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Vascular Plant Species Diversity on Two Barrier Islands in Southwest Florida

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Vascular Plant Species Diversity on Two Barrier Islands in Southwest Florida Journal of Coastal Research Fort Lauderdale, Florida Vascular Plant Species Diversity on Two Barrier Islands in Southwest Florida Stanley R. Herwitz' and Richard P. Wunderlin' "Graduate School of Geography 'Department of Biology Clark University University of South Florida Worcester, MA 01610, USA Tampa, FL 33620, USA ABSTRACT _ HERWITZ, S.R. and WUNDERLIN, R.P., 1990. Vascular plant species diversity on two barrier islands in southwest Florida. Journal cfCoaetal Research, 6(2), 311-322. Fort Lauderdale <Flor­ ida). ISSN 0749-0208. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography was examined in relation to the indigenous vas­ cular floras of two barrier islands of different size and distance from the southwest Florida main­ land. On Cayo-Costa Island, which has a land area of 5.6 km 2 and is located 12.8 km from the mainland, 261 species were identified. On Sanibel Island, which has a land area of 43.6 km 2 and is located 3.2 km from the mainland, an inventory in the mid-1950's identified 266 species. The similar number of species, despite the differences in island area and distance from the main­ land, was attributed to the incompleteness of the inventory of Sanibel in the 1950's. An inven­ tory of Sanibel from 1965 to 1985 identified 432 native species. This almost two-fold difference in the number of species on Sanibel as compared with Cayo-Costa is more consistent with equi­ librium theory which predicts a significantly greater number of species on a larger island located closer to the mainland. However, comparison of the species-area relations ofCayo-Costa and Sanibel with other studies of island floras suggests that Sanibel should have had even more species. Urban development and the spread of alien plant species following the construction of a causeway linking Sanibel to the mainland in 1963 may have reduced the number of native plant species on Sanibel. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Barrier islands, coastal plants, Cayo-Costa Island, equilib­ rium theory, Florida, native species, Sanibel Island, species composition. INTRODUCTION (SOLEM, 1973), fish (SMITH, 1979), birds (DIAMOND, 1969; JOHNSON, 1975; ABBOTT The equilibrium theory of island biogeogra­ and GRANT, 1976), lizards (WILCOX, 1978) phy has stimulated much research since it was and mammals (LAWLOR, 1983). The theory first formulated by MACARTHUR and WIL­ also has been considered in relation to the vas­ SON (1963). According to the equilibrium the­ cular floras of high altitude paramo vegetation ory, species composition on islands is not fixed, in South America (SIMPSON, 1974), lake but rather changes over time due to on-going islands in Sweden (NILSSON and NILSSON, immigration and extinction. The balance 1978; RYDIN and BORGEGARD, 1988), very between these two processes is believed to small islands and offshore cays in Australia, result in a nearly constant equilibrium number Venezuela, and Puerto Rico (ABBOTT, 1977; of species. The theory also predicts that a large BUCKLEY, 1982; HEATWOLE and LEVINS, island located close to a mainland source area 1983; BURANDT and CAMPINS, 1986; FLOOD should have a higher equilibrium number of and HEATWOLE, 1986), the Galapagos Islands species than a smaller island located further (VAN DER WERFF, 1983), and the Gulf of Cal­ from the mainland. ifornia Islands (CODY et aZ., 1983). The studies The equilibrium theory has been tested for by VAN DER MAAREL (1982) and MENNEMA microorganisms (CAIRNS et al., 1969; HAVE, and WEEDA (1983) on the Frisian Islands 1987), fungi (ANDREWS et al., 1987), arthro­ along the coasts of the Netherlands and Ger­ pods (SIMBERLOFF and WILSON, 1970; many are among the few that have documented STRONG and REY, 1982), ants (GOLDSTEIN, plant species numbers on barrier islands of dif­ 1975; BOOMSMA et aZ., 1987), land snails ferent size and distance from the mainland, 89021 received 12 April 1989; accepted in revision 28 September Barrier islands differ geologically from 1989. oceanic islands (such as the Galapagos) and 312 Herwitz and Wunderlin continental islands (such as those in the Gulf of and a mean annual precipitation of 1360 mm California) which originate by volcanic and tec­ (NATIONAL CLIMATIC CENTER, 1982). Flo­ tonic processes. Barrier islands, which com­ ristically, the islands are a mixture of southern prise roughly 10 to 13% of the world's continen­ temperate and tropical Caribbean species. tal coastline (SCHWARTZ, 1973), are <10" yr old and are composed of unconsolidated sedi­ METHODS ments lying offshore on gently sloping conti­ nental shelves. They are generally separated An inventory of vascular plant species on from the mainland by a shallow lagoon or bay, Cayo-Costa Island was made over the two-year and they rarely have elevations exceeding 10 m period from 1975 to 1977. The results from above