1Lecture Notes 2016

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1Lecture Notes 2016 5/2/16 Week 5; Monday Announcements: Exam results: acknowledge top students. - Field trip two Saturdays away; will have sign-up sheets in lab this week. - quiz in lab on Wednesday - keying (15 pts) and family ID (20 pts) Lecture: Rosidae s.l. continued: Last two families are pretty closely related, even though they may seem rather different. They form an interesting contrast. In one, Rosaceae, the flowers are all pretty much alike, but fruit types differ greatly and form the basis of subfamilial divisions, whereas in the other, Fabaceae, fruit types are all similar - the legume - but flowers differ greatly and form the basis of subfamilies. Rosaceae - Rose family (95 gen/2825 spp) 1) plants woody or herbaceous 2) leaves simple or compound (palmate or more commonly pinnate) - stipules present - leaves/leaflets with serrate margins - alternate arrangement 3) Flowers - actinomorphic - sepals and petals in 5s - stamens many - Hypanthium usually present - ovary superior, inferior, or half inferior - carpel number variation 1, 5, or many – traditional subfam. characters Most striking variation in reproductive morphology is in fruit type. Traditional view of divisions within family: Subfamilies are based on fruit type Chromosome number correlates somewhat but is more variable Subfamilies: fruit type chromosome number Spiraeoideae: * 5, 5, ∞, 5 follicle, capsule [carpels usually free] x = 8, 9 Rosoideae: * 5, 5, ∞, ∞ achene, drupelet [carpels always free] x = 7, 9 Prunoideae: * 5, 5, ∞, 1 drupe (some seeds contain cyanide) x = 8 __ Pomoideae: * 5, 5, ∞, 5 Pome [carpels fused] x = 16, 17 Page 38 5/2/16 However, recent studies have shown that some of the subfamilies based on fruit type are not all monophyletic and that chromosome number is a better indication of phylogeny see overhead Phylogeny: Subfamilies Prunoideae and Pomoideae (Maloideae) are monophyletic, whereas Rosoideae are polyphyletic, and Spiraeoideae are probably the ancestral paraphyletic group in the Rosaceae. Ed Abbey – Cliffrose from A Desert Solitaire Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - Pea or legume family (642 gen/18,000 spp) 1) mostly woody tropical trees, but in temperate zone mostly herbs 2) many with alkaloids (subfam. Papilionoideae) 3) Commonly associated with N-fixing bacteria as symbionts in roots (Rhizobium) 4) Leaves compound - stipules present - margins entire - alternate arrangement 5) Flowers – three basic floral types - zygomorphic (2 types) or actinomorphic (1 type) - sepals and petals in 5s - stamens: - 10 unfused – subfam. Caesalpinoideae - 10 partly fused – diadelphous (9 fused and 1 free) subfam. Papilionoideae - many – subfam. Mimosoideae - ovary superior - fruit a legume (specific type of follicle) The two zygomorphic floral types are called “Flag” flowers; in Papilionoideae the two lower petals are fused to form a “keel” Banner 1 free stamen Flag Flower wing wing 9 fused stamens keel Papilioniod type flower Caesalpinoid flowers also often are ‘flag’ flowers, but the lower petals are NOT fused and the stamens are NOT fused. However, sometimes they don’t have a ‘flag’ form Mimosoid flowers are called “brush” flowers, because they have many stamens that are exerted on long filaments and form a brush that covers visiting insects or birds with pollen. Page 39 5/2/16 In contrast to the Rosaceae, major variation is in floral morphology, while fruit type is constant: Subfamily fruit flower type Mono/Para? Mimosoideae: * 5, 5, ∞, 1 legume “Brush” flowers Monophyletic Caesalpinoideae: X 5, 5, 10, 1 legume “Flag” flowers Paraphyletic Papilionoideae: X 5, 5, 9 + 1, 1 legume “Flag” flowers Monophyletic Phylogeny: Subfamily Caesalpinoideae is ancestral (paraphyletic) within the Fabaceae and subfamilies Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae are monophyletic and are derived from Caesalpinoid ancestors. Page 40 5/2/16 Week 5; Wednesday Lecture: Caryophyllids – One of the major groups of ‘core Tricolpates’ (along with Rosidae and Asteridae) Most families belong to the order Caryophyllales, but there are a few additional families in the Caryophyllids, including Polygonaceae (Polygonales) Names of these groups have changed between 2nd and 3rd Ed of Judd [overheads] Technical Features of the Caryophyllales This group is a well-defined group with some distinctive characters. 