DOCSLIB.ORG

JACOB CAMPO WEYERMAX Jaargang32 4-) Nummerl Nt5 Zomer 2069 MEDEDEFINGEN VAN DE STICHTING Verschijnt Twee Maal Per Jaar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
JACOB CAMPO WEYERMAX Jaargang32 4-) Nummerl Nt5 Zomer 2069 MEDEDEFINGEN VAN DE STICHTING Verschijnt Twee Maal Per Jaar MEDEDELINGEN VAN DE STICHTING JACOB CAMPO WEYERMAX jaargang32 4-) nummerl Nt5 zomer 2069 MEDEDEFINGEN VAN DE STICHTING Verschijnt twee maal per jaar. JACOB CAMPO WEYERMAN Kopijdata: 1 maart, i september BESTUUR VAN DE STICHTING Rietje van Vliet (voorzitter), Anton Bossers, Cis van Heertum, Jos Leenes, Gerrie Wisse ADRES VAN DE STICHTING Cis van Heertum, Orthenstraat 168, 5211 sz 's-Hertogen- bosch ([email protected] ) PR EN PUBLICITEIT Gerrie Wisse, Dam 67, 433 1 GH Middelburg ([email protected] ) RED,WTIE Anna de Haas, Dini Helmers, Ton Jongenelen, Frank van Lamoen, Sytze van der Veen REDAMEADRES Orthenstraat 168, 5211 sz 's-Hertogenbosch T 073-6128674; E [email protected] ABONNEMENTEN Men abonneert zich door zich op te geven als lid (€ 27,50) of student-lid (€ 17,50 met vermelding nummer college- kaart). Instellingen betalen als ledenprijs € 3o. Gelieve het bedrag over te maken op Postgiro 3 848148t Stichting Jacob Campo Weyerman, Orthenstraat 168, 5211 sz 's-Hertogenbosch, onder vermelding van resp. lid, student-lid of instelling en het jaar waarvoor men betaalt. Belgische vrienden of leden wordt verzocht het bedrag over te maken op rek. nr. 001-1884 732-01 van de ASLK, t.b.v. J. Parmentier, Gent o.v.v. `Stichting jcw' en het betreffende jaar. Opzegging geschiedt schriftelijk v6or 1 december. ISSN 0167-4609 GRAFISCHE VERZORGING Jeroen van Heemskerck Diiker, Hyperion creatieve communicatie Almere FOSSE MUMMERS Op aanvraag leverbaar na vooruitbetaling van het ver- schuldigde bedrag (uit 2007 en 2008: € 15; oudere afleve- ringen € 7,50 per stuk). ArrEuRSRECHTEN VOORBEHOUDEN Overnemen van (gedeelten van) artikelen mag alleen geschieden met schriftelijke toestemming van redactie en uitgever (de Stichting Jcw). IC EBSITE www.weyerman.nl KINDEREN OP HET TONEEL VAN DE ACHTTIENDE EEUW: WONDERICINDEREN OF TONEELSPELERS IN OPLEIDING? 1 ANNA DE HAAS p 22 mei 1720 waren de regenten van de Amsterdamse Schouwburg in vergadering bijeen ten kantore van het Burgerweeshuis. Dit weeshuis en het stedelijke Oude 0 Mannen- en Vrouwenhuis werden deels gesubsidieerd uit de schouwburginkom- sten en om die reden werden schouwburgregenten gerecruteerd uit de bestuurlijke kringen van die twee godshuizen'. Een van de dingen waar de heren op die dag met eenparige stemmen' toe besloten, was om 'de aankoomende meijsiens en jongens die reets aen de schouburg zyn, en nog zoude mooge koomen, voo [1] soo verre onder dezelve bequaeme subjecten gevonden werden deselve bequaem te maeken en te doen instrueeren tot acteu- ren en actrices', met name 'in de zang en dans kunst'. 2 Deze resolutie leert ons een aantal dingen: er waren meisj es en jongens aan de schouwburgverbonden, ze waren aankomend' - waarmee vermoedelijk bedoeld is: aankomende toneelspelers - en er was geen speciale opleidingvoor hen. Of er iets van dit plan terechtgekomen is en of de heren regenten inder- daad Ordentlijke en bequaeme meesters' hebben aangesteld, zoals in de resolutie bepaald staat, onttrekt zich helaas (vooralsnog) aan onze waarneming. Wie die kinderen waren en hoe de praktijk er zo ongeveer uitzag, daar valt wel een en ander over te achterhalen. Kinderen op het toneel Het lijkt erop dat kind-acteurs vooral uit toneelfamilies afkomstig waren. Ze kregen de kneepjes van het vak thuis met de paplepel ingegoten en wanneer de ouders meenden dat ze enig talent hadden, probeerden ze hen op het echte toneel te krijgen. Daarmee hadden ze niet altijd puur artistieke bedoelingen. Het inkomen van een volwassen acteur of actrice was geen vetpot, en kinderen konden daar iets, hoe weinig ook, aan bijdragen. Tot ongeveer 1760 is het feitelijk verschijnen van kinderen op het toneel meestal alleen te reconstrueren op grond van biografische gegevens. Die liggen gewoonlijk niet voor het oprapen, omdat veel acteurs( families) als leden van reistroepen een zwervend bestaan leidden.3 Het vroegst bekende optreden van een kind op het toneel is dat van Maria Noze- man, die in het seizoen 1658/59 als zesjarige onder meer de rol van Grimaldus in Casandra speelde.4 En hoewel het niet bewezen is, denk ik dat we veilig kunnen aannemen dat bijvoorbeeld de zusters Maria en Catharina Petit die in de jaren 167o door de Amsterdamse Schouwburg op hun zeventiende werden geengageerd, Johanna Brinkhuijsen, in 1697 op haar vijftiende aangenomen, en Elizabeth Bor, in 1720 aangenomen op dezelfde leeftijd, allemaal een loopbaan als kind-acteur achter de rug hadden. 