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The Urologic Diseases Dictionary

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National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse TheThe UrologicUrologic DiseasesDiseases DictionaryDictionary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Kidney and Urologic Diseases NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Information Clearinghouse The Urologic Diseases Dictionary Some terms listed have many meanings; only those meanings that relate to urologic diseases are included. Words that appear in bold italic are listed elsewhere in the dictionary. Information in this dictionary is not a substitute for a visit to your doctor. Talk with a health professional if you have a urologic problem. The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Kidney and Urologic Diseases NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Information Clearinghouse Pronunciation Guide This pronunciation guide uses letters and letter combinations, rather than phonetic symbols, to stand for the various sounds in the English language. Vowels o hot, cot a cat, bat oh coat, home ah father oo food, rude air pear, hair or tore, soar, for ar park oy soil, boy ay say, came, weigh ou now, couch aw saw, bought u put, foot e bet, set uh about, sum, china eh (used at the end of a syllable or when ur hurt, alert standing alone) yoo use examples: yoor cure meadow (MEH-doh) enemy (EH-nuh-mee) Consonants b bat, job but ch chop, itch diet (DY-et) d dig, bed ee feet, neat f fur, tough, calf i sit, igloo g grape, big ih (used at the end of a syllable or when h happy standing alone) j joke, nudge examples: k kite, car, tack chicken (CHIH-ken) l lip, sell miracle (MIHR-ih-kuhl) m move, jam but n not, knee picnic (PIK-nik) ng ring p play, hop ihr near, here r rain, fur y fire, idol s set, tips eye (used at the beginning of a syllable or ss bus, guess, fence when standing alone) sh shy, fish examples: t toy, boat iron (EYE-urn) th breath chloride (KLOR-eyed) v vine, have but w walk, where silent (SY-luhnt) y yes z zip, jazz, has zh measure A acute (uh-KYOOT): refers to artificial bladder (AR-tuh-FIH- conditions that happen suddenly shuhl) (BLAD-ur): a bladder and last a short time. Acute is grown in a laboratory and the opposite of chronic, or long transplanted into a patient’s lasting. pelvis to replace a diseased bladder. The term is also ADH (AY-DEE-AYTCH): see occasionally used to describe a antidiuretic hormone. bladder substitute. albuminuria (al-BYOO-min-YOO- artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) ree-uh): a condition in which (AR-tuh-FIH-shuhl) (YOOR- the urine has more than normal ih-NAIR-ee) (SFINGK-tur): an amounts of a protein called implanted device for men that albumin. Albuminuria may be a keeps the urethra closed until sign of kidney disease. the wearer is ready to urinate. amino acids (uh-MEE-noh) (ASS- The device consists of a cuff that idz): the basic building blocks fits around the urethra, a small of proteins. The body produces balloon reservoir placed in the many amino acids and others abdomen, and a pump placed in come from food, which the body the scrotum. breaks down for use by the cells. See protein. Pressure- regulating antibiotic (AN-tee-by-OT-ik): a balloon medicine that kills bacteria. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (AN- tee-DY-yoo-RET-ik) (HOR- Cuff mohn): a natural body chemical that slows down the production of urine. Some children who wet the bed regularly may lack normal amounts of antidiuretic Pump hormone. Also called vasopressin. anuria (an-YOO-ree-uh): a Artificial urinary sphincter condition in which the body stops making urine. 1 A–B AUS (AY-YOO-ESS): see artificial bacteria (bak-TIHR-ee-uh): tiny urinary sphincter. organisms that cause infection or disease. autoimmune disease (AW-toh- ih-MYOON) (dih-ZEEZ): a bacteriuria (bak-TIHR-ee-YOO- disorder of the body’s immune ree-uh): a condition in which system in which the immune the urine contains bacteria. system mistakenly attacks and balloon dilation (buh-LOON) destroys body tissue it believes to (dy-LAY-shuhn): a treatment be foreign. for benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate enlargement. A tiny balloon is inflated inside the urethra to make it wider so urine can flow more freely from the bladder. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (bee-NYN) (pross-TAT-ik) (hy-pur-PLAY-zhee-uh): an enlarged prostate not caused by cancer. BPH can cause problems with urination because the enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra at the opening of the bladder. biofeedback (BY-oh-FEED-bak): a way of training a patient to control muscles such as the bladder control muscles with the use of electronic devices that monitor muscle and nerve impulses. The electronic devices convert nerve impulses into sound or visual signals so the patient knows when he or she is performing the correct action. 