White and Cream French Furniture

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

White and Cream French Furniture White and Cream French Furniture frenchstyleauthority.com /archives/white-and-cream-french-furniture White upholstery can be daunting with pets and kids, but there are ways around having white furniture without having it ruined in a months time. One practical way of having lighter colored fabrics in your home is to create an additional seat cover with the same fabric. When guests come, or your kids, animals and guests sit on your furniture, there is no anxiety that your upholstery will get stained. Your seat cover can easily be thrown in the wash every two weeks for keeping it fresh. White also is a great choice, because it can be bleached where as other fabrics would be faded with so many washes over time. When you order, order enough for two slip covers. For a bit of a pattern consider upholstering with brown and cream ticking , and finish off the carved details using a gold leaf pen. Picture Credit Above -French Directoire Painted Bench Jean-Marc Fray French Antiques Louis XV and Louis XVI settees are timeless choices for your home. This stunning white upholstered French Louis XV Settee was featured on the Bastion & Lark Blog 1/28 2/28 A beautiful Classic Louis XVI Style Sofa in polychrome finish, c. 1870 with well-articulated carvings of acanthus leaves, roses, foliage, rosettes & crest, turned & fluted legs. The unusual length makes this sofa more rare. Bonnin Ashley Antiques Inc 3/28 4/28 French White Painted Round Upholstered Stool 5/28 ATELIER DE CAMPAGNE 6/28 Antiques Seen On Vittoriana.Blog 7/28 Antiques Seen On Vittoriana.Blog 8/28 Four 1940’s French Upholstered Oak Armchairs Timothy Corrigan Antiques Tall French Arm Chair with Carved and Painted Frame Judy Frankel Antiques 9/28 Clignancourt Flea Market |the paris apartment 10/28 Set of Eight French White Painted Open Back Dining Chairs Judy Frankel Antiques 11/28 Asli Tunca’s House in İstanbul 12/28 Pair of French upholstered day beds Darren Ransdell Design 13/28 Asli Tunca’s House in İstanbul 14/28 Circa 1920s French upholstered stool has new upholstery, a pale gray painted finish, decorative carved base with reeded legs and curved stretchers. Judy Frankel Antiques 15/28 French antique Louis XV style bench in hand painted and patined beechwood, hand carved and gentle molding on cabriole legs with scroll feet. Professionally reupholstered in a gray linen blend. Very strong and comfortable. Jean- Marc Fray French Antiques 16/28 Asli Tunca’s House in İstanbul 17/28 Pair of French style side chairs newly upholstered in cream and white linen 18/28 Asli Tunca’s House in İstanbul 19/28 French Louis XVI Style Newly Upholstered Daybed Renae Cohen Antiques, Inc 20/28 21/28 Asli Tunca’s House in İstanbul 22/28 Bunny Williams 23/28 Asli Tunca’s Showroom 24/28 Canadian House & Home in December 2008 25/28 Betty Lou Phillips 26/28 Antique Painted French Armoire The Gables Antiques Inc 27/28 Pam Pierce Designs Comments comments 28/28.