5 Het speelloon waarvoor ze werden aangenomen - varierend van een gulden per optreden voor Johanna Brinkhuijsen tot tweeenhalve gulden voor de gezusters Petit - wijst erop dat ze op die leeftijd goede (of in ieder geval geoefende) toneelspeelsters waren.' Hun training hoeven ze niet noodzakelijk aan de Amsterdamse Schouwburg genoten te hebben; het kan zijn dat bijvoorbeeld de gezusters Petit hun ervaring hadden opgedaan in een of andere reizende troep. Voor de tweede helft van de achttiende eeuw zijn er meer gegevens beschikbaar, deels vanwege het gestaag groeiende aantal gedrukte bronnen, zoals pamfletten en tijdschrif- ten. Ook zijn de affiches van de Amsterdamse Schouwburg vrijwel compleet bewaard gebleven vanafi759. 7Daarvan weten we dat in j anuari 1766 'het zoontje van juffr. Bouhon; MEDEDELINGEN VAN DE STICHTING JACOB CAMPO WEYERMAN 32 (2009), 1 1 en [...] het dogtertje van monsr. Van der Stel' optraden in de klucht Het orakel. Johannes Bouhon jr. was toen negen jaar oud, Johanna Susanna van der Stel dertien. Beiden waren kinderen van toneelspelers. 8 Vanaf september 1766 is Johannes' voornaamste tegen- speelster zijn dan achtjarige zusje Cornelia. 9 Hun eerst bekende gezamenlijke optreden vond plaats op 20 september, toen ze als tussenspel een `hornpijp' (horlepiep) dansten. Ook hun volgende optredens worden vaak apart vermeld op de affiches, naast die van de (volwassen) eerste danser en eerste danseres van de Schouwburg. In Rotterdam was het Johanna Lindeman die als kind ten tonele kwam. Ze was net vijf geworden toen ze in 1773 optrad als het zoontje van Gijsbrecht van Amstel in het gelijknamige treurspel van Vondel. In de daaropvolgende jaren speelde ze verschillende kinderrollen. Johanna moet een zekere faam genoten hebben, want er bestaat een por- tretje van haar in de rol van een jongetje in vermoedelijk een pastoraal stuk: 1° Een Kind, dat naar Tooneel elks aendacht weet to trekken, Schaers ses jaer oud nogthans vol Geest en aertigheit, Doet ons de Teekenkunst, naer leven, hier ontdekken In schyn van Thatly's Zoon, die om zyn Moeder schreit. Aldus de lovende dichtregels die aan het portret zijn toegevoegd. Johanna heeft overi- gens, voorzover bekend, als volwassene geen toneelcarriere gemaakt. Kinderrollen in toneelstukken De meeste kinderen begonnen hun openbare toneelcarriere waarschijnlijk als danser(es) in bijvoorbeeld de zogeheten 'tussenspelen' - divertissementen opgevoerd tussen het eerste en tweede toneelstuk van vrijwel ieder achttiende-eeuws schouwburgprogramma. Deze tussenspelen bestonden gewoonlijk uit een pantomime, een dans, een ballet of een enkele keer een instrumentaal of vocaal concert. Dansen en zingen werden vaak gecom- bineerd, bijvoorbeeld in een ballet, en de pantomimes werden meestal gedanst. Genres en titels van deze tussenspelen kennen we voornamelijk uit de tweede helft van de acht- tiende eeuw, toen dansen het hoofdbestanddeel van de tussenspelen gingen uitmaken. Er zijn `ballets-pantomime', `serieuze balletten' en `serieuze dansen', en 'entree's'. Ms dansen vinden we een 'tambour de basque', een `angloise', veel 'pas de deux' enzovoort. Dergelijke tussenspelen werden overigens lang niet altijd door kinderen uitgevoerd. Decennia lang worden, althans in Amsterdam, alleen volwassen dansers genoemd. 