGETABLE-TANNED LEATHER IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA: A COLLECTIVE-EFFICIENCY APPROACH By KENEILWE MUNYAI Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: Doctor of Technology: DESIGN In the Faculty of Informatics and Design At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Prof. Mugendi K. M’Rithaa Co-supervisor: Prof. Sepota M. Moloko Co-supervisor: Dr Pineteh E. Angu Cape Town (November 2014) DECLARATION I, Keneilwe Munyai, declare that the contents of this thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Signed Date DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to all those who supported and believed in me and my abilities: My late grandmother for believing in me and giving tough love, and late Prof Pieter van Brackel for his wisdom, for being my inspiration, for the support and for being a good friend. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people that I would like to acknowledge for the role they played in supporting me in working towards reaching this goal in my life. First, I would like to acknowledge my supervisors for their guidance throughout this research journey. Your guidance and support has helped me complete this research. Prof. Mugendi K. M’Rithaa, you have been a source of support, a mentor and a motivator. Without your guidance this study would have never been possible. Prof Sepota, M. Moloko, thank you for dedicating your time reading through my work and giving guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Optitex Installation Files
    Optitex Installation Files Table of Contents Fabric Files................................................................................................................................................. 3 Shaders ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Props ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 Adding Samples into the PDS .............................................................................................................. 25 Button Shapes ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Bag Handles ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Buttons ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Segment Shapes ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Binding ................................................................................................................................................ 40 Decorations ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading Or Purchasing Online Through Our Website
    Improved Preservation and Early Stage Processing of Australian Crocodile Skins A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by Stephen Hawkins and Chi Huynh CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology December 2004 RIRDC Publication No 04/164 RIRDC Project No CWT-3A © 2004 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 073 2 ISSN 1440-6845 ‘Improved Preservation and Early Stage Processing of Australian Crocodile Skins’ Publication No. 04/164 Project No. CWT-3A The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details Dr. Stephen C Hawkins CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology, PMB 10, Clayton MDC, Victoria 3168 Phone: 03 9545 2364 Fax: 03 9545 2363 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4819 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in December 2004 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint Foreword The skin of the Australian saltwater crocodile, (Crocodylus porosus) reputedly produces the best quality crocodile leather in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Alligator & Crocodile Skin Preparation for Tanning Getting Started
    Alligator & Crocodile Skin Preparation for Tanning This page is not a basic guide on how to skin an alligator, but we can offer a summary of skinning steps, tips on how to best care for alligator skins, and explain why careful skinning and scraping is important. The proper care of alligator skins begins as soon as the animal is harvested. Here are some helpful tips: Skinning should take place as soon after the harvest as practical. Avoid direct sun or heat on the carcass or skin whenever possible. Keep skin away from blood, entrails, or other contact with dirty surfaces where more bacteria could get into the skin. Always skin carefully avoiding the creation of holes or cuts in the belly pattern. Scrape excess meat and fat from the underside of the skin with blunt knives, paint scrapers, beveled pipes or other dull tools. Removing meat and fat from the skin is very important because of the time necessary to store and ship alligator skins for tanning. This often takes several months and excess meat helps bacteria multiply leading to "red heat" or "slipping" skins. If excess fat is not removed it can prevent salt from properly penetrating the skin. Also, if the fat heats up, it can penetrate the skin and leave grease spots on the finished leather. The purpose of curing alligator skins is to remove moisture from the skin so it can be better preserved before tanning. o A fine grain mixing salt works best and should be applied generously (1/2 to 1 inch thick) and rubbed into all parts of the skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Export Markets for Skins and Leather for Australia’S Camel, Crocodile, Emu and Goat Industries
