“Per Ignota Destinazione”

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“Per Ignota Destinazione” “Per ignota destinazione” Sulla storia delle deportazioni nei Lager nazisti Biblioteche civiche torinesi (gennaio-febbraio 2012) Primo incontro, lunedì 9 gennaio 2012 Claudio Vercelli [email protected] Copyright Claudio Vercelli Il contesto L’Europa del primo Novecento secolo delle masse La produzione e il consumo “fordista” Il nazionalismo e la centralità degli Stati mono-etnici La frattura delle due guerre mondiali Il lungo tornante della “seconda guerra dei trent’anni” (1914-1945) La nascita e lo sviluppo del totalitarismo Perché secolo delle masse? la massa come nuovo soggetto storico, dotato di una fisionomia e logica non riducibile alla somma dei suoi componenti ma dotato di una propria specifica dinamica di comportamento, percezione ed emozione in grado di assorbire in sé l’individuo e gestirlo secondo modi di pensare e di agire individualmente non possibili La massa è dotata di valori che pongono in parziale dissoluzione quelli liberali (individuo). Tra questi: l’unità da identificazione autoritaria, la forza derivante dalla compattezza, sicurezza da certezze indiscutibili, cultura da semplificazione standard, autorità del numero… Una citazione… «La guerra ha chiamato in masse proletarie a gran voce alla ribalta. Ha spezzato le loro catene. Le ha straordinariamente valorizzate. Una guerra di masse si conchiude col trionfo delle masse [ ...]. Se la rivoluzione borghese del 1789 — che fu rivoluzione e guerra insieme — aprì le porte e le strade del mondo alla borghesia che aveva fatto un suo lungo e secolare tirocinio, la rivoluzione attuale, che è anche una guerra, sembra schiudere le porte dell’avvenire alle masse che hanno fatto il loro duro tirocinio di sangue e di morte delle trincee […] Si apre nella storia un periodo che potrebbe definirsi “della politica delle masse, o dell’ipertrofia democratica”» tratta da… Benito Mussolini sul “Popolo d’Italia”, 5 e 18 marzo 1919 (cit. in Angelo Tasca, Nascita e avvento del fascismo, Bari, Laterza 1965, vol. I, pp. 18-19) Alcune parole chiave Massificazione/unità/azione Catarsi/mutamento radicale Potenza/autoaffermazione Cambiamento/selezione/miglioramento Alcune mappe per contestualizzare il tema sul piano dello spazio geopolitico L’Europa di fine Ottocento L’Europa del 1914 L’Europa del 1919 La comparazione Un altro aspetto: il Mediterraneo 1. L’espansione dell’Impero Ottomano 2. La sua progressiva dissoluzione L’impatto della Prima guerra mondiale Nei termini di: Sconvolgimenti geopolitici di tutti gli assetti europei e mediterranei Di mutamenti nelle culture materiali delle società europee Da considerare: La violenza e la brutalizzazione dei costumi di vita L’esercito di leva e la vita di trincea L’impatto su società ancora perlopiù contadine La mobilitazione collettiva L’economia di guerra Il superamento della divisione tra civile e militare La tecnologizzazione del confronto bellico Il forte investimento ideologico Quattro elementi che ritorneranno Il filo spinato Il ricorso al gas Il trattamento dei civili come obiettivo militare La folla «anonima» Le questioni aperte La dissoluzione dei “grandi imperi” L’affermazione dello Stato nazionale mono-etnicismi e apparati amministrativi L’evoluzione demografica e l’intensa urbanizzazione La questione delle frontiere e delle minoranze I processi di modernizzazione e la risposta delle élite dirigenti locali L’evoluzione economica, il declino britannico e l’ascesa statunitense Il confronto tra il modello liberale e il modello socialista La frattura rivoluzionaria del 1917 La “nazionalizzazione delle masse” è la fusione dei valori e degli ideali nazionali in un sistema comune – ossia condiviso - alla maggioranza delle classi medie e in grado di poter coinvolgere e influenzare anche le masse popolari; richiama le questioni del consenso, della partecipazione ai processi decisionali e il ruolo dello Stato nel guidare le scelte collettive e individuali; Indica tendenziale omogeneità di gusti, scelte comportamenti è la costruzione di un ethos (carattere/temperamento) condiviso La “nazione come rivoluzione” In un contesto che propende per la omogeneizzazione… si pone il problema delle “minoranze” e delle sue possibili soluzioni Il concetto di minoranza è in sé ambiguo e va inteso storicamente e culturalmente 1. Tutela delle minoranze. 2. Modifica dei confini. 