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Woodlot Management Guide for Alberta Published By: Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Crop Extension Branch 7000 – 113 Street Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6H 5T6

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Woodlot Management Guide for Alberta Published By: Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Crop Extension Branch 7000 – 113 Street Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6H 5T6 Woodlot Management Guide for Alberta Published by: Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Crop Extension Branch 7000 – 113 Street Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6H 5T6 Copyright ©2015. Her Majesty the Queen in right of Alberta (Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Crop Research and Extension Division). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without written permission from the Crop Research and Extension Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry. No Endorsement Given: This publication should not be taken as an endorsement by Her Majesty the Queen in right of Alberta of the products or services mentioned herein. Disclaimer: Responsibility for interpretation or application of the content contained in this publication rests with the user. Information in this publication is provided solely for the user’s information and while thought to be accurate, is provided strictly “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. Her Majesty, the publisher and contributors to this publication, and their agents, employees or contractors will not be liable to you for any damages, direct or indirect, or lost profits arising out of your use of this publication. Prepared as information for Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, funding for this project was provided through Growing Forward 2, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The views and opinions expressed in this report are not necessarily those of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada or Alberta Agriculture and Forestry. WOODLOT MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR ALBERTA Table of Contents Acknowledgments . 1 Editor and Coordinator . 1 Revision Coordinators . 1 List of Contributors to the Revision (in alphabetical order) . 1 SECTION I: An Introduction to Forest Resources . 5 Forest Ecology and Ecological Classification . 7 Forest Soils and Woodlot Management . 12 Wetlands and Woodlots . 25 Tree Species . 33 SECTION II: Forest Management in the Woodlot . 57 Woodlot Management Planning . 58 The Woodlot Inventory . 64 Woodlot Health: Pest Management . 77 Silviculture . 95 Woodlot Access: Roads, Trails, Culverts and Bridges . 126 Harvesting Timber in a Working Woodlot: Profit and Sustainability . 135 Forest Grazing . 145 Agroforestry . 151 Establishing a Short Rotation Intensive Culture Poplar Crop . 162 Fire Protection in the Woodlot . 171 Business Plan Basics . 178 SECTION III: Non-timber Resources in the Woodlot . 189 Wildlife and Woodlots . 190 Woodlot Recreation . 215 SECTION IV: GLOSSARY OF TERMS . 223 Acknowledgments This revised version of the The Woodlot Management Guide For The Prairie Provinces reflects the knowledge, expertise and efforts of many individuals and organizations .The Guide has been updated to reflect current practices . Although some segments of the original were kept intact, the revision process and the resulting document have an Alberta focus . Future editions may be revised to include other provinces that participated in the original version . Numerous sources of information were accessed during the revision process and in some cases material was directly extracted for inclusion in this version of the guide . Usually, sources are acknowledged in the selected readings section, but no attempt was made to directly reference the sources within the text . In most cases, written or verbal permission has been received from the original authors or their organizations . This update of the manual was funded by the Agriculture & Food Council - Canadian Adaptation & Rural Development (CARD) Fund . We would like to thank to Nancy and Bruce Lyle from the Farm Woodlot Association of Saskatchewan, and the Association for providing a digital version of the Guide, along with permission to use the materials to update the Guide . We would also like to thank Jean Paquet, and Daniel Fillion, of Syndicat des producteurs de bois du Saguenay - Lac-Saint-Jean and the Federation des producteurs de bois du Quebec for allowing us to use material from their Field Guide - Sound forestry practices for private woodlots in this guide . We would like to thank the people listed below for their time and effort to revise the older version of the Guide .Your help is truly appreciated . Editor and Coordinator Joe De Franceschi, Consultant Revision Coordinators Victor Brunette, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Toso Bozic, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Doug Macaulay, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry List of Contributors to the Revision (in alphabetical order) Gary Bank, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Micheal Bock, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Martine Bolinger, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Kelli-Lynn Claypool, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Alan Eagle, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration Janet Ficht, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Tom Goddard, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Derek Johnson, Natural Resources Canada Chuck Kaiser, Alberta Pacific Forest Industries Ordella Knopf, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Christine Kominek, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Dave Morgan, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Dave Moyles, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Greg Pohl, Natural Resources Canada Sunil Ranasinghe, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Mike Undershultz, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Candace Vanin, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Stacey Wabick, Ducks Unlimited Canada 1 Photos were provided by: Ducks Unlimited Canada, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Doug Macaulay, and Toso Bozic . We greatly appreciate the help . This guide is not meant to be read from cover to cover . It is a tool to provide landowners with information about how to manage their woodlot and find solutions when challenges appear . Each topic concludes with a list of selected readings, Internet sites and/or contact information .This list provides additional resources to readers who want to explore the topic in greater detail, or discuss related issues with someone with more experience . Even though we have provided our best knowledge in updating this guide, we recommend that landowners also consult other sources to make decisions . This guide will be available on Alberta Agriculture and Forestry's website and is available for anyone to use with proper acknowledgments . Disclaimer: PLEASE NOTE: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is pleased to participate in the production of this publication . Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is committed to working with our industry partners to increase public awareness of the importance of the agri-food industry to Canada . Opinions expressed in this document are those of the consultant and not necessarily of the Department . 2 Introduction A woodlot is any track of land, regardless of shape or size that supports naturally occurring or planted trees .M ost woodlots in Alberta are family owned and are often operated as part of an agricultural operation . These properties occupy over 3 .6 million hectares (8 .9 million acres) of forested land in Alberta’s agricultural zone, or 4 per cent of the province’s forested land base .Individual woodlots vary in size from a few hectares to several hundred, but the average lies between 20 and 40 hectares . The value of woodlots is often measured by their ability to produce consumer goods and services such as forest products and tourist experiences, or to stimulate local or regional economies by creating or diversifying business activity and employment . However, even though woodlots provide significant amounts of timber to the forest economy, these harvests are not managed on a sustainable basis . For many woodlot owners, a timber harvest is a one-time income source; many harvests on woodlots are liquidation cuts where sustainable forest management is not practiced . Woodlots also produce other goods and services, which are difficult to measure but may be much more valuable than the easily quantifiable goods that are produced . For example, forests protect soil from wind and water erosion, contribute to cleansing, filtering and stabilizing wetlands and water bodies, and provide habitat for a wide range of wildlife and plant species .Woodlots contribute to clean air and provide a place to commune with nature . Woodlots have played a significant role in agriculture and rural development in the last 100 years . Historically, forested private land was cleared for agriculture purposes or to supply wood to local communities and industries . Forests were liquidated and little thought was given to the sustainability of the forest harvest .Today, the level of liquidation harvest has declined, although the sustainability aspect has not changed . However, progress is being made . Extension programs directed at woodlot owners, industry and governments are raising awareness of the importance of managing woodlots sustainably .The wide range of timber and non-timber benefits that can be realized from a healthy managed woodlot are better understood, and in some cases actions are being implemented to maximize those benefits . Information is needed to help woodlot owners, and society in general, to better understand the values and potential benefits that private woodlot owners in Alberta can realize . Objectives and Use of This Guide This woodlot management guide is an adaptation and updated version of The Woodlot Management Guide For The Prairie Provinces .This guide
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