Recommended publications
  • French Furniture in the Middle Ages and Under Louis Xiii French Furniture
    «IW'T--W!*W'. r,-.,»lk«»«».^*WIWP^5'5.^ Mi|i#|MMiMii^^ B0B€RT>4OlM€S FOK MAMV YEARSATEACHER iH THIS COLLECE.0nP^-.Syi THIS Bffl)K.lSONE9FA)vlUMB9? FROMTJ4E UBJ?AK.y9^JvLR>lOiMES PIJESENTED T01}4EQMTAglO CDltEGE 9^A^ DY HIS RELA.TIVES / LITTLE ILLUSTRATED BOOKS ON OLD FRENCH FURNITURE I. FRENCH FURNITURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND UNDER LOUIS XIII FRENCH FURNITURE I. French Furniture in the Middle Ages and under Louis XIII II. French Furniture under Louis XIV III. French Furniture under Loujs XV IV. French Furniture under Louis XVI AND THE Empire ENGLISH FURNITURE (Previously published) I. English Furniture under the Tudors and Stuarts II. English Furniture of the Queen Anne Period III. English Furniture of the Chippen- dale Period IV. English Furniture of the Sheraton Period Each volume profusely illustrated with full-page reproductions and coloured frontispieces Crown SvOf Cloth, price 4s. 6d. net LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD. Cupboard in Two Parts (Middle of the XVIth Century) LITTLE ILLUSTRATED BOOKS ON OLD FRENCH FURNITURE I FRENCH FURNITURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND UNDER LOUIS XIII BY ROGER DE FELICE Translated by F. M. ATKINSON LONDON MCMXXIII WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD. / OS^'i S5 First published, 1923 Printed in Great Britain hy Woods & Sons, Ltd,f London, N. i. INTRODUCTION A CONSECUTIVE and complete history of French furniture—complete in that it should not leave out the furniture used by the lower middle classes, the artisans and the peasants —remains still to be written ; and the four little books of this series are far from claiming to fill such a gap.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Paint Black Furniture-A Dozen Examples of Exceptional Black Painted Furniture
    How To Paint Black Furniture-A Dozen Examples Of Exceptional Black Painted Furniture frenchstyleauthority.com /archives/how-to-paint-black-furniture-a-dozen-examples-of-exceptional-black- painted-furniture Black furniture has been one of the most popular furniture paint colors in history, and a close second is white. Today, no other color comes close to these two basic colors which always seem to be a public favorite. No matter what the style is, black paint has been fashionable choice for French furniture,and also for primitive early American, regency and modern furniture. While the color of the furniture the same, the surrounds of these distinct styles are polar opposite requiring a different finish application. Early American furniture is often shown with distressing around the edges. Wear and tear is found surrounding the feet of the furniture, and commonly in the areas around the handles, and corners of the cabinets or commodes. It is common to see undertones of a different shade of paint. Red, burnt orange are common colors seen under furniture pieces. Furniture made from different woods, are often painted a color similar to wood color to disguise the fact that it was made from various woods. Paint during this time was quite thin, making it easily naturally distressed over time. – Black-painted Queen Anne Tilt-top Birdcage Tea Table $3,000 Connecticut, early 18th century, early surface of black paint over earlier red Joseph Spinale Furniture is one of the best examples to look at for painting ideas for early American furniture. This primitive farmhouse kitchen cupboard is heavily distressed with black paint.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Sormani (1817 - 1877)
    PAUL SORMANI (1817 - 1877) A Fine Pair of Transitional Style Gilt-Bronze Mounted Parquetry Commodes Circa: Circa 1870 86 x 111 x 53 cm (33⁷/ x 43³/ inches) gilt-bronze and marquetry France 1870 Stamped beneath the marble top to one commode ‘SORMANI’ also stamped on the lockplate ‘P. SORMANI , PARIS., 10 RUE CHARLOT’. Stamped on the back of both locks ‘B THEAU SERRURIER PARIS’, and also stamped on reverse of handle plate 'H.P.R'. A Fine Pair of Transitional Style Gilt-Bronze Mounted Parquetry Commodes, by Paul Sormani, After the Model by Charles Topino. This fine pair of commodes have shaped 'Sarrancolin Opéra' marble tops with moulded edges above guilloche banded frieze drawers and two lower drawers mounted with classical urns and rocaille. The drawers are flanked by stiles mounted with husked swags and the commodes are raised on cabriole legs with paw sabots. The commodes are illustrated by Christopher Payne in his book 'Paris Furniture: The Luxury Market of the 19th Century'; p. 181. This distinctive transitional model of commode, is based on the designs of the famous 18th century ébéniste Charles Topino, (maître in 1773). The signature mounts of classical urns beneath swaged drapery can be found on many examples of Topino’s work. These include a commode illustrated in Pradère, Alexandre. French Furniture Makers, The Art of the Ébéniste from Louis XIV to the Revolution; p. 320, fig. 363, and illustrated in Kjellberg, Pierre. Le Mobilier Français du XVIIIème siècle, (Dijon), 1998; p.844, fig.a. A related commode by Topino can be found in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, [1986.156.1 ab].
