DOCSLIB.ORG

What Is OUV? Defining the Outstanding Universal Value of Cultural World Heritage Properties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Is OUV? Defining the Outstanding Universal Value of Cultural World Heritage Properties INTERNAtiONAL COUNcil ON MONUMENTS AND SitES CONSEil INTERNAtiONAL DES MONUMENTS ET DES SitES CONSEJO INTERNAciONAL DE MONUMENTOS Y SitiOS мЕждународный совЕт по вопросам памятников и достопримЕчатЕльных мЕст The World Heritage List What is OUV? Defining the Outstanding Universal Value of Cultural World Heritage Properties An ICOMOS study compiled by Jukka Jokilehto, with contributions from Christina Cameron, Michel Parent and Michael Petzet MONUMENTS AND SitES MONUMENTS ET SitES MONUMENTOS Y SitiOS XVI Monuments and Sites / Monuments et Sites / Monumentos y Sitios edited by ICOMOS Office: International Secretariat of ICOMOS, 49-51 rue de la Fédération, F-75015 Paris Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag Illustrations taken from Dickinson’s Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851, London 1854. Texts, statistics and figures by Jukka Jokilehto, with contributions from Christina Cameron, Michel Parent and Michael Petzet Final editing: Michael Petzet, John Ziesemer, Regina Durighello ISBN 978-3-930388-51-6 © 2008 ICOMOS – published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin Contents I. Introduction . 7 II. What is Outstanding Universal Value (OUV)? .....................................................11 II.01. The UNESCO Convention . .11 II.02. UNESCO Expert Meeting, 1976 . 11 II.03. First Definitions of OUV by the Committee ....................................................12 II.04. Report by Michel Parent, 1979 . 13 II.05. Global Strategy Meeting in Amsterdam, 1998 . 13 II.06. Operational Guidelines, 2005 . .13 II.07. Kazan Meeting on OUV, 2005 . 14 II.08. Terminological Considerations . 14 III. Justification of the WH Criteria .................................................................16 Thematic Framework...........................................................................17 III.01. Criterion (i) (Masterpiece) .................................................................18 III.02. Criterion (ii) (Values/Influences) ............................................................22 III.03. Criterion (iii) (Testimony) . .25 III.04. Criterion (iv) (Typology) ..................................................................27 III.05. Criterion (v) (Land-Use) . 29 III.06. Criterion (vi) (Associations) . .32 III.07. Criterion (vii) (Natural Beauty) .............................................................35 IV. Use of the Criteria . 38 IV.01. Criteria as Applied per Property.............................................................38 IV.02. Evolving Application of Criteria . 38 IV.03. Discrepancies in the Evaluation Process . 39 IV.04. Application of One Sole Criterion . .40 V. Other Requirements for Inscription . .43 Authenticity . 43 Integrity . .43 VI. Reasons for Non-Inscription ....................................................................45 VII. Conclusions and Recommendations..............................................................47 Annexes . 52 Annex 1 A: UNESCO Meeting in Morges (1976)....................................................53 Annex 1 B: ICCROM on OUV (1976) .............................................................56 Annex 1 C: ICOMOS on World Heritage Criteria (1976) . 58 Annex 1 D: Michel Parent, Report on WH Criteria (1979) . .62 Annex 1 E: World Heritage Expert Meeting, Amsterdam (1998).........................................67 Annex 1 F: World Heritage Expert Meeting, Kazan (2005) .............................................69 Annex 1 G: Christina Cameron, Keynote Paper in Kazan (2005) . 71 Annex 2 A: Changes to World Heritage Criteria in different versions of the Operational Guidelines.............75 Annex 2 B: Compendium of World Heritage Sites and Criteria..........................................79 Annex 3 A: Brief Descriptions of Sites inscribed in 2005–2007 . .90 Annex 3 B: Index of World Heritage Cultural and Mixed Properties......................................99 7 I. Introduction The preamble of the World Heritage Convention Concerning (ensembles) are defined as different categories of towns or the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage the “combined works of nature and man” as cultural land- (1972) presupposes “that parts of the cultural and natural scapes. Certainly, in the decades since the World Heritage heritage are of outstanding interest and therefore need to Convention was passed, modern