1) Free-central to Basal Placentation (hence the archaic name ‘Centrospermae’) -sometimes parietal (e.g., Cactaceae) the breakdown of septa separating locules can go either way to parietal or free- central. REVIEW: If carpels are fused, how do you know the number of carpels? 1) count stigma lobes 2) count number of locules or placental attachment points 2) Betalain pigments - Nitrogen containing red pigments - most other flowering plants have Anthocyanin red pigments. Exception Caryophyllaceae 3) Perisperm nutritive tissue in seeds - derived from ovule wall, rather than from endosperm, therefore is diploid sporophyte parent tissue 4) Embryo curved in the seed. 5) “P-type plastid” - Unique sieve-tube plastid with filaments and a proteinaceous inclusion. (remember sieve tubes in phloem? An angiosperm synapomorphy) 6) Anomalous secondary growth produced by successive vascular cambia forming outside the phloem this causes the ‘rings’ in beets. 7) Single whorl of tepals (but see comments with various families). - Some anatomists interpret the flowers in the Caryophyllales to be without petals and consider all perianth parts to be tepals, modified bracts (sepals in Portulacaceae), or modified stamens (petals in Caryophyllaceae). Halophytes (e.g., Chenopodiaceae) and Xerophytes (e.g., Cactaceae) are common in this subclass hence a lot of plants are succulent, which is an adaptation for conserving water Page 41 5/2/16 The first three families are Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae - Carnation, Pink family (70 gen/2200 spp) 1) Repeat after me: opposite leaves, swollen nodes 2) herbaceous 3) floral parts in 5s - petals often with well developed claw (forming tube) and blade (stamens?) - 5 or 10 stamens - ovary of 2-5 fused carpels, superior; fruit a capsule - placentation usually free-central (basal, axile) 4) NO BETALAINS Floral formula: * 5, ‘5’, 10, 2-5 capsule [carpels fused; superior ovary] ^ interpreted to be modified stamens when present! Cactaceae - Cactus family (93 gen/1400 spp) 1) habit: succulent stems, variously shaped, sometimes flattened - Primitive cacti are vines or shrubs, have ‘normal’ leaves, and are not succulent. 2) leaves are ephemeral or reduced axillary buds, called areoles, with leaves in the form of spines: glochidia. 3) Flowers exhibit a secondary increase in the number of parts - many tepals usually united at the base into a hypanthium - many stamens arising from the hypanthium - inferior ovary of 3-∞ fused carpels; placentation parietal; fruit a berry 4) BETALAINS Floral formula: * Te ∞, A ∞, G 3-∞ berry [carpels fused; inferior ovary] Page 42 5/2/16 Montiaceae – Spring beauty family (14 gen/225 spp.) Montiaceae always has been included in the paraphyletic family “Portulacaceae,” but this group recently has been divided into several small families. All members of “Portulacaceae” native to the Pacific Northwest belong to Montiaceae “Portulacaceae” was paraphyletic with respect to the Cactaceae (i.e., Cactaceae are derived from within “Portulacaceae”). [overheads of phylogeny and new classification] 1) herbs, plants often somewhat succulent; plants always glabrous 2) BETALAINS 3) lvs simple, alternate, opposite, or basal; often fleshy (almost succulent) 4) flowers - Characteristic paired bracteoles, usually called sepals, beneath each flower - petals (really tepals, because ‘sepals’ are really bracts) – 5 (4-10) - stamens 5 (4 to many) - Lewisia is an important exception here in PNW with many (2-9) sepaloid bracts, many tepals, and often many stamens. 