    Export Markets for Skins and Leather for Australia’s camel, crocodile, emu and goat industries A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by Brendan Goulding, Elysa Riedel, Andrea Bevan, Bronwyn Warfield June 2007 RIRDC Publication No 07/089 RIRDC Project No DAQ-312A © 2007 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 486 X ISSN 1440-6845 Commercial Development of Export Markets for Emerging Skin Industries Publication No. 07/089 Project No. DAQ-312A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors.. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Partial Sequencing of a Crocodile Poxvirus Associated with Deeply Penetrating Skin Lesions in Farmed Nile Crocodiles, Crocodylus Niloticus
    Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 76:311–316 (2009) Identification and partial sequencing of a crocodile poxvirus associated with deeply penetrating skin lesions in farmed Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus F.W. HUCHZERMEYER1*, D.B. WALLACE2, 3, J.F. PUTTERILL2 and G.H. GERDES2 ABSTRACT HUCHZERMEYER, F.W., WALLACE, D.B., PUTTERILL, J.F. & GERDES, G.H. 2009. Identification and partial sequencing of a crocodile poxvirus associated with deeply penetrating skin lesions in farmed Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 76:311– 316 When large numbers of crocodile skins were downgraded because of the presence of small pin prick- like holes, collapsed epidermal cysts were found deep in the dermis of juvenile crocodiles while form- ing cysts were observed in hatchlings. Histopathology of these forming cysts showed the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions in proliferating and ballooning epidermal cells. Pox virions were seen in electron microscope preparations made from the scabs of such early lesions. The partial sequencing of virus material from scrapings of these lesions and comparison of it with the published sequence of crocodile poxvirus showed the virus associated with the deep lesions to be closely related, but differ- ent. To differentiate between the two forms of crocodile pox infection it is suggested that the previ- ously known form should be called “classical crocodile pox” and the newly discovered form “atypical crocodile pox”. The application of strict hygiene measures
    [Show full text]
  • Vintage Fashion Accessories: Kerry Taylor’S ‘Passion for Fashion’, June 2012 and Christie’S ‘Elegance Handbags’ May 2012 by Zita Thornton
    Textiles Vintage Fashion Accessories: Kerry Taylor’s ‘Passion for Fashion’, June 2012 and Christie’s ‘Elegance handbags’ May 2012 By Zita Thornton Accessories add a vintage flavour to any outfit and handbags are a popular choice of achieving ‘The Look’. Kerry Taylor’s latest sale ‘Passion For Fashion’ on June 26th offered around twenty-five quality handbags, as well as luggage, hats and antique shoes. Top of the range designers such as Chanel, Gucci and Fig 4. Lot 15. A rare and early Hermès ‘Isabeau’ black crocodile Hermès were represented in the sale. The first lot (Fig 1) handbag, 1930s, Crocodylus offered a 1960s 2.55 handbag by Chanel, featuring the Fig 1. Lot 1. A Chanel black quilted Porosus, engraved to the interior company’s iconic quilting, in jersey like the original, a gilt jersey 2.55 bag, 1960s, with gilt CC Hermès, Paris, the silvered angular CC clasp and gilt chain handle. These are all instantly recog- clasp, gilt chain handle, wine leather mounts with ingenious opening interior, 25.5cm, 10in long. Hammer device - the plated lower handle nisable Chanel features. The style is named after the release Price: £500. Kerry Taylor Auctions. flange sections are spring-mounted of the original 2.55 bag in February 1955. This vintage to pull apart allowing the central example raised £500 which should be compared with the frame to open, lined in grey suede, current price of a new 2.55 handbag of £2,600! A later, 21cm, 8in high. Hammer Price: 1980s quilted satin evening bag, from the same designer, £950.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Complete Catalogue
    LIGHT DIFFUSERS & LAMPSHADE MATERIALS CATALOGUE 2017 WE AIM TO BE YOUR INSPIRATION LIGHT DIFFUSERS & LAMPSHADE MATERIALS INDEX Top design A wide range of sophisticated medium and high range Go to page 8 products, to add value to lighting projects. Their variety and exceptionality constitute a unique range in the market. Intaglio A unique specialty, with magnificent and delicate Go to page 18 transparencies; materials for the external or internal side of lampshades and diffusers, providing a relief effect that adds visual strength to the product. Discover our special effects when you turn the light on and off! Metalized A new and wide range of astonishing metalized collections, Go to page 25 providing luminosity and a very personal touch to each space. Depending on the style of your project, you can achieve a sophisticated and elegant, or modern and futuristic effect. Pleated Pleated materials with an extensive range of colours and Go to page 32 textures. Applicable to a wide range of fabrics. 2 LIGHT DIFFUSERS & LAMPSHADE MATERIALS Flame Retardants A collection of flame retardant fabrics laminated on flame Go to page 35 retardant PVC backing support. The result is a wide range of articles that meet important fire safety standards, specially indicated for hotels and public spaces. Ribbons Selection of fabric tapes with different transparencies, Go to page 38 elasticity, shine and width to make the always chic ribbon shades. Cool & smart A wide range of modern products, with glossy or matt Go to page 40 surface finishes, and a selection of fashionable, trendy colours. The basics This family consists of the Cotonet and Arenal materials, Go to page 45 with endless possibilities and colour combinations, including other fabrics or gold, silver or copper inside.