society’s ideas of “cultural be preserved as part of the world heritage of mankind as heritage” have expanded considerably. We may just recall a whole.” For this purpose the preamble demands “a con- the categories of urban or rural ensembles and settings, as vention establishing an effective system of collective pro- well as of cultural landscapes and cultural routes, all catego- tection of the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding ries further developed within the framework of the imple- universal value”. In articles 8, 13 and 14 of this Convention mentation of the Convention. We may also recall the rural ICOMOS, the International Council on Monuments and settlements and vernacular architecture, the heritage of the Sites, is named together with ICCROM and IUCN as advi- industrial age and the heritage of the modern era, taking into sory body of the World Heritage Committee. And as adviso- account that the 20th century is also history. Even though ry body our guideline in defining OUV, the outstanding uni- the concept of cultural heritage has considerably expanded, versal value, remains of course first and foremost the World it is still considered to be compatible with the definition of Heritage Convention in connection with the Operational article 1 of the Convention, understanding the terms “monu- Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage ments”, “groups of buildings” (ensembles) and “sites” in all Convention (last revision January 2008). their varieties and in accordance with the recognition of cul- The World Heritage Convention refers to the following tural diversity. categories of cultural heritage as defined in article 1: In article 1 the World Heritage Convention not only de- fines cultural heritage as monuments, groups of buildings – “monuments: architectural works, works of monumen- (ensembles) and sites, but also sets the requirement of out- tal sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an standing universal value “from the point of view of history, archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and art or science” when dealing with monuments or groups of combinations of features, which are of outstanding univer- buildings and “from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological sal value from the point of view of history, art or science; or anthropological points of view” in connection with sites, – groups of buildings (ensembles): groups of separate or while according to article 2 of the Convention natural herit- connected buildings which, because of their architecture, age should meet the requirement of outstanding universal their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of value “from the aesthetic or scientific point of view”. Thus, outstanding universal value from the point of view of his- article 1 answers the question about cultural values of mon- tory, art or science; uments and sites that should be protected: Firstly, there is – sites: works of man or the combined works of nature the value “from the point of view of history” (= historical and man, and areas including archaeological sites which value, “old age value”, commemorative value); secondly, are of outstanding universal value from the histori - there is the value “from the point of view of art” (= artis- cal, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of tic value, aesthetic value); thirdly, one finds the value “from view.” the point of view of science” (= scientific value), and finally there are also values “from the ethnological and anthropo- The definition of monuments, ensembles and sites in arti- logical point of view” (which can also be understood as sci- cle 1 of the World Heritage Convention must be interpreted entific values). very broadly and can be seen in connection with the monu- The Convention thus starts out from a monument defini- ment definition of the Venice Charter (1964), the founda- tion and from monument values which have been phrased in tion document of ICOMOS, which preceded the Convention a rather similar form in monument protection laws of indi- and is acknowledged worldwide. “The concept of a his- vidual State Parties worldwide, i.e. mentioning first the his- toric monument”, reads article 1 of the Venice Charter, toric value, then the artistic value and further values, such as “embraces not only the single architectural work but also the ethnological or anthropological significance, for example the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence the definitions in the Bavarian Monument Protection Law: of a particular civilization, a significant development or a “Monuments are man-made things or parts thereof from a historic event. This applies not only to great works of art past epoch whose preservation, because of their historic, ar- but also to more modest works of the past which have ac- tistic, urban design, scientific or folkloristic significance, is quired cultural significance with the passing of time.” The in the interest of the general public.” Monuments and sites Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World whose preservation is a matter of public interest because of Heritage Convention have