11 Dansen en zingen waren niet voorbehouden aan de tussenspelen. Er bestaan allerlei soorten toneelstukken die zijn `versierd' - zoals dat in de achttiende eeuw heette - met dansen en ook liedjes. Ongetwijfeld zijn er kinderen opgetreden in sommige van deze `versieringen'. Een goed gedocumenteerd geval is Het eeuwgetyde, een allegorisch gelegen- heidsspel van Jan de Marre, geschreven voor en gespeeld bij de viering van het honderd- jarig bestaan van de Amsterdamse Schouwburg in 1738. Ter illustratie van de band tussen schouwburg en weeshuis was er een dans met vier rollen als weeskinderen: twee jongens en twee meisjes. De jongensrollen werden gedanst door Hendrik en Jan Fokke, zoons van een acteur en op dat moment respectievelijk vijftien en achttien jaar oud. 12 Volgens mij vallen zij niet meer onder de kind-acteurs (maar daarover later). De meisjesrollen werden uitgevoerd door Jan Soetendaal en Lubertus Wouthuyzen, door jongens dus. Over deze twee is niets bekend.' Gezien het feit dat ze meisjes moesten spelen, kan het zijn dat ze wat jonger waren dan Hendrik Fokke en op die manier wel binnen de categorie van kind- acteurs vielen. Wie zeker daarin viel, was de elfjarige Catharina Fokke, die in de zwijgende rol van Leerzaamheid optrad.' 2 MEDEDELINGEN VAN DE STICHTING JACOB CAMPO WEYERMAN 32 (2009), Kinderen hebben waarschijnlijkwel gezongen op het toneel, maar ze lijken toch vooral te hebben gedanst. Toch was dat niet het enige. Er zijn ook heel wat toneelstukken met zwijgende of zelfs sprekende rollen voor kinderen. En soms zijn er rollen die niet expliciet voor kinderen bestemd zijn, maar wel door kinderen gespeeld werden. Zo bijvoorbeeld in de Toverijen van Armida, treurspel met kunst- en vliegwerken en allerlei andere ver- rassingen, en een wat bizarre lijst van personages, met een zeemeermin, een leeuw, een
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1.1. the Dutch Republic
    Cover Page The following handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/61008 Author: Tol, J.J.S. van den Title: Lobbying in Company: Mechanisms of political decision-making and economic interests in the history of Dutch Brazil, 1621-1656 Issue Date: 2018-03-20 1. LOBBYING FOR THE CREATION OF THE WIC The Dutch Republic originated from a civl war, masked as a war for independence from the King of Spain, between 1568 and 1648. This Eighty Years’ War united the seven provinces in the northern Low Countries, but the young republic was divided on several issues: Was war better than peace for the Republic? Was a republic the best form of government, or should a prince be the head of state? And, what should be the true Protestant form of religion? All these issues came together in struggles for power. Who held power in the Republic, and who had the power to force which decisions? In order to answer these questions, this chapter investigates the governance structure of the Dutch Republic and answers the question what the circumstances were in which the WIC came into being. This is important to understand the rest of this dissertation as it showcases the political context where lobbying occurred. The chapter is complemented by an introduction of the governance structure of the West India Company (WIC) and a brief introduction to the Dutch presence in Brazil. 1.1. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC 1.1.1. The cities Cities were historically important in the Low Countries. Most had acquired city rights as the result of a bargaining process with an overlord.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83747-7 - Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More information Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 England’s response to the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568–1648) has been studied hitherto mainly in terms of government policy, yet the Dutch struggle with Habsburg Spain affected a much wider commu- nity than just the English political elite. It attracted attention across Britain and drew not just statesmen and diplomats but also soldiers, merchants, religious refugees, journalists, travellers and students into the confl ict. Hugh Dunthorne draws on pamphlet literature to reveal how British contemporaries viewed the progress of their near neigh- bours’ rebellion, and assesses the lasting impact which the Revolt and the rise of