2-3 (-8) fused carpels; ovary superior; free-central to basal placentation; fruit a capsule Floral formula: * ‘2’, 5(∞), (2)5-∞, 2-3 capsule [carpels fused; superior ovary] ^ interpreted to be bracts. The last family is in the Polygonales, which is sister to the Caryophyllales Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family (buckwheat, rhubarb) (43 gen/1100 spp) 1) Herbaceous or woody (woody species mostly in the tropics) 2) lvs simple alternate; with sheathing leaf base derived from the stipules; called an ocrea 3) Flowers 3-parted - tepals usually 6 (sometimes 5) - stamens 6-9 - 2-3 fused carpels, superior ovary, basal placentation - fruit achene or nutlet, often 3-angled or winged 4) NO BETALAINS Floral formula: * Te 6 (3+3), A 6-9, G (2-)3 nutlet or achene [carpels fused; superior ovary] Page 43 5/2/16 Week 5; Friday Announcements: Field trip next Saturday. Plan for this if you can go. Sign up in lab next week. Meet at Kincaid loading area at 7:30 for 7:45 departure. Lecture: Pollination biology - film by Bastian Meeuse. Handout covers important information for exam. “Sexual Encounters of the Floral Kind” Handout to accompany film -- Botany 113 Pollination syndromes Wind Pollination: 1) flowers appear before leaves are out 2) large number of flowers (especially males), often in catkins 3) individual flowers small and inconspicuous - without parts for attraction 4) Big stamens produce lots of pollen 5) Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen 6) Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1) 7) Plants often with separate staminate and pistillate flowers (monoecious or dioecious) Many different kinds of insects function as pollinators; often these involve very different floral characteristics: Bees, butterflies, etc.: 1)
Recommended publications
  • Only Write Down the Correct Answer Next to the Appropriate Question Number on Your Answer Sheet
    BOT1B10– November 2015 FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY and PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY MODULE PLANT DIVERSITY BOT1B10 CAMPUS APK EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2015 DATE SESSION 14/November/2015 08:30 – 11:30 EXAMINER: PROF A. MOTEETEE INTERNAL MODERATOR: MRS J. WILLIAMSON DURATION: 3 HOURS MARKS: 120 ____________________________________________________________________________________ NUMBER OF PAGES: 11 PAGES INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS _____________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 1 [10] Choose an answer that matches the question the best: Only write down the correct answer next to the appropriate question number on your answer sheet. 1.1. Apart from food and beverages, plants provide human beings with: a) Oxygen, nitrogen, construction materials b) Medicines, essential oils, oxygen, fuel c) Paper, wool, cotton, silk d) Herb and spices, carbon, sodium, fodder for animals 1 BOT1B10– November 2015 1.2 Gymnosperms bear their seeds on the surfaces of: a) Leaves b) Cones c) Stems d) Fruits 1.3 Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on what for reproduction? a) Water b) Soil c) Grass d) Sun 1.4 Plants that have xylem and phloem are known as: a) Seed plants b) Photosynthetic plants c) Vascular-plants d) Non-vascular plants 1.5 Which on the following is the stalk by which the leaf blade is attached to the stem? a) Peduncle b) Pedicel c) Inflorescence d) Petiole 1.6 Seed plants use __________ and ___________ to reproduce. a) Pollen and seed b) Seeds and water c) Food and water d) Leaves and petals 1.7
    [Show full text]
  • 1Lecture Notes 2013
    5/24/13 Week 8; Monday Lecture: Monocots Part I: Some animal pollinated monocots Monocots are monophyletic! Traditional primary division is between Dicots and Monocots Trait “Dicots” Monocots # cotyledons 2 cotyledons 1 cotyledon stem ring of vascular bundles scattered vascular bundles vascular cambium often present no vascular cambium habit woody or herbaceous primarily herbaceous (no true wood) leaves simple or compound usually simple venation net veined: pinnate, palmate parallel (or striate) leaf narrow usually broad, often sheathing insertion (wrapping around the stem) roots primary --> secondary primary roots abort; adventitious roots, too