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EJUHM Vol.6.No.4
    Volume 6 No. 4, December 2005 ISSN: 1605–9204 European Journal of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine Official NEWSLETTER CONTENTS EUBS Newsletter, Volume 12 No 4, Winter 2005 - Imprint & EUBS Executive Committee Overleaf - Editorial 109 - President’s Column 109 - First Announcement EUBS 2006, Bergen/Norway 110 - Instructions to Authors Inside Back Cover Meeting Reports - EUBS Annual Scientific Meeting, Barcelona 2005 112 - UHMS Annual Scientific Meeting, Las Vegas 2005 113 Review Articles Medical Equipment for Multiplace Hyperbaric Chambers Part I: Monitoring and Cardiac Devices J. Kot 115 P.O. Box 1225, D-76753 Bellheim/Germany 1225, D-76753 P.O. Box Postamt Neckarau, D-68199 Mannheim Postamt EJUHM-Editor, Dr. Peter HJ Müller, EJUHM-Editor, If undeliverable please return to: Gebühr bezahlt beim DISCLAIMER: All opinions expressed are given in good faith and in all cases represent the views of the writer and are not necessarily representative of the policy of the EUBS. Printed in Mannheim, Germany by DRUCKFORUM GmbH EJUHM Volume 6 No.4, December 2005 PUBLISHED quarterly by the European Underwater and Baromedical Society EUBS http://www.eubs.org EDITOR Dr. med. Peter HJ Mueller P.O. Box 1225 D-76753 Bellheimheim/Germany [email protected] CHAIRMAN of the REVIEW BOARD: Prof. Alf O. Brubakk, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway CIRCULATION of this issue: 400 EUBS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PRESIDENT TREASURER & MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Dr. Noemi Bitterman Ms. Patricia Wooding Technion, Israel Institute of Technology 35 Westmede Technion City Chigwell, Essex, IG7 5LR, United Kingdom Haifa 32000, Israel Tel. & Fax: +44-20-85001778 Tel.: +972-4-8294909 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +972-4-8246631 e-mail: [email protected] MEMBER AT LARGE 2005 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Refor T Resumes
    REFOR TRESUMES ED 011 437 FL 000 276 INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION, GRACES 1 -12. BY- BEERCAUM, ALFRED W. UNITED STATES DEPENDENTS SCHOOLS, WASHINGTON,C.C. REPORT NUMBER USCESEA-FAM-350-216 PUB CATE 13 DEC 65 ECRS PRICEMF-$0.16HC-$2.84 71F. DESCRIPTORS- *CULTURAL ENRICHMENT, *FOREIGN CULTURE,*GERMAN, *INTERCULTURAL PROGRAMS, *RESOURCE GUIDES,AREA STUDIES, TEACHING GUIDES) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, GERMANY THE PROGRAM OUTLINED IN THIS.GUIDE WAS DEVELOPED FCF TEACHERS ANC PRINCIPALS OF UNITED STATES DEPENDENTSSCHOOLS IN NATIONS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION.IT IS CONCERNED PARTICULARLY WITH THE STUDY OF THE CULTURE OFTHE HOST NATION, GERMANY, ITS CORRELATION WITH OTHERSUBJECTS, AND ITS INTEGRATION INTO THE CURRICULUM. CHAPTERS IN FART I COVER THE PHILOSOPHY, PURPOSE, ORGANIZATIONALPATTERN, ANC CURRICULAR CONTENTS OF AN INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAM. FART II INCLUDES CHAPTERS ON INSERVICE EDUCATION,METHODS OF INTRODUCING CULTURAL PROJECTS, RELATIONS WITH THE HOST NATION, ANC SUGGESTIONS FOR WAYS OF CORRELATINGTHE CULTURE CF GERMANY WITH SOCIAL STUDIES, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, FOREIGN LANGUAGES, ENGLISH, ART, INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MUSIC, MATHEMATICS, BUSINESS EDUCATION, AND SCIENCE. ALSO INCLUDED ARE A BIBLIOGRAPHY CF TEACHING AIDS (COOKS, FILMS, MAPS, FILMSTRIPS, TAPES, ANC REFERENCE WORKS) AND ANEVALUATION CHECKLIST FOR INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS. (AUTHOR/AM) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE USDESEA Pam 350-216 PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS I STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. DIRECTORATE UNITED STATES DEPEZNDENrS SCHOOLS EUROPEAN AREA APOUS Forces 09164 PAMPHLET 13 December 1965 No. 350 -216 EDUCATIONAND TRAINING INTERCULTURALEDUCATION...GRADES 1-12 6 DIRECTORATE UNITED STATES DEPENDENTSSCHOOLS EUROPEAN AREA APO US Forces 09164 PAMPHLET) No.