    [Show full text]
  • Dp Mobilier Anglais.Indd
    1 PrESS rELEASE THE 18TH AUX SOUrCES DU DESIGN FUrNITUrE MASTErPIECES FrOM 1650 TO 1790 28 OCTOBEr 2014 – 22 FEBrUArY 2015, SALLE D’AFrIqUE AND SALLE DE CrIMÉE THE PALACE OF VErSAILLES IS PrOUD TO PrESENT ITS EXHIBITION OF FUrNITUrE MASTErPIECES FrOM 1650 TO 1789, with representative examples of the rich creativity of the period. Th e exhibition off ers a glimpse of the ingenuity of a bygone era viewed through the lens of the present day and showcases the innovative and avant-garde nature of the shapes, tech niques, ornamentation and materials used in 18th century furniture. Th is is the fi rst exhibition of its kind since 1955. The exhibition includes a hundred or so works owned by some of the wealthiest art-lovers of the time, including the royal family and its entourage, arist ocrats and fi nanciers, and illust rates the revolution in furniture-making that took place in the 18th century. Works from all the great mast ers will be on disp lay, including those by André-Charles Boulle, Antoine-Robert Gaudreaus, Charles Cressent, Bernard van Risenburgh II, Jean-François Œben, Jean-Henri Riesener and Georges Jacob. Alongside major works from collections at the Palace of Versailles, the Exhibition curators Musée du Louvre, the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, the Château de Fontainebleau and the Getty Daniel Alcouff e Museum, previously-unknown works from private collect ions will be shown to the public for the Honorary curator fi rst time. Yves Carlier Head Curator at the Musée National des Châteaux de Versailles As visitors make their way around the exhibition, they will come to underst and how et de Trianon furniture shapes and forms evolved over time, from the expansiveness of mid-17th century cabinets Patrick Hourcade to the playful curves of the Louis XV st yle to the st raight lines of the late 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabulous French Furniture: Part 1 What Makes Antiques Special and Medieval- Louis XIV.3 CEU
    Fabulous French Furniture: Part 1 What Makes Antiques Special and Medieval- Louis XIV.3 CEU 3807 Riley St. Houston, Texas 77005 Tel. 713 464-0055 Cell 713 269-6909 Email: [email protected] Website: www.InteriorDesign-ED.com www.vosko.com and click on InteriorDesign-ED Beverly Vosko’s InteriorDesign-ED Fabulous French Furniture Medieval- Louis XIV Handouts Welcome to out Seminar! What Makes Antiques Special In America, a furniture item is considered to be an Antique if it is 100 years old. The best Antiques are Period Furniture Pieces. Period Furniture is furniture manufactured during the time period that its design style was invented, during the Golden Age of English Furniture 1703-1830. After 1830, furniture was never again handcrafted to the same standard of technical excellence and never retained the caliber it achieved during the Golden Age. Antiques are Special to Everyone based upon their: Design, Handcraftsmanship and Time Design: Period furniture is the combination and culmination of the 5000 years of great design styles that preceded it, and was especially influenced by the following civilizations: 1. Ancient Egypt 3500 BC-1352 BC Provides us with earliest furniture specimens known to date Used mitered joints and dove tails Developed the art of inlay Developed the drawer 2. Ancient Greece 650 BC-80 BC Developed the concept of regular people owning furniture Developed the art of carving and became masters of proportion Invented the Klismos Chair 3. Ancient Rome 200 BC-400 AD Developed the concept that furniture was designed for its esthetic value The Greco/Roman civilization utilized Classical motifs such as wreaths, swags, urns, garlands, rounded arches, rosettes, acanthus leaves, cherubs and mythological figures Handcraftsmanship: utilizing Specialization of Labor Time: The English didn’t care how long it took to make a piece of furniture They were interested in perfection and that is what they achieved Antiques are Extra Special to me because: 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Wood Species How to Identify Them, Where You’Ll Find Them—And How to (Re)Finish Them
