Summary Environmental Impact Assessment of The
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SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE LOWER SARIBAS AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN MALAYSIA June 1996 2 ABBREVIATIONS AWB - Asian Wetland Bureau AWL - Average Water Level Cu - Copper (metallic) DID - Department of Irrigation and Drainage DOA - Department of Agriculture DOE - Department of Environment EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Monitoring Plan FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation (United Nations) FFB - Fresh Fruit Bunch FR - Forests Reserves MSL - Mean Sea Level NCR - Native Customary Rights O&M - Operations and Maintenance OPE - Oil Palm Estate PF - Protection Forest PFE - Permanent Forest Estate POME - Palm Oil Mill Effluent PWD - Public Works Department RM - Malaysian Ringgit SALCRA - Sarawak Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority SLF - State Land Forest GLOSSARY Kampung - Traditional Malay settlement or village, comprising individual Housing units. Longhouse - traditional Iban settlement or village, comprising adjacent, Interconnected homes under a single roof. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES c - degree celsius ha - hectare km - kilometer m-meter m3 - cubic meter mg - milligram pH - a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance NOTES In this report, the symbol “$” refers to the US dollar. 3 CONTENTS Page A. Introduction 1 B. Description of the Project 1 C. Description of the Environment 1 D. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 6 E. Alternatives 12 F. Economic Assessment 13 G. Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring 13 H. Public Involvement 14 I. Conclusions 14 J. Appendixes 1. Map of the Project Area 16 2. Environmental Impact Matrix 17 4 A. Introduction 1. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of the Lower Saribas Agricultural Development Project identified potential impacts related to proposed agriculture estate development in an area consisting mainly of lowland peat swamp within the Saribas-Layar river basin. Peat soils cover approximately 80 percent of the study area of 152,582 hectares (ha). The EIA has been prepared on the basis of field surveys, site visits, and desk studies. Special attention has been given to the irreversible impacts on the unique peat swamp forest ecosystem within and adjacent to the study area. The EIA study includes a proposal for the establishment of the Maludam National Park within the confines of the study area. The proponent of the Project is the Government of Sarawak. B. Description of the Project 2. The area covered by the Project is largely a low-lying, coastal peat swamp, with some higher, more hilly ground inland, between the Lupar River in the south, the South China Sea in the west, the Pan-Sarawak trunk road in the east, and the Pusa trunk road in the north. The study area runs from the coast in a southeastern direction for approximately 70 kilometers (km) and is about 20-25 km wide. The geographical coordinates are approximately 1-2° N and 111-112° E. About 90 percent of the study area is located in the Saribas District, the remainder is located in the Kalaka District and Sri Aman District, including the coastal Maludam Subdistrict. 3. The following components are proposed for inclusion in the Project: (i) development of OPEs in upland areas (about 5,000-6,500 ha net); (ii) development of OPEs in lowland areas (about 3,500-5,000 ha net); (iii) construction of flood control, main drainage works and access roads to serve lowland OPEs; (iv) construction, installation and initial operation of a palm oil mill (30/60 MT of FFBs/hour); (v) development of a pilot sago plantation (about 500 ha); and (vi) establishment of Maludam National Park (about 43,150 ha). 4. The Project will also include institutional support for project management, training, special studies, and technical assistance and will be complemented by Government-financed credit and socioeconomic initiatives to support income generation activities for the beneficiaries of the Project. A map of the area covered by the Project is shown in Appendix 1. The Project will be implemented over a six-year period. C. Description of the Environment 1. Physical Resources a. Soils 5. The area consists predominantly of low-lying wetlands (peat swamps) of flat topography along the coast and the mouth of Saribas River, with low hills marking the eastern hinterlands. The altitude varies from 3 to 30 meters (m) above mean sea level (MSL). Tidal 5 influence in the main river basin affects the entire western and eastern part of the area. There is little seasonal variation in the extent of sea water intrusion from the South China Sea. At the mouth of the Saribas River, the amplitude of semidiurnal tides is about 5 m. 6. The predominant soil type is organic or peat soils (Dystric Histosols, based on Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations) (FAO-classification), covering 122,640 ha. These peat soils have been subdivided into deep peat soils (Anderson Series) and shallow peat soils (Mukah Series). Anderson 3 series, with a depth of the peat layer of 250 centimeters (cm), covers 101,556 ha (66.7 percent) of the study area, whereas Anderson 1 and 2 series, with peat layers from 200-250 cm and 150-200 cm respectively, cover 11.2 percent (17,041 ha). The remainder of the peat soils are Mukah series (4,043 ha or 2.6 percent) with shallow peat (50-150 cm), underlain by nonsulfidic clays. 