1Lecture Notes 2016
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Only Write Down the Correct Answer Next to the Appropriate Question Number on Your Answer Sheet
BOT1B10– November 2015 FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY and PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY MODULE PLANT DIVERSITY BOT1B10 CAMPUS APK EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2015 DATE SESSION 14/November/2015 08:30 – 11:30 EXAMINER: PROF A. MOTEETEE INTERNAL MODERATOR: MRS J. WILLIAMSON DURATION: 3 HOURS MARKS: 120 ____________________________________________________________________________________ NUMBER OF PAGES: 11 PAGES INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS _____________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 1 [10] Choose an answer that matches the question the best: Only write down the correct answer next to the appropriate question number on your answer sheet. 1.1. Apart from food and beverages, plants provide human beings with: a) Oxygen, nitrogen, construction materials b) Medicines, essential oils, oxygen, fuel c) Paper, wool, cotton, silk d) Herb and spices, carbon, sodium, fodder for animals 1 BOT1B10– November 2015 1.2 Gymnosperms bear their seeds on the surfaces of: a) Leaves b) Cones c) Stems d) Fruits 1.3 Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on what for reproduction? a) Water b) Soil c) Grass d) Sun 1.4 Plants that have xylem and phloem are known as: a) Seed plants b) Photosynthetic plants c) Vascular-plants d) Non-vascular plants 1.5 Which on the following is the stalk by which the leaf blade is attached to the stem? a) Peduncle b) Pedicel c) Inflorescence d) Petiole 1.6 Seed plants use __________ and ___________ to reproduce. a) Pollen and seed b) Seeds and water c) Food and water d) Leaves and petals 1.7 -
1Lecture Notes 2013
5/24/13 Week 8; Monday Lecture: Monocots Part I: Some animal pollinated monocots Monocots are monophyletic! Traditional primary division is between Dicots and Monocots Trait “Dicots” Monocots # cotyledons 2 cotyledons 1 cotyledon stem ring of vascular bundles scattered vascular bundles vascular cambium often present no vascular cambium habit woody or herbaceous primarily herbaceous (no true wood) leaves simple or compound usually simple venation net veined: pinnate, palmate parallel (or striate) leaf narrow usually broad, often sheathing insertion (wrapping around the stem) roots primary --> secondary primary roots abort; adventitious roots, too adventitious roots only taproot or fibrous usually fibrous flower parts parts in 4’s, 5’s, or ∞ (rarely 3) parts in 3’s pollen monosulcate or tricolpate monosulcate Today we will look at some of the more important families of animal pollinated monocots found in the temperate zone Overhead of monocot phylogeny based on rbcL - distribution of monocot groups. Chase et al. 2000, overhead Page 57 5/24/13 Lab only; limited discussion here. Show: “Plants are Cool, Too” video Araceae - Arum family (109 gen/2830 spp) 1) herbs (some epiphytes) 2) lvs simple or compound; broad and having an apparent petiole (‘pseudo-lamina’) development not same as in a dicot leaf blade 3) calcium oxalate crystals usually present – physical deterrent to herbivory 4) Inflorescence consisting of - spathe - bract (often colorful) surrounding the flowers - spadix - axis on which the flowers are borne (male above; female below, -
Plant Systematics Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
CORE PAPER- VIII PLANT SYSTEMATICS ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY UNIT - III Rubiaceae Systematic position Class-Dicotyledons Sub class -Gamopetalae Series –Inferae Order - Rubiales Family-Rubiaceae Distribution of Rubiaceae: It is commonly known as Madder or Coffee family. It includes 6000 species and 500 genera. In India it is represented by 551 species. The members of this family are distributed in tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions. Vegetative characters Habit and Habitatat. Trees -Adina cordifolia Shrubs- Gardenia (mostly), some are twinners- Paederia Climbers -Uncaria Herbs -Gallium Epiphytic eg Hymenopogon parasiticus Helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic, or hydrophytic (Limnosipanea). Majority are perennials a few annuals, cultrivated as well as wild Root –branched tap root Stem- aerial,erect or weak, cylindrical or angular herbaceous Gallium or woody ,armed with spines Randia dementorum ,glabrous,pubescent hairy or smooth Stephegyne, branched, dichasial cymein Gallium. Leaf - Cauline and ramal Leaves stipulate. Stipules interpetiolar (between the petioles , or intrapetiolar; between the petiole and axis .leafy Gallium divided Borreria hair like Pentas sometimes fused to form a sheath GardeniaPetiolate, subsessile or sessile Gallium Leaves opposite Cinchona or whorled Gallium simple; Lamina entire; Cinchona opposite decussate Ixora ), reticulate Floral characters: Inflorescence- Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’, or solitary (less often); in cymes, or in panicles, Cinchona or in heads (rarely, e.g. Morindeae, Gardenia). The ultimate inflorescence units compound cyme MussaendaInflorescences with involucral bracts (when capitate), or without involucral bracts; Flowers -Bracteate Gardenia ebracteate Cinchona Bracts persistant –Hymenopogan Pedicellate,subsessile Gardenia sessile RandinBracteolate or ebracteolate, complete or incomplete actinomorphic,, Rarely Zygomorphic Randeletin bisexual unisexual Coprosma , epigynous regular; mostly 4 merous, or 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. -
Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: a Tabular Comparison
Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-2019 Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison" (2019). Botanical Studies. 95. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/95 This Flora of Northwest California-Regional is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A TABULAR COMPARISON James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University December 2019 Scientific Name Habit Leaves Sexuality • Floral Formula Common Name Fruit Type • Comments Aceraceae TSV SC:O U-m [P] • K 4-5 C 4-5 A 4-10 G (2) Maple Paired samaras • leaves often palmately lobed Acoraceae H S:A U-m • P 3+3 A 6 or G (3) Sweet Flag Berry • aquatic; aromatic rhizomes Aizoaceae HS S:AO B • P [3] 5 [8] A 0-4 Gsi (2-5-4) Ice Plant Capsule (berry-like) • fleshy; stamens divided, petaloid Alismataceae -
Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both. -
No Greens in the Forest?
No greens in the forest? Note on the limited consumption of greens in the Amazon Titulo Katz, Esther - Autor/a; López, Claudia Leonor - Autor/a; Fleury, Marie - Autor/a; Autor(es) Miller, Robert P. - Autor/a; Payê, Valeria - Autor/a; Dias, Terezhina - Autor/a; Silva, Franklin - Autor/a; Oliveira, Zelandes - Autor/a; Moreira, Elaine - Autor/a; En: Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae vol. 81 no. 4 (2012). Varsovia : Polish En: Botanical Society, 2012. Varsovia Lugar Polish Botanical Society Editorial/Editor 2012 Fecha Colección Alimentos; Alimentación; Pueblos indígenas; Etnobotánica; Plantas; Hierbas; Temas Colombia; Perú; Guayana Francesa; Brasil; Amazonia; Venezuela; Artículo Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/engov/20140508112743/katz_no_greens_in_the_forest.pdf" URL Reconocimiento CC BY Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Journal homepage: pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp INVITED REVIEW Received: 2012.10.15 Accepted: 2012.11.19 Published electronically: 2012.12.31 Acta Soc Bot Pol 81(4):283–293 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2012.048 No greens in the forest? Note on the limited consumption of greens in the Amazon Esther Katz1*, Claudia Leonor López2, Marie Fleury3, Robert P. Miller4, -
11-FLOWER DIAGRAMES, FORMULAS and FLOWER SYMETRY FLOWER FORMULAS and DIAGRAMES