adventitious roots only taproot or fibrous usually fibrous flower parts parts in 4’s, 5’s, or ∞ (rarely 3) parts in 3’s pollen monosulcate or tricolpate monosulcate Today we will look at some of the more important families of animal pollinated monocots found in the temperate zone Overhead of monocot phylogeny based on rbcL - distribution of monocot groups. Chase et al. 2000, overhead Page 57 5/24/13 Lab only; limited discussion here. Show: “Plants are Cool, Too” video Araceae - Arum family (109 gen/2830 spp) 1) herbs (some epiphytes) 2) lvs simple or compound; broad and having an apparent petiole (‘pseudo-lamina’) development not same as in a dicot leaf blade 3) calcium oxalate crystals usually present – physical deterrent to herbivory 4) Inflorescence consisting of - spathe - bract (often colorful) surrounding the flowers - spadix - axis on which the flowers are borne (male above; female below,
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Systematics Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
    CORE PAPER- VIII PLANT SYSTEMATICS ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY UNIT - III Rubiaceae Systematic position Class-Dicotyledons Sub class -Gamopetalae Series –Inferae Order - Rubiales Family-Rubiaceae Distribution of Rubiaceae: It is commonly known as Madder or Coffee family. It includes 6000 species and 500 genera. In India it is represented by 551 species. The members of this family are distributed in tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions. Vegetative characters Habit and Habitatat. Trees -Adina cordifolia Shrubs- Gardenia (mostly), some are twinners- Paederia Climbers -Uncaria Herbs -Gallium Epiphytic eg Hymenopogon parasiticus Helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic, or hydrophytic (Limnosipanea). Majority are perennials a few annuals, cultrivated as well as wild Root –branched tap root Stem- aerial,erect or weak, cylindrical or angular herbaceous Gallium or woody ,armed with spines Randia dementorum ,glabrous,pubescent hairy or smooth Stephegyne, branched, dichasial cymein Gallium. Leaf - Cauline and ramal Leaves stipulate. Stipules interpetiolar (between the petioles , or intrapetiolar; between the petiole and axis .leafy Gallium divided Borreria hair like Pentas sometimes fused to form a sheath GardeniaPetiolate, subsessile or sessile Gallium Leaves opposite Cinchona or whorled Gallium simple; Lamina entire; Cinchona opposite decussate Ixora ), reticulate Floral characters: Inflorescence- Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’, or solitary (less often); in cymes, or in panicles, Cinchona or in heads (rarely, e.g. Morindeae, Gardenia). The ultimate inflorescence units compound cyme MussaendaInflorescences with involucral bracts (when capitate), or without involucral bracts; Flowers -Bracteate Gardenia ebracteate Cinchona Bracts persistant –Hymenopogan Pedicellate,subsessile Gardenia sessile RandinBracteolate or ebracteolate, complete or incomplete actinomorphic,, Rarely Zygomorphic Randeletin bisexual unisexual Coprosma , epigynous regular; mostly 4 merous, or 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: a Tabular Comparison
    Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-2019 Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison" (2019). Botanical Studies. 95. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/95 This Flora of Northwest California-Regional is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A TABULAR COMPARISON James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University December 2019 Scientific Name Habit Leaves Sexuality • Floral Formula Common Name Fruit Type • Comments Aceraceae TSV SC:O U-m [P] • K 4-5 C 4-5 A 4-10 G (2) Maple Paired samaras • leaves often palmately lobed Acoraceae H S:A U-m • P 3+3 A 6 or G (3) Sweet Flag Berry • aquatic; aromatic rhizomes Aizoaceae HS S:AO B • P [3] 5 [8] A 0-4 Gsi (2-5-4) Ice Plant Capsule (berry-like) • fleshy; stamens divided, petaloid Alismataceae
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • No Greens in the Forest?