sea level. Due to their depositional Cayo-Costa were compared with two invento­ nature and their limited topographic relief, ries made on Sanibel Island: (1) an inventory barrier islands are actively reworked by shore­ carried out in 1953 and 1954 (COOLEY, 1955), line processes and are vulnerable to storm over­ and (2) a more recent inventory carried out wash. The objective of our study was to consider from 1965 to 1985 (WUNDERLIN and HAN­ the equilibrium theory of island biogeography SEN, 1985). We assumed that the number of in relation to the indigenous floras of two bar­ plant species on Cayo-Costa did not change sig­ rier islands in southwest Florida. nificantly over the period 1977 to 1985. Our study consisted of comparing only the STUDY AREA native vascular plant species from the three inventories. Obsolescent nomenclature was The two barrier islands examined in this updated. Ruderal species, naturalized exotics, study are Cayo-Costa and Sanibel Islands. and ornamentals that had escaped from culti­ These islands are part of the Charlotte Harbor vation were excluded from the comparison. barrier island system located west of Fort To evaluate the predictions of the equilib­ Myers (latitude 26°45'N, longitude 82°10'W) rium theory, the number of species on each (Figure 1). The north end of Cayo-Costa is adja­ island was considered in relation to the land cent to Boca Grande Pass which is the major area of the island and its distance from the tidal inlet serving Charlotte Harbor and the mainland. The species-area relationship was discharge site of the Myakka and Peace Rivers. expressed in the standard form S = CA" where The south end of Sanibel Island is adjacent to S is the species number, A is the island area, C San Carlos Bay, the discharge site of the is a coefficient that relates to biogeographic Caloosahatchee River. region and is generally less in regions where Sanibel Island is the largest of the five there are fewer potential colonizing species in islands that comprise the chain. It has a land a given taxon, and z is an exponent that tends area of 4,362 hectares and recurves landward at to increase as a function of increasing island its southern end to a distance of 3.2 km from the isolation (MACARTHUR and WILSON, 1967). mainland. Cayo-Costa Island is located 14.9 km The best-fit equation was determined for Cayo­ to the north. It has a land area that is 13% of Costa and Sanibel Islands by plotting the two the land area of Sanibel, and it is 4 times fur­ data points on log-log graph paper and then fit­ ther from the mainland. ting a line through these points. Comparisons Both islands are composed mainly of calcar­ were made between the equation from our study eous biogenic marine sediments and some and those equations derived from other studies quartz sands derived from river discharge of plant species number and island area. (HUANG and GOODELL, 1967). The Gulf coast of Florida is periodically subject to hurricane RESULTS disturbances and storm overwash events. Accretionary beach ridges with the character­ The extent of land development on Sanibel at istic ridge and swale topography comprise the the time of COOLEY's inventory was compa­ Gulf side of both islands. The more protected rable to Cayo-Costa in the 1970's. Both islands bay side consists of tidal swamp deposits. were sparsely inhabited, and had essentially Southwest Florida has a moist subtropical cli­ the same habitat diversity consisting of beach mate with a mean annual temperature of 23°C strands, savannas, cabbage palm forests, slash .Iourrial of Coastal Research. Vol. G. No.2. 1990 Vascular Plants on Barrier Islands 313 CHARLOTTE HARBOR cp,l\NUE t>"'ss \30cl\ ) FLORIDA 0 b fb~o <:Or? ~ Q , 0 CAPTIVA PASS ~ PINE NORTH CAPTIV ISLAND ISLAND SOUND CAPTIVA ISLAND GULF OF MEXICO SANIBEL 0 5 km 10 ISLAND I I -----l Figure 1. Location of Cayo-Costa and Sanibel Islands in the Charlotte Harbor barrier island system of southwest Florida. pine flatwoods, freshwater marshes, mangrove WITZ, 19771. In 1963, the construction of a swamps, salt marsh tidal flats, and tropical causeway linking Sanibel to the mainland led hardwood hammocks (COOLEY, 1955; HER- to urban development on parts of Sanibel dur- Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 6, No.2, 1990 :314 Herwitz and Wunderlin ing the period of WUNDERLIN and HANSEN's DISCUSSION inventory. Sanibel continues to have the same habitat diversity as Cayo-Costa, but the areal On the basis of the land areas and distances extent of these habitats on Sanibel has been from the mainland of Cayo-Costa and Sanibel reduced. Islands, equilibrium theory predicts that Sani­ Table 1 shows the number of native vascular bel should have significantly more species than plant species and genera on the two islands. Cayo-Costa. Different-sized islands are The inventories of Sanibel reported by expected to have different species numbers due COOLEY (1955) and by WUNDERLIN and to the relationship between population size and HANSEN (1985) are shown separately in Table island area.
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