    [Show full text]
  • Skin Diseases of Farmed Crocodiles
    Skin diseases of Farmed Crocodiles A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by G.Buenviaje, R.G.Hirst and P.M.Summers. July 2000 RIRDC Publication No 00/74 RIRDC Project No UJC-5A © 2000 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58104 5 ISSN 1440-6845 Skin Diseases of Farmed Crocodiles Publication No. 00/74 Project No. UJC-5A The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details (Name) Professor P M Summers (Address) Australian Institute of Tropical Veterinary and Animal Science, James Cook University, Townsville 4811 Phone: 07-47814758 Fax: 07-47791526 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4539 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected]. Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in July 2000 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint ii Foreword The major focus of the intensive farming of crocodiles is the production of high quality skins to supply the expanding demand for high quality leather.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Sued Leather from Wet Salted Goat Skin.Pdf
    CHAPTER-1 HIDES, SKINS AND KIPS LEATHER: HIDES: In the tanning trade the outer coverings of large domestic animals are called hides. Hides are large in size, thicker in substance and heavier in weight then skin. In Bangladesh Cattle hides above 25 lbs. in the wet salted conditions are classed as hides and those below 15 Ibs. as calf skins. Light buffalo hides weighing from 14.5 to 18 lbs. are called ‘Katta’ and those weighing from 7-14 lbs. are called buff calves or ‘Kattais’. Example: Cowhide, Buffalo hide, Horsehide etc. SKINS: The outer coverings of small domestic animals and wild animals are called skins. Skins are smaller in size, thinner in substance and lighter in weight than hides. Example: Goatskin, Sheepskin, Tiger skin, Crocodile skin etc. KIPS: A kip is the hides of immature cattle. In the western countries cattle hides weighing between 15 lbs. to 25 lbs. in the wet salted condition are classed as kips. It is smaller, lighter and thinner than a hide, but larger, heavier and thicker than a calf skins. 1 Primitive man covered himself with the skins of animals he killed. They had three major defects: • They were dump, • They would putrefy, • They lost their flexibility and softness upon drying (they dried the skins to stop putrefaction.) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HIDES & SKINS The chemical constituents of hides and skins can be divided into four main groups, such as, 1. Protein - 1 9 % to 33 % on the green weight 2. Water - 60 % to 70 % on the green weight 3. Minerals - 0.36 % to 0.5% on the green weight 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Footwear Labelling Guidelines Version August 2019
    Footwear Labelling Guidelines Version August 2019 FOOTWEAR LABELLING GUIDELINES 1. SCOPE: These guidelines are applicable to full footwear range for all J. Crew brands 2. REGULATIONS: 2.1 Important Regulations: ➢ 16 CFR Part 24 Guides for Leather and Imitation Leather Products ➢ 15 U.S.C. § 68 The Wool Products Labeling Act ➢ The European Labelling Directive for Footwear (94/11/EC) 1007/2011 ➢ 16 CFR 301 Regulations under the Fur Products Labeling Act ➢ 19 CFR 134 Country of Origin 2.2 Additional State Regulations for Fur Products in USA: • New York State General Business Law Section 399-aaa • Delaware Title 6 Chapter 25 • New Jersey Title 56. Chapter 14. (New) Fur Products §§1-3 • Massachusetts Section 277 A • Wisconsin State Legislature • West Hollywood Municipal Code Title 9, Article 4, Chapter 9.51 3. IMPORTANT LINKS: Below link provides a list of threatened species http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Below links provides list of endangered snake species and details of bans on using certain species US: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do?groups=C&listingType=L&mapstatus=1 California: http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/displayCodeAndBill.xhtml?sectionNum=653o.&billVersionSectionId=3148 464&lawCode=PEN Europe: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/cites-imports-and-exports 4. COMPONENTS THAT NEED TO BE LABELLED: ➢ Upper ➢ Lining/ Sock (Label separately if different material used) ➢ Outsole • Pictograms are acceptable in the EU market. However, pictograms alone are not acceptable in the US market and should be accompanied by wordings. • J. Crew labels for footwear need to be compliant globally. 1 Footwear Labelling Guidelines Version August 2019 5.
    [Show full text]