    No greens in the forest? Note on the limited consumption of greens in the Amazon Titulo Katz, Esther - Autor/a; López, Claudia Leonor - Autor/a; Fleury, Marie - Autor/a; Autor(es) Miller, Robert P. - Autor/a; Payê, Valeria - Autor/a; Dias, Terezhina - Autor/a; Silva, Franklin - Autor/a; Oliveira, Zelandes - Autor/a; Moreira, Elaine - Autor/a; En: Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae vol. 81 no. 4 (2012). Varsovia : Polish En: Botanical Society, 2012. Varsovia Lugar Polish Botanical Society Editorial/Editor 2012 Fecha Colección Alimentos; Alimentación; Pueblos indígenas; Etnobotánica; Plantas; Hierbas; Temas Colombia; Perú; Guayana Francesa; Brasil; Amazonia; Venezuela; Artículo Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/engov/20140508112743/katz_no_greens_in_the_forest.pdf" URL Reconocimiento CC BY Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Journal homepage: pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp INVITED REVIEW Received: 2012.10.15 Accepted: 2012.11.19 Published electronically: 2012.12.31 Acta Soc Bot Pol 81(4):283–293 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2012.048 No greens in the forest? Note on the limited consumption of greens in the Amazon Esther Katz1*, Claudia Leonor López2, Marie Fleury3, Robert P. Miller4,
    [Show full text]
  • 11-FLOWER DIAGRAMES, FORMULAS and FLOWER SYMETRY FLOWER FORMULAS and DIAGRAMES
    11-FLOWER DIAGRAMES, FORMULAS AND FLOWER SYMETRY FLOWER FORMULAS and DIAGRAMES 1. FLOWER FORMULAS Floral formula is a means to represent the structure of a flower using numbers, letters and various symbols, presenting substantial information about the flower in a compact form. It can represent particular species, or can be generalized to characterize higher taxa, usually giving ranges of organ numbers. Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being floral diagrams. Apart from the graphical diagrams, the flower structure can be characterized by textual formulae. A floral formula consists of five symbols indicating from left to right: Floral Symmetry Number of Tepal Number of Sepals Number of Petals Number of Stamens Number of Carpels Tepals Sepals Patals Stamen Carpels P K C A G The parts of the flower are described according to their arrangement from the outside to the inside of the flower. If an organ type is arranged in more whorls, the outermost is denoted first, and the whorls are separated by “+”. If the organ number is large or fluctuating, is denoted as “∞”. 2. FLOWER DIAGRAMES Floral diagram is a graphic representation of flower structure. It shows the number of floral organs, their arrangement and fusion. Different parts of the flower are represented by their respective symbols. Rather like floral formulas, floral diagrams are used to show symmetry, numbers of parts, the relationships of the parts to one another, and degree of connation and/or adnation. Such diagrams cannot easily show ovary position. FLOWER SYMMETRY Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Full of Beans: a Study on the Alignment of Two Flowering Plants Classification Systems
    Full of beans: a study on the alignment of two flowering plants classification systems Yi-Yun Cheng and Bertram Ludäscher School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA {yiyunyc2,ludaesch}@illinois.edu Abstract. Advancements in technologies such as DNA analysis have given rise to new ways in organizing organisms in biodiversity classification systems. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of aligning two classification systems for flowering plants using a logic-based, Region Connection Calculus (RCC-5) ap- proach. The older “Cronquist system” (1981) classifies plants using their mor- phological features, while the more recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) (2016) system classifies based on many new methods including ge- nome-level analysis. In our approach, we align pairwise concepts X and Y from two taxonomies using five basic set relations: congruence (X=Y), inclusion (X>Y), inverse inclusion (X<Y), overlap (X><Y), and disjointness (X!Y). With some of the RCC-5 relationships among the Fabaceae family (beans family) and the Sapindaceae family (maple family) uncertain, we anticipate that the merging of the two classification systems will lead to numerous merged solutions, so- called possible worlds. Our research demonstrates how logic-based alignment with ambiguities can lead to multiple merged solutions, which would not have been feasible when aligning taxonomies, classifications, or other knowledge or- ganization systems (KOS) manually. We believe that this work can introduce a novel approach for aligning KOS, where merged possible worlds can serve as a minimum viable product for engaging domain experts in the loop. Keywords: taxonomy alignment, KOS alignment, interoperability 1 Introduction With the advent of large-scale technologies and datasets, it has become increasingly difficult to organize information using a stable unitary classification scheme over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Portulacaceae – Purslane Family