    34 THE FURNITURE BIBLE common wood species How to identify them, where you’ll find them—and how to (re)finish them. WOOD COLOR CHARACTERISTICS SEEN ON USED FOR RECOMMENDED TREATMENTS almond Rich reddish blond Fine grain Louis XIV Rare cabinetry Fine finishes; polishes applewood Pinkish blond Sinuous grain American Colonial; William and Mary Rich inlay; marquetry Polishes; oil ash White to pale brown Sinuous, open grain American Colonial; Biedermeier Rustic furniture Wax; ceruse beech Blond Fine, linear grain Louis XV; Gustavian; Biedermeier Frames Paint; bleaching; staining; oil birch Pale blond with reddish streaks Hardwood with a fine, sinuous grain Gustavian; Shaker; Biedermeier Almost all furniture Staining; oil rub and wax boxwood Blond Very dense; no grain Louis XIV; Second Empire Precious carvings; turning; inlay Clear wax; oil rub Walnut burl: contrasted browns; Highly figured Louis XIV; Art Deco Precious veneer High-gloss finishes; French polish burls Elm and Circassian walnut burl: blond (burls are knots and roots) Lightweight and resinous; “Syrian” furniture; Spanish Colonial; Light reddish brown Trunks and wardrobes Avoid finishing! cedar and cypress insect-repellent American Colonial American Colonial; Queen Anne; Uniform, straight, fine grain with a Large furniture such as armoires, Rich reddish brown Louis XV; Chippendale; Shaker; Oil and wax; shellac smooth texture; darkens with age tables, and buffets cherry Federal; Biedermeier Large furniture such as armoires, Warm brown with a hint of red Rustic texture and grain Rustic
    [Show full text]
  • French Furniture Under Louis Xiv
    UC-NRLF inni«^fctM»i-tHrtftrtrirtiii-tftrtrtfrrirtr»rtrtitfl THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN MEMORY OF Carl and Lucia Gr onraie LITTLE ILLUSTRATED BOOKS ON OLD FRENCH FURNITURE II. FRENCH FURNITURE UNDER LOUIS XIV Large Arm-chair covered in Wool Velvet (End of the Louis XIV style) LITTLE ILLUSTRATED BOOKS ON FRENCH FURNITURE II FRENCH FURNITURE UNDER LOUIS XIV BY ROGER DE FELICE Translated by F. M. ATKINSON ILLUSTRATED. NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY '^'/^^ , ? u4 eKJ\J\ Printed in Great Britain ' hi K- 5 b f'i> INTRODUCTION: SOME SETS OF FURNITURE UNDER m \/ LOUIS XIV The Louis XIV style is one that chance has en- dowed with a splendid name, Louis Ouatorze. Those sonorous, sumptuous syllables, as rich as the gold of the Gallery of Mirrors at Versailles, are they not in themselves completely expressive ? If the Louis XV style was to ex- press a whole society of voluptuous refinement, the Louis XIV style is verily the style of the King. It was to satisfy his taste, to express his mind, to titillate his pride and to proclaim his glory that Le Brun and Le Pautre devised their pompous decorations, that Perrault and Mansard marshalled their columns and raised their cupolas, that Le Nostre planted his alleys on lines meted out by stretched cords, that the Kellers founded bronze, that Domenico Cucci and Claude Ballin chased precious metals, that Andre-Charles Boulle cunningly wedded brass and tortoise shell with ebony in the Louvre, and at the Gobelins the lapidaries matched the stones of Florence, the cabinet-makers put together their ingenious cabinets, the silver- smiths made tables and pots for orange trees out of solid silver, the tapestry workers wove their enormous hangings stitch by stitch, while at vi INTRODUCTION Tourlaville the glass workers made mirrors larger and clearer than those of Venice, Whole volumes might be written on the Louis XV and Louis XVI styles without even a mention of the princes whose names they bear, but this would be quite impossible with the style we are about to discuss in this little book.