3. Assimilazione 3.1. dispersione della minoranza, mediante la deportazione interna nel territorio dello Stato, al fine dell’assimilazione [ucraini in Polonia, 1947]; 4. Spostamento forzato: 4.1. espulsione forzata fuori dei confini dello Stato [tedeschi dopo il 1945; palestinesi nel 1948-49]; 4.1.1. scambio: l’opzione 4.1. è attuata da due Stati confinanti che si scambiano parti della propria popolazione [Grecia e Turchia 1922-23; India e Pakistan 1947-49]; 4.2. deportazione «strategica»: spostamento di una minoranza lontana dai confini dello Stato, durante o in vista di una guerra. Può coincidere con 3.1. [tedeschi ed ebrei in Russia, 1915-17; finlandesi, tedeschi, polacchi, coreani, popolazioni turche del Caucaso in URSS, 1935-1945]; 4.3. deportazione repressiva: la deportazione è il mezzo per controllare un territorio colpendo una popolazione non assoggettata completamente allo Stato, spesso in stato di rivolta permanente contro di esso [ceceni in URSS, 1944]; 5. sterminio della minoranza (genocidio) [ebrei nell’Europa occupata dai nazisti, 1941-1945]; 5.1. genocidio-deportazione: genocidio attuato mediante e contemporaneamente a una deportazione: Armeni nell’Impero Ottomano, 1915. Si afferma anche un fenomeno novecentesco, il totalitarismo 1. concentrazione del potere in capo ad un'oligarchia inamovibile e politicamente irresponsabile 2. imposizione di una ideologia ufficiale 3. presenza di un partito unico di massa 4. controllo delle forze operanti nello Stato (polizia) ed uso del terrore 5. completo controllo della comunicazione e dell'informazione Ne deriva il superamento della distinzione tra pubblico e privato Gli elementi del potere totalitario sono: l'ideologia enunciata in termini assoluti, esclusivi; il terrore legalizzato e giustificato con promesse chiliastiche; il controllo capillare d'ogni sfera politica e sociale attraverso l'oppressione e la minaccia, la paura e la costrizione; la creazione di ‛uomini nuovi' per il nuovo e perfetto ordinamento totalitario; e ancora… la negazione d'ogni conflitto avvenire e, conseguentemente, la repressione d'ogni opposizione a favore dell'unità ideologico-politica e dell'efficienza tecnico-funzionale infine, quale fondamento e giustificazione di questa estinzione d'una brutalità inaudita della libertà individuale, l'equazione, tanto basilare quanto fittizia, fra governo oligarchico-dittatoriale e interessi della ‛totalità', della ‛comunità nazionale' o della classe operaia e contadina Ovvero 1. Un'ideologia ufficiale, che si pretende onnicomprensiva ed esclusiva e poggia in parte sul rifiuto dei valori tradizionali e sull'esecrazione del passato, in parte sull'evocazione di attese millenaristiche nei confronti del futuro. 2. Un movimento di massa centralizzato, politicamente monolitico, livellato, che si presenta come il portatore d'una politicizzazione e integrazione il più possibile totali dei cittadini e d'un superamento della società divisa in classi: meta da raggiungere o attraverso il monopolio politico d'una classe, con l'esclusione delle altre, o con l'assorbimento di tutti i gruppi nella cosiddetta “comunità nazionale”. 2 bis In realtà, il movimento totalitario è e resta rigidamente e gerarchicamente organizzato sotto una guida rigorosamente autoritaria, in quanto partito di Stato e unico titolare del potere politico. 3. Il pieno controllo di tutti i principali mezzi di comunicazione e di coercizione. Sotto questo aspetto emerge con particolare nettezza la differenza rispetto alle forme precedenti di dittatura, con le loro più modeste possibilità tecniche di ‛allineamento' e d'intimidazione. Il totalitarismo è: 1. Regime reazionario di massa: omologazione della collettività governo dispotico nel nome della “nazione” leaderismo cesaristico il “duce” partecipazione attiva ai rituali di massa del potere consenso passivo mobilitazione permanente della collettività populismo radicale ampio ricorso agli strumenti di mobilitazione del consenso 2. Una rivoluzione conservatrice: identità tra dittatura e rivoluzione brusca rottura con il passato (fino all’annullamento, anche violento, della memoria), per un futuro radioso (o ripresa-rilancio di ciò che del passato celebra ed esalta l’azione presente che lo porta a compimento) privilegiare l’azione, l’atto, il gesto “naturalizzare” il nuovo sistema, regime, ordine politico (dichiarando innaturale ogni diversità) progetto di un mutamento antropologico “nuovo ordine”, “l’uomo nuovo” il popolo diventa Nazione: la sua complessità sociale è ridotta all’unità ideale e astratta di nazione intesa come unica e assoluta dimensione lo Stato da mezzo diventa fine: coincide con il popolo- nazione, si presenta come sua unica autentica essenza, esclude ogni divergenza il capo – duce è il vertice unitario ed espressione corale delle masse Il totalitarismo comporta: la sacralizzazione della politica Il credo politico come fede Il ricorso alle liturgie di massa L’esaltazione mistica dell’azione e della violenza La costruzione del nemico La costruzione del nemico implica… Dire che la nazione è omogenea e avrà futuro solo se si depura di ciò che gli è estraneo (logica dell’amico/nemico) richiamo e rilancio
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