    PORTULACACEAE – PURSLANE FAMILY Plant: herbs, rarely shrubs Stem: usually fleshy or succulent Root: Leaves: simple, entire, opposite or alternate, or in basal rosettes; stipules mostly absent, may be represented by fleshy structures or modified into hairs Flowers: perfect; 2 sepals usually, rarely up to 9; 2-4-6 or > petals, united or separate at base; stamens usually opposite each petal, or more numerous in a bundle; ovary mostly superior or partially inferior, few to many ovules Fruit: capsule Other: mostly in southern hemisphere; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 30+ genera; locally Claytonia (spring-beauty), Montia, Portulaca, Talinum WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the 2 or more sepals, 4-6 (rarely more, often Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) 5) free petals, leaves simple and entire, no stipules; stem often succulent Examples of common genera Shoreline Seapurslane [Virginia] Spring-Beauty Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica Purslane [Little Hog Weed] Portulaca oleracea L. (Introduced) Largeflower Fameflower [Rock Pink] Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger Kiss Me Quick Portulaca pilosa L. PORTULACACEAE – PURSLANE FAMILY Ozark [Wide-Leafed] Spring-Beauty; Claytonia ozarkensis Miller & Chambers [Virginia] Spring-Beauty; Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica Largeflower Fameflower [Rock Pink]; Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger Purslane [Little Hog Weed] Portulaca oleracea L. (Introduced) Kiss Me Quick; Portulaca pilosa
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Chapter
    CHAPTER 2 Description of Plants PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DESCRIPTION HABIT: Natural locality of plants. • Ornamental plants: Plants cultivated for its beauty rather than its use. e.g. Marigold, Gladiolus etc. • Food crop: For economic use e.g. Maize, Rice, Apple etc. • Wild crop: Grow or produced without human care. e.g. Wild rice (Zizania aquatica), Wild rye (Elymus spp.). HABITAT: Place where a plant lives and grows. • Annual: Occurring every year. e.g. Rice, Brinjal etc. • Biennial: Occurring every two years. e.g. Raddish, Turnip etc. • Perennial: Present in all seasons of year i.e. continual. e.g. Mango, Rose etc. NATURE: Inherent or basic character. • Herb: Bushy, non-woody, erect, prostrate and decumbent. e.g. Mint, Hyacinth etc. • Shrub: Several stemmed, medium-sized woody plant. e.g. Jasmine, Rose etc. • Tree: Stout, woody trunk with few or no branches on its lower part, perennial. e.g. Mango, Pine, Banyan etc. • Clums: Nodes and internodes clearly visible. e.g. Bambusa These may be a) Deciduous—Falling off leaves annually. b) Evergreen—Having foliage leaves which remain green. c) Perennial—Persists for several years. Root Organ of a plant which grows downwards, away from light and towards water. It doesn’t bear leaves and buds but has protective apex called root cap. 10 Introduction to Pharmacognosy • Assimilatory root: Roots become green and serve for photosynthesis. e.g. Trapa • Tuberous root: Swollen, root without any definite shape. e.g. Sweet potato • Fasciculated root: Several tuberous roots occur in cluster at the base of stem. e.g. Dahlia • Nodulous root: Tuberous root becomes suddenly swollen at apex.
    [Show full text]
  • Claytonia Virginica & Claytonia Caroliniana: Spring Beauty
    Zachariah Wahid Ethnobotany (EEB 455) June 10, 2014 Instructors: Scott Herron and Adam Schubel Claytonia virginica & Claytonia caroliniana: Spring beauty Meeautikwaeaugpineeg Species Productivity Schedule Zachariah Wahid Ethnobotany (EEB 455) June 10, 2014 Instructors: Scott Herron and Adam Schubel Family: Montiaceae (formerly: Portulaceae) Latin Name: Claytonia virginica L., Claytonia caroliniana L. Common Names: Spring beauty, Fairy spud Anishinaabe Name: Meeautikwaeaugpineeg Taxonomy The genus Claytonia was named aFter John Clayton (1685-1773), an American botanist, physician, and clerk to the County Court of Gloucester County, VA where the species name virginica, meaning “oF Virginia”, comes From (Black & JudZiewicz, 2009; Couplan, 1998). C. caroliniana was similarly named aFter the Carolinas. The diFFerence in scientiFic nomenclature between these species reFlects a diFFerence in distributions and slight variation in morphology (C. virginica is sometimes referred to as narrow-leaved spring beauty). The Anishinaabemowin word For spring beauty is Meeautikwaeaugpineeg and it can be applied to both species since they are functionally the same For humans (Meeker & Elias, 1993). The Anishinaabemowin name may reFer to the plant’s preferred forest habitat and to the underground organs From which spring beauty’s most common use is derived. However, very few print or online sources (if any) exist that provide a literal translation of the word into English. The English common name, “Fairy spud”, was coined by a plant Forager named Euell Gibbons and has been used to describe the plant’s underground storage organ (Edsall, 1985; Thayer, 2006). Other names For the corm include “Indian potato”, “wild potato”, and “mountain potato” (Kuhnlein & Turner, 1991). The genus Claytonia used to be classiFied as a member oF the Family Portulaceae but was recently reclassiFied as a member oF the Family Montiaceae.
    [Show full text]