    [Show full text]
  • Boulle Revisited, 1775-1850 Lilit Sadoyan
    UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE CENTRE DE RECHERCHE HiCSA (Histoire culturelle et sociale de l’art - EA 4100) AMÉNAGEMENT INTÉRIEUR ET COHABITATION DES STYLES AUX ÉPOQUES MODERNE ET CONTEMPORAINE Actes de la journée d’étude édités sous la direction scientifique de Claire Hendren, Barbara Jouves et Hadrien Viraben TRANSFORMED AND REINTERPRETED: BOULLE REVISITED, 1775-1850 LILIT SADOYAN Pour citer cet article Lilit Sadoyan, « Transformed and Reinterpreted: Boulle Revisited, 1775-1850 », dans Claire Hendren, Barbara Jouves et Hadrien Viraben (dir.), Aménagement intérieur et cohabitation des styles aux époques moderne et contemporaine, actes de la journée tenue à Paris le 19 mars 2018 à l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art, Paris, site de l’HiCSA, mis en ligne en novembre 2018, p. 10-27. TRANSFORMED AND REINTERPRETED: BOULLE REVISITED, 1775-1850 LILIT SADOYAN PhD (ABD) in Art History, University of California, Santa Barbara – The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles During the second half of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, marquetry furniture created by André-Charles Boulle (1642-1732), premier ébéniste du Roi under Louis XIV, was incorporated, reused, and imitated with increasing popularity. Why repeat century-old designs in a period otherwise characterized by a remarkable multiplicity of design innovations? By replicating forms, furniture makers intended for their clientele and contemporaries to read these objects in relation to the work of their predecessor, Boulle. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth
    [Show full text]
  • Wildenstein Magnificent French Furniture, Objets D
    For Immediate Release Friday 30 September 2005 Contact: Catherine Manson (London) 44 207 389 2664 [email protected] Capucine Milliot (Paris) 33 140 76 84 08 [email protected] Andrée Corroon (New York) 212 636 2679 [email protected] WILDENSTEIN MAGNIFICENT FRENCH FURNITURE, OBJETS D’ART & TAPESTRIES Unseen for Decades and In Pure, Untouched and Unrestored Condition, The Superb Wildenstein Collection Will Be Revealed at Christie’s The Wildenstein Collection of Magnificent French Furniture and Objets d’Art Christie’s King Street 14 & 15 December 2005 London – Christie’s announces the sale of the Wildenstein Collection of Magnificent French Furniture, Objets d’Art and Tapestries will take place in London on 14 and 15 December 2005. The sale of this vast collection, started at the turn of the century by Nathan and Laure Wildenstein and comprising more than 250 works of art, including an unprecedented dispersal of magnificent Boulle furniture, is estimated to realise over £14 million ($25 million). The depth and range of the collection is as extraordinary as its impeccable, untouched condition. The majority of the works have remained undisturbed since their acquisition up to one hundred years ago at the turn of the 20th century and the collection has not been available, even to the cognoscenti, for either viewing or acquisition. Its appearance on the market is a true landmark event in the annals of French furniture collecting. “After careful thought, Wildenstein has decided to sell the contents of the Hôtel de Wailly at 57, rue de la Boétie in Paris to create new facilities for housing the archives and research workrooms of the Wildenstein Institute, the world’s leading publisher of catalogues raisonnés.
    [Show full text]
  • French Furniture Under Louis
    LITTLE ILLUSTRATED BOOKS ON OLD FRE N CH FU RN ITU RE I I F R E N U R N I T U R E . C H F U N DE R LOU I S XI V FRE NCH F UR NI T UR E E C U I U E I N T H E MI E I . FR N H F RN T R DDL AGE S A N D UND E R LOUI S XI I I FRE N CH FU RN I TU RE UND E R LOU I S XI V FRE N CH F URN I TURE U ND E R LOU I S XV FRE N CH FURN I TU RE U ND E R LOU I S XVI A N D T H E E MP I RE E N G L I SH FURNI T URE (Prevz ously ja u blis hed) E G I FU I U E U E TH E I . N L SH RN T R ND R TU D ORS A N D STUART S E G I FU I U E OF T H E UE I I . N L SH RN T R Q E N ANN E PE RI OD I I E G I F R I U E OF TH E CH I PPE N I . N L SH U N T R DALE PE R I OD E G I FU I U E OF T H E S E O I V. N L SH RN T R H RAT N PE RI OD E a ch v olum e pro fu s ely illus tra te d with full-pa g e re pro du c tio ns a nd c o lo u re d fro ntispie c es wn 8 1 m Clo t/z rice d Cro 3.