the Dutch Republic had on Britain’s domestic history. The book explores affi nities between the Dutch Revolt and the British civil wars of the seventeenth century – the fi rst major challenges to royal authority in modern times – showing how much Britain’s chang- ing commercial, religious and political culture owed to the country’s involvement with events across the North Sea. HUGH DUNTHORNE specializes in the history of the early modern period, the Dutch revolt and the Dutch republic and empire, the his- tory of war, and the Enlightenment. He was formerly Senior Lecturer in History at Swansea University, and his previous publications include The Enlightenment (1991) and The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Britain and the Low Countries
    [Show full text]
  • The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley
    1 The Seventeenth-Century Empire of the Dutch Republic, c. 1590–1672 Jaap Jacobs he overseas expansion of the Dutch Republic, culminating in the “First Dutch Empire,” is a remarkable story of the quick rise to prominence of a small country in northwestern Europe. Much smaller Tin population than European rivals like Spain, England, and France, and without considerable natural resources, the Republic was able within a few decades to lay the foundation for a colonial empire of which remnants are still part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands nowadays. This First Dutch Empire, running roughly from the beginning of the seventeenth century until the early 1670s, was characterized by rapid expansion, both in the Atlantic area and in Asia. The phase that followed, the Second Dutch Empire, shows a divergence in development between the East and West. In the East, ter- ritorial expansion—often limited to trading posts, not settlement colonies— continued and trade volume increased, but in the Western theater the Dutch witnessed a contraction of territorial possessions, especially with the loss of New Netherland and Dutch Brazil. Even so, Dutch trade and shipping in the Atlantic was not solely dependent upon colonial footholds, not in the least because the Dutch began to participate in the Atlantic slave trade. This Second Dutch Empire ended in the Age of Democratic Revolutions, when upheavals in Europe and America brought an end to both the Dutch East and West India Companies and led to the loss of a number of colonies, such as South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Essequibo and Demerara on the Guyana coast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polycentric Metropolis Unpacked : Concepts, Trends and Policy in the Randstad Holland
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The polycentric metropolis unpacked : concepts, trends and policy in the Randstad Holland Lambregts, B. Publication date 2009 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Lambregts, B. (2009). The polycentric metropolis unpacked : concepts, trends and policy in the Randstad Holland. Amsterdam institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies (AMIDSt). General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 The Polycentric Metropolis Unpacked Concepts, Trends and Policy in the Randstad Holland Bart Lambregts The Polycentric Metropolis Unpacked Concepts, Trends and Policy in the Randstad Holland Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A FRISIAN MODEL Henryk Sjaardema
    THE INDIVIDUATED SOCIETY: A FRISIAN MODEL Henryk Sjaardema Preface It has long seemed to me that the dynamic of human activity is directly related to ecological variables within the society. It is the intimate rela- tionship of-the individual to the requirements of his society that not only channels human energies, but provides a framework for value orientations as well. It is as if society were a vast complex of machinery and man the kinetic force driving it. As machinery falls into social disuse, malfunction and inoperation, man must turn to new or alternative avenues or see his kinetic energy fall into disuse. When the crucial social machinery becomes patterned and routinized a surplus of human energy is