    [Show full text]
  • Zooarchaeological and Taphonomic Perspectives on Hominid And
    ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TAPHONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON HOMINID AND CARNIVORE INTERACTIONS AT OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA Charles Peter Egeland Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University June 2007 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee ________________________ Travis R. Pickering, Ph.D. ________________________ Nicholas Toth, Ph.D. ________________________ Kathy Schick, Ph.D. ________________________ Kevin Hunt, Ph.D. ________________________ Claudia Johnson, Ph.D. June 8, 2007 ii ©2007 Charles Peter Egeland ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As with any work of such magnitude, this dissertation simply would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many individuals and institutions. I wish to first thank Nick Toth, Kathy Schick, Kevin Hunt and Claudia Johnson. They not only generously sacrificed their time and energy as members of my committee but offered unfailing support, friendship and ideas throughout all stages of this research. Nick and Kathy provided a stimulating environment at CRAFT and the Stone Age Institute for which I will always be grateful. Nick‟s impromptu experiments and “what would happen if…” questions served as a constant reminder of what makes this field so fun and interesting. Kevin always stressed that research should focus on simple, straightforward questions, not only because they are the most easily tested but because they often provide the most influential results. I have tried to take that advice to heart in this dissertation. To Claudia I am particularly indebted to the support and enthusiasm she has offered at all stages of this project, even though it has had little to do with her own research.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico New Mexico
    NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulguksa Temple, South Korea
    Bulguksa Temple, South Korea Bulguksa is often regarded as the 'Museum Without Walls' Very few structures around the world can match the architectural beauty and aesthetic appeal of the Bulguksa Temple in South Korea. Located in Gyeongju city, often referred as the 'Museum Without Walls', this 8 th-century Buddhist temple is a delicately constructed masterpiece. The temple is known for its immense religious significance. The wooden structure of the temple rests on a raised platform of stone. At this temple complex, you experience the spiritual enlightenment your soul yearns for. History The construction of the Temple started during the reign of King Beop-Heung of Silla Kingdom in 5 th century AD. It was completed in 774 AD under the dominion of King Hye-Gong and got its present name – Bulguksa Temple. Several renovations took place over the next few centuries. Bulguksa is believed to be designed by the legendary architect Kim Daeseong. UNESCO enlisted this temple and the Seokguram Grotto as a World Heritage Site in 1995. What to Do at Bulguksa Temple ? Visiting Bulguksa Temple is akin to witnessing the richness of Buddhist art along with the ancient culture and architectural assets. The temple complex houses relics including Seokgatap and Dabotap (two of the most valued pagodas in the country), the Golden-seated Amita Figure, and the Vairocana Buddhist Figure. Theses two relics were designated as the national treasure of Korea in 1962. The Dabotap and Seokgatap pagodas stand at a height of 10.4 meters and 8.2 meters respectively. These two relics separate the Mauve Mist Gate called Jahamun and the hall housing the Sakyamuni Buddha known as Daeungjeon.
    [Show full text]
  • Obtaining World Heritage Status and the Impacts of Listing Aa, Bart J.M
    University of Groningen Preserving the heritage of humanity? Obtaining world heritage status and the impacts of listing Aa, Bart J.M. van der IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2005 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Aa, B. J. M. V. D. (2005). Preserving the heritage of humanity? Obtaining world heritage status and the impacts of listing. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Appendix 4 World heritage site nominations Listed site in May 2004 (year of rejection, year of listing, possible year of extension of the site) Rejected site and not listed until May 2004 (first year of rejection) Afghanistan Península Valdés (1999) Jam,
    [Show full text]
  • The Best of Korea 10 Days UNESCO World Heritage Tour to Seoul, Jeju Island, Busan, Gyeongju, Daegu, Andong & Mt