    [Show full text]
  • FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE for More Information, Contact
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE For more information, contact: Cassie Pikarsky Community Development Coordinator Office (816) 235-8006 Mobile (913) 221-4684 [email protected] Exhibit images available upon request. “TREASURES OF THE KINGS” OPENS JULY 30 New Fine-Scale Miniature Works Premiering at The National Museum of Toys and Miniatures July 12, 2016 (KANSAS CITY, MO) – Three new fine-scale miniature works will be unveiled July 30, 2016 at The National Museum of Toys and Miniatures (T/m). Treasures of the Kings: 18th Century French Interiors in Miniature highlights Louis XV and Louis XVI royal furniture arranged in two room settings from the Palace of Versailles and one from the Palace of Fontainebleau. The centerpiece of the collection is Denis Hillman’s Bureau du Roi. The works are on long-term loan from Ede & Ravenscroft, the oldest tailor in London and the exclusive provider of robes for the British Royal Family. One of the most gifted fine-scale miniature artists of the 20th century movement, Denis Hillman was commissioned by Chairman Michael Middleton to craft a collection of French furniture in celebration of the company’s 300th anniversary as Purveyors of Royal Robes to the Crown. King Louis XV commissioned the Bureau du Roi (King’s desk) in 1760. Hillman’s version includes all the luxuriousness of the original. Taking over four years to complete, the desk is comprised of over 16,000 individual pieces of fruitwood in seven marquetry designs representing the king’s love for art, music, literature, astronomy, and mathematics, and his command of land and sea. The desk can be unlocked with a key that simultaneously opens the cylinder top and all of the drawers, including the secret compartments.
    [Show full text]
  • Dp 18E En.Pdf
    3 CONTENTS PrESS rELEASE 4 FOrEWOrD 7 THE CHALLENGES OF THE EXHIBITION 9 UNVEILING THE DIVErSITY OF 18TH CENTUrY SKILLS AND DESIGNS 10 SEEING, UNDErSTANDING, APPrECIATING... 12 A DIFFErENT PErSPECTIVE ON 18TH-CENTUrY FUrNITUrE 13 THE EXHIBITION 15 PLAN 16 A VISUAL LABOrATOrY 17 CABINET-MAKING 18 JOINErY, SEATING 32 IN CONNECTION WITH THE EXHIBITION 43 PUBLICATIONS 44 JEAN NOUVEL ABC 46 THE ÉCOLE BOULLE 48 MAÎTrES D'ArT VISITS 49 PArTNErS OF THE EXHIBITION 51 SPONSOrS 52 Press contactscontacts MEDIA PArTNErS 54 HélèneHélène Dalifard,Dalifard, AurélieAurélie Gevrey, Elsa Martin,Martin, APPENDICES 59 Violaine SolariSolari PrACTICAL INFOrMATION 60 VISUALS AVAILABLE TO THE PrESS 62 T : + 3333(0)(0) 1 30 83 75 21 [email protected] 4 PrESS rELEASE 18th century, birth of design FUrNITUrE MASTErPIECES, 1650 TO 1790 THrOUGH THE EYES OF JEAN NOUVEL 28TH OCTOBEr 2014 - 22ND FEBrUArY 2015, AFrICA rOOMS AND CrIMEA rOOM THE PALACE OF VErSAILLES IS PrOUD TO PrESENT ITS EXHIBITION OF FUrNITUrE MASTErPIECES FrOM 1650 TO 1789, WITH rEPrESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF THE rICHLY CrEATIVE WOrK OF THE PErIOD. THE EXHIBITION OFFErS A GLIMPSE OF THE INGENUITY OF A BYGONE ErA VIEWED THrOUGH THE LENS OF THE PrESENT DAY AND SHOWCASES THE INNOVATIVE, AVANT-GArDE NATUrE OF THE SHAPES, TECHNIQUES, OrNAMENTATION AND MATErIALS USED IN 18TH CENTUrY FUrNITUrE. THIS IS THE FIrST EXHIBITION OF ITS KIND SINCE 1955. THE EXHIBITION INCLUDES A HUNDrED Or SO WOrKS owned by some of the wealthiest art-lovers of the time, including the royal family and its entourage, aristocrats and financiers, and illustrates the revolution in furniture-making that took place in the th18 century.
    [Show full text]