made available. The stable society has a way of rechanneling these energies into other roles. Where these addi- tional roles are not present-where energy becomes constricted--social revolu- tions transpire. This study has been directed toward one socio-economic segment of Western man in which the role of the individual has been measured against the ecological requirements of the society. This pilot study is an attempt to probe variables which seem crucial to the rise of the individuated society. Introduction Purpose. To investigate the individuated basis for Frisian society. If the total society can be considered in its broadest sense, as a social configuration which transcends the normal limits of thinking built into political conceptions of the totalitarian state, my meaning will be made clear- er. This social configuration is one which places the requirements of the commun'ity on all levels above that of the commnity's individual constituents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art Market in the Dutch Golden
    The Art Market in the Dutch Art 1600–1700 Dutch Golden Age The first great free market economy for art This painting is occurred in the Dutch Republic of the 1600s. an example of the This republic was the most wealthy and “history painting” urbanized nation at the time. Its wealth was category. based on local industries such as textiles and breweries and the domination of the global trade market by the Dutch East India Company. This economic power translated into a sizeable urban middle class with disposable income to purchase art. As a result of the Protestant Reformation, and the absence of liturgical painting in the Protestant Church, religious patronage was no longer a major source of income for artists. Rather than working on commission, artists sold their paintings on an open market in bookstores, fairs, and through dealers. (c o n t i n u e d o n b a c k ) Jan Steen (Dutch, 1626–1679). Esther, Ahasuerus, and Haman, about 1668. Oil on canvas; 38 x 47 1/16 in. John L. Severance Fund 1964.153 Dutch Art 1600–1700 Still-life paintings like this one were often less expen- sive than history paintings. (c o n t i n u e d f r o m f r o n t ) This open market led to the rise in five major categories of painting: history painting, portraiture, scenes of everyday life, landscapes, and still-life paintings. The most prized, most expensive, and often largest in scale were history or narrative paintings, often with biblical or allegorical themes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third
    Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol The Anglo-Dutch relations from the earliest times to the death of William the Third Bense, Johan F. 's-Gravenhage, 1924 Chapter I. Before the conquest urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:2-15859 CHAPTER I BEFORE THE CONQUEST The Anglo -Saxons — the Germanic forefathers of the present English nation — emigrated from the country between the Rhine and the Elbe at various times during the fifth and sixth centuries; at least , towards the end of the latter century the Anglo -Saxons or English were masters of the land , and from that time dates the development of their dialects , which together form what is now usually called Old English. Yet we read of Low Dutch people in the British Isles long be¬ fore the fifth century , even before Caesar conquered the country, when people who lived in what is now known by the name of Flanders , were compelled by floods to emigrate , and came in sailless vessels and settled in the Isle of Wight and on the neigh¬ bouring south coast , arriving as friendly guests and remaining as invaders 1). Agricola is said to have fought the battle of the “Grampius” — in 83 or 84 A.D . — with the aid of 8000 Hollanders and Brabanders 2). In 285 Carausius was made Admiral of the British seas , which were “sore troubled by the pirates of the Frankes and Saxons ”, and in or before 292 Constantius “building ships to pass over hither 8) first assayled luckily the Hollanders, which had revolted to Carausius”. Holland was “then holden by certaine Frankes ” 4).