    The Best of Korea 10 days UNESCO World Heritage Tour to Seoul, Jeju Island, Busan, Gyeongju, Daegu, Andong & Mt. Sorak This amazing tour visit major world cultural and natural heritages in Korea designated by UNESCO in order to help foreign visitors to have broad and deep understanding of Korean. Starting from hustle and bustle metropolitan city of Seoul, to deep blue waters of Jeju Island, then UNESCO heritages of Bulguksa Tempe, Tripitaka Koreana and Seoraksan National Park, there are a lot to see in this beautiful country! Day 1 Arrival Seoul Departure on Friday Upon arrival at Incheon International Airport you are met by our representative and transfer to check in your hotel. The rest of day is at your leisure. Day 2 Seoul – DMZ half day tour (Meal: B) 07:30~14:20, Passport is required to join 07:30 Pick up from your hotel and drive to Imjingak Park; you will have ID check at Unification Bridge before we head to DMZ theatre & Exhibition hall. Then followed by visiting the 3rd infiltration tunnel- Dorasan Observatory and Dorasan Station. After lunch, continue your tour to Advance Camp, Joint Security Area, Freedom House, Conference Room, UN guard post 3, Bridge of no return and Imjingak Park. Return to Seoul and visit Ginseng Center at around 14:30. You will be drop off at Itaewon street where you can enjoy your free time there. Return to hotel on your own. Day 3 Seoul – Jeju Island (Meal: B) You are transferred to the airport for your early morning flight to Jeju Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Facts and Figures on Oman
    KEY FACTS AND FIGURES ON OMAN 1. Membership in UNESCO: 10 February 1972 2. Membership on the Executive Board: yes (term expires in 2019) 3. Membership on Intergovernmental Committees or Commissions, etc…: Council of the UNESCO International Bureau of Education (Term expires in 2018). Intergovernmental Coordinating Council of the Programme on Man and the Biosphere (Term expires in 2018). Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (Term expires in 2019). Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (Term expires in 2019). Intergovernmental Council for the Information for Al Programme (Term expires in 2021). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 4. Your predecessor’s visits to Oman: 3 13 – 14 May 2014: Global Education for All 22 – 25 January 2011: Official visit 15 – 16 December 2012: Official visit 5. Permanent Delegation to UNESCO H. E. Dr Samira Mohamed Moosa Al Moosa, Ambassador, Permanent Delegate of the Sultanate of Oman to UNESCO (29 September 2011) Staff: Mr Nasser Hamed Salim Al Rawahi, Deputy Permanent Delegate and H. E. Ambassador Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan (Adviser). 6. UNESCO Office in Doha Date of establishment: 1976, Doha (Qatar). Member States serviced: Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain and Yemen. Name of Head: Ms. Anna Paolini (Italy), Director of the Doha Office. 7. National Commission for UNESCO . Established in September 1974 . Chairperson: Dr. Madiha bint Ahmed bin Nasser Al Shaibaniya; Minister of Education . Secretary General: Mr Mohammed Saleem Al Yaqoubi since September 2012. 8. Personalities having a relationship with UNESCO: none 9. UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs: 1 UNESCO Chair in Seafood Biotechnology, established in 2001 at Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod.
    [Show full text]
  • Centeredness As a Cultural and Grammatical Theme in Maya-Mam
    CENTEREDNESS AS A CULTURAL AND GRAMMATICAL THEME IN MAYA-MAM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Wesley M. Collins, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Examination Committee: Approved by Professor Donald Winford, Advisor Professor Scott Schwenter Advisor Professor Amy Zaharlick Department of Linguistics Copyright by Wesley Miller Collins 2005 ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I look at selected Maya-Mam anthropological and linguistic data and suggest that they provide evidence that there exist overlapping cultural and grammatical themes that are salient to Mam speakers. The data used in this study were gathered largely via ethnographic methods based on participant observation over my twenty-five year relationship with the Mam people of Comitancillo, a town of 60,000 in Guatemala’s Western Highlands. For twelve of those years, my family and I lived among the Mam, participating with them in the cultural milieu of daily life. In order to help shed light on the general relationship between language and culture, I discuss the key Mayan cultural value of centeredness and I show how this value is a pervasive organizing principle in Mayan thought, cosmology, and daily living, a value called upon by the Mam in their daily lives to regulate and explain behavior. Indeed, I suggest that centeredness is a cultural theme, a recurring cultural value which supersedes social differences, and which is defined for cultural groups as a whole (England, 1978). I show how the Mam understanding of issues as disparate as homestead construction, the town central plaza, historical Mayan religious practice, Christian conversion, health concerns, the importance of the numbers two and four, the notions of agreement and forgiveness, child discipline, and moral stance are all instantiations of this basic underlying principle.