7. Alluvial soils are found further upstream along the Saribas River and its tributaries. Two types, both derived from riverine alluvium, are distinguished: (i) Gley soils, poorly drained soils of clayey texture, locally classified as Bijat Series; and (ii) Alluvial soils, imperfectly to well-drained soils of clayey texture, locally classified as Seduau Series. Both soil types are subject to seasonal flooding. Together they cover 3.7 percent (5,640 ha) of the study area. 8. Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils are found in the southeastern (upland) part of the study area, on moderately steep (12-15°) hill slopes. They include soils of the Merit Series (clayey soils) and Bekenu Series (fine loamy soils). Grey-White Podzolic Soils, i.e., Durin Series (fine loamy soils) and Kerait Series (clayey soils) are also found in these uplands, covering an area of 14,857 ha (9.7 percent). b. Climate 9. The area has a typical moist tropical climate, with constant temperatures throughout the year (25-27 degrees Celsius [C]), high air humidity (average 85 percent), cloudy skies with limited sunshine (4-6 hours/day), abundant rainfall (3,600 millimeters [mm]/year), and relatively low evaporation (1,600 mm/year). Strong winds are uncommon. There is no distinct dry season, although June/July is referred to as the "dry season," with monthly rainfall less than 200 mm. The "wet season," with monthly rainfall exceeding 300 mm, is from October to January. The wettest month is December with a rainfall of up to 500 mm. However, "dry months" with less than 100 mm rainfall may occur. Near the coast, the average annual rainfall is higher than further inland near Betong, the difference being about 500 mm. c. Hydrology 10. The catchment area of the Saribas-Layar river system extends over 220,000 ha. The river system drains into the South China Sea. Its estuary, Kuala Saribas, is about 10 km wide. The major tributaries of the Saribas-Layar river system are the Rimbas and Paku rivers. The study area lies southwest of the Saribas basin and is drained by the Maludam River (about 35 km in length), and the estuarine part of the Lupar River. 11. The average elevation of the land adjacent to rivers is 2.5 to 3 m +MSL, indicating ground levels roughly equal to mean high water levels (typical for tidal lands). Tidal movements cause sea water to penetrate the entire study area, and create saline and brackish water environments along the river system. During spring tides, inundation of unprotected lands may 6 occur, which is a major impediment to crop production. Tidal bores occur occasionally along the Saribas River, but are more common in the Lupar River. 2. Ecological Resource a. Forests 12. The predominant forest formation in the area is coastal peat swamp forest. This type of forest covered 1,246,000 ha or 10 percent of the total land area in Sarawak in 1995. The largest single peat swamp forest (107,000 ha), on the Maludam peninsula, lies partly inside the study area. The deep peat soils in this area are virtually undrainable. Six subtypes of peat swamp forest are distinguished, four of which are found in the study area. 13. The peat swamp forests in the study area represent the peak of evolution of this lowland forest formation in Borneo. They represent very distinct habitats for a large and unique variety of specialized plants and animals. The peat swamp forests also act as important reservoirs for fresh water and provide essential fresh water inflow for the coastal mangrove forests. They also play a crucial role as a storage reservoir for flood- and storm water and act as a buffer between the upland and the coastal zone, and maintain the hydrological balance in coastal zones. Many of the tree species in these forests have a high commercial value. 14. The coastal fringes from the mouth of the Lupar River north to Kuala Kabong are covered with mangrove forest. The mangrove forests provide coastal protection and act as a silt trap and nursing and breeding places for a large variety of marine and coastal organisms, including economically important fish and pennaeid shrimp species. In Sarawak, these tidal forests also provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species, including the endangered proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Salt water and fresh water mix over large areas along the main rivers. In these brackish water environments, still subject to tidal influences, dense groves of nipah (Nypa fruticans) form the dominant vegetation.