    [Show full text]
  • The Example of the Dutch Republic for American Federalism
    The Example of the Dutch Republic for American Federalism J.W.SCHULTENORDHOLT We may derive from Holland lessons very beneficial to ourselves. John Marshall in the Convention of Virginia 1788. I History is philosophy teaching by examples. That famous saying expresses the eighteenth-century approach to the past better than long explanations. The philosophers and political scientists of the Enlightenment were eager to find examples to justify their actual deeds and opinions. Perhaps the deepest reason for this quest for an imitable past is to be found in their belief in the unity of Western civilization. There was a great chain of being, not only in space, as has been so magnificently described by Arthur Lovejoy, but also in time. The presupposition of such a belief in the cohesive patterns of the past was the conception that there had been, through the ages, a certain uniformity in human behaviour. Man had never changed, that is why history could be used as a model. As David Hume put it: Mankind are so much the same, in all times and places, that history informs us of no­ thing new or strange in this particular. Its chief use is only to discover the constant and universal principles of human nature. The task of the historian was not in the first place to understand the past for its own sake, but, as Carl Becker remarks, to choose between good and evil, 'be- tween the customs that were suited and those that were unsuited to man's nature'.1That is exactly what men like James Madison and his friends were to do during that long summer of 1787 when they drafted the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Maiestas in the Dutch Republic
    Maiestas in the Dutch Republic The law of treason and the conceptualisation of state authority in the Dutch Republic from the Act of Abjuration to the expiration of the Twelve Years’ Truce (1581 – 1621) Wessel Willem Peter Damen 315792 Master Thesis Early Modern Intellectual History Erasmus University Rotterdam Supervisor: Em. Prof. Dr. L. Winkel Brussels, March 2017 Contents Part I – Introduction and Historiography 2 1. Introduction 3 2. State of the art & theory 5 Part II - Reconstructing the legal framework of treason 15 3. Roman law 17 4. The constitution of the Dutch Republic 23 5. Statutory law of treason 33 6. Summary of the reconstructed legal framework 43 Part III – Five cases of treason 45 7. Cornelis de Hooghe (1583) 47 8. Jacob Spensis (1601) 51 9. Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Hugo de Groot, and Rombout Hogerbeets (1619) 54 10. Jacob Mom, Adriaen van Eynthouts, and Elbert van Botbergen (1621) 67 11. Reynhart van Tijtfort, Rempts ten Ham, and Jorjen Stuyver (1621) 73 12. Summary of the case studies 78 13. Conclusion 84 Bibliography 86 - 1 - Part I Introduction and Historiography Allegory depicting Atlas, Kronos and Historia. Title page to: N. Gueudeville, Le Nouveau Theatre du Monde (Leyden 1713). Print by François van Bleyswijck. Rijksmuseum RP-P-BI-1234. - 2 - Chapter 1: Introduction Waiting for the metro to arrive one summer night in Rotterdam, a line of graffiti sprayed on one of the walls of the tunnel caught my eye. “Question all Authority” – it read in giant red letters. Just below it, this time in black, there was a written response: “Why?”.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg
    A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg Foreword ............................................................................2 Chapter 1. The Low Countries until A.D.200 : Celts, Batavians, Frisians, Romans, Franks. ........................................3 Chapter 2. The Empire of the Franks. ........................................5 Chapter 3. The Feudal Period (10th to 14th Centuries): The Flanders Cloth Industry. .......................................................7 Chapter 4. The Burgundian Period (1384-1477): Belgium’s “Golden Age”......................................................................9 Chapter 5. The Habsburgs: The Empire of Charles V: The Reformation: Calvinism..........................................10 Chapter 6. The Rise of the Dutch Republic................................12 Chapter 7. Holland’s “Golden Age” ..........................................15 