    [Show full text]
  • From Charlemagne to Hitler: the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and Its Symbolism
    From Charlemagne to Hitler: The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and its Symbolism Dagmar Paulus (University College London) [email protected] 2 The fabled Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire is a striking visual image of political power whose symbolism influenced political discourse in the German-speaking lands over centuries. Together with other artefacts such as the Holy Lance or the Imperial Orb and Sword, the crown was part of the so-called Imperial Regalia, a collection of sacred objects that connotated royal authority and which were used at the coronations of kings and emperors during the Middle Ages and beyond. But even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the crown remained a powerful political symbol. In Germany, it was seen as the very embodiment of the Reichsidee, the concept or notion of the German Empire, which shaped the political landscape of Germany right up to National Socialism. In this paper, I will first present the crown itself as well as the political and religious connotations it carries. I will then move on to demonstrate how its symbolism was appropriated during the Second German Empire from 1871 onwards, and later by the Nazis in the so-called Third Reich, in order to legitimise political authority. I The crown, as part of the Regalia, had a symbolic and representational function that can be difficult for us to imagine today. On the one hand, it stood of course for royal authority. During coronations, the Regalia marked and established the transfer of authority from one ruler to his successor, ensuring continuity amidst the change that took place.
    [Show full text]
  • Aachen Cathedral
    Aachen, Germany Marian Shrines Aachen Cathedral Aachen cathedral is the oldest cathedral of northern Europe. The oldest part, the octagon, beeing the palace chapel of Charles-the-Great was built about 790-800 AD in the Carolingian style. The church has been consecrated in honour of the Virgin Mary. Main attraction for pilgrims was the Miraculous Madonna “Our Lady Mary Emperor of Aachen” [6]. The statue now is positioned in the octagon right of the altar. In a private revelation of a soul in the region of Aachen end of the 20th Century, the following prayer was given together with a promise of Jesus. The prayer itself has the authorization of the past as well as the present Bishop of Aachen [10]: Ave Maria, Empress, Help of Christians pray for the Diocese consecrated you, especially for the bishop, all Priests and devotees and especially for a Christian Europe. Jesus' promise to the prayer "Ave Maria, Empress, Help of Christians!": "This prayer is precious. The more it is prayed, the more will shine my light on Aachen and Europe. This prayer is like a golden key that opens my and my mother’s heart and from there the rays of My grace and Her agency can come freely to you. The more and more this prayer is prayed, the more the darkness of Europe loses ground! And that because Aachen is and remains the intellectual point, from where I will renew the world in me. And by my mother, the help of the entire Christendom, yes indeed by the heavenly empress of the world! Pray this prayer and let it all pray as often as possible! World and Church need this prayer from Aachen, the key to the light! " The Aachen cathedral also is often called the “Imperial Cathedral” (in German: Kaiserdom).
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Students Excel at NJCL 2006 Parents Go Back to School
    Page 12 Page 4 Navy Fear at Sew into it Navy Pier eat Latin students excel at NJCL 2006 by Zainab Bilfaqi From July 31, 2006 to August first, second, third and 5, 2006, thirty-four of Northside’s fourth principle parts well-prepared Latin students recon- and selects the conjuga- B nected the bond between ancient tion of the verb. The and modern times. Latin students site then tells the user from Northside traveled to the if they were right or University of Indiana for the annual wrong. If wrong, the National Junior Classical League site will return the cor- Convention and Tournament to rect principle parts. compete with students from some “The principle parts of the best schools in the nation tester probably gave the when it comes to the Classics. site an advantage in the Students asserted their knowledge competition,” Wewe- of Greek and Latin through many gama said. categories including the creative Natalia Emanuel, The arts, Ludi (physical activities), Cer- Adv. 808, and Weweg- oof tamen (question and answer), and ma also won third place reading comprehension that tested in the Local Chapter their knowledge of the Classic Website contest which Languages. proved itself to be a Northside’s Latin students im- Vol. 8 No. 2 Northside College Preparatory High School October 2006 Vol. tremendous work- proved this year, winning even more load because the pair awards across the board than in the revamped the entire past years. Kavinda Wewegama, website. Adv. 707, is a perfect example of The Local Chap- H this improvement. Wewegama won ter Website contest first place in the individual website contained more criteria contest.
    [Show full text]