11-FLOWER DIAGRAMES, FORMULAS AND FLOWER SYMETRY FLOWER FORMULAS and DIAGRAMES 1. FLOWER FORMULAS Floral formula is a means to represent the structure of a flower using numbers, letters and various symbols, presenting substantial information about the flower in a compact form. It can represent particular species, or can be generalized to characterize higher taxa, usually giving ranges of organ numbers. Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being floral diagrams. Apart from the graphical diagrams, the flower structure can be characterized by textual formulae. A floral formula consists of five symbols indicating from left to right: Floral Symmetry Number of Tepal Number of Sepals Number of Petals Number of Stamens Number of Carpels Tepals Sepals Patals Stamen Carpels P K C A G The parts of the flower are described according to their arrangement from the outside to the inside of the flower. If an organ type is arranged in more whorls, the outermost is denoted first, and the whorls are separated by “+”. If the organ number is large or fluctuating, is denoted as “∞”. 2. FLOWER DIAGRAMES Floral diagram is a graphic representation of flower structure. It shows the number of floral organs, their arrangement and fusion. Different parts of the flower are represented by their respective symbols. Rather like floral formulas, floral diagrams are used to show symmetry, numbers of parts, the relationships of the parts to one another, and degree of connation and/or adnation. Such diagrams cannot easily show ovary position. FLOWER SYMMETRY Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. -
Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M. -
Full of Beans: a Study on the Alignment of Two Flowering Plants Classification Systems
Full of beans: a study on the alignment of two flowering plants classification systems Yi-Yun Cheng and Bertram Ludäscher School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA {yiyunyc2,ludaesch}@illinois.edu Abstract. Advancements in technologies such as DNA analysis have given rise to new ways in organizing organisms in biodiversity classification systems. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of aligning two classification systems for flowering plants using a logic-based, Region Connection Calculus (RCC-5) ap- proach. The older “Cronquist system” (1981) classifies plants using their mor- phological features, while the more recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) (2016) system classifies based on many new methods including ge- nome-level analysis. In our approach, we align pairwise concepts X and Y from two taxonomies using five basic set relations: congruence (X=Y), inclusion (X>Y), inverse inclusion (X<Y), overlap (X><Y), and disjointness (X!Y). With some of the RCC-5 relationships among the Fabaceae family (beans family) and the Sapindaceae family (maple family) uncertain, we anticipate that the merging of the two classification systems will lead to numerous merged solutions, so- called possible worlds. Our research demonstrates how logic-based alignment with ambiguities can lead to multiple merged solutions, which would not have been feasible when aligning taxonomies, classifications, or other knowledge or- ganization systems (KOS) manually. We believe that this work can introduce a novel approach for aligning KOS, where merged possible worlds can serve as a minimum viable product for engaging domain experts in the loop. Keywords: taxonomy alignment, KOS alignment, interoperability 1 Introduction With the advent of large-scale technologies and datasets, it has become increasingly difficult to organize information using a stable unitary classification scheme over time. -
Portulacaceae – Purslane Family
PORTULACACEAE – PURSLANE FAMILY Plant: herbs, rarely shrubs Stem: usually fleshy or succulent Root: Leaves: simple, entire, opposite or alternate, or in basal rosettes; stipules mostly absent, may be represented by fleshy structures or modified into hairs Flowers: perfect; 2 sepals usually, rarely up to 9; 2-4-6 or > petals, united or separate at base; stamens usually opposite each petal, or more numerous in a bundle; ovary mostly superior or partially inferior, few to many ovules Fruit: capsule Other: mostly in southern hemisphere; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 30+ genera; locally Claytonia (spring-beauty), Montia, Portulaca, Talinum WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the 2 or more sepals, 4-6 (rarely more, often Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) 5) free petals, leaves simple and entire, no stipules; stem often succulent Examples of common genera Shoreline Seapurslane [Virginia] Spring-Beauty Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica Purslane [Little Hog Weed] Portulaca oleracea L. (Introduced) Largeflower Fameflower [Rock Pink] Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger Kiss Me Quick Portulaca pilosa L. PORTULACACEAE – PURSLANE FAMILY Ozark [Wide-Leafed] Spring-Beauty; Claytonia ozarkensis Miller & Chambers [Virginia] Spring-Beauty; Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica Largeflower Fameflower [Rock Pink]; Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger Purslane [Little Hog Weed] Portulaca oleracea L. (Introduced) Kiss Me Quick; Portulaca pilosa -