Chapter 8. A Period of Wars: 1650 to 1713. .............................17 Chapter 9. The 18th Century. ..................................................20 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Interlude: The Union of Holland and Belgium. ..............................................................22 Chapter 11. Belgium Becomes Independent ...............................24 Chapter 13. Foreign Affairs 1839-19 .........................................29 Chapter 14. Between the Two World Wars. ................................31 Chapter 15. The Second World War...........................................33 Chapter 16. Since the Second World War: European Co-operation:
    [Show full text]
  • The Dutch Republic and Spain in the First
    DIECIOCHO 32.2 (Fall 2009) 1 MERCHANTS AND OBSERVERS. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC’S COMMERCIAL INTERESTS IN SPAIN AND THE MERCHANT COMMUNITY IN CADIZ IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.1 ANA CRESPO SOLANA CSIC (Madrid) Introduction Around 1720, the Dutch merchant colony in Cadiz succeeded in restoring trade with Amsterdam after several crisis periods. At the end of the 17th century and during the Spanish War of Succession, Dutch-Spanish trade went into a period of recession, although only in relative terms. Trade in general, just like everything else as far as the United Provinces were concerned, was affected by this ‘decline’ (Achteruitgang), as once described by Jonathan Israel or even by Jan de Vries himself. Holland stepped off the aggressive international scenario but continued its fruitful growth in the cultural and economic fields (Israel 378-395). The signs of such decline vary depending on the different sectors of Dutch foreign trade. To the minds of the merchants in the Maritime Provinces trading with vast overseas regions and for those that received their consignments at various European port-towns, Dutch trade and shipping was the mainstay of the economy of the countries where they had spread their commercial networks. One of those countries was Spain, especially the areas of influence of various ports in Andalusia, the Mediterranean and the northern coast. With regard to trade with France and even with England, the Dutch lost ground in financial terms, although their role as capital and financial marine services (freights, insurance), exporters as well as manufacture providers and re-exporters of colonial produce and certain raw materials, did not diminish.
    [Show full text]
  • Teutoburg Forest Ad 9 : the Destruction of Varus and His Legions Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    TEUTOBURG FOREST AD 9 : THE DESTRUCTION OF VARUS AND HIS LEGIONS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Michael McNally | 96 pages | 18 Jan 2011 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781846035814 | English | New York, United Kingdom Teutoburg Forest AD 9 : The destruction of Varus and his legions PDF Book One of the greatest military disasters of the Roman Empire, Teutoburg Forest witnessed the near-total annihilation of three Roman legions at the hands of the German barbarians led by their Roman-educated chief Arminius. Arminius and the Battle of Teutoburg Forest has remained an icon of Germanic patriotism and liberty. Yes, sir, yes, sir three tanks full. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Enter your comment here Notify me of new comments via email. Next year, Drusus again invaded the country east of the Rhine. It was virtually impossible for them to form a battle line or strategic position, in which they were best at fighting, and intense conflict broke out as the Germans launched attack after attack up and down the Roman line. Trivia About Teutoburg Forest Upon the outbreak of war in August , the British Royal Navy was deployed globally, whilst aside Feb 17, Steven Peterson rated it really liked it. About this product Product Information Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions! Arminius, who had grown up as a hostage in Rome, served in the auxiliary units from 1 to 6 AD and rose to the rank of officer. Day 6 - Return Home Drive to Schiphol and fly home. This made him vulnerable and hindered his ability to command the legionaries effectively when the battle came.
    [Show full text]