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Memoria Amilcar Guzman 2010.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS ESCUELA DE AGRONOMÍA Memoria de Título PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS DEL PARQUE PUMALÍN (PROVINCIA DE PALENA, CHILE) EN EL CONTEXTO DE SU POLÍTICA DE CONSERVACIÓN Amílcar Guzmán Valladares Santiago, Chile 2010 1 UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS ESCUELA DE AGRONOMÍA Memoria de Título PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS DEL PARQUE PUMALÍN (PROVINCIA DE PALENA, CHILE) EN EL CONTEXTO DE SU POLÍTICA DE CONSERVACIÓN METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS OF PUMALIN PARK (PALENA PROVINCE, CHILE) IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS CONSERVATION POLICY Amílcar Guzmán Valladares Santiago, Chile 2010 2 UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS ESCUELA DE AGRONOMÍA MEMORIA DE TÍTULO PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS DEL PARQUE PUMALÍN (PROVINCIA DE PALENA, CHILE) EN EL CONTEXTO DE SU POLÍTICA DE CONSERVACIÓN Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables AMÍLCAR ANÍBAL GUZMÁN VALLADARES PROFESOR GUÍA Calificaciones Rodolfo Gajardo M. 7,0 Doctor en Ecología. PROFESORES EVALUADORES Álvaro Promis B. 6,8 Doctor en Ciencias Naturales. Víctor García de Cortázar G. 7,0 Doctor en Ciencias de la Ingeniería. Santiago, Chile. 2010 3 “Tendemos a no mirar lo que se conserva, cuando es esto, sin embargo, lo que define lo que sí se puede cambiar” (Humberto Maturana) 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Son muchas las personas a las que podría agradecer por contribuir a que terminara de buena forma mi Memoria de Título. Fue un proceso que en ocasiones se hizo muy difícil, pero creo que valió la pena y sin la ayuda de quienes figuran en esta página estoy seguro que no hubiese sido posible. En primer lugar, creo que el mayor esfuerzo se lo han llevado mis padres, y no sólo en este último período, sino que en todo lo que lo ha precedido y que permitió llegar hasta aquí. Gracias por las conversaciones, la comprensión, el tiempo, por todo lo que compartimos en algún cerro, río, bosque, lago o simplemente en la casa, y por todo lo que seguiremos compartiendo. Agradezco al resto de mi familia, especialmente a mi abuela Cecilia y mis hermanos, Cristóbal y Catalina. A mis amigos y compañeros que alegraron mi paso por la universidad y por lo que fue este solitario trabajo, especialmente a Héctor M., por tener los actos más llenos de sentido y de profundo apego a la Naturaleza que me motivan a seguir en esto; a Pamela, por escuchar, acompañar y ayudarme en la Memoria desde el comienzo; a Héctor G., Denisse y Andrea por todas sus palabras de ánimo y compañía, aunque por momentos haya sido a la distancia; a Karina, por enviar toda su energía, apoyo y compañía; a Cristian, por compartir conmigo esta búsqueda desde un área tan distante; y finalmente, a Nacho, por haber tenido la voluntad de estar y ayudarme con esos detalles tan importantes. A mi profesor guía, por la paciencia, por confiar en mi trabajo, por compartir su conocimiento, por darme la autonomía necesaria para aprender sobre temas nuevos y por toda la ayuda entregada. A Carolina Morgado, por recibirme, por motivarme a realizar esta Memoria y por todo el apoyo logístico entregado en Puerto Varas. A Dagoberto Guzmán e Ingrid Espinoza, por el recorrido en el Parque, la ayuda logística, la coordinación y la información facilitada. A los trabajadores del Parque que me ayudaron y acompañaron durante mi breve estadía. Por último, quiero agradecer a quienes me entregaron información u orientación de forma totalmente desinteresada: Taryn fuentes y Javier Amigo. Además de aquellos que no han sido mencionados y colaboraron en la coordinación o respondieron la entrevista elaborada: Cecilia Valladares, Jessica Casaza, Miguel Stutzin, Kyran Thelen, Miguel Díaz, Daniel Álvarez, Claudia Sepúlveda, Ricardo Bosshard, Francisco Solis y Juan Pablo Orrego. 5 ÍNDICE RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 13 Objetivo General .............................................................................................................. 15 Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................................ 15 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................................................ 15 Materiales ......................................................................................................................... 15 Área de estudio ................................................................................................................. 15 Área silvestre protegida y límite geográfico .................................................................... 16 Estructura jerárquica de los ecosistemas .......................................................................... 17 Zonificación de ecosistemas ............................................................................................. 19 Caracterización y Evaluación de las unidades.................................................................. 20 Valor ecosistémico ........................................................................................................ 20 Sensibilidad de las unidades ......................................................................................... 21 Naturalidad.................................................................................................................... 22 Infraestructura ........................................................................................................... 23 Introducción de especies vegetales ........................................................................... 24 Uso de suelo .............................................................................................................. 25 Altitud y pendiente ................................................................................................... 26 Riqueza ......................................................................................................................... 26 Riqueza florística ...................................................................................................... 27 Especies amenazadas ................................................................................................ 27 Usos de suelo ............................................................................................................ 27 Fitosociología ............................................................................................................ 28 Cobertura ................................................................................................................... 28 Fragilidad ...................................................................................................................... 29 Uso de suelo .............................................................................................................. 29 6 Cobertura vegetacional ............................................................................................. 30 Formaciones vegetacionales...................................................................................... 30 Altitud y pendiente .................................................................................................... 31 Esquema metodológico .................................................................................................... 32 Política de conservación y fundamentos para la conservación ........................................ 33 Entrevista a expertos ..................................................................................................... 34 Esquema general del estudio ............................................................................................ 36 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN.......................................................................................... 37 Base física y biótica .......................................................................................................... 37 Entorno biofísico y climático del Parque Pumalín ....................................................... 37 Geología y geomorfología......................................................................................... 37 Suelos ........................................................................................................................ 38 Clima ......................................................................................................................... 39 Hidrografía ................................................................................................................ 39 Flora y vegetación ..................................................................................................... 40 Fauna ......................................................................................................................... 44 Historia ecológica reciente............................................................................................ 46 Biogeografía .............................................................................................................. 46 Ocupación y perturbaciones
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