Sample Chapter
CHAPTER 2 Description of Plants PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DESCRIPTION HABIT: Natural locality of plants. • Ornamental plants: Plants cultivated for its beauty rather than its use. e.g. Marigold, Gladiolus etc. • Food crop: For economic use e.g. Maize, Rice, Apple etc. • Wild crop: Grow or produced without human care. e.g. Wild rice (Zizania aquatica), Wild rye (Elymus spp.). HABITAT: Place where a plant lives and grows. • Annual: Occurring every year. e.g. Rice, Brinjal etc. • Biennial: Occurring every two years. e.g. Raddish, Turnip etc. • Perennial: Present in all seasons of year i.e. continual. e.g. Mango, Rose etc. NATURE: Inherent or basic character. • Herb: Bushy, non-woody, erect, prostrate and decumbent. e.g. Mint, Hyacinth etc. • Shrub: Several stemmed, medium-sized woody plant. e.g. Jasmine, Rose etc. • Tree: Stout, woody trunk with few or no branches on its lower part, perennial. e.g. Mango, Pine, Banyan etc. • Clums: Nodes and internodes clearly visible. e.g. Bambusa These may be a) Deciduous—Falling off leaves annually. b) Evergreen—Having foliage leaves which remain green. c) Perennial—Persists for several years. Root Organ of a plant which grows downwards, away from light and towards water. It doesn’t bear leaves and buds but has protective apex called root cap. 10 Introduction to Pharmacognosy • Assimilatory root: Roots become green and serve for photosynthesis. e.g. Trapa • Tuberous root: Swollen, root without any definite shape. e.g. Sweet potato • Fasciculated root: Several tuberous roots occur in cluster at the base of stem. e.g. Dahlia • Nodulous root: Tuberous root becomes suddenly swollen at apex. -
Claytonia Virginica & Claytonia Caroliniana: Spring Beauty
Zachariah Wahid Ethnobotany (EEB 455) June 10, 2014 Instructors: Scott Herron and Adam Schubel Claytonia virginica & Claytonia caroliniana: Spring beauty Meeautikwaeaugpineeg Species Productivity Schedule Zachariah Wahid Ethnobotany (EEB 455) June 10, 2014 Instructors: Scott Herron and Adam Schubel Family: Montiaceae (formerly: Portulaceae) Latin Name: Claytonia virginica L., Claytonia caroliniana L. Common Names: Spring beauty, Fairy spud Anishinaabe Name: Meeautikwaeaugpineeg Taxonomy The genus Claytonia was named aFter John Clayton (1685-1773), an American botanist, physician, and clerk to the County Court of Gloucester County, VA where the species name virginica, meaning “oF Virginia”, comes From (Black & JudZiewicz, 2009; Couplan, 1998). C. caroliniana was similarly named aFter the Carolinas. The diFFerence in scientiFic nomenclature between these species reFlects a diFFerence in distributions and slight variation in morphology (C. virginica is sometimes referred to as narrow-leaved spring beauty). The Anishinaabemowin word For spring beauty is Meeautikwaeaugpineeg and it can be applied to both species since they are functionally the same For humans (Meeker & Elias, 1993). The Anishinaabemowin name may reFer to the plant’s preferred forest habitat and to the underground organs From which spring beauty’s most common use is derived. However, very few print or online sources (if any) exist that provide a literal translation of the word into English. The English common name, “Fairy spud”, was coined by a plant Forager named Euell Gibbons and has been used to describe the plant’s underground storage organ (Edsall, 1985; Thayer, 2006). Other names For the corm include “Indian potato”, “wild potato”, and “mountain potato” (Kuhnlein & Turner, 1991). The genus Claytonia used to be classiFied as a member oF the Family Portulaceae but was recently reclassiFied as a member oF the Family Montiaceae.