2 B biopsy (BY-op-see): a procedure in bladder substitute (BLAD-ur) which a tiny piece of tissue, such (SUHB-stih-toot): a urinary as from the kidney or bladder, is diversion in which urine is stored removed for examination with a in an internal pouch made from microscope. the patient’s bowel. The pouch is connected to the patient’s bladder (BLAD-ur): the balloon- urethra rather than a stoma. pelvis shaped organ inside the Also called a neobladder. See that holds urine. continent cutaneous reservoir. Bladder neck Strong pelvic Bladder muscles substitute Urethral sphincter Urethra Urethra Bladder Bladder substitute bladder control (BLAD-ur) (kon- bladder training (BLAD-ur) TROHL): see continence. (TRAYN-ing): a strategy for bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) making the bladder able to hold (BLAD-ur) (OUT-let) (ob- more urine for longer periods STRUHK-shuhn): any blockage of time using timed voiding and at the urethra or the opening of Kegel exercises. the bladder. 3 B blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (bluhd) bulking agent (BUHLK-ing) (AY- (yoo-REE-uh) (NY-troh-jen): a jent): a substance injected into waste product in the blood that the urethra around the opening comes from the breakdown of of the bladder to treat stress protein. The kidneys filter blood urinary incontinence. Bulking to remove urea. As kidney agents include collagen, silicon, function decreases, the BUN and Teflon. level increases. BOO (BEE-OH-OH): see bladder outlet obstruction. BPH (BEE-PEE-AYTCH): see Injected Urethra benign prostatic hyperplasia. collagen Probe to guide needle placement Injection needle Injection of collagen as a bulking agent BUN (BEE-YOO-EN): see blood urea nitrogen. 4 C calcium (KAL-see-uhm): a mineral chronic (KRON-ik): refers to the body needs for strong bones disorders that last a long time, and teeth. Calcium may form often years. Chronic kidney stones in the kidney. disease may develop over many years and lead to end-stage renal calcium oxalate stone (KAL-see- disease. Chronic is the opposite uhm) (OK-suh-layt) (stohn): a of acute, or brief. kidney stone made from calcium and oxalate. chronic prostatitis (KRON- ik) (PROSS-tuh-TY-tiss): catheter (KATH-uh-tur): a thin, inflammation of the prostate gland flexible tube inserted through that develops slowly and lasts a urethra bladder the to the to long time. drain urine. Placement of the catheter is called catheterization. clean catch urine specimen (kleen) (kach) (YOOR-in) (SPESS-uh- muhn): a urine sample obtained Bladder after the area around the opening of the urethra has been cleaned. A clean catch specimen is taken in the middle of the urine stream so any remaining Urethra bacteria are flushed away. See midstream urine collection. collagen (KOL-luh-jen): a threadlike protein in humans and animals, sometimes used as a bulking agent to treat urinary Catheter incontinence. continence (KON-tih-nenss): the Catheter ability to control the timing of urination or a bowel movement. 5 C continent cutaneous reservoir cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kih- (KON-tih-nent) (kyoo-TAY-nee- dizm): undescended testicles. uhss) (REZ-ur-vwar): a urinary In most boys, the testicles diversion in which urine is stored descend from the abdomen in an internal pouch made from into the scrotum during fetal a portion of the patient’s bowel. development. This condition is Urine is removed by inserting rare. a catheter through the stoma to cyst (sist): an abnormal sac drain the urine. Different kinds containing gas, fluid, or a of continent cutaneous reservoirs semisolid material. Cysts may include the Indiana pouch and form in the kidneys or in other the Kock pouch. parts of the body. cystine stone (SISS-teen) (stohn): a rare form of kidney stone consisting of the amino acid cystine. cystinuria (SISS-tih-NYOO-ree- uh): a condition in which urine contains high levels of the amino Internal acid cystine. If cystine does not pouch dissolve in the urine, it can build up to form kidney stones. cystitis (siss-TY-tiss): inflammation Stoma of the bladder, causing pain and a burning feeling in the pelvis or urethra. Continent cutaneous reservoir 6 C–D cystocele (SISS-toh-seel): a fallen DDAVP (DEE-DEE-AY-VEE-PEE): bladder. A bladder that falls or see desmopressin. sags from its normal position desmopressin (DESS-moh-PRESS- down to the pelvic floor can in): a synthetic form of antidiuretic result in either urinary leakage hormone used to treat enuresis or urinary retention. and diabetes insipidus.
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